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Mécanisme de flux d'air — Wikipédia
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Disponible en 13 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Белодробна съгласна – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Белодробна съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanisme_de_flux_d%27aire" title="Mecanisme de flux d'aire – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mecanisme de flux d'aire" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Airstream mechanism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_pulmonar" title="Consonante pulmonar – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consonante pulmonar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיצורים ריאתיים – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצורים ריאתיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E8%87%93%E6%B0%97%E6%B5%81%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="肺臓気流機構 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肺臓気流機構" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanizm_przep%C5%82ywu_powietrza" title="Mechanizm przepływu powietrza – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mechanizm przepływu powietrza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="د هوا د جریان طرز – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هوا د جریان طرز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoante_pulm%C3%B4nica" title="Consoante pulmônica – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consoante pulmônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Пульмонические согласные – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пульмонические согласные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B5%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="ریوی حروف صحیح – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریوی حروف صحیح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="肺部气流音 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肺部气流音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%B5%81%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6" title="氣流機制 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氣流機制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2910701#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" 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href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigé depuis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonne_non_pulmonique&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonne non pulmonique">Consonne non pulmonique</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Redirection" title="Aide:Redirection"><img alt="Page d’aide sur les redirections" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/20px-Arrows-move.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/30px-Arrows-move.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/40px-Arrows-move.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>« Consonne non pulmonique » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir <a href="/wiki/Consonne_approximante" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonne approximante">Consonne approximante</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Redirection" title="Aide:Redirection"><img alt="Page d’aide sur les redirections" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/20px-Arrows-move.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/30px-Arrows-move.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/40px-Arrows-move.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>« Consonne pulmonique » redirige ici. Pour autres consonnes, voir <a href="/wiki/Consonne_spirante" title="Consonne spirante">Consonne spirante</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_articulatoire" title="Phonétique articulatoire">phonétique articulatoire</a>, le <b>mécanisme de flux d'air</b> servant à émettre les sons de la parole peut être divisé en plusieurs types, selon qu'il fait appel ou non aux poumons. </p><p>Le <b>flux pulmonaire</b> sert à l'articulation des <a href="/wiki/Voyelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyelles">voyelles</a> et de la majorité des <a href="/wiki/Consonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonnes">consonnes</a>, qualifiées pour cette raison de <b>consonnes pulmonaires</b>. Toutes les langues du monde utilisent ce type de consonne, et la grande majorité, dont le <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Français">français</a> et toutes les autres <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Langues d'Europe">langues d'Europe</a>, n'en connaissent pas d'autres. </p><p>Le flux pulmonaire est généralement égressif et sort donc des poumons par la bouche ou le nez. Cependant, l'articulation peut aussi utiliser un flux ingressif, comme dans certaines interjections en cas de surprise (par exemple « Oh ! »). Toutefois, une <a href="/wiki/Paire_minimale" title="Paire minimale">différence phonologique</a> portant sur la direction du flux n'est attestée dans aucune langue, et la direction du flux n'est pas donc transcrite dans l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">alphabet phonétique international</a>, mais elle l'est dans les <a href="/wiki/Extensions_de_l%E2%80%99alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensions de l’alphabet phonétique international">extensions de l’alphabet phonétique international</a>. </p><p>Le <b>flux non pulmonaire</b> est plus rare, comprend plusieurs types et sert à l'articulation des <b>consonnes non pulmonaires</b>. </p> <ul><li>Les <b>flux glottaux</b> sont produits par une surpression ou une dépression au sein d'une cavité buccale créée entre la glotte fermée et un point d'articulation en aval, qui, en se résorbant brutalement, donne un son. Dans le cas d'un flux créé par surpression, il s'agit d'une <b><a href="/wiki/Consonne_%C3%A9jective" title="Consonne éjective">consonne éjective</a></b>. Dans le cas d'un flux créé par dépression, il s'agit d'une <b><a href="/wiki/Consonne_injective" title="Consonne injective">consonne injective</a></b>. Ces deux types font partie de la classe plus large des <a href="/wiki/Consonne_glottalis%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonne glottalisée">consonne glottalisées</a>, qui compte également certaines consonnes pulmonaires. Elles ont tendance à être concentrées dans certaines régions du monde. Les éjectives sont courantes dans les <a href="/wiki/Langues_du_Caucase" class="mw-redirect" title="Langues du Caucase">langues du Caucase</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Langues_en_Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord" title="Langues en Amérique du Nord">langues d'Amérique du Nord</a>, dans les <a href="/wiki/Langues_mayas" title="Langues mayas">langues mayas</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_centrale" title="Amérique centrale">Amérique centrale</a>, dans certaines <a href="/wiki/Langues_en_Am%C3%A9rique_du_Sud" title="Langues en Amérique du Sud">langues d'Amérique du Sud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andes" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes">Andes</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4ne_Sud" title="Cône Sud">Cône Sud</a>), dans les <a href="/wiki/Langues_en_%C3%89thiopie" title="Langues en Éthiopie">langues d'Éthiopie</a> et dans les <a href="/wiki/Langues_kho%C3%AFsan" title="Langues khoïsan">langues khoïsan</a> en <a href="/wiki/Afrique_australe" title="Afrique australe">Afrique australe</a>. Les injectives se rencontrent surtout dans les <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27Afrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Langues d'Afrique">langues d'Afrique</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Asie_du_Sud-Est" title="Asie du Sud-Est">Asie du Sud-Est</a> et d'<a href="/wiki/Amazonie" title="Amazonie">Amazonie</a>.</li> <li>Les <b>flux buccaux</b> servent à l'articulation des <b><a href="/wiki/Clic_(phon%C3%A9tique)" title="Clic (phonétique)">clics</a></b> et sont produits par dépression au sein d'une cavité de la bouche créée par la mise en contact du dos de la langue avec le palais mou (<i>velum</i>) (pour les clics à flux vélaire) ou l'avant de la langue et un autre point de la bouche (palais dur, dents, lèvres, etc. pour les clics à flux laminal voire sublingual). On rencontre ces flux essentiellement dans les <a href="/wiki/Langues_kho%C3%AFsan" title="Langues khoïsan">langues khoïsan</a> et (les <a href="/wiki/Langues_nguni" title="Langues nguni">langues nguni</a> en <a href="/wiki/Afrique_australe" title="Afrique australe">Afrique australe</a>).</li></ul> <p>L'émission de sons non pulmonaires implique que leur production est indépendante de la <a href="/wiki/Respiration" title="Respiration">respiration</a>, mais dans les faits, seuls les clics (vélaires ou labiaux) n'empêchent pas la respiration et peuvent donc être produits parallèlement à celle-ci, la respiration étant alors nasale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="ladefoged"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Peter <span class="nom_auteur">Ladefoged</span> et Ian <span class="nom_auteur">Maddieson</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Sounds of the World's Languages</cite>, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Phonological theory », <time>1996</time>, XXI-425 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, 25 <abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre">cm</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-631-19814-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-631-19814-8"><span class="nowrap">0-631-19814-8</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-631-19814-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-631-19814-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-631-19814-7</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-631-19815-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-631-19815-6"><span class="nowrap">0-631-19815-6</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-631-19815-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-631-19815-4"><span class="nowrap">978-0-631-19815-4</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/489691681">489691681</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_de_contr%C3%B4le_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s" title="Numéro de contrôle de la Bibliothèque du Congrès">LCCN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94049209">94049209</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=XXI-425&rft.isbn=0-631-19814-8&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489691681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9canisme+de+flux+d%27air"></span></span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ian Maddieson, chapitre <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/chapter/7">7</a> « Glottalized Consonants » dans <span class="ouvrage" id="HaspelmathDryerGilComrie2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin_HaspelmathMatthew_S._DryerDavid_GilBernard_Comrie2011">Martin <span class="nom_auteur">Haspelmath</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), Matthew S. <span class="nom_auteur">Dryer</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), David <span class="nom_auteur">Gil</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>) et Bernard <span class="nom_auteur">Comrie</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique"><a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">The World Atlas of Language Structures Online</a></cite>, Munich, Max Planck Digital Library, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-9813099-1-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-9813099-1-1"><span class="nowrap">978-3-9813099-1-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Digital+Library&rft.aulast=Haspelmath&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Dryer%2C+Matthew+S.&rft.au=Gil%2C+David&rft.au=Comrie%2C+Bernard&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-9813099-1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9canisme+de+flux+d%27air"></span></span></span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ian Maddieson, chapitre <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/chapter/19">19</a> « Presence of Uncommon Consonants » dans <span class="ouvrage" id="HaspelmathDryerGilComrie2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin_HaspelmathMatthew_S._DryerDavid_GilBernard_Comrie2011">Martin <span class="nom_auteur">Haspelmath</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), Matthew S. <span class="nom_auteur">Dryer</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), David <span class="nom_auteur">Gil</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>) et Bernard <span class="nom_auteur">Comrie</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique"><a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">The World Atlas of Language Structures Online</a></cite>, Munich, Max Planck Digital Library, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-9813099-1-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-9813099-1-1"><span class="nowrap">978-3-9813099-1-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Digital+Library&rft.aulast=Haspelmath&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Dryer%2C+Matthew+S.&rft.au=Gil%2C+David&rft.au=Comrie%2C+Bernard&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-9813099-1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AM%C3%A9canisme+de+flux+d%27air"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9canisme_de_flux_d%27air&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonne" title="Consonne">Consonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyelle" title="Voyelle">Voyelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique" title="Phonétique">Phonétique</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Modes_d%27articulation" title="Modèle:Palette Modes d'articulation"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Modes_d%27articulation&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Mode_d%27articulation" title="Mode d'articulation">Modes d’articulation</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Fermeture</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Consonne_obstruante" title="Consonne obstruante">Obstruante</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_occlusive" title="Consonne occlusive">Occlusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_fricative" title="Consonne fricative">Fricative</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Consonne_sonante" title="Consonne sonante">Sonante</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Consonne_spirante" title="Consonne spirante">Spirante</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_liquide" title="Consonne liquide">Liquide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-voyelle" title="Semi-voyelle">Semi-voyelle</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Consonne_vibrante" title="Consonne vibrante">Vibrante</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_roul%C3%A9e" title="Consonne roulée">Roulée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_battue" title="Consonne battue">Battue</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Cavité</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_orale" title="Consonne orale">Orale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_nasale" title="Consonne nasale">Nasale</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Écoulement</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_centrale" title="Consonne centrale">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_lat%C3%A9rale" title="Consonne latérale">Latéral</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flux</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulmonaire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glottal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_injective" title="Consonne injective">Injectif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_%C3%A9jective" title="Consonne éjective">Éjectif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buccal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clic_(phon%C3%A9tique)" title="Clic (phonétique)">Clics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_sourde" title="Consonne sourde">Sourde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonne_sonore" title="Consonne sonore">Sonore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phon%C3%A9tique)" title="Aspiration (phonétique)">Aspirée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmure_(phon%C3%A9tique)" title="Murmure (phonétique)">Murmurée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngalisation" title="Laryngalisation">Craquée</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">Voir aussi : <a href="/wiki/Point_d%27articulation" title="Point d'articulation">Point d'articulation</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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