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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_nuclear_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Opposition to nuclear power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_nuclear_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_use_of_Native_land_in_nuclear_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_use_of_Native_land_in_nuclear_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Historical use of Native land in nuclear energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_use_of_Native_land_in_nuclear_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Over-commitment_and_cancellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Over-commitment_and_cancellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Over-commitment and cancellations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Over-commitment_and_cancellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Mile_Island_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Mile_Island_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Three Mile Island and after </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Mile_Island_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_Fukushima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_Fukushima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Effects of Fukushima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_Fukushima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitiveness_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitiveness_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Competitiveness problems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitiveness_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westinghouse_Chapter_11_bankruptcy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westinghouse_Chapter_11_bankruptcy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Westinghouse Chapter 11 bankruptcy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westinghouse_Chapter_11_bankruptcy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Possible renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_power_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_power_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Nuclear power plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_power_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Safety and accidents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety_and_accidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Safety and accidents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Three_Mile_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Mile_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Three Mile Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Mile_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Other incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Fukushima_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Fukushima_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Post-Fukushima concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Fukushima_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_deliberate_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_deliberate_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Security and deliberate attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_deliberate_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uranium_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uranium_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Uranium supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uranium_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Fuel cycle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fuel_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fuel cycle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fuel_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uranium_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uranium_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Uranium mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uranium_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uranium_enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uranium_enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Uranium enrichment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uranium_enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reprocessing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reprocessing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Reprocessing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reprocessing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Waste disposal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_use_in_nuclear_power_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_use_in_nuclear_power_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Water use in nuclear power production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_use_in_nuclear_power_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_decommissioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_decommissioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Plant decommissioning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_decommissioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fuel_vendors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_vendors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Fuel vendors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_vendors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Industry and academic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-nuclear_power_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-nuclear_power_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Anti-nuclear power groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-nuclear_power_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-nuclear_power_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-nuclear_power_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Pro-nuclear power groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-nuclear_power_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Debate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Debate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে পারমাণবিক শক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে পারমাণবিক শক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernenergie_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Kernenergie in den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kernenergie in den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:284px;max-width:284px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RusselvillePowerplant_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/RusselvillePowerplant_b.jpg/280px-RusselvillePowerplant_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/RusselvillePowerplant_b.jpg/420px-RusselvillePowerplant_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/RusselvillePowerplant_b.jpg/560px-RusselvillePowerplant_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Nuclear_One" title="Arkansas Nuclear One">Arkansas Nuclear One</a> power plant in <a href="/wiki/Russellville,_Arkansas" title="Russellville, Arkansas">Russellville, Arkansas</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:NRC_plant_locations_Oct_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NRC_plant_locations_Oct_2021.png/280px-NRC_plant_locations_Oct_2021.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NRC_plant_locations_Oct_2021.png/420px-NRC_plant_locations_Oct_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NRC_plant_locations_Oct_2021.png/560px-NRC_plant_locations_Oct_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="432" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nuclear reactors within the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a> as of October 2021; marker colors indicate respective administrative <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Regions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Regions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Nuclear_Electricity_1957-2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/US_Nuclear_Electricity_1957-2019.png/280px-US_Nuclear_Electricity_1957-2019.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/US_Nuclear_Electricity_1957-2019.png/420px-US_Nuclear_Electricity_1957-2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/US_Nuclear_Electricity_1957-2019.png/560px-US_Nuclear_Electricity_1957-2019.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="608" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Net electrical generation from US nuclear power plants 1957–2019</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Electrical_Generation_1950-2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/US_Electrical_Generation_1950-2016.png/280px-US_Electrical_Generation_1950-2016.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/US_Electrical_Generation_1950-2016.png/420px-US_Electrical_Generation_1950-2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/US_Electrical_Generation_1950-2016.png/560px-US_Electrical_Generation_1950-2016.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="284" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nuclear power compared to other sources of electricity in the US, 1949–2011</div></div></div></div></div> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> is provided by <a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors#United_States" title="List of commercial nuclear reactors">94</a> commercial reactors with a net capacity of 97 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">gigawatts</a> (GW), with 63 <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactors</a> and 31 <a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">boiling water reactors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In 2019, they produced a total of 809.41 <a href="/wiki/Terawatt-hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Terawatt-hours">terawatt-hours</a> of electricity,<a href="#cite_note-InUS-2">[2]</a> and by 2024 nuclear energy accounted for 18.6% of the nation's total electric energy generation.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In 2018, nuclear comprised nearly 50 percent of US <a href="/wiki/Clean_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean energy">emission-free energy generation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-SM_2020-05-5">[5]</a> As of September 2017,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a> there were two new reactors under construction with a gross electrical capacity of 2,500 MW, while 39 reactors have been permanently shut down.<a href="#cite_note-IAEA-US-statistics-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-EIA-overview-statistics-7">[7]</a> The United States is the world's largest producer of commercial nuclear power, and in 2013 generated 33% of the world's nuclear electricity.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> With the past and future scheduled plant closings, China and Russia could surpass the United States in nuclear energy production.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As of October 2014,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> (NRC) had granted license renewals providing 20-year extensions to a total of 74 reactors. In early 2014, the NRC prepared to receive the first applications of license renewal beyond 60 years of reactor life as early as 2017, a process which by law requires public involvement.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Licenses for 22 reactors are due to expire before the end of 2029 if no renewals are granted.<a href="#cite_note-EIA-NRC-license-renewals-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station">Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station</a> in Massachusetts was to be decommissioned, on June 1, 2019. Another five aging reactors were permanently closed in 2013 and 2014 before their licenses expired because of high maintenance and repair costs at a time when natural gas prices had fallen: <a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre 2 and 3</a> in California, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_3_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal River 3 Nuclear Power Plant">Crystal River 3</a> in Florida, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee</a> in Vermont, and <a href="/wiki/Kewaunee_Power_Station" title="Kewaunee Power Station">Kewaunee</a> in Wisconsin.<a href="#cite_note-thebulletin1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-mw11111-13">[13]</a> In April 2021, New York State permanently closed <a href="/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point</a> in Buchanan, 30 miles from New York City.<a href="#cite_note-mw11111-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Most reactors began construction by 1974; following the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> in 1979 and changing economics, many planned projects were canceled. More than 100 orders for nuclear power reactors, many already under construction, were canceled in the 1970s and 1980s, bankrupting some companies. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>, a public policy organization, stated that new nuclear units had not been built in the United States because of soft demand for electricity, the potential <a href="/wiki/Cost_overrun" title="Cost overrun">cost overruns</a> on nuclear reactors due to regulatory issues and resulting construction delays.<a href="#cite_note-tbi-15">[15]</a> There was a revival of interest in nuclear power in the 2000s, with talk of a "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance" title="Nuclear renaissance">nuclear renaissance</a>", supported particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_2010_Program" title="Nuclear Power 2010 Program">Nuclear Power 2010 Program</a>. A number of applications were made, but facing economic challenges, and later in the wake of the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a>, most of these projects have been canceled. Up until 2013, there had also been no ground-breaking on new nuclear reactors at existing power plants since 1977. Then in 2012, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission approved construction of four new reactors at existing nuclear plants. Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station</a> Units 2 and 3 began on March 9, 2013, but was abandoned on July 31, 2017, after the reactor supplier Westinghouse filed for bankruptcy protection in March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> On March 12, 2013, construction began on the <a href="/wiki/Vogtle_Electric_Generating_Plant" title="Vogtle Electric Generating Plant">Vogtle Electric Generating Plant</a> Units 3 and 4. The target in-service date for Unit 3 was originally November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In March 2023, the Vogtle reached "initial criticality" and started service on July 31, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> On October 19, 2016, Tennessee Valley Authority's Unit 2 reactor at the <a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station">Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station</a> became the first US reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shippingport_Reactor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shippingport_Reactor.jpg/220px-Shippingport_Reactor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shippingport_Reactor.jpg/330px-Shippingport_Reactor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Shippingport_Reactor.jpg/440px-Shippingport_Reactor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Shippingport Atomic Power Station">Shippingport</a> reactor was the first full-scale PWR nuclear power plant in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg/220px-Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg/330px-Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg/440px-Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="1947" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> leaving <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station">Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station</a> for <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Middletown, Pennsylvania</a>, April 1, 1979</figcaption></figure> Research into the peaceful uses of nuclear materials began in the United States under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>, created by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946">United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a>. Medical scientists were interested in the effect of radiation upon the fast-growing cells of cancer, and materials were given to them, while the military services led research into other peaceful uses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_reactor_research">Power reactor research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Power reactor research">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> was assigned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> (AEC) the lead role in developing commercial nuclear energy beginning in the 1940s. Between then and the turn of the 21st century, Argonne designed, built, and operated fourteen reactors<a href="#cite_note-anlreactors-21">[21]</a> at its site southwest of Chicago, and another fourteen reactors<a href="#cite_note-anlreactors-21">[21]</a> at the National Reactors Testing Station in Idaho.<a href="#cite_note-anlref-22">[22]</a> These reactors included initial experiments and test reactors that were the progenitors of today's pressurized water reactors (including naval reactors), boiling water reactors, heavy water reactors, graphite-moderated reactors, and liquid-metal cooled fast reactors, one of which<a href="#cite_note-ebr1-23">[23]</a> was the first reactor in the world to generate electricity. Argonne and a number of other AEC contractors built a total of 52 reactors at the National Reactor Testing Station. Two were never operated; except for the Neutron Radiography Facility, all the other reactors were shut down by 2000. In the early afternoon of December 20, 1951, Argonne director <a href="/wiki/Walter_Zinn" title="Walter Zinn">Walter Zinn</a> and fifteen other Argonne staff members witnessed a row of four light bulbs light up in a nondescript brick building in the eastern Idaho desert. Electricity from a generator connected to <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor I">Experimental Breeder Reactor I</a> (EBR-I) flowed through them. This was the first time that a usable amount of electrical power had ever been generated from nuclear fission. Only days afterward, the reactor produced all the electricity needed for the entire EBR complex.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> One ton of natural uranium can produce more than 40 gigawatt-hours of electricity—this is equivalent to burning 16,000 tons of coal or 80,000 barrels of oil.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> More central to EBR-I's purpose than just generating electricity, however, was its role in proving that a reactor could create more nuclear fuel as a byproduct than it consumed during operation. In 1953, tests verified that this was the case.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> took the lead, seeing the opportunity to have ships that could steam around the world at high speeds for several decades without needing to refuel, and the possibility of turning submarines into true full-time underwater vehicles. So, the Navy sent their "man in Engineering", then Captain <a href="/wiki/Hyman_Rickover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyman Rickover">Hyman Rickover</a>, well known for his great technical talents in electrical engineering and propulsion systems in addition to his skill in project management, to the AEC to start the Naval Reactors project. Rickover's work with the AEC led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_Water_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressurized Water Reactor">Pressurized Water Reactor</a> (PWR), the first naval model of which was installed in the submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a>. This made the boat capable of operating under water full-time – demonstrating this ability by reaching the North Pole and surfacing through the <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">Polar ice cap</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_of_commercial_nuclear_power">Start of commercial nuclear power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Start of commercial nuclear power">edit</a>]</div> From the successful naval reactor program, plans were quickly developed for the use of reactors to generate steam to drive turbines turning generators. In April 1957, the SM-1 Nuclear Reactor in Fort Belvoir, Virginia was the first atomic power generator to go online and produce electrical energy to the U.S. power grid. On May 26, 1958, the first commercial nuclear power plant in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Shippingport Atomic Power Station">Shippingport Atomic Power Station</a>, was opened by President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> as part of his <a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace" title="Atoms for Peace">Atoms for Peace</a> program. As nuclear power continued to grow throughout the 1960s, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) anticipated that more than 1,000 reactors would be operating in the United States by 2000.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> As the industry continued to expand, the AEC's development and regulatory functions were separated in 1974; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> absorbed research and development, while the regulatory branch was spun off and turned into an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">independent commission</a> known as the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> (USNRC or simply NRC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-nuclear_power_stance">Pro-nuclear power stance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pro-nuclear power stance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:What-is-the-safest-form-of-energy-800x441(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/What-is-the-safest-form-of-energy-800x441%281%29.png/620px-What-is-the-safest-form-of-energy-800x441%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="620" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/What-is-the-safest-form-of-energy-800x441%281%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Safest forms of energy</figcaption></figure> As of February 2020, <a href="/wiki/Our_World_In_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Our World In Data">Our World In Data</a> stated that "nuclear energy and renewables are far, far safer than fossil fuels as regards human health, safety and carbon footprint," with nuclear energy resulting in 99.8% fewer deaths than brown coal; 99.7% fewer than coal; 99.6% fewer than oil; and 97.5% fewer than gas.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Under President Obama, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Nuclear_Energy" title="Office of Nuclear Energy">Office of Nuclear Energy</a> stated in January 2012 that "Nuclear power has safely, reliably, and economically contributed almost 20% of electrical generation in the United States over the past two decades. It remains the single largest contributor (more than 70%) of non-greenhouse-gas-emitting electric power generation in the United States. Domestic demand for electrical energy is expected to grow by more than 30% from 2009 to 2035. At the same time, most of the currently operating nuclear power plants will begin reaching the end of their initial 20-year extension to their original 40-year operating license, for a total of 60 years of operation." It warned that if new plants do not replace those which are retired then the total fraction of generated electrical energy from nuclear power will begin to decline.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> web site states that "nuclear power is the most reliable energy source", and to a great degree "has the highest capacity factor. Natural gas and coal capacity factors are generally lower due to routine maintenance and/or refueling at these facilities while renewable plants are considered intermittent or variable sources and are mostly limited by a lack of fuel (i.e. wind, sun, or water)."<a href="#cite_note-energy.gov-30">[30]</a> Nuclear is the largest source of clean power in the United States, generating more than 800 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity each year and producing more than half of the nation's emissions-free electricity. This avoids more than 470 million metric tons of carbon each year, which is the equivalent of removing 100 million cars off of the road. In 2019, nuclear plants operated at full power more than 93% of the time, making it the most reliable energy source on the power grid. The Department of Energy and its national labs are working with industry to develop new reactors and fuels that will increase the overall performance of nuclear technologies and reduce the amount of nuclear waste that is produced.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Advanced nuclear reactors "that are smaller, safer, and more efficient at half the construction cost of today’s reactors" are part of <a href="/wiki/President_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="President Biden">President Biden</a>'s clean energy proposals.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_nuclear_power">Opposition to nuclear power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposition to nuclear power">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">Anti-nuclear movement in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg/180px-Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg/270px-Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg/360px-Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Anti-nuclear protest at <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> in 1979, following the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a></figcaption></figure> There has been considerable opposition to the use of nuclear power in the United States. The first U.S. reactor to face public opposition was <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station">Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station</a> in 1957. It was built approximately 30 miles from Detroit, Michigan and there was opposition from the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="United Auto Workers Union">United Auto Workers Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Gas & Electric">Pacific Gas & Electric</a> planned to build the first commercially viable nuclear power plant in the US at <a href="/wiki/Bodega_Bay" title="Bodega Bay">Bodega Bay</a>, north of San Francisco, California. The proposal was controversial and conflict with local citizens began in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-well-34">[34]</a> The conflict ended in 1964, with the forced abandonment of plans for the power plant. Historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wellock" title="Thomas Wellock">Thomas Wellock</a> traces the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear movement</a> to the controversy over Bodega Bay.<a href="#cite_note-well-34">[34]</a> Attempts to build a nuclear power plant in <a href="/wiki/Malibu,_California" title="Malibu, California">Malibu</a>, California were similar to those at Bodega Bay and were also abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-well-34">[34]</a> Nuclear accidents continued into the 1960s with a small test reactor exploding at the <a href="/wiki/SL-1" title="SL-1">Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One</a> in Idaho Falls in January 1961 and a partial meltdown at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station in Michigan in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In his 1963 book Change, Hope and the Bomb, <a href="/wiki/David_Lilienthal" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lilienthal">David Lilienthal</a> criticized nuclear developments, particularly the nuclear industry's failure to address the nuclear waste question.<a href="#cite_note-rudig-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Samuel_Walker" title="J. Samuel Walker">J. Samuel Walker</a>, in his book <a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Mile_Island:_A_Nuclear_Crisis_in_Historical_Perspective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective (page does not exist)">Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective</a>, explained that the growth of the nuclear industry in the U.S. occurred in the 1970s as the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> was being formed. Environmentalists saw the advantages of nuclear power in reducing air pollution, but were critical of nuclear technology on other grounds.<a href="#cite_note-ten-37">[37]</a> They were concerned about <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accident">nuclear accidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_new_nuclear_power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of new nuclear power plants">high cost of nuclear power plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">nuclear terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">radioactive waste disposal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bm-38">[38]</a> There were many <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">anti-nuclear protests in the United States</a> which captured national public attention during the 1970s and 1980s. These included the well-known <a href="/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance" title="Clamshell Alliance">Clamshell Alliance</a> protests at <a href="/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant">Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abalone_Alliance" title="Abalone Alliance">Abalone Alliance</a> protests at <a href="/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant">Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant</a> in California, where thousands of protesters were arrested. Other large protests followed the 1979 Three Mile Island accident.<a href="#cite_note-protest-39">[39]</a> In New York City on September 23, 1979, almost 200,000 people attended a protest against nuclear power.<a href="#cite_note-Herman_B1-40">[40]</a> Anti-nuclear power protests preceded the shutdown of the <a href="/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant">Shoreham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Plant">Yankee Rowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station">Rancho Seco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Maine Yankee</a>, and about a dozen other nuclear power plants.<a href="#cite_note-dec-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_use_of_Native_land_in_nuclear_energy">Historical use of Native land in nuclear energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical use of Native land in nuclear energy">edit</a>]</div> Nuclear Energy in the United States has greatly affected Native Americans due to the large amount of mining for uranium, and disposal of nuclear waste done on Native lands over the past century.<a href="#cite_note-:5-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1b-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_130–141-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[45]</a> Environmental Sociologists Chad L. Smith and Gregory Hooks have deemed these areas and tribal lands as a whole "sacrifice zones",<a href="#cite_note-:1b-43">[43]</a> due to the prevalence of mishandled nuclear materials. Uranium as a resource has largely been located in the southwestern US, and large amounts have been found on Native lands, with the estimates between 25–65% of Uranium being located on Native land.<a href="#cite_note-:5-42">[42]</a> Due to this, many mines were placed on Native land and were abandoned without proper closing of these mines.<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[45]</a> Some of these mines have led to large amounts of pollution on Native land which has contaminated the water and ground.<a href="#cite_note-:5-42">[42]</a> This has led to a large uptick in cancer cases.<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[45]</a> On the Navajo reservation in particular, there have been three separate cleanup efforts by the EPA, all unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[45]</a> Nuclear waste has been an issue that Native Americans have had to deal with for decades ranging from improper disposal of waste during active mining to the government trying and succeeding to place waste disposal sites on various native lands.<a href="#cite_note-:3-46">[46]</a> In 1986, the US government tried to put a permanent nuclear waste repository on the White Earth Reservation, but the Anishinaabe people who lived there commissioned the Minnesota legislature to prevent it, which worked.<a href="#cite_note-:3-46">[46]</a> However, because there was no permanent place found, the government placed a temporary facility on Yucca Mountain to contain the waste.<a href="#cite_note-:3-46">[46]</a> Yucca Mountain is also on Native Land and is considered a sacred site that the government did not have consent on which to place nuclear waste.<a href="#cite_note-:3-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-47">[47]</a> Yucca Mountain houses this temporary facility to this day and is being debated over if it should become a permanent facility.<a href="#cite_note-:3-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Over-commitment_and_cancellations">Over-commitment and cancellations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Over-commitment and cancellations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_canceled_nuclear_plants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States">List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Nuclear_Summer_Capacity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Nuclear_Summer_Capacity.png/400px-US_Nuclear_Summer_Capacity.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Nuclear_Summer_Capacity.png/600px-US_Nuclear_Summer_Capacity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Nuclear_Summer_Capacity.png/800px-US_Nuclear_Summer_Capacity.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Net summer electrical generation capacity of US nuclear power plants, 1949–2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Nuclear_Capacity_Factor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/US_Nuclear_Capacity_Factor.png/400px-US_Nuclear_Capacity_Factor.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/US_Nuclear_Capacity_Factor.png/600px-US_Nuclear_Capacity_Factor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/US_Nuclear_Capacity_Factor.png/800px-US_Nuclear_Capacity_Factor.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Average capacity factor of US nuclear power plants, 1957–2011</figcaption></figure> By the mid-1970s, it became clear that nuclear power would not grow nearly as quickly as once believed. Cost overruns were sometimes a factor of ten above original industry estimates, and became a major problem. For the 75 nuclear power reactors built from 1966 to 1977, cost overruns averaged 207 percent. Opposition and problems were galvanized by the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-fas12-48">[48]</a> Over-commitment to nuclear power brought about the financial collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Public_Power_Supply_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Public Power Supply System">Washington Public Power Supply System</a>, a public agency which undertook to build five large nuclear power plants in the 1970s. By 1983, cost overruns and delays, along with a slowing of electricity demand growth, led to cancellation of two WPPSS plants and a construction halt on two others. Moreover, WPPSS defaulted on $2.25 billion of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal bonds">municipal bonds</a>, which is one of the largest municipal bond defaults in U.S. history. The court case that followed took nearly a decade to resolve.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Eventually, more than 120 reactor orders were canceled,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and the construction of new reactors ground to a halt. Former US Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, in 2009, commented on the historical record and reliability of nuclear power in the United States: <blockquote> Of the 253 nuclear power reactors originally ordered in the United States from 1953 to 2008, 48 percent were canceled, 11 percent were prematurely shut down, 14 percent experienced at least a one-year-or-more outage, and 27 percent are operating without having a year-plus outage. Thus, only about one fourth of those ordered, or about half of those completed, are still operating and have proved relatively reliable.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </blockquote> A cover story in the February 11, 1985 issue of <a href="/wiki/Forbes_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes magazine">Forbes magazine</a>, commented on the overall management of the nuclear power program in the United States: <blockquote> The failure of the U.S. nuclear power program ranks as the largest managerial disaster in business history, a disaster on a monumental scale … only the blind, or the biased, can now think that the money has been well spent. It is a defeat for the U.S. consumer and for the competitiveness of U.S. industry, for the utilities that undertook the program and for the private enterprise system that made it possible.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Mile_Island_and_after">Three Mile Island and after</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Three Mile Island and after">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_at_rally._Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_(Pennsylvania)_at_the_Capitol._-_NARA_-_540017.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Crowd_at_rally._Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_%28Pennsylvania%29_at_the_Capitol._-_NARA_-_540017.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Crowd_at_rally._Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_%28Pennsylvania%29_at_the_Capitol._-_NARA_-_540017.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Crowd_at_rally._Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_%28Pennsylvania%29_at_the_Capitol._-_NARA_-_540017.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Crowd_at_rally._Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_%28Pennsylvania%29_at_the_Capitol._-_NARA_-_540017.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Crowd_at_rally._Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_%28Pennsylvania%29_at_the_Capitol._-_NARA_-_540017.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Crowd_at_rally._Anti-nuke_rally_in_Harrisburg_%28Pennsylvania%29_at_the_Capitol._-_NARA_-_540017.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption>Anti-nuclear rally at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in April 1979</figcaption></figure> The NRC reported "(...the Three Mile Island accident...) was the most serious in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant operating history, even though it led to no deaths or injuries to plant workers or members of the nearby community."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Nuclear_Association" title="World Nuclear Association">World Nuclear Association</a> reports that "...more than a dozen major, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific research">independent studies</a> have assessed the radiation releases and possible effects on the people and the environment around TMI since the 1979 accident at TMI-2. The most recent was a 13-year study on 32,000 people. None has found any adverse health effects such as cancers which might be linked to the accident."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Other nuclear power incidents within the US (defined as safety-related events in civil nuclear power facilities between <a href="/wiki/International_Nuclear_Events_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nuclear Events Scale">INES Levels 1 and 3</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> include those at the <a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Besse_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station">Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station</a>, which was the source of two of the top five highest <a href="/wiki/Core_damage_frequency" title="Core damage frequency">conditional core damage frequency</a> nuclear incidents in the United States since 1979, according to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Despite the concerns which arose among the public after the Three Mile Island incident, the accident highlights the success of the reactor's safety systems. The radioactivity released as a result of the accident was almost entirely confined within the reinforced concrete containment structure. These containment structures, found at all US nuclear power plants, were designed to successfully trap radioactive material in the event of a melt down or accident. At Three Mile Island, the containment structures operated as designed, successful in containing radioactive energy. The low levels of radioactivity released post incident is considered harmless, resulting in zero injuries and deaths of residents living in proximity to the plant. Despite many technical studies which asserted that the probability of a severe nuclear accident was low, numerous surveys showed that the public remained "very deeply distrustful and uneasy about nuclear power".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Some commentators have suggested that the public's consistently negative ratings of nuclear power are reflective of the industry's unique connection with nuclear weapons:<a href="#cite_note-johnb-60">[60]</a> <blockquote> [One] reason why nuclear power is seen differently to other technologies lies in its parentage and birth. Nuclear energy was conceived in secrecy, born of war, and first revealed to the world in horror. No matter how many proponents try to separate the peaceful atom from the weapon's atom, the connection is firmly embedded in the mind of the public.<a href="#cite_note-johnb-60">[60]</a> </blockquote> Several US nuclear power plants closed well before their design lifetimes, due to successful campaigns by anti-nuclear activist groups.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station">Rancho Seco</a> in 1989 in California and <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Trojan Nuclear Power Plant">Trojan</a> in 1992 in Oregon. <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant">Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant</a> in northern California closed in 1976, 13 years after geologists discovered it was built on the Little Salmon Fault. <a href="/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant">Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant</a> was completed but never operated commercially as an authorized Emergency Evacuation Plan could not be agreed on due to the political climate after the Three Mile Island accident and <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>. The last permanent closure of a US nuclear power plant was in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> US nuclear reactors were originally licensed to operate for 40-year periods. In the 1980s, the NRC determined that there were no technical issues that would preclude longer service.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Over half of US nuclear reactors are over 30 years old and almost all are over twenty years old.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> As of 2011,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a> more than 60 reactors have received 20-year extensions to their licensed lifetimes.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factor</a> for all US reactors has improved from below 60% in the 1970s and 1980s, to 92% in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> After the Three Mile Island accident, NRC-issued reactor construction permits, which had averaged more than 12 per year from 1967 through 1978, came to an abrupt halt; no permits were issued between 1979 and 2012 (in 2012, four planned new reactors received construction permits). Many permitted reactors were never built, or the projects were abandoned. Those that were completed after Three Mile island experienced a much longer time lag from construction permit to starting of operations. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission itself described its regulatory oversight of the long-delayed <a href="/wiki/Seabrook_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant">Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant</a> as "a paradigm of fragmented and uncoordinated government decision making," and "a system strangling itself and the economy in red tape."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The number of operating power reactors in the US peaked at 112 in 1991, far fewer than the 177 that received construction permits. By 1998 the number of working reactors declined to 104, where it remained as of 2013. The loss of electrical generation from the eight fewer reactors since 1991 has been offset by power uprates of generating capacity at existing reactors.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Despite the problems following Three Mile Island, output of nuclear-generated electricity in the US grew steadily, more than tripling over the next three decades: from 255 billion kilowatt-hours in 1979 (the year of the Three Mile Island accident), to 806 billion kilowatt-hours in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Part of the increase was due to the greater number of operating reactors, which increased by 51%: from 69 reactors in 1979, to 104 in 2007. Another cause was a large increase in the capacity factor over that period. In 1978, nuclear power plants generated electricity at only 64% of their rated output capacity. Performance suffered even further during and after Three Mile Island, as a series of new safety regulations from 1979 through the mid-1980s forced operators to repeatedly shut down reactors for required retrofits.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> It was not until 1990 that the average capacity factor of US nuclear plants returned to the level of 1978. The capacity factor continued to rise, until 2001. Since 2001, US nuclear power plants have consistently delivered electric power at about 90% of their rated capacity.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 2016, the number of power plants was at 100 with 4 under construction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_Fukushima">Effects of Fukushima</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effects of Fukushima">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station,_2007_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station%2C_2007_%2801%29.jpg/260px-San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station%2C_2007_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station%2C_2007_%2801%29.jpg/390px-San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station%2C_2007_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station%2C_2007_%2801%29.jpg/520px-San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station%2C_2007_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station</a> was shut down in 2013. There is about 1,700 tons of <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a> at San Onofre.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/2011_Japanese_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Japanese nuclear accidents">2011 Japanese nuclear accidents</a>, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission announced it would launch a comprehensive safety review of the 104 nuclear power reactors across the United States, at the request of President Obama. A total of 45 groups and individuals had formally asked the NRC to suspend all licensing and other activities at 21 proposed nuclear reactor projects in 15 states until the NRC had completed a thorough post-<a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I nuclear accidents">Fukushima reactor crisis</a> examination. The petitioners also asked the NRC to supplement its own investigation by establishing an independent commission comparable to that set up in the wake of the serious, though less severe, 1979 Three Mile Island accident.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Obama administration continued "to support the expansion of nuclear power in the United States, despite the crisis in Japan".<a href="#cite_note-JulieAnn_McKellogg-75">[75]</a> An industry observer noted that post-Fukushima costs were likely to go up for both current and new nuclear power plants, due to increased requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats.<a href="#cite_note-mit2011-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-sagepub-77">[77]</a> License extensions for existing reactors will face additional scrutiny, with outcomes depending on plants meeting new requirements, and some extensions already granted for more than 60 of the 100 operating U.S. reactors could be revisited. On-site storage, consolidated long-term storage, and geological disposal of spent fuel is "likely to be reevaluated in a new light because of the Fukushima storage pool experience".<a href="#cite_note-mit2011-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cooper_(academic)" title="Mark Cooper (academic)">Mark Cooper</a> suggested that the cost of nuclear power, which already had risen sharply in 2010 and 2011, could "climb another 50 percent due to tighter safety oversight and regulatory delays in the wake of the reactor calamity in Japan".<a href="#cite_note-marketwatch11-78">[78]</a> In 2011, London-based bank HSBC said: "With Three Mile Island and Fukushima as a backdrop, the US public may find it difficult to support major nuclear new build and we expect that no new plant extensions will be granted either. Thus we expect the clean energy standard under discussion in US legislative chambers will see a far greater emphasis on gas and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewables</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">efficiency</a>".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competitiveness_problems">Competitiveness problems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Competitiveness problems">edit</a>]</div> In May 2015, a senior vice president of <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics" title="General Atomics">General Atomics</a> stated that the U.S. nuclear industry was struggling because of comparatively low U.S. fossil fuel production costs, partly due to the <a href="/wiki/Shale_gas_in_the_United_States" title="Shale gas in the United States">rapid development of shale gas</a>, and high financing costs for nuclear plants.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In July 2016, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> withdrew the U.S. design certification renewal for its <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Boiling_Water_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Boiling Water Reactor">Advanced Boiling Water Reactor</a> because "it has become increasingly clear that energy price declines in the US prevent Toshiba from expecting additional opportunities for ABWR construction projects".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> directed the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Service_Commission" title="New York Public Service Commission">New York Public Service Commission</a> to consider ratepayer-financed <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate#Subsidies" title="Nuclear power debate">subsidies</a> similar to those for renewable sources to keep nuclear power stations profitable in the competition against natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In March 2018, <a href="/wiki/FirstEnergy" title="FirstEnergy">FirstEnergy</a> announced plans to deactivate the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Valley_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver Valley Nuclear Generating Station">Beaver Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Besse_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station">Davis-Besse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perry_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Perry Nuclear Generating Station">Perry</a> nuclear power plants, which are in the Ohio and Pennsylvania deregulated electricity market, for economic reasons during the next three years.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> revised the levelized cost of electricity from new advanced nuclear power plants to be $0.0775/kWh before government subsidies, using a 4.3% cost of capital (<a href="/wiki/Weighted_average_cost_of_capital" title="Weighted average cost of capital">WACC</a>) over a 30-year cost recovery period.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Financial firm <a href="/wiki/Lazard" title="Lazard">Lazard</a> also updated its levelized cost of electricity report costing new nuclear at between $0.118/kWh and $0.192/kWh using a commercial 7.7% cost of capital (<a href="/wiki/Weighted_average_cost_of_capital" title="Weighted average cost of capital">WACC</a>) (pre-tax 12% cost for the higher-risk 40% equity finance and 8% cost for the 60% loan finance) over a 40-year lifetime, making it the most expensive privately financed non-peaking generation technology other than <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States" title="Solar power in the United States">residential solar PV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lazard-201911-86">[86]</a> In August 2020, <a href="/wiki/Exelon" title="Exelon">Exelon</a> decided to close the <a href="/wiki/Byron_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Byron Nuclear Generating Station">Byron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Generating_Station" title="Dresden Generating Station">Dresden</a> plants in 2021 for economic reasons, despite the plants having licenses to operate for another 20 and 10 years respectively. On September 13, 2021, the Illinois Senate approved a bill containing nearly $700 million in subsidies for the state's nuclear plants, including Byron, causing Exelon to reverse the shutdown order.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westinghouse_Chapter_11_bankruptcy">Westinghouse Chapter 11 bankruptcy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Westinghouse Chapter 11 bankruptcy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nukegate_scandal" title="Nukegate scandal">Nukegate scandal</a></div> On March 29, 2017, parent company <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> placed <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse Electric Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 11 bankruptcy">Chapter 11 bankruptcy</a> because of $9 billion of losses from its nuclear reactor construction projects. The projects responsible for this loss are mostly the construction of four <a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a> reactors at <a href="/wiki/Vogtle_Electric_Generating_Plant" title="Vogtle Electric Generating Plant">Vogtle</a> in Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">V. C. Summer</a> in South Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-20170324-89">[89]</a> The U.S. government had given $8.3 billion of loan guarantees for the financing of the Vogtle nuclear reactors being built in the U.S., which are delayed but remain under construction.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-20170330-90">[90]</a> In July 2017, the V.C. Summer plant owners, the two largest utilities in South Carolina, terminated the project.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-20170330-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Bradford" title="Peter A. Bradford">Peter A. Bradford</a>, former Nuclear Regulatory Commission member, commented, "They placed a big bet on this hallucination of a nuclear renaissance".<a href="#cite_note-bl-20170331-91">[91]</a> The other U.S. new nuclear supplier, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, had already scaled back its nuclear operations as it was concerned about the economic viability of new nuclear.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In the 2000s, interest in nuclear power renewed in the US, spurred by anticipated government curbs on carbon emissions, and a belief that fossil fuels would become more costly.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Ultimately however, following Westinghouse's bankruptcy, only two new nuclear reactors were under construction. In addition <a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Plant">Watts Bar</a> unit 2, whose construction was started in 1973 but suspended in the 1980s, was completed and commissioned in 2016. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_renaissance">Possible renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Possible renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear renaissance in the United States">Nuclear renaissance in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Nuclear_Power_Reactors_1955-2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/US_Nuclear_Power_Reactors_1955-2011.png/400px-US_Nuclear_Power_Reactors_1955-2011.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/US_Nuclear_Power_Reactors_1955-2011.png/600px-US_Nuclear_Power_Reactors_1955-2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/US_Nuclear_Power_Reactors_1955-2011.png/800px-US_Nuclear_Power_Reactors_1955-2011.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>US reactor construction permits issued (red) and operating nuclear power reactors (blue), 1955–2011 (data from US EIA)</figcaption></figure> In 2008, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/The_Shaw_Group" title="The Shaw Group">The Shaw Group</a> and Westinghouse would construct a factory at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Lake_Charles" title="Port of Lake Charles">Port of Lake Charles</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles, Louisiana</a> to build components for the Westinghouse <a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a> nuclear reactor.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On October 23, 2008, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Areva" title="Areva">Areva</a> were planning to construct a factory in <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a> to build nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> As of March 2009,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a> the NRC had received applications to construct 26 new reactors<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> with applications for another 7 expected.<a href="#cite_note-NEI_2009-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Six of these reactors were ordered.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Some applications were made to reserve places in a queue for government incentives available for the first three plants based on each innovative reactor design.<a href="#cite_note-NEI_2009-96">[96]</a> In May 2009, <a href="/wiki/John_Rowe_(Exelon)" title="John Rowe (Exelon)">John Rowe</a>, chairman of Exelon, which operates 17 nuclear reactors, stated that he would cancel or delay construction of two new reactors in Texas without federal loan guarantees.<a href="#cite_note-ob-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a> added that "market forces had killed it years earlier".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Lovins has been an active opponent of nuclear energy and fought against it in the 1970s, which contributed to increased costs <a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In July 2009, the proposed <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_Station" title="Victoria County Station">Victoria County Nuclear Power Plant</a> was delayed, as the project proved difficult to finance.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> As of April 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/AmerenUE" class="mw-redirect" title="AmerenUE">AmerenUE</a> has suspended plans to build its proposed plant in Missouri because the state Legislature would not allow it to charge consumers for some of the project's costs before the plant's completion. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> has reported that without that "financial and regulatory certainty" the company has said it could not proceed.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Previously, <a href="/wiki/MidAmerican_Energy_Company" title="MidAmerican Energy Company">MidAmerican Energy Company</a> decided to "end its pursuit of a nuclear power plant in Payette County, Idaho." MidAmerican cited cost as the primary factor in its decision.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The federal government encouraged development through the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_2010_Program" title="Nuclear Power 2010 Program">Nuclear Power 2010 Program</a>, which coordinates efforts for building new plants,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In February 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced loan guarantees for two new reactors at <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Power" title="Georgia Power">Georgia Power</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vogtle_Electric_Generating_Plant" title="Vogtle Electric Generating Plant">Vogtle Electric Generating Plant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Comeback_for_Nuclear_Power-109">[109]</a> The reactors are "just the first of what we hope will be many new nuclear projects," said <a href="/wiki/Carol_Browner" title="Carol Browner">Carol Browner</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy">White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a>. In February 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Senate" title="Vermont Senate">Vermont Senate</a> voted 26 to 4 to block operation of the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant</a> after 2012, citing radioactive <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> leaks, misstatements in testimony by plant officials, a cooling tower collapse in 2007, and other problems. By state law, the renewal of the operating license must be approved by both houses of the legislature for the nuclear power plant to continue operation.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 2010, some companies withdrew their applications.<a href="#cite_note-matt2010-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-dis2010-112">[112]</a> In September 2010, Matthew Wald from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> reported that "the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance" title="Nuclear renaissance">nuclear renaissance</a> is looking small and slow at the moment".<a href="#cite_note-mlw-113">[113]</a> In the first quarter of 2011, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> contributed 11.7 percent of total U.S. energy production (2.245 quadrillion BTUs of energy), surpassing energy production from nuclear power (2.125 quadrillion BTUs).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> 2011 was the first year since 1997 that renewables exceeded nuclear in US total energy production.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In August 2011, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) board of directors voted to move forward with the construction of the unit one reactor at the <a href="/wiki/Bellefonte_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station">Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In addition, the TVA petitioned to restart construction on the first two units at Bellefonte. As of March 2012, many contractors had been laid off and the ultimate cost and timing for Bellefonte 1 will depend on work at another reactor TVA is completing – Watts Bar 2 in Tennessee. In February 2012, TVA said the Watts Bar 2 project was running over budget and behind schedule.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The first two of the newly approved units were <a href="/wiki/Vogtle_Electric_Generating_Plant#Units_3_and_4" title="Vogtle Electric Generating Plant">Units 3 and 4</a> at the existing Vogtle Electric Generating Plant. As of December 2011, construction by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Company" title="Southern Company">Southern Company</a> on the two new nuclear units had begun. They were expected to be delivering commercial power by 2016 and 2017, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-southerncompany.com-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-119">[119]</a> One week after Southern received its license to begin major construction, a dozen groups sued to stop the expansion project, stating "public safety and environmental problems since Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor accident have not been taken into account".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The lawsuit was dismissed in July 2012. In 2012, The NRC approved construction permits for four new nuclear reactor units at two existing plants, the first permits in 34 years.<a href="#cite_note-wsj20120330-121">[121]</a> The first new permits, for two proposed reactors at the Vogtle plant, were approved in February 2012.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> NRC Chairman <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Jaczko" title="Gregory Jaczko">Gregory Jaczko</a> cast the lone dissenting vote, citing safety concerns stemming from Japan's 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster: "I cannot support issuing this license as if Fukushima never happened".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_power_station.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nuclear_power_station.svg/480px-Nuclear_power_station.svg.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nuclear_power_station.svg/720px-Nuclear_power_station.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nuclear_power_station.svg/960px-Nuclear_power_station.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Global status of commercial nuclear deployment as of 2017 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Operating reactors, building new reactors</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Operating reactors, planning new build</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No reactors, building new reactors</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No reactors, new in planning</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Operating reactors, stable</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Operating reactors, decided on phase-out</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Civil nuclear power is illegal</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No commercial reactors</div> </figcaption></figure> Also in 2012, <a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Units_2_and_3" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">Units 2 and 3</a> at the <a href="/wiki/SCANA" title="SCANA">SCANA</a> <a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station</a> in South Carolina were approved, and were scheduled to come online in 2017 and 2018, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-wsj20120330-121">[121]</a> After several reforecasted completion dates the project was abandoned in July 2017.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Other reactors were under consideration – a third reactor at the <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Cliffs_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant">Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant</a> in Maryland, a third and fourth reactor at <a href="/wiki/South_Texas_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="South Texas Nuclear Generating Station">South Texas Nuclear Generating Station</a>, together with two other reactors in Texas, four in Florida, and one in Missouri. However, these have all been postponed or canceled.<a href="#cite_note-mlw-113">[113]</a> In August 2012, the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia found that the NRC's rules for the temporary storage and permanent disposal of nuclear waste stood in violation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a>, rendering the NRC legally unable to grant final licenses.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> This ruling was founded on the absence of a final waste repository plan. In March 2013, the concrete for the basemat of <a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Reactor_data" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">Block 2 of the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station</a> was poured. First concrete for Unit 3 was completed on November 4, 2013. Construction on unit 3 of Vogtle Electric Generating Plant started that month. Unit 4 was begun in November 2013. However, following Westinghouse's bankruptcy, the project was abandoned. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> estimated that nuclear power's share of U.S. generation would fall from 19% to 15% by 2040 in its central estimate (High Oil and Gas Resource case). However, as total generation increases 24% by 2040 in the central estimate, the absolute amount of nuclear generation remains fairly flat.<a href="#cite_note-wnn-20150416-126">[126]</a> In 2017, the US Energy Information Administration projected that US nuclear generating capacity would decline 23% from its 2016 level of 99.1 GW, to 76.5 GW in 2050, and the nuclear share of electrical generation would go from 20% in 2016 to 11% in 2050. Driving the decline will be retirements of existing units, to be partially offset by additional units currently under construction and expected capacity expansions of existing reactors.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Castle_Project" title="Blue Castle Project">Blue Castle Project</a> is set to begin construction near <a href="/wiki/Green_River,_Utah" title="Green River, Utah">Green River, Utah</a> in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-128">[128]</a> The plant will use 53,500 acre-feet (66 million cubic meters) of water annually from the Green River once both reactors are commissioned.<a href="#cite_note-deseret_news_20111027-129">[129]</a> The first reactor is scheduled to come online in 2028, with the second reactor coming online in 2030.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-128">[128]</a> On June 4, 2018, World Nuclear News reported, "President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> has directed Secretary of Energy <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> to take immediate action to stop the loss of 'fuel-secure power facilities' from the country's power grid, including nuclear power plants that are facing premature retirement."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On August 23, 2020, Forbes reported, that "[the 2020 Democratic Party platform] marks the first time since 1972 that the Democratic Party has said anything positive in its platform about nuclear energy".<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In April 2022, the Federal government announced a $6 billion subsidy program targeting the seven plants scheduled for closure as well as others at-risk of closure, to attempt to encourage them to continue operating.<a href="#cite_note-ZME_2022-132">[132]</a> It will be funded by the <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> passed in November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-ZME_2022-132">[132]</a> In November 2023, the first <a href="/wiki/Small_modular_reactor" title="Small modular reactor">small modular reactor</a> (SMR) deployment project in the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Free_Power_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Free Power Project">Carbon Free Power Project</a> in Idaho using six <a href="/wiki/NuScale" class="mw-redirect" title="NuScale">NuScale</a> reactors, was cancelled because of cost increases. This raised concerns about the commercial prospects in the U.S. of the other SMR designs.<a href="#cite_note-science-20231110-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-ft-20231212-134">[134]</a> In January 2024, it was announced that Holtec International was receiving $1.5 billion dollars from the U.S. Department of Energy to restart the <a href="/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palisades Nuclear Generating Station">Palisades nuclear plant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The goal is to have the 800 megawatt plant running by 2025. This move has precedent as the <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> has given a previous loan of $1.1 billion to keep the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant in California running. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_power_plants">Nuclear power plants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nuclear power plants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_canceled_nuclear_reactors_in_the_United_States" title="List of canceled nuclear reactors in the United States">List of canceled nuclear reactors in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_stations" title="List of nuclear power stations">List of nuclear power stations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Naval reactors">List of United States Naval reactors</a></div> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 650px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 650px; height: 360px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="650" data-height="360" data-zoom="4" data-lat="37.5" data-lon="-97" data-overlays="["_9a8673b627c562bdee5f6208a2e365c50c3910a8"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/37.5/-97/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,37.5,-97,650x360.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&revid=1259831520&groups=_9a8673b627c562bdee5f6208a2e365c50c3910a8" width="650" height="360" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,37.5,-97,650x360@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&revid=1259831520&groups=_9a8673b627c562bdee5f6208a2e365c50c3910a8 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Nuclear power plants in United States <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Active plants <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Canceled plants <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Closed plants <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Under construction <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Planned plants</div></div></div> As of 2020,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a> a total of 88 nuclear power plants have been built in the United States, 86 of which have had at least one operational <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">reactor</a>. <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors#United_States" title="List of commercial nuclear reactors">List of commercial nuclear reactors § United States</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable)>thead,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;border-width:0 1px 1px 0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable td,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable th,.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom::before{border-top-width:1px}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom~.sortbottom::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom~.sortbottom::before{border-top-width:0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before{border-bottom-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .content-table-scrollbar,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed .content-table{overflow:visible}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .scroll-right.overflowed .content-table-right{box-shadow:none;border-left:none}}@media screen and (min-width:1120px){body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.125rem}}@media screen and (min-width:851px){body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.51em}}@media screen and (max-width:639px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Plant name </th> <th>Unit No. </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Model </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Capacity (MW) </th> <th>Begin building </th> <th>Commercial operation </th> <th>Closed </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Nuclear_One" title="Arkansas Nuclear One">Arkansas Nuclear One</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox" title="Babcock & Wilcox">B & W</a> (DRY-<a href="/wiki/Containment_building" title="Containment building">Cont</a>)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>836</td> <td>1 Oct 1968</td> <td>21 May 1974</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combustion_Engineering" title="Combustion Engineering">CE</a> (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>988</td> <td>6 Dec 1968</td> <td>1 Sep 1978</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Valley_nuclear_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver Valley nuclear power plant">Beaver Valley</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">WH</a> 3-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>908</td> <td>26 Jun 1970</td> <td>2 Jul 1976</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>905</td> <td>3 May 1974</td> <td>14 Aug 1987</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Rock_Point_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Big Rock Point Nuclear Power Plant">Big Rock Point</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>67</td> <td>1 May 1960</td> <td>29 Mar 1963</td> <td>29 Aug 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Braidwood_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Braidwood Nuclear Generating Station">Braidwood</a></td> <td>1<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1194</td> <td>1 Aug 1975</td> <td>29 Jul 1988</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1160</td> <td>1 Aug 1975</td> <td>17 Oct 1988</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant">Browns Ferry</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR-4</a> (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1200</td> <td>1 May 1967</td> <td>1 Aug 1974</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1200</td> <td>1 May 1967</td> <td>1 Mar 1975</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1210</td> <td>1 Jul 1968</td> <td>1 Mar 1977</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station">Brunswick</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>938</td> <td>7 Feb 1970</td> <td>18 Mar 1977<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>932</td> <td>7 Feb 1970</td> <td>3 Nov 1975<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byron_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Byron Nuclear Generating Station">Byron</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1164</td> <td>1 Apr 1975</td> <td>16 Sep 1985</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1136</td> <td>1 Apr 1975</td> <td>2 Aug 1987</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Callaway_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Callaway Nuclear Generating Station">Callaway</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1215</td> <td>1 Sep 1975</td> <td>19 Dec 1984</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Cliffs_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant">Calvert Cliffs</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combustion_Engineering" title="Combustion Engineering">CE</a> 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>877</td> <td>1 Jun 1968</td> <td>8 May 1977</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>CE 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>855</td> <td>1 Jun 1968</td> <td>1 Apr 1977</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/NuScale_Power#Carbon_Free_Power_Project,_Idaho" title="NuScale Power">Carbon Free Power Project</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_wnn-20231109-142">[142]</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/NuScale" class="mw-redirect" title="NuScale">VOYGR</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Cancelled</td> <td>77</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="2029-01-01"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/NuScale" class="mw-redirect" title="NuScale">VOYGR</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Cancelled</td> <td>77</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="2029-01-01"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/NuScale" class="mw-redirect" title="NuScale">VOYGR</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Cancelled</td> <td>77</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="2029-01-01"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/NuScale" class="mw-redirect" title="NuScale">VOYGR</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Cancelled</td> <td>77</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="2029-01-01"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/NuScale" class="mw-redirect" title="NuScale">VOYGR</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Cancelled</td> <td>77</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="2029-01-01"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/NuScale" class="mw-redirect" title="NuScale">VOYGR</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Cancelled</td> <td>77</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="2029-01-01"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Catawba_Nuclear_Station" title="Catawba Nuclear Station">Catawba</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (ICECOND)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1160</td> <td>1 May 1974</td> <td>29 Jun 1985</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (ICECOND)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1150</td> <td>1 May 1974</td> <td>19 Aug 1986</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clinch_River_Nuclear_Site" title="Clinch River Nuclear Site">Clinch River</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/BWRX-300" title="BWRX-300">BWRX-300</a></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned</td> <td>300</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Nuclear Generating Station">Clinton</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-6 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1062</td> <td>1 Oct 1975</td> <td>24 Nov 1987</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Generating_Station" title="Columbia Generating Station">Columbia</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-5 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1131</td> <td>1 Aug 1972</td> <td>13 Dec 1984</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Peak_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant">Comanche Peak</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1205</td> <td>19 Dec 1974</td> <td>13 Aug 1990</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1195</td> <td>19 Dec 1974</td> <td>3 Aug 1993</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Connecticut Yankee</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>582</td> <td>1 May 1964</td> <td>1 Jan 1968</td> <td>5 Dec 1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Nuclear_Station" title="Cooper Nuclear Station">Cooper</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>769</td> <td>1 Jun 1968</td> <td>1 Jul 1974</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_3_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal River 3 Nuclear Power Plant">Crystal River 3</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>B & W (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down/in decommissioning</td> <td>860</td> <td>25 Sep 1968</td> <td>13 Mar 1977</td> <td>5 Feb 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Besse_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station">Davis–Besse</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>B & W (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>894</td> <td>1 Sep 1970</td> <td>31 Jul 1978</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant" title="Diablo Canyon Power Plant">Diablo Canyon</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1138</td> <td>23 Apr 1968</td> <td>7 May 1985</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1118</td> <td>9 Dec 1970</td> <td>13 Mar 1986</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Cook_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald C. Cook Nuclear Generating Station">Donald C. Cook</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (ICECOND)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1020</td> <td>25 Mar 1969</td> <td>27 Aug 1975</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (ICECOND)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1090</td> <td>25 Mar 1969</td> <td>1 Jul 1978</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Generating_Station" title="Dresden Generating Station">Dresden</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>197</td> <td>1 May 1956</td> <td>4 Jul 1960</td> <td>31 Oct 1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-3 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>894</td> <td>10 Jan 1966</td> <td>9 Jun 1970</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-3 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>879</td> <td>14 Oct 1966</td> <td>16 Nov 1971</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duane_Arnold_Energy_Center" title="Duane Arnold Energy Center">Duane Arnold</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>601</td> <td>22 May 1970</td> <td>1 Feb 1975</td> <td>10 Aug 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_I._Hatch_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Power Plant">Edwin I. Hatch</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>924</td> <td>30 Sep 1968</td> <td>31 Dec 1975</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>924</td> <td>1 Feb 1972</td> <td>5 Sep 1979</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elk_River_Station" title="Elk River Station">Elk River</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>22</td> <td>1 Jan 1959</td> <td>1 Jul 1964</td> <td>1 Feb 1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station">Fermi</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">FBR</a></td> <td>Prototype</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>61</td> <td>8 Aug 1956</td> <td>7 Aug 1966</td> <td>29 Nov 1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR-4</a> (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1115</td> <td>26 Sep 1972</td> <td>23 Jan 1988</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Calhoun_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station">Fort Calhoun</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combustion_Engineering" title="Combustion Engineering">CE</a> 2-loop (WET)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>482</td> <td>7 Jun 1968 </td> <td>9 Aug 1973</td> <td>24 Oct 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Vrain_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. Vrain Generating Station">Fort St. Vrain</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HTGR" class="mw-redirect" title="HTGR">HTGR</a></td> <td>General Atomics</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>330</td> <td>1 Sep 1968</td> <td>1 Jul 1979</td> <td>29 Aug 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ginna_nuclear_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginna nuclear power plant">Ginna</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>560</td> <td>25 Apr 1966</td> <td>1 Jun 1970</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Gulf_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Gulf Nuclear Generating Station">Grand Gulf</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-6 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1401</td> <td>4 May 1974</td> <td>1 Jul 1985</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H._B._Robinson_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="H. B. Robinson Nuclear Generating Station">H. B. Robinson</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>735</td> <td>13 Apr 1967</td> <td>7 Mar 1971</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hallam_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallam Nuclear Generating Station">Hallam</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>SGR</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atomics_International" title="Atomics International">Atomics International</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>75</td> <td>1 Jan 1959</td> <td>1 Nov 1963</td> <td>1 Sep 1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Hartsville_Nuclear_Plant" title="Hartsville Nuclear Plant">Hartsville</a></td> <td>A1<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_:TVA_Final_Chapter-143">[143]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR-6</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Unfinished</td> <td>1285</td> <td>23 May 1975<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_Hartsville_EA-144">[144]</a></td> <td></td> <td>29 Aug 1984<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_Hartsville_EA-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A2<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_:TVA_Final_Chapter-143">[143]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR-6</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Unfinished</td> <td>1285</td> <td>23 May 1975<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_Hartsville_EA-144">[144]</a></td> <td></td> <td>29 Aug 1984<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_Hartsville_EA-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B1<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_:TVA_Final_Chapter-143">[143]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR-6</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Unfinished</td> <td>1285</td> <td>23 May 1975<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_Hartsville_EA-144">[144]</a></td> <td></td> <td>22 Mar 1983<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_Hartsville_EA-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B2<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_:TVA_Final_Chapter-143">[143]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR-6</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Unfinished</td> <td>1285</td> <td>23 May 1975<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_Hartsville_EA-144">[144]</a></td> <td></td> <td>22 Mar 1983<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_Hartsville_EA-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hope_Creek_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hope Creek Nuclear Power Plant">Hope Creek</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR-4</a> (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1172</td> <td>1 Mar 1976</td> <td>20 Dec 1986</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant">Humboldt Bay</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>63</td> <td>1 Nov 1960</td> <td>1 Aug 1963</td> <td>2 Jul 1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>257</td> <td>1 May 1956</td> <td>1 Oct 1962</td> <td>31 Oct 1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>998</td> <td>14 Oct 1966</td> <td>1 Aug 1974</td> <td>30 Apr 2020<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_:1-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>1030</td> <td>1 Nov 1968</td> <td>30 Aug 1976</td> <td>30 Apr 2021<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_:1-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_A._FitzPatrick_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant">James A. FitzPatrick</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>813</td> <td>1 Sep 1968</td> <td>28 Jul 1975</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Farley_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph M. Farley Nuclear Generating Station">Joseph M. Farley</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>874</td> <td>1 Oct 1970</td> <td>1 Dec 1977</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>883</td> <td>1 Oct 1970</td> <td>30 Jul 1981</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemmerer_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemmerer Power Station (page does not exist)">Kemmerer</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Sodium-cooled fast reactor">SFR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/TerraPower" title="TerraPower">Natrium</a></td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Under construction</td> <td>345</td> <td>10 Jun 2024</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kewaunee_Power_Station" title="Kewaunee Power Station">Kewaunee</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>566</td> <td>6 Aug 1968</td> <td>16 Jun 1974</td> <td>7 May 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="La Crosse Boiling Water Reactor">La Crosse</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>48</td> <td>1 Mar 1963</td> <td>7 Nov 1969</td> <td>30 Apr 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_County_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="LaSalle County Nuclear Generating Station">LaSalle County</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-5 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1137</td> <td>10 Sep 1973</td> <td>1 Jan 1984</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-5 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1140</td> <td>10 Sep 1973</td> <td>19 Oct 1984</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Limerick_Generating_Station" title="Limerick Generating Station">Limerick</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-5 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1134</td> <td>19 Jun 1974</td> <td>1 Feb 1986</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-5 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1134</td> <td>19 Jun 1974</td> <td>8 Jan 1990</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Maine Yankee</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>860</td> <td>1 Oct 1968</td> <td>28 Dec 1972</td> <td>1 Aug 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Marble Hill Nuclear Power Plant">Marble Hill</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH (DRY)</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Unfinished</td> <td>1130</td> <td>1 Aug 1977</td> <td></td> <td>10 Jan 1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/McGuire_Nuclear_Station" title="McGuire Nuclear Station">McGuire</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (ICECOND)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1158</td> <td>1 Apr 1971</td> <td>1 Dec 1981</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (ICECOND)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1158</td> <td>1 Apr 1971</td> <td>1 Mar 1984</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Millstone Nuclear Power Plant">Millstone</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-3 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>641</td> <td>1 May 1966</td> <td>28 Dec 1970</td> <td>21 Jul 1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>CE 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>869</td> <td>1 Nov 1969</td> <td>26 Dec 1975</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1210</td> <td>9 Aug 1974</td> <td>23 Apr 1986</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monticello_Nuclear_Generating_Plant" title="Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant">Monticello</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-3 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>628</td> <td>19 Jun 1967</td> <td>30 Jun 1971</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mile_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station">Nine Mile Point</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-2 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>613</td> <td>12 Apr 1965</td> <td>1 Dec 1969</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-5 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1277</td> <td>1 Aug 1975</td> <td>11 Mar 1988</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_Anna_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="North Anna Nuclear Generating Station">North Anna</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>948</td> <td>19 Feb 1971</td> <td>6 Jun 1978</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>944</td> <td>19 Feb 1971</td> <td>14 Dec 1980</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Oconee_Nuclear_Station" title="Oconee Nuclear Station">Oconee</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox" title="Babcock & Wilcox">B & W</a> (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>847</td> <td>6 Nov 1967</td> <td>15 Jul 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>B & W (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>848</td> <td>6 Nov 1967</td> <td>9 Sep 1974</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>B & W (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>859</td> <td>6 Nov 1967</td> <td>16 Dec 1974</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oyster_Creek_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station">Oyster Creek</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-2 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>619</td> <td>15 Dec 1964</td> <td>23 Dec 1969</td> <td>17 Sep 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palisades Nuclear Generating Station">Palisades</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combustion_Engineering" title="Combustion Engineering">CE</a> 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>805</td> <td>14 Mar 1967</td> <td>31 Dec 1971</td> <td>20 May 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station">Palo Verde</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/System_80" title="System 80">CE80</a> 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1311</td> <td>25 May 1976</td> <td>28 Jan 1986</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/System_80" title="System 80">CE80</a> 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1314</td> <td>1 Jun 1976</td> <td>19 Sep 1986</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/System_80" title="System 80">CE80</a> 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1312</td> <td>1 Jun 1976</td> <td>8 Jan 1988</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">Parr</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PHWR" class="mw-redirect" title="PHWR">PHWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">CVTR</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>17</td> <td>1 Jan 1960</td> <td>18 Dec 1963</td> <td>10 Jan 1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Pathfinder Nuclear Generating Station">Pathfinder</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>59</td> <td>1 Jan 1959</td> <td>1 Aug 1966</td> <td>1 Oct 1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Peach_Bottom_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station">Peach Bottom</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">GCR</a></td> <td>Prototype</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>40</td> <td>1 Feb 1962</td> <td>1 Jun 1966</td> <td>1 Nov 1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR-4</a> (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1300</td> <td>31 Jan 1968</td> <td>5 Jul 1974</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR-4</a> (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1331</td> <td>31 Jan 1968</td> <td>23 Dec 1974</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perry_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Perry Nuclear Generating Station">Perry</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-6 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1240</td> <td>1 Oct 1974</td> <td>18 Nov 1987</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station">Pilgrim</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-3 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>677</td> <td>26 Aug 1968</td> <td>9 Dec 1972</td> <td>31 May 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organically_moderated_and_cooled_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Organically moderated and cooled reactor">OCR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atomics_International" title="Atomics International">Atomics International</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Decommissioned</td> <td>12</td> <td>1 Jan 1960</td> <td>1 Nov 1963</td> <td>1 Jan 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Point_Beach_Nuclear_Plant" title="Point Beach Nuclear Plant">Point Beach</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>591</td> <td>19 Jul 1967</td> <td>21 Dec 1970</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>591</td> <td>25 Jul 1968</td> <td>1 Oct 1972</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Island_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant">Prairie Island</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>522</td> <td>25 Jun 1968</td> <td>16 Dec 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>519</td> <td>25 Jun 1969</td> <td>21 Dec 1974</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Quad Cities Nuclear Generating Station">Quad Cities</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>908</td> <td>15 Feb 1967</td> <td>18 Feb 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>911</td> <td>15 Feb 1967</td> <td>10 Mar 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station">Rancho Seco</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Decommissioned</td> <td>873</td> <td>1 Apr 1969</td> <td>17 Apr 1975</td> <td>23 Jun 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/River_Bend_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="River Bend Nuclear Generating Station">River Bend</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-6 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>967</td> <td>25 Mar 1977</td> <td>16 Jun 1986</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Salem_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Salem Nuclear Power Plant">Salem</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1169</td> <td>25 Sep 1968</td> <td>30 Jun 1977</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1158</td> <td>25 Sep 1968</td> <td>31 Oct 1981</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>436</td> <td>16 Jul 1964</td> <td>1 Jan 1968</td> <td>30 Nov 1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combustion_Engineering" title="Combustion Engineering">CE</a> (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down/in decommissioning</td> <td>1070</td> <td>1 Mar 1974</td> <td>8 Aug 1983</td> <td>7 Jun 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>CE (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down/in decommissioning</td> <td>1180</td> <td>1 Mar 1974</td> <td>1 Apr 1984</td> <td>7 Jun 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxton_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Saxton Nuclear Generating Station">Saxton</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Decommissioned</td> <td>3</td> <td>1 Jan 1960</td> <td>Nov 1961</td> <td>May 1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant">Seabrook</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1246</td> <td>7 Jul 1976</td> <td>15 Mar 1990</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Seadrift" class="mw-redirect" title="Seadrift">Seadrift</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HTGR" class="mw-redirect" title="HTGR">HTGR</a></td> <td>Xe-100</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned</td> <td>80</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HTGR" class="mw-redirect" title="HTGR">HTGR</a></td> <td>Xe-100</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned</td> <td>80</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HTGR" class="mw-redirect" title="HTGR">HTGR</a></td> <td>Xe-100</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned</td> <td>80</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HTGR" class="mw-redirect" title="HTGR">HTGR</a></td> <td>Xe-100</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned</td> <td>80</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequoyah Nuclear Generating Station">Sequoyah</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (ICECOND)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1152</td> <td>27 May 1970</td> <td>1 Jul 1981</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (ICECOND)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1139</td> <td>27 May 1970</td> <td>1 Jun 1982</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shearon_Harris_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant">Shearon Harris</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>964</td> <td>28 Jan 1978</td> <td>2 May 1987</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Shippingport Atomic Power Station">Shippingport</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>60</td> <td>6 Sep 1954</td> <td>26 May 1958</td> <td>Dec 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant">Shoreham</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>GE</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>820</td> <td>1 Nov 1972</td> <td>1 Aug 1986</td> <td>1 May 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_Reactor_Experiment" title="Sodium Reactor Experiment">SRE</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast Breeder Reactor">FBR</a></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Decommissioned</td> <td>6.5</td> <td>1954</td> <td>12 Jul 1957</td> <td>15 Feb 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_Texas_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="South Texas Nuclear Generating Station">South Texas</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1280</td> <td>22 Dec 1975</td> <td>25 Aug 1988</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1280</td> <td>22 Dec 1975</td> <td>19 Jun 1989</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/St._Lucie_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant">St. Lucie</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combustion_Engineering" title="Combustion Engineering">CE</a> (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>981</td> <td>1 Jul 1970</td> <td>1 Mar 1976</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>CE (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>987</td> <td>2 Jun 1977</td> <td>10 Jun 1983</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Surry_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Surry Nuclear Power Plant">Surry</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>838</td> <td>25 Jun 1968</td> <td>22 Dec 1972</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>838</td> <td>25 Jun 1968</td> <td>1 May 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_Steam_Electric_Station" title="Susquehanna Steam Electric Station">Susquehanna</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-5 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1257</td> <td>2 Nov 1973</td> <td>12 Nov 1982</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-5 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1257</td> <td>2 Nov 1973</td> <td>27 Jun 1984</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station">Three Mile Island</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>B & W (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>819</td> <td>18 May 1968</td> <td>2 Sep 1974</td> <td>20 Sep 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox" title="Babcock & Wilcox">B & W</a> (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Core melt</a></td> <td>880</td> <td>1 Nov 1969</td> <td>30 Dec 1978</td> <td>28 Mar 1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Trojan Nuclear Power Plant">Trojan</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>1095</td> <td>1 Feb 1970</td> <td>20 May 1976</td> <td>9 Nov 1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station">Turkey Point</a></td> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>829</td> <td>27 Apr 1967</td> <td>14 Dec 1972</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>821</td> <td>27 Apr 1967</td> <td>7 Sep 1973</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned</td> <td>1117</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned</td> <td>1117</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vallecitos_Nuclear_Center" title="Vallecitos Nuclear Center">Vallecitos</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>25</td> <td>1 Jan 1956</td> <td>19 Oct 1957</td> <td>9 Dec 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a></td> <td>BWR-4 (WET)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Shut down</td> <td>605<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></td> <td>11 Dec 1967</td> <td>30 Nov 1972</td> <td>29 Dec 2014<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">Virgil C. Summer</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 3-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>973</td> <td>21 Mar 1973</td> <td>1 Jan 1984</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Unfinished</td> <td>1117</td> <td>9 Mar 2013</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #000; color: #CCC; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Unfinished</td> <td>1117</td> <td>2 Nov 2013</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Vogtle_Electric_Generating_Plant" title="Vogtle Electric Generating Plant">Vogtle</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1150</td> <td>1 Aug 1976</td> <td>1 Jun 1987</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1152</td> <td>1 Aug 1976</td> <td>20 May 1989</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1117</td> <td>12 Mar 2013</td> <td>31 Jul 2023<a href="#cite_note-List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors_prnewswire-148">[148]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1117</td> <td>19 Nov 2013</td> <td>29 April 2024<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Waterford_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Waterford Nuclear Generating Station">Waterford</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>CE 2-loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1168</td> <td>14 Nov 1974</td> <td>24 Sep 1985</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Plant">Watts Bar</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (ICECOND)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1157</td> <td>20 Jul 1973</td> <td>27 May 1996</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (ICECOND)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1164</td> <td>1 Sep 1973</td> <td>4 Jun 2016</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Generating_Station" title="Wolf Creek Generating Station">Wolf Creek</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH 4-Loop (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Operational</td> <td>1200</td> <td>31 May 1977</td> <td>3 Sep 1985</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station">Yankee Rowe</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>167</td> <td>1 Nov 1957</td> <td>1 Jul 1961</td> <td>1 Oct 1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zion_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Zion Nuclear Power Station">Zion</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>1040</td> <td>1 Dec 1968</td> <td>31 Dec 1973</td> <td>13 Feb 1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></td> <td>WH (DRY)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Dismantled</td> <td>1040</td> <td>1 Dec 1968</td> <td>17 Sep 1974</td> <td>13 Feb 1998 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> In 2019 the NRC approved a second 20-year license extension for <a href="/wiki/Turkey_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station">Turkey Point</a> units 3 and 4, the first time NRC had extended licenses to 80 years total lifetime. Similar extensions for about 20 reactors are planned or intended, with more expected in the future.<a href="#cite_note-wnn-20191206-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_accidents">Safety and accidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Safety and accidents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_in_the_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear safety in the U.S.">Nuclear safety in the U.S.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant_accidents_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power plant accidents in the United States">Nuclear power plant accidents in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMI_cleanup-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/TMI_cleanup-2.jpg/170px-TMI_cleanup-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/TMI_cleanup-2.jpg/255px-TMI_cleanup-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/TMI_cleanup-2.jpg/340px-TMI_cleanup-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>A cleanup crew working to remove <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Davis-BesseHole.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Davis-BesseHole.png/220px-Davis-BesseHole.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Davis-BesseHole.png/330px-Davis-BesseHole.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Davis-BesseHole.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Erosion of the 6-inch-thick (150 mm) <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a> reactor head at <a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Besse_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station">Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station</a> in 2002, caused by a persistent leak of borated water.</figcaption></figure> Regulation of nuclear power plants in the United States is conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> (NRC), which divides the nation into 4 administrative divisions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Mile_Island">Three Mile Island</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Three Mile Island">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a></div> On March 28, 1979, equipment failures and operator error contributed to loss of coolant and a partial <a href="/wiki/Core_meltdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Core meltdown">core meltdown</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant">Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant</a> in Pennsylvania. The mechanical failures were compounded by the initial failure of plant operators to recognize the situation as a <a href="/wiki/Loss-of-coolant_accident" title="Loss-of-coolant accident">loss-of-coolant accident</a> due to inadequate training and <a href="/wiki/Human_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors">human factors</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Human-computer_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a> design oversights relating to ambiguous control room indicators in the power plant's <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MTM-151">[151]</a> The scope and complexity of the accident became clear over the course of five days, as employees of Metropolitan Edison, Pennsylvania state officials, and members of the U.S. NRC tried to understand the problem, communicate the situation to the press and local community, decide whether the accident required an emergency evacuation, and ultimately end the crisis. The NRC's authorization of the release of 40,000 gallons of radioactive waste water directly in the Susquehanna River led to a loss of credibility with the press and community.<a href="#cite_note-MTM-151">[151]</a> The Three Mile Island accident inspired Perrow's book <a href="/wiki/Normal_Accidents" title="Normal Accidents">Normal Accidents</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accident">nuclear accident</a> occurs, resulting from an unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system. TMI was an example of a normal accident because it was "unexpected, incomprehensible, uncontrollable and unavoidable".<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The World Nuclear Association has stated that cleanup of the damaged nuclear reactor system at TMI-2 took nearly 12 years and cost approximately US$973 million.<a href="#cite_note-world-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_K._Sovacool" title="Benjamin K. Sovacool">Benjamin K. Sovacool</a>, in his 2007 preliminary assessment of major energy accidents, estimated that the TMI accident caused a total of $2.4 billion in property damages.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident_health_effects" title="Three Mile Island accident health effects">health effects of the Three Mile Island accident</a> are widely, but not universally, agreed to be very low level.<a href="#cite_note-world-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangano2004-155">[155]</a> The accident triggered protests around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Nuclear_Inc_p._95_&_97-156">[156]</a> The 1979 Three Mile Island accident was a pivotal event that led to questions about U.S. nuclear safety.<a href="#cite_note-fult-157">[157]</a> Earlier events had a similar effect, including a 1975 fire at <a href="/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant">Browns Ferry</a> and the 1976 testimonials of three concerned General Electric (GE) nuclear engineers, the <a href="/wiki/GE_Three" title="GE Three">GE Three</a>. In 1981, workers inadvertently reversed pipe restraints at the <a href="/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant" title="Diablo Canyon Power Plant">Diablo Canyon Power Plant</a> reactors in California, compromising seismic protection systems, which further undermined confidence in nuclear safety. All of these well-publicized events undermined public support for the U.S. nuclear industry in the 1970s and the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-fult-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_incidents">Other incidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other incidents">edit</a>]</div> On March 5, 2002, maintenance workers discovered that corrosion had eaten a football-sized hole into the reactor vessel head of the Davis–Besse nuclear power plant. Although the corrosion did not lead to an accident, this was considered to be a serious nuclear safety incident.<a href="#cite_note-nrc2009-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> kept Davis–Besse shut down until March 2004, so that FirstEnergy was able to perform all the necessary maintenance for safe operations. The NRC imposed its largest fine ever—more than $5 million—against FirstEnergy for the actions that led to the corrosion. The company paid an additional $28 million in fines under a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice.<a href="#cite_note-nrc2009-158">[158]</a> In 2013 the <a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station</a> in California was permanently retired when premature wear was found in the Steam Generators which had been replaced in 2010–2011. The nuclear industry in the United States has maintained one of the best industrial safety records in the world with respect to all kinds of accidents. For 2008, the industry hit a new low of 0.13 industrial accidents per 200,000 worker-hours.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> This is improved over 0.24 in 2005, which was still a factor of 14.6 less than the 3.5 number for all manufacturing industries.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> However, more than a quarter of U.S. nuclear plant operators "have failed to properly tell regulators about equipment defects that could imperil reactor safety", according to a Nuclear Regulatory Commission report in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> As of February 2009, the NRC requires that the design of new power plants ensures that the reactor containment would remain intact, cooling systems would continue to operate, and spent fuel pools would be protected, in the event of an aircraft crash. This is an issue that has gained attention since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. The regulation does not apply to the 100 commercial reactors now operating.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> However, the containment structures of nuclear power plants are among the strongest structures ever built by mankind; independent studies have shown that existing plants would easily survive the impact of a large commercial jetliner without loss of structural integrity.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Recent concerns have been expressed about safety issues affecting a large part of the nuclear fleet of reactors. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>, which tracks ongoing safety issues at operating nuclear plants, found that "leakage of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive material">radioactive materials</a> is a pervasive problem at almost 90 percent of all reactors, as are issues that pose a risk of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accidents">nuclear accidents</a>".<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission reports that radioactive <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> has leaked from 48 of the 65 nuclear sites in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Fukushima_concerns">Post-Fukushima concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Post-Fukushima concerns">edit</a>]</div> Following the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_accident" title="Fukushima nuclear accident">Fukushima nuclear accident</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Black_%26_Veatch" title="Black & Veatch">Black & Veatch</a>’s annual utility survey that took place after the disaster, of the 700 executives from the US electric utility industry that were surveyed, nuclear safety was the top concern.<a href="#cite_note-Wesoff-167">[167]</a> There are likely to be increased requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats at nuclear power plants.<a href="#cite_note-mit2011-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-sagepub-77">[77]</a> License extensions for existing reactors will face additional scrutiny, with outcomes depending on the degree to which plants can meet new requirements, and some extensions already granted for more than 60 of the 104 operating U.S. reactors could be revisited. On-site storage, consolidated long-term storage, and geological disposal of spent fuel is "likely to be reevaluated in a new light because of the Fukushima storage pool experience".<a href="#cite_note-mit2011-76">[76]</a> In March 2011, nuclear experts told Congress that spent-fuel pools at US nuclear power plants are too full. They say the entire US spent-fuel policy should be overhauled in light of the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I nuclear accidents">Fukushima I nuclear accidents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> David Lochbaum, chief <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear safety">nuclear safety</a> officer with the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>, has repeatedly questioned the safety of the Fukushima I Plant's <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> Mark 1 reactor design, which is used in almost a quarter of the United States' nuclear fleet.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> About one third of reactors in the US are <a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">boiling water reactors</a>, the same technology which was involved in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. There are also eight nuclear power plants located along the seismically active West coast. Twelve of the American reactors that are of the same vintage as the Fukushima Daiichi plant are in seismically active areas.<a href="#cite_note-2011guar-170">[170]</a> Earthquake risk is often measured by "Peak Ground Acceleration", or PGA, and the following nuclear power plants have a two percent or greater chance of having PGA over 0.15g in the next 50 years: Diablo Canyon, California; San Onofre, California; Sequoyah, Tennessee; H.B. Robinson, South Carolina; Watts Bar, Tennessee; Virgil C. Summer, South Carolina; Vogtle, Georgia; Indian Point, New York; Oconee, South Carolina; and Seabrook, New Hampshire. Most nuclear plants are designed to keep operating up to 0.2g, but can withstand PGA much higher than 0.2.<a href="#cite_note-2011guar-170">[170]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Nuclear power plant accidents in the U.S. with more than US$140 million in property damage<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-bksaccident-172">[172]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Plant</th> <th>Location</th> <th class="unsortable">Description</th> <th>Cost (in millions $2006) </th></tr> <tr> <td>March 28, 1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station">Three Mile Island</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Londonderry_Township,_Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Londonderry Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>Loss of coolant and partial core meltdown, see <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident_health_effects" title="Three Mile Island accident health effects">Three Mile Island accident health effects</a></td> <td> US$2,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 9, 1985</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant">Browns Ferry</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens,_Alabama" title="Athens, Alabama">Athens, Alabama</a></td> <td>Instrumentation systems malfunction during startup, which led to suspension of operations at all three Units</td> <td> US$1,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 11, 1986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station">Pilgrim</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a></td> <td>Recurring equipment problems force emergency shutdown of Boston Edison's plant</td> <td> US$1,001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 31, 1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peach_Bottom_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station">Peach Bottom</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta,_Pennsylvania" title="Delta, Pennsylvania">Delta, Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>Units 2 and 3 shutdown due to cooling malfunctions and unexplained equipment problems</td> <td> US$400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 19, 1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mile_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station">Nine Mile Point</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scriba,_New_York" title="Scriba, New York">Scriba, New York</a></td> <td>Malfunctions force Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation to shut down Unit 1</td> <td> US$150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 20, 1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Nuclear_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Millstone Nuclear Power Station">Millstone</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waterford,_Connecticut" title="Waterford, Connecticut">Waterford, Connecticut</a></td> <td>Leaking valve forces shutdown of Units 1 and 2, multiple equipment failures found</td> <td> US$254 </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 2, 1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_3_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal River 3 Nuclear Power Plant">Crystal River</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River,_Florida" title="Crystal River, Florida">Crystal River, Florida</a></td> <td>Balance-of-plant equipment malfunction forces shutdown and extensive repairs</td> <td> US$384 </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1, 2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Vermont" title="Vernon, Vermont">Vernon, Vermont</a></td> <td>Deteriorating underground pipes leak radioactive tritium into groundwater supplies</td> <td> US$700 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_and_deliberate_attacks">Security and deliberate attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Security and deliberate attacks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_of_nuclear_plants_to_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack">Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack</a></div> The United States 9/11 Commission has said that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered for the September 11 attacks. If terrorist groups could sufficiently damage safety systems to cause a <a href="/wiki/Core_meltdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Core meltdown">core meltdown</a> at a nuclear power plant, and/or sufficiently damage spent fuel pools, such an attack could lead to widespread radioactive contamination. The research scientist Harold Feiveson has written that nuclear facilities should be made extremely safe from attacks that could release massive quantities of radioactivity into the community. New reactor designs have features of <a href="/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety" title="Passive nuclear safety">passive nuclear safety</a>, which may help. In the United States, the NRC carries out "Force on Force" (FOF) exercises at all Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sites at least once every three years.<a href="#cite_note-fas12-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uranium_supply">Uranium supply</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Uranium supply">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Uranium_Imports_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Uranium_Imports_2012.png/350px-US_Uranium_Imports_2012.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Uranium_Imports_2012.png/525px-US_Uranium_Imports_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/US_Uranium_Imports_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Sources of uranium fuel for the US commercial nuclear power industry in 2012 (US Energy Information Administration)</figcaption></figure> A 2012 report by the International Atomic Energy Agency concluded: “The currently defined uranium resource base is more than adequate to meet high-case requirements through 2035 and well into the foreseeable future.”<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> At the start of 2013, the identified remaining worldwide uranium resources stood at 5.90 million tons, enough to supply the world's reactors at current consumption rates for more than 120 years, even if no additional uranium deposits are discovered in the meantime. Undiscovered uranium resources as of 2013, were estimated to be 7.7 million tons. Doubling the price of uranium would increase the identified reserves as of 2013 to 7.64 million tons.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Over the decade 2003–2013, the identified reserves of uranium (at the same price of US$130/kg) rose from 4.59 million tons in 2003 to 5.90 million tons in 2013, an increase of 28%.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuel_cycle">Fuel cycle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fuel cycle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uranium_mining">Uranium mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Uranium mining">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Uranium mining in the United States">Uranium mining in the United States</a></div> The United States has the 4th largest <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> reserves in the world.<a href="#cite_note-eia.gov-176">[176]</a> The U.S. has its most prominent uranium reserves in the states of New Mexico, Texas, and Wyoming. The U.S. Department of Energy has approximated there to be at least 300 million pounds of uranium in these areas.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Domestic production increased until 1980, after which it declined sharply due to low uranium prices. In 2012, the United States mined 17% of the uranium consumed by its nuclear power plants. The remainder was imported, principally from Canada, Russia and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-eia.gov-176">[176]</a> Uranium is mined using several methods including <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-pit mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining">underground mining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/In-situ_leach" class="mw-redirect" title="In-situ leach">in-situ leaching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> As of 2017,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a> there are more than 4000 abandoned uranium mines in the western US, with 520 to over 1000 on Navajo land, and many others being located on other tribal lands.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis_130–141-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uranium_enrichment">Uranium enrichment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Uranium enrichment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">Uranium enrichment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NuclearFuelProcessingFacilities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NuclearFuelProcessingFacilities.png/400px-NuclearFuelProcessingFacilities.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NuclearFuelProcessingFacilities.png/600px-NuclearFuelProcessingFacilities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NuclearFuelProcessingFacilities.png/800px-NuclearFuelProcessingFacilities.png 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Location of nuclear reactor fuel processing facilities in the United States (US NRC)</figcaption></figure> There is one gas centrifuge enrichment plant currently in commercial operation in the US. The <a href="/wiki/National_Enrichment_Facility" title="National Enrichment Facility">National Enrichment Facility</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/URENCO" class="mw-redirect" title="URENCO">URENCO</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Eunice,_New_Mexico" title="Eunice, New Mexico">Eunice, New Mexico</a>, was the first uranium enrichment plant in 30 years to be built in the US. The plant started enriching uranium in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Two additional gas centrifuge plants have been licensed by the NRC, but are not operating. The American Centrifuge Plant in Piketown, Ohio broke ground in 2007, but stopped construction in 2009. The Eagle Rock Enrichment Facility in <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_County,_Idaho" title="Bonneville County, Idaho">Bonneville County, Idaho</a> was licensed in 2011, but construction is on hold.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Previously (2008), demonstration activities were underway in Oak Ridge, Tennessee for a future centrifugal enrichment plant. The new plant would have been called the American Centrifuge Plant, at an estimated cost of US$2.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> As of September 30, 2015, the U.S. Department of Energy was ending its contract with the American Centrifuge Project and has stopped funding the project.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reprocessing">Reprocessing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reprocessing">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">Nuclear reprocessing</a> has been politically controversial because of the alleged potential to contribute to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>, the alleged vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">nuclear terrorism</a>, the debate over whether and where to dispose of spent fuel in a <a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository" title="Deep geological repository">deep geological repository</a>, and because of disputes about its economics compared to the once-through fuel cycle.<a href="#cite_note-bas2011-184">[184]</a> The Obama administration disallowed reprocessing of spent fuel, citing nuclear proliferation concerns.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-185">[185]</a> Opponents of reprocessing contend that the recycled materials could be used for weapons. However, it is unlikely that reprocessed plutonium or other material extracted from commercial spent fuel would be used for nuclear weapons, because it is not <a href="/wiki/Weapons-grade_nuclear_material" title="Weapons-grade nuclear material">weapons-grade material</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Nonetheless, according to the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>, it is possible that terrorists could steal these materials, because the reprocessed plutonium is less <a href="/wiki/Radiotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotoxic">radiotoxic</a> than spent fuel and therefore easier to handle.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing#Economics" title="Nuclear reprocessing">it has been argued</a> that reprocessing is more expensive when compared with spent fuel storage. One study by the Boston Consulting Group estimated that reprocessing is six percent more expensive than spent fuel storage while another study by the Kennedy School of Government stated that reprocessing is 100 percent more expensive.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Those two data points indicate that calculations as to the cost of nuclear reprocessing and the production of <a href="/wiki/MOX-fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="MOX-fuel">MOX-fuel</a> compared to the "once thru fuel cycle" and disposal in <a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository" title="Deep geological repository">deep geological repository</a> are difficult and results tend to vary widely even among dispassionate expert observers – let alone those whose results are colored by a political or economic agenda. Furthermore, fluctuations on the <a href="/wiki/Uranium_market" title="Uranium market">uranium market</a> can make usage of MOX-fuel or even re-enrichment of <a href="/wiki/Reprocessed_uranium" title="Reprocessed uranium">reprocessed uranium</a> more or less economical depending on long term price trends. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_disposal">Waste disposal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Waste disposal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spent_nuclear_fuel_in_the_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Spent_nuclear_fuel_in_the_US.jpg/400px-Spent_nuclear_fuel_in_the_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Spent_nuclear_fuel_in_the_US.jpg/600px-Spent_nuclear_fuel_in_the_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Spent_nuclear_fuel_in_the_US.jpg/800px-Spent_nuclear_fuel_in_the_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>The locations across the U.S. where <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a> is stored</figcaption></figure> Recently, as plants continue to age, many on-site <a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">spent fuel pools</a> have come near capacity, prompting creation of <a href="/wiki/Dry_cask_storage" title="Dry cask storage">dry cask storage</a> facilities as well. Several lawsuits between utilities and the government have transpired over the cost of these facilities, because by law the government is required to foot the bill for actions that go beyond the spent fuel pool. There are some 65,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a> now in temporary storage throughout the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-tim2011-189">[189]</a> Since 1987, <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain" title="Yucca Mountain">Yucca Mountain</a>, in Nevada, had been the proposed site for the <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository" title="Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository">Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository</a>, but the project was shelved in 2009 following years of controversy and legal wrangling.<a href="#cite_note-tim2011-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Yucca Mountain is on Native American land and is considered sacred. Native Americans have not consented to having any nuclear waste plants placed in this area.<a href="#cite_note-:4-47">[47]</a> An alternative plan has not been proffered.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> In June 2018, the Trump administration and some members of Congress again began proposing using Yucca Mountain, with Nevada Senators raising opposition.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> At places like <a href="/wiki/Maine_Yankee" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine Yankee">Maine Yankee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Connecticut Yankee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Seco" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancho Seco">Rancho Seco</a>, reactors no longer operate, but the spent fuel remains in small concrete-and-steel silos that require maintenance and monitoring by a guard force. Sometimes the presence of nuclear waste prevents re-use of the sites by industry.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Without a long-term solution to store nuclear waste, a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance" title="Nuclear renaissance">nuclear renaissance</a> in the U.S. remains unlikely. Nine states have "explicit moratoria on new nuclear power until a storage solution emerges".<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-bluerib-195">[195]</a> Some nuclear power advocates argue that the United States should develop factories and reactors that will recycle some spent fuel. But the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a> said in 2012 that, "no existing technology was adequate for that purpose, given cost considerations and the risk of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-bluerib-195">[195]</a> A major recommendation was that "the United States should undertake...one or more permanent deep geological facilities for the safe disposal of spent fuel and high-level nuclear waste".<a href="#cite_note-Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America’s_Nuclear_Future-196">[196]</a> There is an "international consensus on the advisability of storing nuclear waste in deep underground repositories",<a href="#cite_note-go-197">[197]</a> but no country in the world has yet opened such a site.<a href="#cite_note-go-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-ob-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The Obama administration disallowed <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">reprocessing</a> of nuclear waste, citing nuclear proliferation concerns.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-185">[185]</a> The U.S <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Waste_Policy_Act" title="Nuclear Waste Policy Act">Nuclear Waste Policy Act</a>, a fund which previously received $750 million in fee revenues each year from the nation's combined nuclear electric utilities, had an unspent balance of $44.5 billion as of the end of FY2017, when a court ordered the federal government to cease withdrawing from the fund, until it provides a destination for the utilities commercial spent fuel.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_drillhole_disposal" title="Horizontal drillhole disposal">Horizontal drillhole disposal</a> describes proposals to drill over one kilometer vertically, and two kilometers horizontally in the earth's crust, for the purpose of disposing of high-level waste forms such as <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">Caesium-137</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Strontium-90" title="Strontium-90">Strontium-90</a>. After the emplacement and the retrievability period,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] drill holes would be backfilled and sealed. A series of tests of the technology were carried out in November 2018 and then again publicly in January 2019 by a U.S. based private company.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The test demonstrated the emplacement of a test-canister in a horizontal drillhole and retrieval of the same canister. There was no actual high-level waste used in the test.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_use_in_nuclear_power_production">Water use in nuclear power production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Water use in nuclear power production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._2014_Electricity_Generation_By_Type.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/U.S._2014_Electricity_Generation_By_Type.png/310px-U.S._2014_Electricity_Generation_By_Type.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/U.S._2014_Electricity_Generation_By_Type.png/465px-U.S._2014_Electricity_Generation_By_Type.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/U.S._2014_Electricity_Generation_By_Type.png/620px-U.S._2014_Electricity_Generation_By_Type.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>U.S. 2014 Electricity Generation By Type<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></figcaption></figure> A 2011, NREL study of water use in electricity generation concluded that the median nuclear plant with cooling towers consumed 672 gallons per megawatt-hour (gal/MWh), a usage similar to that of coal plants, but more than other generating technologies, except hydroelectricity (median reservoir evaporation loss of 4,491 gal/MWh) and concentrating solar power (786 gal/MWh for power tower designs, and 865 for trough). Nuclear plants with once-through cooling systems consume only 269 gal/MWh, but require withdrawal of 44,350 gal/MWh. This makes nuclear plants with once-through cooling susceptible to drought.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> A 2008 study by the Associated Press found that of the 104 nuclear reactors in the U.S., "... 24 are in areas experiencing the most severe levels of drought. All but two are built on the shores of lakes and rivers and rely on submerged intake pipes to draw billions of gallons of water for use in cooling and condensing steam after it has turned the plants’ turbines,"<a href="#cite_note-drought-208">[208]</a> much like all <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a> power plants. During the 2008 southeast drought, reactor output was reduced to lower operating power or forced to shut down for safety.<a href="#cite_note-drought-208">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station">Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station</a> is located in a desert and purchases reclaimed wastewater for cooling.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_decommissioning">Plant decommissioning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Plant decommissioning">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._nuclear_power_plants_that_have_retired_or_announced_retirement_(30803778078).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/U.S._nuclear_power_plants_that_have_retired_or_announced_retirement_%2830803778078%29.png/310px-U.S._nuclear_power_plants_that_have_retired_or_announced_retirement_%2830803778078%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/U.S._nuclear_power_plants_that_have_retired_or_announced_retirement_%2830803778078%29.png/465px-U.S._nuclear_power_plants_that_have_retired_or_announced_retirement_%2830803778078%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/U.S._nuclear_power_plants_that_have_retired_or_announced_retirement_%2830803778078%29.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Nuclear Power plants that have been decommissioned or have announced plans to decommission; the size of the circles indicates the amount of electricity generated.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Announced_nuclear_reactor_retirement_generation_capabilities_(2018-2025)_(43765244195).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Announced_nuclear_reactor_retirement_generation_capabilities_%282018-2025%29_%2843765244195%29.png/310px-Announced_nuclear_reactor_retirement_generation_capabilities_%282018-2025%29_%2843765244195%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Announced_nuclear_reactor_retirement_generation_capabilities_%282018-2025%29_%2843765244195%29.png/465px-Announced_nuclear_reactor_retirement_generation_capabilities_%282018-2025%29_%2843765244195%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Announced_nuclear_reactor_retirement_generation_capabilities_%282018-2025%29_%2843765244195%29.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Timeline and operating capacity of plants planned to be decommissioned from 2018 to 2025</figcaption></figure> The price of energy inputs and the environmental costs of every nuclear power plant continue long after the facility has finished generating its last useful electricity. Both nuclear reactors and uranium enrichment facilities must be decommissioned, returning the facility and its parts to a safe enough level to be entrusted for other uses. After a cooling-off period that may last as long as a century, reactors must be dismantled and cut into small pieces to be packed in containers for final disposal. The process is very expensive, time-consuming, dangerous for workers, hazardous to the natural environment, and presents new opportunities for human error, accidents or sabotage.<a href="#cite_note-sov11-210">[210]</a> The total energy required for decommissioning can be as much as 50% more than the energy needed for the original construction. In most cases, the decommissioning process costs between US$300 million to US$5.6 billion. Decommissioning at nuclear sites which have experienced a serious accident are the most expensive and time-consuming. In the U.S. there are 13 reactors that have permanently shut down and are in some phase of decommissioning, but none of them have completed the process.<a href="#cite_note-sov11-210">[210]</a> New methods for decommissioning have been developed in order to minimize the usual high decommissioning costs. One of these methods is in situ decommissioning (ISD), which was implemented at the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site in South Carolina for the closures of the P and R Reactors. With this tactic, the cost of decommissioning both reactors was $73 million. In comparison, the decommissioning of each reactor using traditional methods would have been an estimated $250 million. This results in a 71% decrease in cost by using ISD.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> In the United States, a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Waste_Policy_Act" title="Nuclear Waste Policy Act">Nuclear Waste Policy Act</a> and Nuclear Decommissioning Trust Fund is legally required, with utilities banking 0.1 to 0.2 cents/kWh during operations to fund future decommissioning. They must report regularly to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> (NRC) on the status of their decommissioning funds. About 70% of the total estimated cost of decommissioning all U.S. nuclear power reactors has already been collected (on the basis of the average cost of $320 million per reactor-steam turbine unit).<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> As of 2011,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a> there are 13 reactors that had permanently shut down and are in some phase of decommissioning.<a href="#cite_note-sov11-210">[210]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station">Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station</a> having completed the process in 2006–2007, after ceasing commercial electricity production circa 1992. The majority of the 15 years, was used to allow the station to naturally cool-down on its own, which makes the manual disassembly process both safer and less expensive. The number of nuclear power reactors is shrinking as they near the end of their life. It is expected that by 2025, many of the reactors will have been shut down due to their age. Because the costs associated with the construction of nuclear reactors is also continuously increasing, this is expected to be problematic for the provision of energy in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> When reactors are shut down, stakeholders in the energy sector have often not replaced them with renewable energy resources but rather with coal or natural gas. This is because unlike renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, coal and natural gas can be used to generate electricity on a 24-hour basis.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_vendors">Fuel vendors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fuel vendors">edit</a>]</div> The following companies have active <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Nuclear fuel</a> fabrication facilities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> These are all light water fuel fabrication facilities because only Light Water Reactors are operating in the US. The US currently has no <a href="/wiki/MOX_fuel" title="MOX fuel">MOX fuel</a> fabrication facilities, though <a href="/wiki/Duke_Energy" title="Duke Energy">Duke Energy</a> has expressed intent of building one of a relatively small capacity.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framatome" title="Framatome">Framatome</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Framatome (formerly <a href="/wiki/Areva" title="Areva">Areva</a>) runs fabrication facilities in <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg, Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richland,_Washington" title="Richland, Washington">Richland, Washington</a>. It also has a <a href="/wiki/Generation_III_reactor#First_reactors" title="Generation III reactor">Generation III+</a> plant design, <a href="/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="European Pressurized Reactor">EPR</a> (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Power_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary Power Reactor">Evolutionary Power Reactor</a>), which it plans to market in the US.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse Electric Company</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Westinghouse operates a fuel fabrication facility in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> which processes 1,600 metric tons of Uranium (MTU) per year. It previously operated a nuclear fuel plant in <a href="/wiki/Hematite,_Missouri" title="Hematite, Missouri">Hematite, Missouri</a> but has since closed it.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>GE pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">Boiling Water Reactor</a> technology that has become widely used throughout the world. It formed the Global Nuclear Fuel joint venture in 1999 with <a href="/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi, Ltd.">Hitachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> and later restructured into GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy. It operates the fuel fabrication facility in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>, with a capacity of 1,200 MTU per year.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KazAtomProm" class="mw-redirect" title="KazAtomProm">KazAtomProm</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>KazAtomProm and the US company Centrus Energy have a partnership related to supplies of Kazakhstan's uranium to the US market.<a href="#cite_note-KAP-219">[219]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_academic">Industry and academic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Industry and academic">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Nuclear_Society" title="American Nuclear Society">American Nuclear Society</a> (ANS) scientific and educational organization has academic and industry members. The organization publishes literature on nuclear technology in several journals. The ANS also has offshoot organizations such as North American Young Generation in Nuclear (NA-YGN). The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Institute" title="Nuclear Energy Institute">Nuclear Energy Institute</a> (NEI) is an industry group whose activities include lobbying, experience sharing between companies and plants, and provides data on the industry to a number of organizations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-nuclear_power_groups">Anti-nuclear power groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Anti-nuclear power groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-nuclear_protest,_USA,_1977_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg/260px-Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg/390px-Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg/520px-Anti-nuclear_protest%2C_USA%2C_1977_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3444" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption>Anti-nuclear protest, Boston, Massachusetts, 1977</figcaption></figure> Some sixty <a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_groups_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-nuclear groups in the United States">anti-nuclear power groups</a> are operating, or have operated, in the United States. These include: <a href="/wiki/Abalone_Alliance" title="Abalone Alliance">Abalone Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance" title="Clamshell Alliance">Clamshell Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace USA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Energy_and_Environmental_Research" title="Institute for Energy and Environmental Research">Institute for Energy and Environmental Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musicians_United_for_Safe_Energy" title="Musicians United for Safe Energy">Musicians United for Safe Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute" title="Nuclear Control Institute">Nuclear Control Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Citizen" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen Energy Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shad_Alliance" title="Shad Alliance">Shad Alliance</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>. In 1992, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> said that "his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups".<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-nuclear_power_groups">Pro-nuclear power groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pro-nuclear power groups">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (November 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Debate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power debate</a></div> There has been considerable public and scientific debate about the use of nuclear power in the United States, mainly from the 1960s to the late 1980s, but also since about 2001 when talk of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance" title="Nuclear renaissance">nuclear renaissance</a> began. There has been debate about issues such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accident">nuclear accidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">radioactive waste disposal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_new_nuclear_power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of new nuclear power plants">nuclear economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">nuclear terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bm-38">[38]</a> Some scientists and engineers have expressed reservations about nuclear power, including <a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._David_Freeman" title="S. David Freeman">S. David Freeman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gofman" title="John Gofman">John Gofman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gundersen" title="Arnold Gundersen">Arnold Gundersen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson" title="Mark Z. Jacobson">Mark Z. Jacobson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjun_Makhijani" title="Arjun Makhijani">Arjun Makhijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Minor" title="Gregory Minor">Gregory Minor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Romm" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Romm">Joseph Romm</a>. Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, has said: "If our nation wants to reduce global warming, air pollution and energy instability, we should invest only in the best energy options. Nuclear energy isn't one of them".<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Arnold Gundersen, chief engineer of Fairewinds Associates and a former nuclear power industry executive, has questioned the safety of the <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse</a> <a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a>, a proposed third-generation nuclear reactor.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> John Gofman, a nuclear chemist and doctor, raised concerns about exposure to <a href="/wiki/Linear_no_threshold_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear no threshold model">low-level radiation</a> in the 1960s and argued against commercial nuclear power in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-223">[223]</a> In "Nuclear Power: Climate Fix or Folly", Amory Lovins, a physicist with the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain Institute">Rocky Mountain Institute</a>, argued that expanded nuclear power "does not represent a cost-effective solution to global warming and that investors would shun it were it not for generous government subsidies lubricated by intensive lobbying efforts".<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moore_(consultant)" title="Patrick Moore (consultant)">Patrick Moore</a> (an early <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> member and former president of Greenpeace Canada) spoke out against nuclear power in 1976,<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> but today he supports it, along with <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> In Australian newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>, he writes "Greenpeace is wrong – we must consider nuclear power".<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> He argues that any realistic plan to reduce reliance on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> requires increased use of nuclear energy.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-226">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Radford" title="Phil Radford">Phil Radford</a>, executive director of <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> US responded that nuclear energy is too risky, takes too long to build to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">address climate change</a>, and claimed that the can U.S. shift to nearly <a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a> while phasing out nuclear power by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Environmentalist <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Brand" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a> wrote the book <a href="/wiki/Whole_Earth_Discipline" title="Whole Earth Discipline">Whole Earth Discipline</a>, which examines how nuclear power and some other technologies can be used as tools to address global warming.<a href="#cite_note-whole-earth-discipline-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cohen_(physicist)" title="Bernard Cohen (physicist)">Bernard Cohen</a>, Professor Emeritus of Physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, calculates that nuclear power is many times safer than other forms of power generation.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yucca_Mountain_-_Nuclear_Waste_Repository.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yucca_Mountain_-_Nuclear_Waste_Repository.jpg/570px-Yucca_Mountain_-_Nuclear_Waste_Repository.jpg" decoding="async" width="570" height="657" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yucca_Mountain_-_Nuclear_Waste_Repository.jpg/855px-Yucca_Mountain_-_Nuclear_Waste_Repository.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Yucca_Mountain_-_Nuclear_Waste_Repository.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>Infographic about the <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository" title="Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository">Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository</a> (2010)</figcaption></figure> US President Obama early on included nuclear power as part of his "all of the above" energy strategy.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In a speech to the <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers</a> in 2010, he demonstrated his commitment to nuclear power by announcing his approval of an $8 billion loan guarantee to pave the way for construction of the first new US nuclear power plant in nearly 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Then in 2012, his first post-Fukishima state-of-the-union address, Obama said that America needs "an all-out, all-of-the-above strategy that develops every available source of American energy," yet pointedly omitted any mention of nuclear power.<a href="#cite_note-econ12-237">[237]</a> But in February 2014, Energy secretary <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a> announced $6.5 billion in federal loan guarantees to enable construction of two new nuclear reactors, the first in the US since 1996.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a> in March 2013, over one-third of U.S. nuclear power plants suffered safety-related incidents over the past three years, and nuclear regulators and plant operators need to improve inspections to prevent such events.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_Promise" title="Pandora's Promise">Pandora's Promise</a> is a 2013 documentary film, directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stone_(director)" title="Robert Stone (director)">Robert Stone</a>. It presents an argument that nuclear energy, typically feared by environmentalists, is the only feasible way of meeting humanity's growing need for energy while also addressing the serious problem of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. The movie features several notable individuals (some of whom were once vehemently opposed to nuclear power, but who now speak in support of it), including: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Brand" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Cravens" title="Gwyneth Cravens">Gwyneth Cravens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lynas" title="Mark Lynas">Mark Lynas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shellenberger" title="Michael Shellenberger">Michael Shellenberger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vulcan-240">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">Anti-nuclear</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a> appears briefly.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-241">[241]</a> As of 2014, the U.S. nuclear industry has begun a new lobbying effort, hiring three former senators—<a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Evan Bayh</a>, a Democrat; <a href="/wiki/Judd_Gregg" title="Judd Gregg">Judd Gregg</a>, a Republican; and <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a>, a Republican—as well as <a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a>, a former staffer to President Obama. The initiative, called Nuclear Matters, had begun a newspaper advertising campaign.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Impact_Center" title="Energy Impact Center">Energy Impact Center</a>, a research institute analyzing solutions towards net negative carbon by 2040, Bret Kugelmass believes that “even if we achieved <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">net zero</a> new emissions globally, we’d continue to add extra heat at the same rate we are adding it today,” explaining that we need to remove the already existent carbon dioxide in our atmosphere in order to reverse climate change, not just stop the generation of new emissions.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Research efforts conducted by the Energy Impact Center have concluded that nuclear energy is the only energy source that is capable of becoming net-negative and effectively solving global warming.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> The Gallup organization, which has periodically polled US opinion on nuclear power since 1994, found in March 2016 that, for the first time, a majority (54%) opposed nuclear power, versus 44% in favor. In polls from 2004 through 2015, a majority had supported nuclear power. Support peaked at 62% in 2010, and has been in decline since.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> According to a CBS News poll, what had been growing acceptance of nuclear power in the United States was eroded sharply following the <a href="/wiki/2011_Japanese_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Japanese nuclear accidents">2011 Japanese nuclear accidents</a>, with support for building nuclear power plants in the US dropping slightly lower than it was immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Cooper-246">[246]</a> Only 43% of those polled after the Fukushima nuclear emergency said they would approve building new power plants in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Cooper-246">[246]</a> A Washington Post–ABC poll conducted in April 2011 found that 64% of Americans opposed the construction of new nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-M._V._Ramana_44-247">[247]</a> A survey sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Institute" title="Nuclear Energy Institute">Nuclear Energy Institute</a>, conducted in September 2011, found that "62 percent of respondents said they favor the use of nuclear energy as one of the ways to provide electricity in the United States, with 35 percent opposed".<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> According to a 2012 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> poll, 44% of Americans favored and 49% opposed the promotion of increased use of nuclear power.<a href="#cite_note-pewpoll2012-249">[249]</a> A January 2014 Rasmussen poll found likely US voters split nearly evenly on whether to build more nuclear power plants, 39% in favor, versus 37% opposed, with an error margin of 3%.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Knowledge and familiarity of nuclear power are generally associated with higher support for the technology. A study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Ann_Bisconti" title="Ann Bisconti">Ann Bisconti</a> shows that those who feel more educated about nuclear power also have a more positive opinion towards it; in addition, people who live near nuclear power plants also tend to be largely more in support of nuclear power than the general public.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Decreasing public support is seen as one of the causes for the premature closure of many nuclear power plants in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005_Energy_Policy_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2005_Energy_Policy_Act.jpg/220px-2005_Energy_Policy_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2005_Energy_Policy_Act.jpg/330px-2005_Energy_Policy_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2005_Energy_Policy_Act.jpg/440px-2005_Energy_Policy_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act of 2005</a>, which was designed to promote US nuclear reactor construction, through incentives and subsidies, including cost-overrun support up to a total of $2 billion for six new nuclear plants.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Status_9-2013.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/US_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Status_9-2013.PNG/400px-US_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Status_9-2013.PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/US_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Status_9-2013.PNG/600px-US_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Status_9-2013.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/US_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Status_9-2013.PNG/800px-US_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Status_9-2013.PNG 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>US nuclear power plants, highlighting recently and soon-to-be retired plants, as of 2018 (US EIA)</figcaption></figure> The low price of natural gas in the US since 2008 has spurred construction of <a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant" title="Gas-fired power plant">gas-fired power plants</a> as an alternative to nuclear plants. In August 2011, the head of America's largest nuclear utility said that this was not the time to build new nuclear plants, not because of political opposition or the threat of cost overruns, but because of the low <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_the_United_States" title="Natural gas in the United States">price of natural gas</a>. John Rowe, head of <a href="/wiki/Exelon" title="Exelon">Exelon</a>, said “Shale [gas] is good for the country, bad for new nuclear development".<a href="#cite_note-econ12-237">[237]</a> In 2013, four older reactors were permanently closed: <a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Initial_shutdown" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre 2 and 3</a> in California, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Nuclear_Plant" title="Crystal River Nuclear Plant">Crystal River 3</a> in Florida, and <a href="/wiki/Kewaunee_Power_Station" title="Kewaunee Power Station">Kewaunee</a> in Wisconsin.<a href="#cite_note-thebulletin1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-mw11111-13">[13]</a> In December 2014, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Yankee">Vermont Yankee</a> was closed by the parent corporation for economic reasons. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant</a>, 30 miles from New York City, was closed on 30 April 2020 (Unit 2) and 30 April 2021 (Unit 3). The additional cancellation of five large reactor upgrades (<a href="/wiki/Prairie_Island_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant">Prairie Island, 1 reactor</a>; <a href="/wiki/LaSalle_County_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="LaSalle County Nuclear Generating Station">LaSalle, 2 reactors</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Limerick_Generating_Station" title="Limerick Generating Station">Limerick, 2 reactors</a>), four by the largest nuclear company in the US, suggest that the nuclear industry faces "a broad range of operational and economic problems".<a href="#cite_note-vls13-254">[254]</a> In July 2013, economist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cooper_(academic)" title="Mark Cooper (academic)">Mark Cooper</a> named some nuclear power plants that face particularly intense challenges to their continued operation.<a href="#cite_note-vls13-254">[254]</a> Cooper said that the lesson for policy makers and economists is clear: "nuclear reactors are simply not competitive".<a href="#cite_note-vls13-254">[254]</a> In December 2010, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> reported that the demand for nuclear power was softening in America.<a href="#cite_note-dis2010-112">[112]</a> In recent years,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] utilities have shown an interest in about 30 new reactors, but the number with any serious prospect of being built as of the end of 2010 was about a dozen, as some companies had withdrawn their applications for licenses to build.<a href="#cite_note-matt2010-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Exelon has withdrawn its application for a license for a twin-unit nuclear plant in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County,_Texas" title="Victoria County, Texas">Victoria County, Texas</a>, citing lower electricity demand projections. The decision has left the country's largest nuclear operator without a direct role in what the nuclear industry hopes is a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance" title="Nuclear renaissance">nuclear renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Ground has been broken on two new nuclear plants with a total of four reactors. The Obama administration was seeking the expansion of a loan guarantee program but as of December 2010 had been unable to commit all the loan guarantee money already approved by Congress. Since talk a few years ago[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] of a “nuclear renaissance”, natural gas prices have fallen and old reactors are getting license extensions. The only reactor to finish construction after 1996 was at <a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station">Watts Bar</a>, Tennessee. It is an old unit, begun in 1973, whose construction was suspended in 1988, and was resumed in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> It became operational in October 2016. Of the 100 reactors operating in the U.S., ground was broken on all of them in 1974 or earlier.<a href="#cite_note-matt2010-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-dis2010-112">[112]</a> In August 2012, Exelon stated that economic and market conditions, especially low <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">natural gas prices</a>, made the "construction of new merchant nuclear power plants in competitive markets uneconomical now and for the foreseeable future".<a href="#cite_note-nei-20120829-258">[258]</a> In early 2013, UBS noted that some smaller reactors operating in deregulated markets may become uneconomic to operate and maintain, due to competition from generators using low priced natural gas, and may be retired early.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The 556 MWe <a href="/wiki/Kewaunee_Power_Station" title="Kewaunee Power Station">Kewaunee Power Station</a> is being closed 20 years before license expiry for these economic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-vermontgreen-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-nei-20130101-262">[262]</a> In February 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> identified <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station">Pilgrim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Nuclear Generating Station">Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Quad Cities Nuclear Generating Station">Quad Cities</a> power stations as potentially at risk of premature closure for economic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-ft-20140219-263">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timing_of_state_subsidies_for_nuclear_power_(48858457468).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Timing_of_state_subsidies_for_nuclear_power_%2848858457468%29.png/310px-Timing_of_state_subsidies_for_nuclear_power_%2848858457468%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Timing_of_state_subsidies_for_nuclear_power_%2848858457468%29.png/465px-Timing_of_state_subsidies_for_nuclear_power_%2848858457468%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Timing_of_state_subsidies_for_nuclear_power_%2848858457468%29.png/620px-Timing_of_state_subsidies_for_nuclear_power_%2848858457468%29.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of state subsidies for nuclear power as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shale_gas_in_the_United_States" title="Shale gas in the United States">U.S. shale gas</a> boom has lowered electricity generation costs placing severe pressure on the economics of operating older existing nuclear power plants.<a href="#cite_note-powersource-20170411-264">[264]</a> Analysis by <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a> shows that over half of U.S. nuclear plants are running at a loss.<a href="#cite_note-bl-20170714-265">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Institute" title="Nuclear Energy Institute">Nuclear Energy Institute</a> has estimated that 15 to 20 reactors are at risk of early closure for economic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-nei-20170407-266">[266]</a> Nuclear operators in Illinois and New York have obtained financial support from regulators, and operators in Connecticut, New Jersey, Ohio and Pennsylvania are seeking similar support.<a href="#cite_note-powersource-20170411-264">[264]</a> Some non-nuclear power generating companies have filed <a href="/wiki/Unfair_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfair competition">unfair competition</a> lawsuits against these subsidies, and have raised the issue with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bl-20170714-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>United States nuclear generation (GWh)<a href="#cite_note-EIAPOWERMONTHLY-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-total1-268">[268]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Total </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">% of total </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Jan </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Feb </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Mar </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Apr </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">May </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Jun </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Jul </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Aug </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Sep </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Oct </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Nov </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Dec </th></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>768,826</td> <td>20.58%</td> <td>68,707</td> <td>61,272</td> <td>62,141</td> <td>56,003</td> <td>61,512</td> <td>68,023</td> <td>69,166</td> <td>68,389</td> <td>63,378</td> <td>60,461</td> <td>62,342</td> <td>67,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>780,064</td> <td>20.22%</td> <td>70,926</td> <td>61,658</td> <td>63,041</td> <td>58,437</td> <td>63,032</td> <td>66,372</td> <td>70,421</td> <td>70,778</td> <td>64,481</td> <td>60,493</td> <td>61,520</td> <td>68,905 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>763,733</td> <td>19.67%</td> <td>69,211</td> <td>60,942</td> <td>59,933</td> <td>56,776</td> <td>62,202</td> <td>64,181</td> <td>69,653</td> <td>69,024</td> <td>63,584</td> <td>60,016</td> <td>59,600</td> <td>68,612 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>788,528</td> <td>19.86%</td> <td>70,806</td> <td>64,102</td> <td>63,285</td> <td>58,620</td> <td>64,917</td> <td>67,734</td> <td>71,975</td> <td>71,068</td> <td>65,932</td> <td>62,530</td> <td>58,941</td> <td>68,617 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>781,986</td> <td>19.28%</td> <td>69,828</td> <td>60,947</td> <td>61,539</td> <td>55,484</td> <td>62,970</td> <td>66,144</td> <td>71,070</td> <td>71,382</td> <td>66,739</td> <td>61,236</td> <td>62,913</td> <td>71,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>787,219</td> <td>19.37%</td> <td>71,912</td> <td>62,616</td> <td>63,721</td> <td>57,567</td> <td>62,776</td> <td>68,391</td> <td>72,186</td> <td>72,016</td> <td>66,642</td> <td>57,509</td> <td>61,392</td> <td>70,490 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>806,425</td> <td>19.4%</td> <td>74,006</td> <td>65,225</td> <td>64,305</td> <td>57,301</td> <td>65,025</td> <td>68,923</td> <td>72,739</td> <td>72,751</td> <td>67,579</td> <td>61,690</td> <td>64,899</td> <td>71,983 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>806,208</td> <td>19.57%</td> <td>70,735</td> <td>65,130</td> <td>64,716</td> <td>57,333</td> <td>64,826</td> <td>70,319</td> <td>74,318</td> <td>72,617</td> <td>67,054</td> <td>62,820</td> <td>63,408</td> <td>72,931 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>798,855</td> <td>20.22%</td> <td>74,102</td> <td>64,227</td> <td>67,241</td> <td>59,408</td> <td>65,395</td> <td>69,735</td> <td>72,949</td> <td>72,245</td> <td>65,752</td> <td>58,021</td> <td>59,069</td> <td>70,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>806,968</td> <td>19.56%</td> <td>72,569</td> <td>65,245</td> <td>64,635</td> <td>57,611</td> <td>66,658</td> <td>68,301</td> <td>71,913</td> <td>71,574</td> <td>69,371</td> <td>62,751</td> <td>62,655</td> <td>73,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>790,204</td> <td>19.27%</td> <td>72,743</td> <td>64,789</td> <td>65,662</td> <td>54,547</td> <td>57,013</td> <td>65,270</td> <td>72,345</td> <td>71,339</td> <td>66,849</td> <td>63,337</td> <td>64,474</td> <td>71,837 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>769,331</td> <td>19.01%</td> <td>72,381</td> <td>63,847</td> <td>61,729</td> <td>55,871</td> <td>62,081</td> <td>65,140</td> <td>69,129</td> <td>69,602</td> <td>64,511</td> <td>59,743</td> <td>56,713</td> <td>68,584 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>789,016</td> <td>19.41%</td> <td>71,406</td> <td>61,483</td> <td>62,947</td> <td>56,767</td> <td>62,848</td> <td>66,430</td> <td>70,539</td> <td>71,344</td> <td>65,799</td> <td>63,184</td> <td>64,975</td> <td>71,294 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>797,166</td> <td>19.47%</td> <td>73,163</td> <td>62,639</td> <td>62,397</td> <td>56,385</td> <td>62,947</td> <td>68,138</td> <td>71,940</td> <td>71,129</td> <td>67,535</td> <td>62,391</td> <td>65,140</td> <td>73,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>797,178</td> <td>19.54%</td> <td>74,270</td> <td>63,461</td> <td>64,547</td> <td>59,784</td> <td>65,827</td> <td>68,516</td> <td>71,412</td> <td>72,415</td> <td>66,476</td> <td>60,571</td> <td>60,264</td> <td>69,634 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>805,694</td> <td>19.76%</td> <td>72,525</td> <td>65,638</td> <td>66,149</td> <td>62,732</td> <td>66,576</td> <td>67,175</td> <td>70,349</td> <td>71,526</td> <td>65,448</td> <td>60,733</td> <td>65,179</td> <td>71,662 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>804,950</td> <td>19.95%</td> <td>73,121</td> <td>63,560</td> <td>65,093</td> <td>56,743</td> <td>61,313</td> <td>67,011</td> <td>71,314</td> <td>72,384</td> <td>68,098</td> <td>65,995</td> <td>66,618</td> <td>73,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>807,084</td> <td>19.3%</td> <td>74,649</td> <td>64,790</td> <td>67,033</td> <td>59,133</td> <td>67,320</td> <td>69,688</td> <td>72,456</td> <td>72,282</td> <td>64,725</td> <td>59,397</td> <td>63,954</td> <td>71,657 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>809,409</td> <td>19.6%</td> <td>73,701</td> <td>64,715</td> <td>65,080</td> <td>60,581</td> <td>67,124</td> <td>68,805</td> <td>72,199</td> <td>71,911</td> <td>66,064</td> <td>62,033</td> <td>64,125</td> <td>73,074 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>789,879</td> <td>19.7%</td> <td>74,170</td> <td>65,911</td> <td>63,997</td> <td>59,170</td> <td>64,338</td> <td>67,205</td> <td>69,385</td> <td>68,982</td> <td>65,727</td> <td>59,362</td> <td>61,760</td> <td>69,871 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>779,645</td> <td>18.97%</td> <td>71,732</td> <td>62,954</td> <td>63,708</td> <td>57,092</td> <td>63,394</td> <td>66,070</td> <td>68,832</td> <td>69,471</td> <td>64,484</td> <td>56,945</td> <td>62,749</td> <td>70,720 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>771,537</td> <td>18.24%</td> <td>70,577</td> <td>61,852</td> <td>63,154</td> <td>55,290</td> <td>63,382</td> <td>65,663</td> <td>68,857</td> <td>68,897</td> <td>63,733</td> <td>58,945</td> <td>62,041</td> <td>69,094 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>775,347</td> <td>18.56%</td> <td>70,870</td> <td>60,807</td> <td>62,820</td> <td>56,662</td> <td>61,473</td> <td>64,965</td> <td>69,888</td> <td>69,744</td> <td>65,560</td> <td>61,403</td> <td>62,258</td> <td>68,898 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td>527,441</td> <td>18.04%</td> <td>69,080</td> <td>64,584</td> <td>63,346</td> <td>57,326</td> <td>64,973</td> <td>68,192</td> <td>69,885</td> <td>69,760</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Last entry, % of total</th> <th>18.19%</th> <th>20.16%</th> <th>19.57%</th> <th>18.5%</th> <th>18.79%</th> <th>17.49%</th> <th>16.24%</th> <th>16.48%</th> <th>18.31%</th> <th>18.64%</th> <th>19.35%</th> <th>19.89% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li 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radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear energy policy of the United States">Nuclear energy policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_articles_associated_with_nuclear_issues_in_California" title="List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California">List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear reactors">List of nuclear reactors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations_in_the_United_States" title="List of largest power stations in the United States">List of largest power stations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_States" title="List of the largest nuclear power stations in the United States">List of the largest nuclear power stations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Nuclear energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_accidents_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States">Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_whistleblowers" title="List of nuclear whistleblowers">List of nuclear whistleblowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States-India_Peaceful_Atomic_Energy_Cooperation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act">United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States-Japan_Joint_Nuclear_Energy_Action_Plan" title="United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan">United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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Bloomberg. Retrieved July 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Nuclear+Power%2C+Once+Cash+Cow%2C+Now+Has+Tin+Cup&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft.aulast=Polson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-07-14%2Fwhy-nuclear-power-once-cash-cow-now-has-tin-cup-quicktake-q-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+power+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nei-20170407-266"><a href="#cite_ref-nei-20170407_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2017" class="citation news cs1">Kidd, Steve (April 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neimagazine.com/opinion/opinionthe-future-of-the-nuclear-sector-is-innovation-the-answer-5782665/">"The future of the nuclear sector – is innovation the answer?"</a>. Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved April 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+future+of+the+nuclear+sector+%E2%80%93+is+innovation+the+answer%3F&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neimagazine.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinionthe-future-of-the-nuclear-sector-is-innovation-the-answer-5782665%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+power+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIAPOWERMONTHLY-267"><a href="#cite_ref-EIAPOWERMONTHLY_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=table_1_01">"Table 1.1. Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2013 – December 2023"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Retrieved March 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1.1.+Net+Generation+by+Energy+Source%3A+Total+%28All+Sectors%29%2C+2013+%E2%80%93+December+2023&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%28EIA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Felectricity%2Fmonthly%2Fepm_table_grapher.php%3Ft%3Dtable_1_01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+power+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-total1-268"><a href="#cite_ref-total1_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/archive/2011/html/epa_03_01_a.html">"Table 3.1.A. Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2001–2011"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Retrieved March 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+3.1.A.+Net+Generation+by+Energy+Source%3A+Total+%28All+Sectors%29%2C+2001%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%28EIA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Felectricity%2Fannual%2Farchive%2F2011%2Fhtml%2Fepa_03_01_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+power+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>G. A. Mansoori, N. Enayati, L. B. Agyarko (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9699">Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State</a>, World Sci. Pub. Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4704-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4704-00-7">978-981-4704-00-7</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~jdf/papers/USNuclearFuture.pdf">Comment: A US nuclear future?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412100855/http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~jdf/papers/USNuclearFuture.pdf">Archived</a> April 12, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, Vol. 467, September 23, 2010, pp. 391–393</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127053913/http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf41.htm">World Nuclear Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Statistics/US-Nuclear-Power-Plants">US Nuclear Power Plants – General U.S. Nuclear Info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf01.html">World Nuclear Association: Nuclear energy in the world</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212224344/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf01.html">Archived</a> February 12, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nei.org/">The Nuclear Energy Institute</a>: The policy organization of the nuclear energy and technologies industry</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_plant_operators_in_the_United_States">Nuclear power plant operators in the United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/SourceWatch" class="mw-redirect" title="SourceWatch">SourceWatch</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410221729/http://opendata.zeit.de/nuclear-reactors-usa/#/en/">How many people live near a nuclear power plant in the United States?</a> Data Visualization</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Nuclear power in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Nuclear power in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear power in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuclear power in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NRC Region I (Northeast)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Valley_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Beaver Valley Nuclear Power Station">Beaver Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Cliffs_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant">Calvert Cliffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._FitzPatrick_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant">FitzPatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._E._Ginna_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="R. E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant">Ginna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Creek_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station">Hope Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_Generating_Station" title="Limerick Generating Station">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Millstone Nuclear Power Plant">Millstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mile_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station">Nine Mile Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_Bottom_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station">Peach Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Salem Nuclear Power Plant">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant">Seabrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_Steam_Electric_Station" title="Susquehanna Steam Electric Station">Susquehanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NRC Region II (South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Plant" title="Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant">Browns Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_Nuclear_Station" title="Catawba Nuclear Station">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Farley_Nuclear_Plant" title="Joseph M. Farley Nuclear Plant">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearon_Harris_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_I._Hatch_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Power Plant">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGuire_Nuclear_Station" title="McGuire Nuclear Station">McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anna_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="North Anna Nuclear Generating Station">North Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconee_Nuclear_Station" title="Oconee Nuclear Station">Oconee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._B._Robinson_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="H. B. Robinson Nuclear Generating Station">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_Nuclear_Plant" title="Sequoyah Nuclear Plant">Sequoyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lucie_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant">St. Lucie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surry_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Surry Nuclear Power Plant">Surry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station">Turkey Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogtle_Electric_Generating_Plant" title="Vogtle Electric Generating Plant">Vogtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Plant">Watts Bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NRC Region III (Midwest)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braidwood_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Braidwood Nuclear Generating Station">Braidwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Byron Nuclear Generating Station">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Power_Station" title="Clinton Power Station">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Cook_Nuclear_Plant" title="Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Besse_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station">Davis–Besse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Generating_Station" title="Dresden Generating Station">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_County_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="LaSalle County Nuclear Generating Station">LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello_Nuclear_Generating_Plant" title="Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palisades Nuclear Generating Station">Palisades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Perry Nuclear Generating Station">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Beach_Nuclear_Plant" title="Point Beach Nuclear Plant">Point Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Island_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant">Prairie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Quad Cities Nuclear Generating Station">Quad Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NRC Region IV (West)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Nuclear_One" title="Arkansas Nuclear One">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaway_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Callaway Nuclear Generating Station">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Generating_Station" title="Columbia Generating Station">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Peak_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant">Comanche Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Nuclear_Station" title="Cooper Nuclear Station">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant" title="Diablo Canyon Power Plant">Diablo Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Gulf_Nuclear_Station" title="Grand Gulf Nuclear Station">Grand Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station">Palo Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bend_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="River Bend Nuclear Generating Station">River Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Texas_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="South Texas Nuclear Generating Station">South Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Waterford Nuclear Generating Station">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Generating_Station" title="Wolf Creek Generating Station">Wolf Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Converted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Vrain_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fort Saint Vrain Nuclear Power Plant">Fort Saint Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Cogeneration_Venture" title="Midland Cogeneration Venture">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintigh_Generating_Station" title="Kintigh Generating Station">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Zimmer_Power_Station" title="William H. Zimmer Power Station">Zimmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nuclear_Power_Program" title="Army Nuclear Power Program">ANPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MH-1A" title="MH-1A">MH-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-1" title="ML-1">ML-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nuclear_Power_Program" title="Army Nuclear Power Program">PM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nuclear_Power_Program" title="Army Nuclear Power Program">PM-3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-1" title="SL-1">SL-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-1" title="SM-1">SM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nuclear_Power_Program" title="Army Nuclear Power Program">SM-1A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rock_Point_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Big Rock Point Nuclear Power Plant">Big Rock Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Connecticut Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Nuclear_Plant" title="Crystal River Nuclear Plant">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">CVTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Arnold_Energy_Center" title="Duane Arnold Energy Center">DAEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor I">EBR I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_II" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor II">EBR II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_River_Station" title="Elk River Station">Elk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_1" title="Fermi 1">Fermi 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Calhoun_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station">Fort Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Vrain_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fort Saint Vrain Nuclear Power Plant">Fort Saint Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallam_Nuclear_Power_Facility" title="Hallam Nuclear Power Facility">Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant">Humboldt Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaunee_Power_Station" title="Kewaunee Power Station">Kewaunee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="La Crosse Boiling Water Reactor">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Maine Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Millstone Nuclear Power Plant">Millstone Unit 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_Creek_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station">Oyster Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Pathfinder Nuclear Generating Station">Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station">Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station">Rancho Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxton_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Saxton Nuclear Generating Station">Saxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Shippingport Atomic Power Station">Shippingport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant">Shoreham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_Reactor_Experiment" title="Sodium Reactor Experiment">Sodium Reactor Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station">Three Mile Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Trojan Nuclear Power Plant">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallecitos_Nuclear_Center" title="Vallecitos Nuclear Center">Vallecitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station">Yankee Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Zion Nuclear Power Station">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_canceled_nuclear_reactors_in_the_United_States" title="List of canceled nuclear reactors in the United States">Cancelled</a> (incomplete list, whole plants only)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allens_Creek_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Allens Creek Nuclear Power Plant">Allens Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Atlantic Nuclear Power Plant">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailly_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bailly Nuclear Power Plant">Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_R._Barton_Plant" title="Alan R. Barton Plant">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Bend_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bell Bend Nuclear Power Plant">Bell Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellefonte_Nuclear_Plant" title="Bellefonte Nuclear Plant">Bellefonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Fox_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant">Black Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hills_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Blue Hills Nuclear Power Plant">Blue Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodega_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bodega Bay Nuclear Power Plant">Bodega Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Free_Power_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Free Power Project">CFPP, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Cherokee Nuclear Power Plant">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_River_Breeder_Reactor_Project" title="Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project">Clinch River (Breeder Reactor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Point_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Douglas Point Nuclear Power Plant">Douglas Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Erie Nuclear Power Plant">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forked_River_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Forked River Nuclear Power Plant">Forked River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Galena Nuclear Power Plant">Galena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Greene County Nuclear Power Plant">Greene County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartsville_Nuclear_Plant" title="Hartsville Nuclear Plant">Hartsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Haven Nuclear Power Plant">Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_States_Lee_III_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_County_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Levy County Nuclear Power Plant">Levy County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Marble Hill Nuclear Power Plant">Marble Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nuclear_Power_Program" title="Army Nuclear Power Program">MM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Montague Nuclear Power Plant">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Power_Systems" title="Offshore Power Systems">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sears_Isle_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Sears Isle Nuclear Power Plant">Sears Isle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_River_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="South River Nuclear Power Plant">South River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaus Nuclear Power Plant">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">Summer-2/3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundesert_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant">Sundesert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_Station" title="Victoria County Station">Victoria</a></li> <li>WPPSS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WNP-1_and_WNP-4" title="WNP-1 and WNP-4">1 and 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNP-3_and_WNP-5" title="WNP-3 and WNP-5">3 and 5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_Nuclear_Plant" title="Yellow Creek Nuclear Plant">Yellow Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear renaissance in the United States">Future</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_River_Nuclear_Site" title="Clinch River Nuclear Site">Clinch River (Small Modular Reactor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anna_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="North Anna Nuclear Generating Station">North Anna-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station">Turkey Point-6/7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Regions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Regions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">Anti-nuclear movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_history_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear history of the United States">Nuclear history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_accidents_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States">Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear safety in the United States">Nuclear safety in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_power_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Template:Nuclear power by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Template talk:Nuclear power by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear power by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_power_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">Nuclear power by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watt#Electrical_and_thermal_watts" title="Watt">GWe</a> > 10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Canada" title="Nuclear power in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Japan" title="Nuclear power in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_South_Korea" title="Nuclear power in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Ukraine" title="Nuclear power in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watt#Electrical_and_thermal_watts" title="Watt">GWe</a> > 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Spain" title="Nuclear power in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Sweden" title="Nuclear power in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GWe > 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Nuclear power in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Finland" title="Nuclear power in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany" title="Nuclear power in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Switzerland" title="Nuclear power in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Nuclear power in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GWe > 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Argentina" title="Nuclear power in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Bulgaria" title="Nuclear power in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Romania" title="Nuclear power in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GWe < 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Slovenia" title="Nuclear energy in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Ghana" title="Nuclear power in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Indonesia" title="Nuclear power in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Israel" title="Nuclear power in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea" title="Nuclear power in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Nuclear power in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abandoned plans for new plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Australia" title="Nuclear power in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juragua_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Juragua Nuclear Power Plant">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Georgia (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Malaysia" title="Nuclear power in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Phasing-out</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Belgium">Belgium</a> (delayed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Italy" title="Nuclear power in Italy">Italy</a> (already)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Spain" title="Nuclear power in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (gradually)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_stations" title="List of nuclear power stations">List of nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Nuclear energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy_by_country" title="Nuclear energy policy by country">Nuclear energy policy by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accidents">Nuclear accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Energy in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Energy in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_independence" title="United States energy independence">Energy independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_law" title="United States energy law">Energy law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_energy_law" title="New York energy law">New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_1992" title="Energy Policy Act of 1992">Energy Policy Act (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy#Allocation_of_subsidies_in_the_United_States" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Act" title="Federal Power Act">Federal Power Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Hydropower policy of the United States">Hydropower policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear energy policy of the United States">Nuclear energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_wind_energy_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States wind energy policy">Wind energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_offshore_drilling_debate" title="United States offshore drilling debate">Offshore drilling debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Regulatory_Policies_Act" title="Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act">Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_portfolio_standard" title="Renewable portfolio standard">Renewable portfolio standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Smart grid policy of the United States">Smart grid policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy by state or territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Arkansas" title="Energy in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_California" title="Energy in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Guam" title="Energy in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iowa" title="Energy in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ohio" title="Energy in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oregon" title="Energy in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Texas" title="Energy in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vermont" title="Energy in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Material</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_States" title="Biofuel in the United States">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_the_United_States" title="Hydroelectric power in the United States">Hydroelectric</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_the_United_States" title="Petroleum in the United States">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">Renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States" title="Solar power in the United States">Solar by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Alabama" title="Solar power in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Alaska" title="Solar power in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Arizona" title="Solar power in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Arkansas" title="Solar power in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_California" title="Solar power in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Colorado" title="Solar power in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Connecticut" title="Solar power in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Delaware" title="Solar power in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Florida" title="Solar power in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Solar power in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Hawaii" title="Solar power in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Idaho" title="Solar power in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Illinois" title="Solar power in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Indiana" title="Solar power in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Iowa" title="Solar power in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Kansas" title="Solar power in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Kentucky" title="Solar power in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Louisiana" title="Solar power in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Maine" title="Solar power in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Maryland" title="Solar power in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Massachusetts" title="Solar power in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Michigan" title="Solar power in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Minnesota" title="Solar power in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Mississippi" title="Solar power in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Missouri" title="Solar power in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Montana" title="Solar power in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Nebraska" title="Solar power in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Nevada" title="Solar power in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Hampshire" title="Solar power in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Jersey" title="Solar power in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Mexico" title="Solar power in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_York" title="Solar power in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_North_Carolina" title="Solar power in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_North_Dakota" title="Solar power in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Ohio" title="Solar power in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Oklahoma" title="Solar power in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Oregon" title="Solar power in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pennsylvania" title="Solar power in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Rhode_Island" title="Solar power in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Carolina" title="Solar power in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Dakota" title="Solar power in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Tennessee" title="Solar power in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Texas" title="Solar power in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Utah" title="Solar power in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Vermont" title="Solar power in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Virginia" title="Solar power in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Washington_(state)" title="Solar power in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Solar power in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_West_Virginia" title="Solar power in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Wisconsin" title="Solar power in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Wyoming" title="Solar power in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States" title="Wind power in the United States">Wind by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Alaska" title="Wind power in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Arizona" title="Wind power in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Arkansas" title="Wind power in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_California" title="Wind power in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Colorado" title="Wind power in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Connecticut" title="Wind power in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Delaware" title="Wind power in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Hawaii" title="Wind power in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Idaho" title="Wind power in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Illinois" title="Wind power in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Indiana" title="Wind power in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iowa" title="Wind power in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Kansas" title="Wind power in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Kentucky" title="Wind power in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Maine" title="Wind power in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Maryland" title="Wind power in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Massachusetts" title="Wind power in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Michigan" title="Wind power in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Minnesota" title="Wind power in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Missouri" title="Wind power in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Montana" title="Wind power in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Nebraska" title="Wind power in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Nevada" title="Wind power in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Hampshire" title="Wind power in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Jersey" title="Wind power in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Mexico" title="Wind power in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_York" title="Wind power in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_North_Carolina" title="Wind power in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_North_Dakota" title="Wind power in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Ohio" title="Wind power in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Oklahoma" title="Wind power in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Oregon" title="Wind power in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pennsylvania" title="Wind power in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Rhode_Island" title="Wind power in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_South_Dakota" title="Wind power in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Tennessee" title="Wind power in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Texas" title="Wind power in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Utah" title="Wind power in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Vermont" title="Wind power in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Virginia" title="Wind power in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Washington" title="Wind power in Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_West_Virginia" title="Wind power in West Virginia"> West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Wisconsin" title="Wind power in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Wyoming" title="Wind power in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">CAFE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of U.S. states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions">State and territory CO2 emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_vehicle_emission_standards" title="United States vehicle emission standards">Vehicle emission standards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">CARB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">DOE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">EERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">EIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">NREL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Electricity" title="Office of Electricity">OE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">FERC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">NRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Marketing_Administration" title="Power Marketing Administration">PMAs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration">BPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Power_Administration" title="Southeastern Power Administration">SEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Power_Administration" title="Southwestern Power Administration">SWPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Power_Administration" title="Western Area Power Administration">WAPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">TVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Council_on_Renewable_Energy" title="American Council on Renewable Energy">ACORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Public_Power_Association" title="American Public Power Association">APPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solar_Energy_Society" title="American Solar Energy Society">ASES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Wind_Energy_Association" title="American Wind Energy Association">AWEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_Thermal_Energy_Council" title="Biomass Thermal Energy Council">BTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Biosciences_Institute" title="Energy Biosciences Institute">EBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute">EEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_and_Energy_Study_Institute" title="Environmental and Energy Study Institute">EESI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute" title="Electric Power Research Institute">EPRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Institute" title="Nuclear Energy Institute">NEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rural_Electric_Cooperative_Association" title="National Rural Electric Cooperative Association">NRECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_Fuels_Institute" title="Pellet Fuels Institute">PFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_In_America" title="Plug In America">PIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMI_(energy_organization)" title="RMI (energy organization)">RMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_anti-nuclear_movement" title="Template:US anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_anti-nuclear_movement" title="Template talk:US anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_anti-nuclear_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">Anti-nuclear movement in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear groups in the United States">Anti-nuclear groups in the US</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_California" title="Anti-nuclear movement in California">California movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament">Great Peace March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_history_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear history of the United States">Nuclear history of the United States</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuclear power in the US</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cancelled_nuclear_reactors_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cancelled nuclear reactors in the United States">Canceled nuclear reactors in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">Nuclear weapons and the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear protests in the United States">Protests in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_advocates_in_the_United_States" title="List of anti-nuclear advocates in the United States">Anti-nuclear advocates in the US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations and groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone_Alliance" title="Abalone Alliance">Abalone Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Nuclear_Responsibility" title="Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility">Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance" title="Clamshell Alliance">Clamshell Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Nuclear_Responsibility" title="Committee for Nuclear Responsibility">Committee for Nuclear Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Accountability_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate Accountability International">Corporate Accountability International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Mass_Energy_Project" title="Critical Mass Energy Project">Critical Mass Energy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Energy_and_Environmental_Research" title="Institute for Energy and Environmental Research">Institute for Energy and Environmental Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_for_Peace" title="Mothers for Peace">Mothers for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_United_for_Safe_Energy" title="Musicians United for Safe Energy">Musicians United for Safe Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute" title="Nuclear Control Institute">Nuclear Control Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plowshares_movement" title="Plowshares movement">Plowshares movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploughshares_Fund" title="Ploughshares Fund">Ploughshares Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Citizen" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_Alliance" title="Shad Alliance">Shad Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States#Specific_groups" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">Three Mile Island Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Bay_Plowshares" title="Kings Bay Plowshares">Kings Bay Plowshares</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bichsel" title="William J. Bichsel">William J. Bichsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_G._Blair" title="Bruce G. Blair">Bruce G. Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Bogart" title="Larry Bogart">Larry Bogart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cousins" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Crowe" title="Frances Crowe">Frances Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Barefoot_Dickerson" title="Carrie Barefoot Dickerson">Carrie Barefoot Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Doty" title="Paul M. Doty">Paul M. Doty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_T._Feld" title="Bernard T. Feld">Bernard T. Feld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Forsberg" title="Randall Forsberg">Randall Forsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gofman" title="John Gofman">John Gofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gunter" title="Paul Gunter">Paul Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(New_York_politician)" title="John Hall (New York politician)">John Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Hudson" title="Jackie Hudson">Jackie Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Lovejoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Lovejoy">Sam Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lown" title="Bernard Lown">Bernard Lown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Makhijani" title="Arjun Makhijani">Arjun Makhijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Minor" title="Gregory Minor">Gregory Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Nash" title="Graham Nash">Graham Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Rabinowitch" title="Eugene Rabinowitch">Eugene Rabinowitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Radford" title="Phil Radford">Phil Radford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Silkwood" title="Karen Silkwood">Karen Silkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vitale" title="Louis Vitale">Louis Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Wasserman" title="Harvey Wasserman">Harvey Wasserman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main protest sites</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Fox_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant">Black Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodega_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bodega Bay Nuclear Power Plant">Bodega Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant" title="Diablo Canyon Power Plant">Diablo Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Montague Nuclear Power Plant">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Kitsap" title="Naval Base Kitsap">Naval Base Kitsap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station">Rancho Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant" title="Rocky Flats Plant">Rocky Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant">Seabrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant">Shoreham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Trojan Nuclear Power Plant">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil" title="White House Peace Vigil">White House Peace Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 Weapons Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station">Yankee Rowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of books about nuclear issues">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Makhijani#Publications" title="Arjun Makhijani">Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Fallout" title="Conservation Fallout">Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contesting_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Power" title="Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power">Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Masses:_Opposition_to_Nuclear_Power_in_California,_1958%E2%80%931978" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978">Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cult_of_the_Atom" title="The Cult of the Atom">The Cult of the Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doomsday_Machine_(book)" title="The Doomsday Machine (book)">The Doomsday Machine (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout:_An_American_Nuclear_Tragedy" title="Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy">Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Wasserman#Killing_Our_Own_(1982)" title="Harvey Wasserman">Killing Our Own</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_to_Kill%3F_The_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission_and_the_Shoreham_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant">Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Real_Killing" title="Making a Real Killing">Making a Real Killing: Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Implosions:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Washington_Public_Power_Supply_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System">Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Politics_in_America" title="Nuclear Politics in America">Nuclear Politics in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Almost_Lost_Detroit" title="We Almost Lost Detroit">We Almost Lost Detroit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of films about nuclear issues">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Ed_and_the_Black_Hole" title="Atomic Ed and the Black Hole">Atomic Ed and the Black Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_Syndrome" title="The China Syndrome">The China Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countdown_to_Zero" title="Countdown to Zero">Countdown to Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Circle_(film)" title="Dark Circle (film)">Dark Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Tipping_Point" title="Nuclear Tipping Point">Nuclear Tipping Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silkwood" title="Silkwood">Silkwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_power_in_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_power_in_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear power in the World (page does not exist)">Nuclear power in the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Argentina" title="Nuclear power in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Australia" title="Nuclear power in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Austria" title="Nuclear power in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Bangladesh" title="Nuclear power in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Belgium" title="Nuclear power in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Bulgaria" title="Nuclear power in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Canada" title="Nuclear power in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Nuclear power in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Denmark" title="Nuclear power in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a 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