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États-Unis : Les locataires dans l'Arkansas encourent des poursuites judiciaires en cas d'impayés de loyer | Human Rights Watch

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class="header"> <h6 class="node-title"> <a href="/web/20130423070748/http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/02/04/etats-unis-les-locataires-dans-larkansas-encourent-des-poursuites-judiciaires-en-cas" title="États-Unis : Les locataires dans l'Arkansas encourent des poursuites judiciaires en cas d'impayés de loyer">États-Unis : Les locataires dans l&#039;Arkansas encourent des poursuites judiciaires en cas d&#039;impayés de loyer</a> </h6> </div> <h6 class="node-subtitle">Il faut abroger la loi draconienne sur les expulsions</h6> <div class="info"> <div class="meta date"> <span class="created">5 février 2013</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a 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field-field-related-images"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-nodereference-related-images view-id-nodereference_related_images view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-1"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070748/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2013_US_arkansas_FR.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p></p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070748im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2013_US_arkansas_FR.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div 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views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-reportsynopsis-cover-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423070748/http://www.hrw.org/fr/node/113160" class="imagecache imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h imagecache-linked imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h_linked"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070748im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-crop-75w-100h/media/images/report-covers/us0113arkansas_reportcover_0.jpg" class="imagecache imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423070748/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/02/04/pay-rent-or-face-arrest">Pay the Rent or Face Arrest</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-reportsynopsis-subtitle-value"> <span class="field-content">Abusive Impacts of Arkansas&#039;s Draconian Evictions Law</span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">5 février 2013</span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-report-synopsis-pdf-fid"> <label class="views-label-field-report-synopsis-pdf-fid"> Get the report: </label> <div class="field-content"><div class="filefield-file"><img class="filefield-icon field-icon-application-pdf" alt="icône application/pdf" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070748im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/filefield/icons/application-pdf.png"/><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070748/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0113arkansas_reportcover_web.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=297204" title="us0113arkansas_reportcover_web.pdf">Download the full report</a></div></div> </div> <div class="views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130423070748/http://www.hrw.org/fr/node/113160">Go to report home »</a></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-link field-field-news-link"> <div class="field-label">More Coverage:&nbsp;</div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070748/http://www.arktimes.com/ArkansasBlog/archives/2013/01/14/commission-recommends-changes-in-landlord-tenant-law">(Arkansas Blog) Commission recommends changes in landlord-tenant law </a> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070748/http://www.arktimes.com/ArkansasBlog/archives/2013/02/01/arkansas-doesnt-protect-renters">(Arkansas Blog) Arkansas doesn&#039;t protect renters </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <p>&laquo;&nbsp;<em>La loi de l&#39;Arkansas sur l&rsquo;obligation de quitter le logement est injuste et foule au pied les droits fondamentaux des locataires</em>. <em>Cette loi criminalise de plus les graves difficult&eacute;s &eacute;conomiques avec lesquelles de nombreux locataires sont aux prises.</em>&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> Chris Albin-Lackey, chercheur senior auprès de la division Entreprises et Droits humains </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>(Little Rock) &ndash; Des centaines de locataires de l&#39;Arkansas s&#39;exposent &agrave; des poursuites p&eacute;nales chaque ann&eacute;e faute de payer leur loyer &agrave; temps, et dans la foul&eacute;e, de ne pas quitter leur logement assez rapidement. La l&eacute;gislature de l&#39;Arkansas devrait abroger cette loi abusive qui permet d&#39;intenter de telles poursuites et qui n&#39;a son pendant dans aucun autre &Eacute;tat am&eacute;ricain.<br/> <br/> Le rapport de 44 pages, intitul&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070748/http://www.hrw.org/node/113160">Pay the Rent or Face Arrest: Abusive Impacts of Arkansas&rsquo;s Criminal Evictions Law</a>&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;Payer le loyer ou s&#39;exposer &agrave; l&#39;arrestation&nbsp;: R&eacute;percussions abusives des dispositions l&eacute;gislatives p&eacute;nales sur les expulsions dans l&#39;Arkansas&nbsp;&raquo;) d&eacute;crit les exp&eacute;riences de plusieurs locataires de cet &Eacute;tat am&eacute;ricain qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; tra&icirc;n&eacute;s devant le tribunal pour avoir commis des infractions qui ne seraient qualifi&eacute;es de d&eacute;lit dans aucun autre &Eacute;tat du pays. D&#39;autres locataires n&#39;ayant pas enfreint la loi ont d&ucirc; faire face &agrave; des accusations, car certains procureurs avaient agi sur la base des d&eacute;clarations fallacieuses de certains propri&eacute;taires. Plusieurs locataires interrog&eacute;s dans le cadre du rapport cit&eacute; plus haut ont d&ucirc; faire face, &agrave; leur domicile ou sur leur lieu de travail, &agrave; des policiers munis de mandats d&#39;arr&ecirc;t. Une femme a &eacute;t&eacute; admonest&eacute;e en public par un juge d&#39;instance qui l&#39;a compar&eacute;e &agrave; un braqueur de banque.<br/> <br/> &laquo;&nbsp;<em>La loi de l&#39;Arkansas sur l&rsquo;obligation de quitter le logement est injuste et foule au pied les droits fondamentaux des locataires</em>&nbsp;&raquo;, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070748/http://www.hrw.org/bios/christopher-albin-lackey">Chris Albin-Lackey</a>, chercheur senior aupr&egrave;s de la <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423070748/http://www.hrw.org/fr/topic/business">division Entreprises et Droits humains</a>&nbsp;de Human Rights Watch. &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Cette loi criminalise de plus les graves difficult&eacute;s &eacute;conomiques avec lesquelles de nombreux locataires sont aux prises.</em>&nbsp;&raquo;<br/> <br/> Conform&eacute;ment &agrave; la loi de l&#39;Arkansas sur l&rsquo;obligation de quitter le logement, un propri&eacute;taire peut exiger que son locataire quitte l&#39;appartement qu&#39;il occupe sous 10 jours si ce dernier ne s&#39;acquitte pas de son loyer int&eacute;gralement et dans les d&eacute;lais pr&eacute;vus. Tout locataire manquant &agrave; cette obligation se rend coupable d&#39;un d&eacute;lit. Impossible pour le locataire d&#39;exposer sa version des faits devant les tribunaux sans risquer de condamnation p&eacute;nale.<br/> <br/> Nombre de locataires finissent au tribunal justement parce qu&#39;ils se sont d&eacute;men&eacute;s pour honorer leurs obligations en mati&egrave;re de loyer et ne peuvent gu&egrave;re se permettre de payer les lourdes amendes qui accompagnent un verdict de culpabilit&eacute;. Pourtant, la loi oblige le tribunal &agrave; condamner le locataire quelle que soit la raison pour laquelle la personne mise en cause a failli au paiement de son loyer int&eacute;gralement ou dans les d&eacute;lais pr&eacute;vus, ou quel que soit le motif expliquant son incapacit&eacute; &agrave; quitter le logement avant l&#39;expiration du d&eacute;lai de 10 jours inflig&eacute;. Les droits et les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts des locataires ne doivent nullement entrer en ligne de compte dans les d&eacute;lib&eacute;rations du tribunal.<br/> <br/> Rien qu&rsquo;en 2012, la loi sur le manquement &agrave; quitter le logement a servi &agrave; engager des poursuites p&eacute;nales contre plus de 1&nbsp;200 locataires r&eacute;sidant dans l&#39;Arkansas. Ce chiffre sous-estime consid&eacute;rablement le nombre total de personnes concern&eacute; par cette loi. En cas de r&eacute;ception d&#39;un avis d&#39;expulsion sous 10 jours, la grande majorit&eacute; des locataires se h&acirc;te de quitter le logement qu&#39;ils occupent plut&ocirc;t que de s&#39;exposer &agrave; un proc&egrave;s, et pour cause.<br/> <br/> Bien pire encore, la loi d&eacute;courage fortement les locataires accus&eacute;s de plaider non coupables. Ceux qui choisissent pourtant cette ligne de conduite doivent laisser en d&eacute;p&ocirc;t l&#39;int&eacute;gralit&eacute; du montant pr&eacute;tendument d&ucirc; aupr&egrave;s du tribunal, somme qu&#39;ils perdent s&#39;ils sont d&eacute;clar&eacute;s coupables. Les locataires dans l&#39;incapacit&eacute; de laisser en d&eacute;p&ocirc;t le montant de la location, mais qui choisissent n&eacute;anmoins de plaider non coupables, s&#39;exposent &agrave; des amendes nettement plus s&eacute;v&egrave;res et &agrave; une peine d&#39;emprisonnement pouvant atteindre 90 jours. En revanche, les locataires qui plaident coupables ne s&#39;exposent &agrave; aucune de ces peines.<br/> <br/> &laquo;&nbsp;<em>La loi sur l&rsquo;obligation de quitter le logement contraint dans les faits les locataires soit &agrave; d&eacute;m&eacute;nager sans rien dire soit &agrave; plaider coupables, au lieu de leur permettre d&#39;exercer leur droit &agrave; se d&eacute;fendre contre des accusations d&#39;ordre p&eacute;nal et &agrave; compara&icirc;tre devant le tribunal</em>&nbsp;&raquo;, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; Albin-Lackey. &laquo;&nbsp;<em>De mani&egrave;re pr&eacute;occupante, cette loi convertit ce faisant les procureurs en avocats personnels des locataires, et ce, aux frais du contribuable.</em>&nbsp;&raquo;<br/> <br/> Le processus d&#39;expulsion p&eacute;nale laisse &eacute;galement la porte ouverte aux abus de la part de propri&eacute;taires peu scrupuleux du fait que peu d&#39;efforts sont d&eacute;ploy&eacute;s pour v&eacute;rifier la v&eacute;racit&eacute; des plaintes &eacute;manant des propri&eacute;taires. De nombreux procureurs engagent des poursuites p&eacute;nales contre des locataires sur la seule base des all&eacute;gations des propri&eacute;taires.<br/> <br/> Human Rights Watch a interrog&eacute; une locataire dont le propri&eacute;taire avait fait d&eacute;livrer un mandat d&#39;arr&ecirc;t &agrave; son encontre trois jours seulement apr&egrave;s lui avoir ordonn&eacute; de quitter son logement. Une autre femme a &eacute;t&eacute; accus&eacute;e &agrave; plusieurs reprises sur la base de fausses all&eacute;gations faites par l&#39;homme &agrave; qui elle avait <em>achet&eacute;</em> sa maison, alors qu&#39;elle s&#39;&eacute;tait int&eacute;gralement acquitt&eacute;e de la somme due.<br/> <br/> La loi sur les expulsions p&eacute;nales est mal r&eacute;dig&eacute;e et sa mise en &oelig;uvre pr&eacute;sente de nombreuses incoh&eacute;rences, comme l&#39;a constat&eacute; Human Rights Watch. Il se peut qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y ait pas deux tribunaux d&#39;instance dans tout l&#39;Arkansas pour l&#39;appliquer exactement de la m&ecirc;me fa&ccedil;on.<br/> <br/> On assiste &agrave; des efforts naissants visant &agrave; abroger cette loi. En janvier 2013, une commission non l&eacute;gislative sur la loi r&eacute;gissant propri&eacute;taires et locataires &eacute;tablie par la l&eacute;gislature &eacute;tatique a demand&eacute; au gouvernement de l&#39;&Eacute;tat d&#39;abroger le statut d&#39;expulsions p&eacute;nales pour le remplacer par une proc&eacute;dure d&#39;expulsions civiles plus efficace. Elle a en outre demand&eacute; l&#39;adoption d&#39;autres r&eacute;formes essentielles.<br/> <br/> &laquo;&nbsp;<em>La feuille de route visant &agrave; r&eacute;former cette loi injuste est d&eacute;j&agrave; en place</em>&nbsp;&raquo;, a conclu Chris Albin-Lackey. &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Le corps l&eacute;gislatif &eacute;tatique dispose d&eacute;j&agrave; de bonnes recommandations sur lesquelles il devrait agir sans plus attendre.</em>&nbsp;&raquo;</p> <p><strong>L&#39;histoire d&#39;une famille</strong><br/> Steve et sa femme Angela (dont nous tairons le nom de famille, &agrave; leur demande) participent activement &agrave; la vie de leur paroisse et n&#39;avaient jamais eu de d&eacute;m&ecirc;l&eacute;s avec la justice avant ao&ucirc;t&nbsp;2012. Un soir de ce mois d&#39;ao&ucirc;t, le couple pr&eacute;parait une &eacute;tude biblique lorsqu&#39;on frappa &agrave; la porte. Deux policiers se trouvaient &agrave; l&#39;ext&eacute;rieur.<br/> <br/> L&#39;un deux d&eacute;clara&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Nous avons un mandat d&#39;arr&ecirc;t contre vous deux&nbsp;&raquo; se rappelle Angela. &laquo;&nbsp;La seule chose dont je me souvienne ensuite, c&#39;est que mon mari me tra&icirc;nait &agrave; la cuisine. J&#39;avais perdu connaissance.&nbsp;</em>&raquo; Le couple n&#39;avait pas pu honorer le paiement du loyer, d&#39;un montant de 585 dollars am&eacute;ricains, ce mois-ci.<br/> <br/> Lorsque Human Rights Watch a interrog&eacute; le couple devant le tribunal de Little Rock quelques jours plus tard, Angela serrait fortement un gros sac en plastique rempli de m&eacute;dicaments. Elle avait subi une greffe du c&oelig;ur et faisait un rejet du nouvel organe transplant&eacute;. Craignant que leur propri&eacute;taire ne change les verrous alors qu&#39;ils &eacute;taient &agrave; l&#39;audience, elle avait apport&eacute; tout son attirail de m&eacute;dicaments antirejet, au cas o&ugrave;.<br/> <br/> Cela faisait huit ans et demi que Steve occupait l&#39;appartement. Angela l&#39;y avait rejoint lorsqu&#39;ils s&#39;&eacute;taient mari&eacute;s en 2010.<br/> <br/> &laquo;&nbsp;<em>L&#39;appartement nous convient et beaucoup de voisins nous ont dit qu&#39;ils seraient tristes de nous voir partir</em>&nbsp;&raquo;, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; Steve. &laquo;&nbsp;Nous n&#39;avons jamais eu de probl&egrave;mes dans ce logement, et je n&#39;ai jamais eu plus d&#39;un mois de retard de paiement. &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Subitement, ils ont affich&eacute; cet avis d&#39;expulsion &agrave; la porte et nous ont dit qu&#39;on avait 10 jours pour partir.</em>&nbsp;&raquo;<br/> <br/> Deux semaines apr&egrave;s l&#39;&eacute;ch&eacute;ance du paiement du loyer, Steve a contact&eacute; la propri&eacute;taire.<br/> <br/> &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Je lui ai dit que je pouvais lui verser la moiti&eacute; de la somme, mais elle a refus&eacute;</em>&nbsp;&raquo;, nous a-t-il expliqu&eacute;. &laquo;&nbsp;<em>J&#39;ai essay&eacute; d&#39;emprunter de l&#39;argent &agrave; toutes mes connaissances.&nbsp; La propri&eacute;taire m&rsquo;a dit&nbsp;: &ldquo;Si je le fais pour vous, je devrai le faire pour tout le monde.&rdquo;&nbsp; J&#39;ai r&eacute;torqu&eacute;&nbsp;: &ldquo;Mais madame, je suis votre locataire depuis huit ans et demi !&rdquo;</em>&nbsp;&raquo;<br/> <br/> Steve et Angela ont tent&eacute; de continuer &agrave; n&eacute;gocier avec leur propri&eacute;taire apr&egrave;s l&#39;affichage de l&#39;avis d&#39;expulsion leur laissant 10 jours pour quitter les lieux. Ils pensaient trouver un moyen de la persuader de leur laisser plus de temps. Ils avaient &eacute;galement commenc&eacute; &agrave; chercher un nouvel appartement, mais n&#39;avaient rien trouv&eacute; &agrave; l&#39;expiration de l&#39;avis de 10 jours.<br/> <br/> &laquo;&nbsp;<em>On essayait vraiment de trouver autre chose</em>&nbsp;&raquo;, a pr&eacute;cis&eacute; Steve.<br/> <br/> Steve et Angela sont rest&eacute;s assis au tribunal, se tenant par les &eacute;paules pendant pr&egrave;s de deux heures, tandis qu&#39;ils regardaient d&eacute;filer devant le juge des mis en cause accus&eacute;s de vol, d&#39;infractions li&eacute;es &agrave; la drogue et de d&eacute;lits commis avec violence. Lorsque leur tour arriva enfin, le greffier a demand&eacute; &agrave; Angela de se tenir debout devant lui afin de prendre sa photo d&#39;identit&eacute; judiciaire. C&#39;est alors qu&#39;elle a &eacute;clat&eacute; en sanglots. Elle a agripp&eacute; son mari par le bras et lui a cri&eacute;&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Steve, ils vont nous mettre en prison&nbsp;? Je ne veux pas aller en prison</em> !&nbsp;&raquo; Le silence r&eacute;gnait dans la salle d&#39;audience tandis que la juge tentait de lui faire retrouver son calme, expliquant au couple qu&#39;elle l&egrave;verait les charges qui pesaient contre eux s&#39;ils quittaient l&#39;appartement d&#39;ici une semaine, un acte d&#39;indulgence que la loi n&#39;autorise d&#39;ailleurs pas les juges &agrave; accorder aux accus&eacute;s.<br/> <br/> Debout devant le palais de justice &agrave; l&#39;issue de l&#39;audience, Steve et Angela &eacute;taient manifestement sous le choc.<br/> <br/> &laquo;&nbsp;<em>J&#39;ai eu l&#39;impression d&#39;&ecirc;tre une criminelle</em>&nbsp;&raquo;, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; Angela. &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Je tenais &agrave; &ecirc;tre pr&eacute;sente aux c&ocirc;t&eacute;s de mon mari. Mais dans le m&ecirc;me temps, je n&#39;avais aucune envie d&#39;&ecirc;tre l&agrave;, vous comprenez&nbsp;?&nbsp;</em>&raquo;<br/> <br/> Lorsqu&#39;on leur a demand&eacute; ce qu&#39;ils allaient faire &agrave; pr&eacute;sent, Steve a secou&eacute; la t&ecirc;te. &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Je n&#39;en sais rien. Prier. 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