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Holzbauer</a> on 2 Mar 2023 </p>  <p> Category: <a href="https://blog.apnic.net/category/tech-matters/" title="View all posts in Tech matters">Tech matters</a> </p>  <p>Tags: <a href="https://blog.apnic.net/tag/dnssec/" rel="tag">DNSSEC</a>, <a href="https://blog.apnic.net/tag/email/" rel="tag">email</a>, <a href="https://blog.apnic.net/tag/guest-post/" rel="tag">Guest Post</a>, <a href="https://blog.apnic.net/tag/measurement/" rel="tag">measurement</a>, <a href="https://blog.apnic.net/tag/tls/" rel="tag">TLS</a></p>   <div id="social_media_widgets" style="display: none;">  <div id="fb-root"></div> <div class="fb-like" data-href="https://blog.apnic.net/2023/03/02/not-that-simple-email-delivery-in-the-21st-century/" data-layout="button_count" data-action="like" data-show-faces="false" data-share="true"> </div> <a href="https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button">Tweet</a> </div> <p id="back-to-home" class="hidden-print"> <a href="/"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span>Blog home</span> </a> </p> </header> <style> .down-arrow { font-size: 10px; } </style> </div> <div class="col-md-8"> <div id="article-content" class="entry-content"> <img width="555" height="202" src="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Email_FT-555x202.png?v=5f4793cf348b94cfaca25c31dbb87a6750fdba4848b7a9f1ad877684e36f01fb" class="attachment-featuredImageLarge size-featuredImageLarge wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Email_FT-555x202.png?v=5f4793cf348b94cfaca25c31dbb87a6750fdba4848b7a9f1ad877684e36f01fb 555w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Email_FT-300x109.png?v=5f4793cf348b94cfaca25c31dbb87a6750fdba4848b7a9f1ad877684e36f01fb 300w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Email_FT-1024x373.png?v=5f4793cf348b94cfaca25c31dbb87a6750fdba4848b7a9f1ad877684e36f01fb 1024w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Email_FT-768x280.png?v=5f4793cf348b94cfaca25c31dbb87a6750fdba4848b7a9f1ad877684e36f01fb 768w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Email_FT-624x227.png?v=5f4793cf348b94cfaca25c31dbb87a6750fdba4848b7a9f1ad877684e36f01fb 624w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Email_FT-206x75.png?v=5f4793cf348b94cfaca25c31dbb87a6750fdba4848b7a9f1ad877684e36f01fb 206w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Email_FT-256x93.png?v=5f4793cf348b94cfaca25c31dbb87a6750fdba4848b7a9f1ad877684e36f01fb 256w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Email_FT.png?v=5f4793cf348b94cfaca25c31dbb87a6750fdba4848b7a9f1ad877684e36f01fb 1110w" sizes="(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px" /> <p>Delivering emails is not a straightforward task. As Figure 1 shows, the number of email-related standards has more than quadrupled over the past two decades.</p> <p>The fundamental protocol for email delivery, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) was <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc821" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">specified in 1982</a> and originally built without authentication. Anyone could relay emails through a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA). This led to an increasing amount of unsolicited bulk emails also known as SPAM.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-1-—-Explosion-of-email-related-standards-the-‘SMTP-Camel-compared-to-DNS-related-standards-over-time..png"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="524" src="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-1-—-Explosion-of-email-related-standards-the-‘SMTP-Camel-compared-to-DNS-related-standards-over-time..png" alt="Chart showing the explosion of email-related standards (the ‘SMTP Camel’), compared to DNS-related standards over time." class="wp-image-66180" srcset="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-1-—-Explosion-of-email-related-standards-the-‘SMTP-Camel-compared-to-DNS-related-standards-over-time..png 1024w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-1-—-Explosion-of-email-related-standards-the-‘SMTP-Camel-compared-to-DNS-related-standards-over-time.-300x154.png 300w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-1-—-Explosion-of-email-related-standards-the-‘SMTP-Camel-compared-to-DNS-related-standards-over-time.-768x393.png 768w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-1-—-Explosion-of-email-related-standards-the-‘SMTP-Camel-compared-to-DNS-related-standards-over-time.-624x319.png 624w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 1 — Explosion of email-related standards (the ‘SMTP Camel’), compared to DNS-related standards over time.</figcaption></figure> <p>A lot of today’s standards try to overcome the gaps that SMTP was originally not designed to fulfil. However, in a world of ubiquitous networking, we cannot redesign the email ecosystem from scratch. Email providers have to decide which standards to implement and which configurations to use. We put a lot of trust in providers to make the right choices to store and exchange emails in a secure manner. </p> <p>In this post, we will look at how providers do this and how you can verify whether their setup works according to their promises.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Email-related standards</h2> <p>My fellow researchers from the Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, University of Vienna, TU Wien, and SBA Research run an open SMTP and DNS <a href="https://www.email-security-scans.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">testbed</a> (Figure 2) that allows you to verify your provider’s email delivery capabilities or your own setup in the case of self-hosting email. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-3-—-Verify-your-email-delivery-with-our-test-bed..png"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="542" src="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-3-—-Verify-your-email-delivery-with-our-test-bed.-1024x542.png" alt="Diagram of the test bed to verify email delivery." class="wp-image-66179" srcset="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-3-—-Verify-your-email-delivery-with-our-test-bed.-1024x542.png 1024w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-3-—-Verify-your-email-delivery-with-our-test-bed.-300x159.png 300w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-3-—-Verify-your-email-delivery-with-our-test-bed.-768x407.png 768w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-3-—-Verify-your-email-delivery-with-our-test-bed.-1536x813.png 1536w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-3-—-Verify-your-email-delivery-with-our-test-bed.-624x330.png 624w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Figure-3-—-Verify-your-email-delivery-with-our-test-bed.-1320x699.png 1320w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 2 — Verify your email delivery with our <a href="https://www.email-security-scans.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test bed</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Why does this testbed include different DNS setups when testing email delivery? A lot of standards use DNS as a second channel to exchange information during email delivery. DNS requests are both used by outgoing and receiving email servers. The outgoing email server relies on DNS to perform default lookups such as MX, A, and AAAA, but also to verify if the receiving email server supports encryption before initiating a STARTTLS connection with DANE or MTA-STS.</p> <p>The incoming server relies on DNS to verify if the sender is valid via SPF, DKIM, or DMARC. To guarantee the integrity and authenticity of DNS responses, DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) were introduced. Next to different setups for our authoritative DNS servers, our setup includes several email servers. The underlying network layer is undergoing a change from IPv4 to IPv6. Successful email delivery depends on email servers supporting the same IP version. The ongoing fight against SPAM has led to greylisting, that is, responding with a temporary error to unknown senders — a valid sender will then try to redeliver the email.</p> <p>With the introduction of STARTTLS, SMTP was extended to enable transport encryption for emails. Email servers have to support at least one common TLS version and cipher combination in order to succeed. In case of any error, the connection will fall back on plaintext communication. Also, the sending email server does not know in advance if the receiver supports encryption or not.</p> <p>This was heavily exploited by stripping the STARTTLS option from the server options. A total of 96% of emails from Tunisia to Gmail <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2815675.2815695" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">were found</a> to be downgraded. While transport encryption is currently mostly opportunistic (expired or self-signed certificates), an increasing amount of email servers support strict TLS configurations.</p> <p>For servers with strict TLS configurations, an error during the TLS handshake or certificate mismatches will cause the non-delivery of emails. However, the advantage is that strict TLS configurations are actively preventing downgrade attacks and thus protect your email communication. Our testbed enables keeping track of these protocols. </p> <p>Let’s examine five current challenges in email delivery.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">1. DNS resolution</h3> <p>We found that a lot of providers rely on closed DNS resolvers for their email servers, that is, Gmail does not rely on Google’s public DNS infrastructure, but uses different resolvers that do not validate DNSSEC. <a href="https://sec-consult.com/blog/detail/melting-the-dns-iceberg-taking-over-your-infrastructure-kaminsky-style/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Related work</a> found that closed resolvers are more likely to run older software versions and, while scarce, some are still vulnerable to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kaminsky Attack</a> by relying on non-random source ports.</p> <p>When relying on a closed resolver, make sure to always keep it up to date! When outsourcing email, make sure to verify how the provider handles DNS resolution. Our testbed can be used to test a provider’s DNS resolution. It includes the organization name for the DNS resolver, verifies if the resolver performs DNSSEC validation, and tests IPv6 capabilities.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">2. Security while keeping reachability</h3> <p>Next to the discrepancy between public and closed resolvers we also see a difference between larger and smaller providers. By ranking email providers based on passive DNS, we separate larger from smaller providers. We found that larger providers prioritize delivery, that is, are less likely to implement strict security mechanisms. While 68% of large providers do not validate DNSSEC, we found that only 32% of smaller providers do not.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">3. IPv6 support</h3> <p>A common argument against IPv6 support is that IPs are easier to acquire in IPv6 than in IPv4. Thus IP-based reputation services have to be adapted for IPv6. However, this argument is only valid for receiving emails. Sending emails over IPv6 is not affected by these restrictions. We currently see that email is lacking behind DNS in IPv6 support. While more than 60% of providers are able to resolve DNS records over IPv6, only 40% of email servers allow delivery to IPv6 destinations.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">4. Spam</h3> <p>Our testbed enabled us to measure the email delivery capabilities of spammers. We re-registered 50 expired domains and pointed them to our measurement addresses. We then were able to monitor changes in spam volume in comparison to our IPv4 plaintext measurement address. We found that more than two-thirds of spammers rely on RFC-confirm software and try to redeliver emails in case of an error. However, greylisting can still be considered effective as it reduced the initial spam volume by 37% and only affects emails from unknown senders.</p> <p>While we did not expect a high volume for our IPv6-only measurement targets, 46% of spam volume was seen on our IPv6-only resolvable target. This indicates that several spammers rely on public resolvers for DNS resolution. </p> <p>In general, the amount of spam for our IPv6 measurement target was very low. Only 7% of the original spam volume was measured for IPv6. Another option to reduce spam would be to enforce TLS. A lot of spammers (66%) failed to perform TLS handshakes, as they are usually not required by receiving email servers. This would also affect legitimate emails from servers, which do not support TLS. However, thanks to opportunistic encryption, TLS adoption in email has reached a steady state. We find less than 10% of regular providers still do not support transport encryption.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">5. Strict transport security</h3> <p>With 90% of regular providers supporting transport security, opportunistic encryption for email delivery showed great success. The high adoption rate raises the question of whether TLS can be enforced or not. Each organization should decide for itself if the benefit of avoiding unencrypted email delivery outweighs the loss of some destinations.</p> <p>The next question would be if these destinations are of any value to the organization, and if yes, how exceptions for specific targets can be made. Opportunistic encryption leaves email delivery vulnerable to spoofing and Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks. </p> <p>For enforcing TLS on the email server, DANE and MTA-STS are two solutions that can be used to protect email delivery to your domain and prevent these attacks. However, if DNSSEC is already supported, DANE should be the preferred option. It relies on DNSSEC to safely put certificate information in the DNS. This way a sender can request if encryption is available by the receiver before initiating a STARTTLS connection and is also able to verify the certificate presented by the receiving email server. </p> <p>In order to measure support for DANE we created a measurement address with a TLSA record not matching the server’s certificate. With a fifth of providers validating the DANE mismatch, we can derive that currently, a fifth of email providers in our data set already support DANE. MTA-STS is the recommended solution for domains for which DNSSEC is unavailable.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">How to participate</h2> <p>Measure your email provider/server! We are always looking to extend the set of measured email providers. Especially the heavy tail of smaller providers is of interest to us.</p> <p>For a more in-depth look at email standards and the related measurements, read our <a href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc22-holzbauer.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paper</a>.</p> <p>The first part of our testbed is available <a href="https://www.email-security-scans.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. We are currently working on documenting the rest, so you can also run it yourself.</p> <p class="has-medium-gray-color has-text-color"><em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/holzsec" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florian Holzbauer</a> is a researcher at SBA Research and PhD student at the University of Vienna focusing on network security and network infrastructure analysis. He is interested in measuring the adoption and compliance of Internet standards.</em></em></p> <table class="rw-rating-table rw-ltr rw-left"><tr><td><nobr>Rate this article</nobr></td><td><div class="rw-left"><div class="rw-ui-container rw-class-blog-post rw-urid-661540" data-img="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Email_FT.png"></div></div></td></tr></table>  <hr /> <p id="views-disclaimer">The views expressed by the authors of this blog are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of APNIC. 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Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. </p> <p class="mailpoet_validate_error" style="display:none;" > </p> </div> </form> </div> </aside> <aside id="authors-4" class="widget authors_widget"><h3 class="widget-title">Authors</h3><style> .widget.authors_widget .pinned-authors, .widget.authors_widget .all-authors { margin-bottom: 0; } .widget.authors_widget .all-authors { overflow: scroll; max-height: 50vh; } .widget.authors_widget .show-all-authors, .widget.authors_widget .show-pinned-authors { margin-bottom: 1rem; } </style> <ul class="pinned-authors"> <li class="author-pinned"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adli-w/">Adli Wahid</a></li><li class="author-pinned"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/aftab-siddiqui/">Aftab Siddiqui</a></li><li class="author-pinned"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/geoff-huston/">Geoff Huston</a></li><li class="author-pinned"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ggm/">George Michaelson</a></li><li class="author-pinned"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jen-linkova/">Jen Linkova</a></li><li class="author-pinned"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jia-rong-low/">Jia Rong Low</a></li><li class="author-pinned"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/job-snijders/">Job Snijders</a></li><li class="author-pinned"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kathleen-moriarty/">Kathleen Moriarty</a></li><li class="author-pinned"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ulrich-speidel/">Ulrich Speidel</a></li><li class="author-pinned"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/vitaly-kamluk/">Vitaly Kamluk</a></li> </ul> <ul class="all-authors" style="display:none;"> <li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/a-khalil-aziz/">A Khalil Azizi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/a-s-m-rizvi/">A S M Rizvi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/abdelrahman-abdou/">AbdelRahman Abdou</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/abhishek-jain/">Abhishek Jain</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/achie-atienza/">Achie Atienza</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adam/">Adam Gosling</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adam-mcfillin/">Adam McFillin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adam-oest/">Adam Oest</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adeel-sadiq/">Adeel Sadiq</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adiel-akplogan/">Adiel Akplogan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adisorn-lertsinsrubtavee/">Adisorn Lertsinsrubtavee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adli-w/">Adli Wahid</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adrian-farrel/">Adrian Farrel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adrianwan/">Adrian Wan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/afifa-abbas/">Afifa Abbas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/afsheen-saadat/">Afsheen Saadat</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/aftab-siddiqui/">Aftab Siddiqui</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/agustin-formoso/">Agustín Formoso</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ahmad-darki/">Ahmad Darki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ajay-kumar/">Ajay Kumar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/akimichi-ogawa/">Akimichi Ogawa</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adeola-alain-aina/">Alain Aina</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alan-mauldin/">Alan Mauldin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/albert-gran-alcoz/">Albert Gran Alcoz</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alden-hilton/">Alden Hilton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alec-muffett/">Alec Muffett</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alejandro-acosta/">Alejandro Acosta</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alex-band/">Alex Band</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alex-boten/">Alex Boten</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alex-turing/">Alex Turing</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alex-yen/">Alex Yen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alexander-azimov/">Alexander Azimov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alexander-kozlov/">Alexander Kozlov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alfred-arouna/">Alfred Arouna</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ali-abedi/">Ali Abedi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ali-norouzi/">Ali Norouzi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/amanda-h-a-watson/">Amanda H A Watson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/amaury-van-bemten/">Amaury Van Bemten</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/amrita-choudhury/">Amrita Choudhury</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anand-buddhdev/">Anand Buddhdev</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anant-shah/">Anant Shah</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andra-lutu/">Andra Lutu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andregelderblom/">Andre Gelderblom</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andreas-dewes/">Andreas Dewes</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andreas-reuter/">Andreas Reuter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andree-toonk/">Andree Toonk</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrei-robachevsky/">Andrei Robachevsky</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-ayer/">Andrew Ayer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-campling/">Andrew Campling</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-cormack/">Andrew Cormack</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-cushen/">Andrew Cushen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-ferguson/">Andrew Ferguson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-gray/">Andrew Gray</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrewsullivan/">Andrew Sullivan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-toimoana/">Andrew Toimoana</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrijana-todosijevic/">Andrijana Todosijević</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andy-mindnich/">Andy Mindnich</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andy-newton/">Andy Newton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anju-mangal/">Anju Mangal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anna-maria-mandalari/">Anna Maria Mandalari</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/annaliza-mulingbayan/">Annaliza Mulingbayan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anosh-khan/">Anosh Khan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anriette-esterhuysen/">Anriette Esterhuysen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anthony-lee/">Anthony Lee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anton-strydom/">Anton Strydom</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anup-changaroth/">Anup Changaroth</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anurag-bhatia/">Anurag Bhatia</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/apnic/">APNIC</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/apoorv-shukla/">Apoorv Shukla</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arash-molavi-kakhki/">Arash Molavi Kakhki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arian-niaki/">Arian Niaki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/aris-tzermias/">Aris Tzermias</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arjuna-sathiaseelan/">Arjuna Sathiaseelan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arth-paulite/">Arth Paulite</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arthur-gilly/">Arthur Gilly</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/artyom-gavrichenkov/">Artyom Gavrichenkov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/asad-ali/">Asad Ali</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/asanka-sayakkara/">Asanka Sayakkara</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ashil-oogarah/">Ashil Oogarah</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ashwin-kumar/">Ashwin Kumar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ashwin-rangan/">Ashwin Rangan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/athina-fragkouli/">Athina Fragkouli</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/audreyrandall/">Audrey Randall</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/aurelien-aptel/">Aurélien Aptel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/austin-hounsel/">Austin Hounsel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/austin-ruckstuhl/">Austin Ruckstuhl</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/avery-pennarun/">Avery Pennarun</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ayesha-iftikhar/">Ayesha Iftikhar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/aysha-labiba/">Aysha Labiba</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ayush-mishra/">Ayush Mishra</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/azfar-adib/">Azfar Adib</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/azhar-khuwaja/">Azhar Khuwaja</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/azura-mat-salim/">Azura Mat Salim</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/baojun-liu/">Baojun Liu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/baptiste-jonglez/">Baptiste Jonglez</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/barry-greene/">Barry Greene</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bart-hogeveen/">Bart Hogeveen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/basileal-imana/">Basileal Imana</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bastian-kanbach/">Bastian Kanbach</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/batmagnai-erdene/">Batmagnai Erdene</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/beau-gieskens/">Beau Gieskens</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ben-cox/">Ben Cox</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ben-du/">Ben Du</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ben-schwartz/">Ben Schwartz</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bengz-gerard-sevilla/">Benjz Gerard Sevilla</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/benno-overeinder/">Benno Overeinder</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bert-hubert/">Bert Hubert</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bhadrika/">Bhadrika Magan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bhumika-sapkota/">Bhumika Sapkota</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bikram-shrestha/">Bikram Shrestha</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bill-hess/">Bill Hess</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bill-sterns/">Bill Stearns</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bill-woodcock/">Bill Woodcock</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bjorn-ivar-teigen/">Bjørn Teigen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/blake-anderson/">Blake Anderson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/blas-trigueros/">Blas Trigueros</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brandon-hitzel/">Brandon Hitzel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brenda-buwu/">Brenda Buwu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brenden-kuerbis/">Brenden Kuerbis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brent-carey/">Brent Carey</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brett-bralley/">Brett Bralley</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brian-carpenter/">Brian Carpenter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brian-nisbet/">Brian Nisbet</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brian-trammell/">Brian Trammell</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brianna-boudreau/">Brianna Boudreau</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bruce-davie/">Bruce Davie</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bruce-spang/">Bruce Spang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/byambajargal-jamsran/">Byambajargal Jamsran</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/byron-ellacott/">Byron Ellacott</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/byungjin-jun/">Byungjin Jun</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cameron-steel/">Cameron Steel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/carsten-strotmann/">Carsten Strotmann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/caspar-schutijser/">Caspar Schutijser</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cecilia-testart/">Cecilia Testart</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cengiz-alaettinoglu/">Cengiz Alaettinoglu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cf-chui/">CF Chui</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/champika-wijayatunga/">Champika Wijayatunga</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/che-hoo-cheng/">Che-Hoo Cheng</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cheeyong-tay/">Cheeyong Tay</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cherie-lagakali/">Cherie Lagakali</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jolin-chan/">Chia Ling (Jolin) Chan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chika-yoshimura/">Chika Yoshimura</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ching-heng-ku/">Ching-Heng Ku</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-amin/">Chris Amin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-buckridge/">Chris Buckridge</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-grundemann/">Chris Grundemann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-parker/">Chris Parker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-ritzo/">Chris Ritzo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-siebenmann/">Chris Siebenmann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/christian-giese/">Christian Giese</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/christian-huitema/">Christian Huitema</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/christoph-dietzel/">Christoph Dietzel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chuan-jiang/">Chuan Jiang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ciprian-popoviciu/">Ciprian Popoviciu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/clarence-filsfils/">Clarence Filsfils</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/claudio-jeker/">Claudio Jeker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/clemens-mosig/">Clemens Mosig</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/colin-perkins/">Colin Perkins</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/constance-bommelaer/">Constance Bommelaer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/constantin-sander/">Constantin Sander</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/constanze-dietrich/">Constanze Dietrich</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cordian-daniluk/">Cordian Daniluk</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/craig-miller/">Craig Miller</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/craig-ng/">Craig Ng</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/craig-rowland/">Craig Rowland</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dale-roberts/">Dale Roberts</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dan-fidler/">Dan Fidler</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dan-groshev/">Dan Groshev</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dan-li/">Dan Li</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/daniel-dib/">Daniel Dib</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/daniel-kopp/">Daniel Kopp</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/danilo-giordano/">Danilo Giordano</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/danny-alex-lachos-perez/">Danny Alex Lachos 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href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/david-holder/">David Holder</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/david-holsgrove/">David Holsgrove</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/david-huberman/">David Huberman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dean-pemberton/">Dean Pemberton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/debashis-pal/">Debashis Pal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/debopam-bhattacherjee/">Debopam Bhattacherjee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/deepak-vasisht/">Deepak Vasisht</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/denesh-bhabuta/">Denesh Bhabuta</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dennis-baaten/">Dennis Baaten</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/desiree-miloshevic/">Désirée Miloshevic</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dewangga-alam/">Dewangga Alam</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dewole-ajao/">Dewole Ajao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dhruv-dhody/">Dhruv Dhody</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/di-ma/">Di Ma</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/diego-pino-garcia/">Diego Pino García</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/diptanshu-singh/">Diptanshu Singh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dirk-trossen/">Dirk Trossen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dmytro-shypovalov/">Dmytro Shypovalov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/donatas-abraitis/">Donatas Abraitis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/donika-mirdita/">Donika Mirdita</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/doug-madory/">Doug Madory</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/doug-montgomery/">Doug Montgomery</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dr-bahaa-al-musawi/">Dr Bahaa Al-Musawi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/drgovind/">Dr Govind</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/drikus-brits/">Drikus Brits</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/duane-wessels/">Duane Wessels</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/duncan/">Duncan Macintosh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/e-marie-brierley/">E. Marie Brierley</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ebrima-jaw/">Ebrima Jaw</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ed-horley/">Ed Horley</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/edward-lewis/">Edward Lewis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/edwinsandys/">Edwin Sandys</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ege-cem-kirci/">Ege Cem Kirci</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eliot-lear/">Eliot Lear</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/elizabeth-krumbach-joseph/">Elizabeth Krumbach Joseph</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ellisha-heppner/">Ellisha Heppner</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/elly-tawhai/">Elly Tawhai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/elvin-prasad/">Elvin Prasad</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/emile-aben/">Emile Aben</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/emily-gallarde/">Emily Gallarde</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/emily-stark/">Emily Stark</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/emirbeganovic/">Emir Beganović</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eneken-tikk/">Eneken Tikk</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/enno-rey/">Enno Rey</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/enric-pujol/">Enric Pujol</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eric-lawrence/">Eric Lawrence</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eric-loos/">Eric Loos</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eric-vyncke/">Eric Vyncke</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/erik-hjelmvik/">Erik Hjelmvik</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/erik-rye/">Erik Rye</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/erin-scherer/">Erin Scherer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eshaan-bansal/">Eshaan Bansal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/esteban-carisimo/">Esteban Carisimo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eugene-bogomazov/">Eugene Bogomazov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eunju-pak/">Eunju Pak</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eyal-estrin/">Eyal Estrin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fabian-bustamante/">Fabián Bustamante</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fahad-hilal/">Fahad Hilal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fakrul-alam/">Fakrul Alam</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/farha-diba/">Farha Diba</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fenglu-zhang/">Fenglu Zhang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ferenc-fejes/">Ferenc Fejes</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fernando-gont/">Fernando Gont</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/flavia-salutari/">Flavia Salutari</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/flavio-luciani/">Flavio Luciani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/florentin-rochet/">Florentin Rochet</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/florian-holzbauer/">Florian Holzbauer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/florian-streibelt/">Florian Streibelt</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/foy-shiver/">Foy Shiver</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/francesco-ferreri/">Francesco Ferreri</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/francesco-sassi/">Francesco Sassi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/franckmartin/">Franck Martin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/francois-michel/">François Michel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/frane-maroevic/">Frane Maroevic</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/frank-denis/">Frank Denis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/frank-herberg/">Frank Herberg</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/franziska-lichtblau/">Franziska Lichtblau</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fred-christopher/">Fred Christopher</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fred-templin/">Fred Templin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fredrik-lindenberg/">Fredrik Lindeberg</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ganga-r-dhungyel/">Ganga R Dhungyel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gaurab-raj-upadhaya/">Gaurab Raj Upadhaya</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gautam-akiwate/">Gautam Akiwate</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gavin-reid/">Gavin Reid</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gavin-tweedie/">Gavin Tweedie</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/geoff-huston/">Geoff Huston</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/george/">George Kuo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ggm/">George Michaelson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/george-odagi/">George Odagi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/george-sadowsky/">George Sadowsky</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/george-salisbury/">George Salisbury</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/giacomo-giuliari/">Giacomo Giuliari</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gianmarco-pagani/">Gianmarco Pagani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gina-mahe/">Gina Mahe</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/giovane-moura/">Giovane Moura</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gomer-padong/">Gomer Padong</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gonchig-altansukh/">Gonchig Altansukh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gordon-king/">Gordon King</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/greg-ferro/">Greg Ferro</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/greg-hankins/">Greg Hankins</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gregory-mounier/">Grégory Mounier</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/guangliang-pan/">Guangliang Pan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/guillermo-baltra/">Guillermo Baltra</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/guoliang-yang/">Guoliang Yang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gazi-zehadul-kabir/">GZ Kabir</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ha-dao/">Ha Dao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dr-haisheng-yu/">Haisheng Yu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/han-zhang/">Han Zhang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hanna-kreitem/">Hanna Kreitem</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hannah-durack/">Hannah Durack</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hanno-bock/">Hanno Böck</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/harish-chowdhary/">Harish Chowdhary</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/haya-shulman/">Haya Schulmann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/helen-hollins/">Helen Hollins</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/herbert-wolverson/">Herbert Wolverson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hideyuki-sasaki/">Hideyuki Sasaki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hinne-hettema/">Hinne Hettema</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hiroki-kawabata/">Hiroki Kawabata</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hiroko-kamata/">Hiroko Kamata</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hiromu-shiozawa/">Hiromu Shiozawa</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hisham-ibrahim/">Hisham Ibrahim</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nguyen-phong-hoang/">Hoàng Nguyên Phong</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/houlin-zhao/">Houlin Zhao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hyeonmin-lee/">Hyeonmin Lee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hyojoon-kim/">Hyojoon Kim</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ignacio-castro/">Ignacio Castro</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ihitagangavarpu/">Ihita Gangavarpu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ike-kunze/">Ike Kunze</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ilker-nadi-bozkurt/">Ilker Nadi Bozkurt</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/imtiaz-rahman/">Imtiaz Rahman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/indya/">Indya Bolton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ioana-livadariu/">Ioana Livadariu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/italo-cunha/">Italo Cunha</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ivan-ristic/">Ivan Ristić</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ivana-tomic/">Ivana Tomic</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ivo-ivanov/">Ivo A. Ivanov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/yip-ivy/">Ivy Yip</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/izumi-okutani/">Izumi Okutani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jaclyn-knight/">Jaclyn Knight</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jacob-davis/">Jacob Davis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jakob-ginesin/">Jacob Ginesin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jahangir/">Jahangir Hossain</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jake-bauer/">Jake Bauer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jake-flint/">Jake Flint</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jake-holland/">Jake Holland</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-ah-wai/">James Ah Wai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-bensley/">James Bensley</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-kettle/">James Kettle</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-pavur/">James Pavur</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-richards/">James Richards</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-shank/">James Shank</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jamie-gillespie/">Jamie Gillespie</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jan-harm-kuipers/">Jan Harm Kuipers</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jan-ruth/">Jan Rüth</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jan-schaumann/">Jan Schaumann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jan-zorz/">Jan Zorz</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jan-piet-mens/">Jan-Piet Mens</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jane-yen/">Jane Yen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jari-arkko/">Jari Arkko</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jason-livingood/">Jason Livingood</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jason-smith/">Jason Smith</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jasper-den-hertog/">Jasper den Hertog</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jawad-ahmed/">Jawad Ahmed</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jay-daley/">Jay Daley</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jay-ford/">Jay Ford</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jeff-chan/">Jeff Chan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jeff-fry/">Jeff Fry</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jeff-man/">Jeff Man</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jeff-osborn/">Jeff Osborn</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jen-linkova/">Jen Linkova</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jenine-beekhuyzen/">Jenine Beekhuyzen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jeremy-harrison/">Jeremy Harrison</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jerry-lundstrom/">Jerry Lundström</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jessica-shen/">Jessica Shen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jessica-wei/">Jessica Wei</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jethro-webston/">Jethro Webston</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jia-rong-low/">Jia Rong Low</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jilong-wang/">Jilong Wang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jim-cowie/">Jim Cowie</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jim-forster/">Jim Forster</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jim-vella/">Jim Vella</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jimmy-lim/">Jimmy Lim</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jing-qiao/">Jing Qiao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jinghua-bai/">Jinghua Bai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joanna-kulesza/">Joanna Kulesza</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joao-sobrinho/">João L. Sobrinho</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joao-luis-silva-damas/">Joao Luis Silva Damas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joao-ceron/">Joao M. Ceron</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/job-snijders/">Job Snijders</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joel-jaeggli/">Joel Jaeggli</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/johanna-amann/">Johanna Amann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/johannes-krupp/">Johannes Krupp</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/johannes-weber/">Johannes Weber</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/johannes-zirngibl/">Johannes Zirngibl</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-althouse/">John Althouse</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-bambenek/">John Bambenek</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-curran/">John Curran</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-garrity/">John Garrity</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-jack/">John Jack</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-jason-brzozowski/">John Jason Brzozowski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-kristoff/">John Kristoff</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-scudder/">John Scudder</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-welborn/">John Welborn</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jonathan-brewer/">Jonathan Brewer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jonathan-magnusson/">Jonathan Magnusson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jordan-carter/">Jordan Carter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jordan-jueckstock/">Jordan Jueckstock</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jordi-paillise/">Jordi Paillissé</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jordi-palet-martinez/">Jordi Palet Martinez</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/josef-gustafsson/">Josef Gustafsson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joseph-salowey/">Joseph Salowey</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joy-chan/">Joy Chan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joyceapnic-net/">Joyce Chen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/juan-ramon-santana/">Juan Ramón Santana</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/juha-saarinen/">Juha Saarinen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/julia-evans/">Julia Evans</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/julian-martin-del-fiore/">Julián Martín Del Fiore</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/julien-gamba/">Julien Gamba</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jun-murai/">Jun Murai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/justin-loye/">Justin Loye</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/justin-wilson/">Justin Wilson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kaajal-kumar/">Kaajal Kumar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kaan-onarlioglu/">Kaan Onarlioglu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kanagaraj-krishna/">Kanagaraj Krishna</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/karan-sharma/">Karan Sharma</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/karel-hynek/">Karel Hynek</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/karl-lovink/">Karl Lovink</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/karla-skarda/">Karla Skarda</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kasek-galgal/">Kasek 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href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kevin-ku/">Kevin Ku</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kevin-meynell/">Kevin Meynell</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kevin-vermeulen/">Kevin Vermeulen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kevon-swift/">Kevon Swift</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/keyu-man/">Keyu Man</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/khee-hong-loke/">Khee Hong Loke</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/khwaja-zubair-sediqi/">Khwaja Zubair Sediqi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kiruthika-devaraj/">Kiruthika Devaraj</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/klee-aiken/">Klée Aiken</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kobayashi-masayuki/">Kobayashi Masayuki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/koen-van-hove/">Koen van Hove</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/koichi-kunitake/">Koichi Kunitake</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/koki-nakagawa/">Koki Nakagawa</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/konrad-wolsing/">Konrad Wolsing</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/korian-edeline/">Korian Edeline</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kostas-zorbadelos/">Kostas Zorbadelos</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kris-shrishak/">Kris Shrishak</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kurt-lindqvist/">Kurt Lindqvist</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kyle-carter/">Kyle Carter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kyle-drake/">Kyle Drake</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/kyle-schomp/">Kyle Schomp</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lan-wei/">Lan Wei</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lari-huttunen/">Lari Huttunen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lars-prehn/">Lars Prehn</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lars-johan-liman/">Lars-Johan Liman</a></li><li 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href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/liang-wang/">Liang Wang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/liang-zhao/">Liang Zhao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/liangcheng-yu/">Liangcheng Yu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/libin-liu/">Libin Liu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lindsay-graham/">Lindsay Graham</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/davey-song/">Linjian Song</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lisa-corness/">Lisa Corness</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lisandro-ubiedo/">Lisandro Ubiedo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/liz-izhikevich/">Liz Izhikevich</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/loba-olopade/">Loba Olopade</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lorenzo-cogotti/">Lorenzo Cogotti</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/louise-tromp/">Louise Tromp</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/luca-sani/">Luca Sani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lucas-pardue/">Lucas Pardue</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/luuk-hendriks/">Luuk Hendriks</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/m-yasir-m-haq/">M. Yasir M. Haq</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maarten-botterman/">Maarten Botterman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maarten-wullink/">Maarten Wullink</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maciej-korczynski/">Maciej Korczyński</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/madeline-carr/">Madeline Carr</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maemura-akinori/">Maemura Akinori</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mai-thu-thuy/">Mai Thu Thuy</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mailelatamai-halatuituia/">Mailelatamai Halatuituia</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/major-hayden/">Major Hayden</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mallory-knodel/">Mallory Knodel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/manaf-gharaibeh/">Manaf Gharaibeh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mannat-kaur/">Mannat Kaur</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mansour-ganji/">Mansour Ganji</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marc-bruyere/">Marc Bruyere</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marcin-nawrocki/">Marcin Nawrocki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marcochiesa/">Marco Chiesa</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marco-cilloni/">Marco Cilloni</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marco-hogewoning/">Marco Hogewoning</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marcus-brinkmann/">Marcus Brinkmann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marcus-keane/">Marcus Keane</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marek-majkowski/">Marek Majkowski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maria-namestnikova/">Maria Namestnikova</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maria-theresa-perez/">Maria Theresa Perez</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mariano-scazzariello/">Mariano Scazzariello</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mariko-kobayashi/">Mariko Kobayashi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marilyn-zhang/">Marilyn Zhang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mario-loffredo/">Mario Loffredo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-andrews/">Mark Andrews</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-karpilovskij/">Mark Karpilovskij</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-nottingham/">Mark Nottingham</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-prior/">Mark Prior</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-smith/">Mark Smith</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-tinka/">Mark Tinka</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/markus-dahlmanns/">Markus Dahlmanns</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/markus-legner/">Markus Legner</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/markus-sosnowski/">Markus Sosnowski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marta-burocchi/">Marta BurocchI</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marten-porte/">Marten Porte</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-hannigan/">Martin Hannigan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-hoffmann/">Martin Hoffmann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-langer/">Martin Langer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-thomson/">Martin Thomson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-winter/">Martin Winter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martino-trevisan/">Martino Trevisan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mary-rose-ofianga-rontal/">Mary Rose Ofianga-Rontal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/masanori-yajima/">Masanori Yajima</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/masataka-mawatari/">Masataka Mawatari</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/massimo-candela/">Massimo Candela</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mat-ford/">Mat Ford</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/yoshinobu-matsuzaki/">Matsuzaki Yoshinobu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matt-larson/">Matt Larson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matt-oh/">Matt Oh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matt-palmer/">Matt Palmer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matt-ringel/">Matt Ringel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matt-stith/">Matt Stith</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matthew-thomas/">Matthew Thomas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matthiaswichtlhuber/">Matthias Wichtlhuber</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matthijs-mekking/">Matthijs Mekking</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mattijs-jonker/">Mattijs Jonker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/max-von-hippel/">Max von Hippel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maxime-mouchet/">Maxime Mouchet</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maxime-piraux/">Maxime Piraux</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/md-abdul-awal/">Md Abdul Awal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/megan-baker/">Megan Baker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/melchior-aelmans/">Melchior Aelmans</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/melody-bendindang/">Melody Bendindang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/merike-kaeo/">Merike Kaeo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/metin-acikalin/">Metin Açıkalın</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michael-clare/">Michael Clare</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michael-kende/">Michael Kende</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michael-patterson/">Michael Patterson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michael-rabinovich/">Michael Rabinovich</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michael-schapira/">Michael Schapira</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michael-schneider/">Michael Schneider</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michael-waidner/">Michael Waidner</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michelle-thorne/">Michelle Thorne</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mika-kerttunen/">Mika Kerttunen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mike-hollyman/">Mike Hollyman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mike-hwang/">Mike Hwang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mike-kosek/">Mike Kosek</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/min-sun-jung/">Min Sung Jung</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mingming-zhang/">Mingming Zhang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mingwei-zhang/">Mingwei Zhang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mingxuan-liu/">Mingxuan Liu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/minzhao-lyu/">Minzhao Lyu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/miwa-fujii/">Miwa Fujii</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mohamad-dikshie-fauzie/">Mohamad Dikshie Fauzie</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mohamed-awnallah/">Mohamed Awnallah</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mohamed-boucadair/">Mohamed Boucadair</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mohamed-kassem/">Mohamed Kassem</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mohammad-larosh-khan/">Mohammad Larosh Khan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/molay-gosh/">Molay Ghosh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/momoka-yamamoto/">Momoka Yamamoto</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/moritz-muller/">Moritz Müller</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mubashir-sargana/">Mubashir Sargana</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/moinur-rahman/">Muhammad Moinur Rahman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/muhammad-yasir-shamim/">Muhammad Yasir Shamim</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mujtaba-hussain/">Mujtaba Hussain</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mukhammad-andri-setiawan/">Mukhammad Andri Setiawan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/munkhbat-gansukh/">Munkhbat Gansukh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/muzamer-mohd-azalan/">Muzamer Mohd Azalan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nachiket-kondhalkar/">Nachiket Kondhalkar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nadir-hassan/">Nadir Hassan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nafeez-islam/">Nafeez Islam</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nalini-elkins/">Nalini Elkins</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/narayan-g/">Narayan G</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/narelle-clark/">Narelle Clark</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/natale-bianchi/">Natale Bianchi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nate-sales/">Nate Sales</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nathalie-romo-moreno/">Nathalie Romo Moreno</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nathalie-nathalie/">Nathalie Trenaman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/neta-rozen-schiff/">Neta Rozen Schiff</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nick-buraglio/">Nick Buraglio</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nickhilliard/">Nick Hilliard</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nick-janetakis/">Nick Janetakis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nico-schottelius/">Nico Schottelius</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nicola-rustignoli/">Nicola Rustignoli</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nicole-wajer/">Nicole Wajer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/niels-provos/">Niels Provos</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nihit-tandon/">Nihit Tandon</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/niklas-vogel/">Niklas Vogel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nikolai-hampton/">Nikolai Hampton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nikos-kostopoulos/">Nikos Kostopoulos</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nils-wisiol/">Nils Wisiol</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nirav-atre/">Nirav Atre</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nooshin-eghbal/">Nooshin Eghbal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nor-fadzilah-abdullah/">Nor Fadzilah Abdullah</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nowmay-opalinski/">Nowmay Opalinski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roman/">Nurul Islam Roman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nusenu/">Nusenu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nyamkhand-buluukhuu/">Nyamkhand Buluukhuu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/oanh-nguyen/">Oanh Nguyen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/oky-tria-saputra/">Oky Tria Saputra</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/olafur-guomundsson/">Ólafur Guðmundsson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/olamide-omolola/">Olamide Omolola</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/oliver-gasser/">Oliver Gasser</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/olivermichel/">Oliver Michel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/olivier-hureau/">Olivier Hureau</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/olivier-tilmans/">Olivier Tilmans</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/omar-alrawi/">Omar Alrawi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/omar-ansari/">Omar Ansari</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ondrej-caletka/">Ondřej Caletka</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ondrej-sury/">Ondřej Surý</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/otto-moerbeek/">Otto Moerbeek</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pablo/">Pablo Hinojosa</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/paolo-lucente/">Paolo Lucente</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/paresh-khatri/">Paresh Khatri</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/parkpoom-tripatana/">Parkpoom Tripatana</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pasanlamahewa/">Pasan Lamahewa</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pascal-huppert/">Pascal Huppert</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/patrick-mcmanus/">Patrick McManus</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/patrick-sattler/">Patrick Sattler</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/patrik-faltstrom/">Patrik Fältström</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/paul-dale/">Paul Dale</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/paul-grubbs/">Paul Grubbs</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/paul-wilson/">Paul Wilson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pavel-odintsov/">Pavel Odintsov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pawel-foremski/">Paweł Foremski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pawel-urbanek/">Paweł Urbanek</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pedro-marcos/">Pedro Marcos</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pengxiong-zhu/">Pengxiong Zhu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pete-sclafani/">Pete Sclafani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pete-stevens/">Pete Stevens</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/peter-blee/">Peter Blee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/peter-n-m-hansteen/">Peter Hansteen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/peter-lowe/">Peter Lowe</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/peter-maynard/">Peter Maynard</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/peter-peele/">Peter Peele</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/petr-spacek/">Petr Špaček</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/petros-gigis/">Petros Gigis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/phil-lavin/">Phil Lavin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/phil-mawson/">Phil Mawson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/philip-homburg/">Philip Homburg</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/philip-paeps/">Philip Paeps</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/philip-smith/">Philip Smith</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/philipp-jeitner/">Philipp Jeitner</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/philipp-richter/">Philipp Richter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pier-carlo-chiodi/">Pier Carlo Chiodi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pim-van-pelt/">Pim van Pelt</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/piotr-kijewski/">Piotr Kijewski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/platon-kotzias/">Platon Kotzias</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pouyan-fotouhi-tehrani/">Pouyan Fotouhi Tehrani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pranav-kondala/">Pranav Kondala</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/praneet-kaur/">Praneet Kaur</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pubudu-jayasinghe/">Pubudu Jayasinghe</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/qasim-lone/">Qasim Lone</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/quincy-liao/">Quincy Liao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rachee-singh/">Rachee Singh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rafaelcintra/">Rafael Cintra</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raffaele-sommese/">Raffaele Sommese</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raffaele-zullo/">Raffaele Zullo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rahul-makhija/">Rahul Makhija</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rajnesh-singh/">Rajnesh Singh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ralph-dolmans/">Ralph Dolmans</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ralph-holz/">Ralph Holz</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ram-sundara-raman/">Ram Sundara Raman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ramakrishna-padmanabhan/">Ramakrishna Padmanabhan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rami-al-dalky/">Rami Al-Dalky</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ramin-yazdani/">Ramin Yazdani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ran-ben-basat/">Ran Ben Basat</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ranysha-ware/">Ranysha Ware</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raphael-hiesgen/">Raphael Hiesgen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raquel-rugani-lage/">Raquel Rugani Lage</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raskia-nayanajith/">Raskia Nayanajith</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ray-bellis/">Ray Bellis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rebekah-houser/">Rebekah Houser</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/remi-gacogne/">Remi Gacogne</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rene-bakker/">Rene Bakker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rene-wilhelm/">René Wilhelm</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/renee-burton/">Renée Burton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/richard-cziva/">Richard Cziva</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/richard-jimmerson/">Richard Jimmerson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/richard-nelson/">Richard Nelson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/richard-patterson/">Richard Patterson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/richard-read/">Richard Read</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rick-mcelroy/">Rick McElroy</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rishabh-chhabra/">Rishabh Chhabra</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rob-schult/">Rob Schult</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/robbie-mitchell/">Robbie Mitchell</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/robert-alexander/">Robert Alexander</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/robert-kisteleki/">Robert Kisteleki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/robin-marx/">Robin Marx</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roderick-fanou/">Roderick Fanou</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roger-meyer/">Roger Meyer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rohana-palliyaguru/">Rohana Palliyaguru</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roland-meier/">Roland Meier</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roland-van-rijswijk-deij/">Roland van Rijswijk-Deij</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rolf-winters/">Rolf Winter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/romain-fontugne/">Romain Fontugne</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ron-bonica/">Ron Bonica</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ron-winward/">Ron Winward</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ronald-van-kleunen/">Ronald van Kleunen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rowena-schoo/">Rowena Schoo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roy-arends/">Roy Arends</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rudiger-birkner/">Rüdiger Birkner</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/russ-white/">Russ White</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ryan-beckett/">Ryan Beckett</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ryan-gerstenkorn/">Ryan Gerstenkorn</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ryo-nakamura/">Ryo Nakamura</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sachin-ashok/">Sachin Ashok</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/safiqul-islam/">Safiqul Islam</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jawad-saidi/">Said Jawad Saidi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/said-zazai/">Said Zazai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/salvatore-cuzzilla/">Salvatore Cuzzilla</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sam-sham/">Sam Sham</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/samaneh-tajalizadehkhoob/">Samaneh Tajalizadehkhoob</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/samantha-douglas/">Samantha Douglas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/samantha-frank/">Samantha Frank</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/samit-jana/">Samit Jana</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/samuel-steffen/">Samuel Steffen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sandra-davey/">Sandra Davey</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sandrasiby/">Sandra Siby</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sangeetha-abdu-jyothi/">Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sanjaya/">Sanjaya</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sara-dickinson/">Sara Dickinson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sarah-escandor-tomas/">Sarah Escandor-Tomas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sarah-mcaree/">Sarah McAree</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sarmad-hussain/">Sarmad Hussain</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sarveshmathi/">Sarvesh Mathi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sasha-romijn/">Sasha Romijn</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/satadal-sengupta/">Satadal Sengupta</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/satoru-matsushima/">Satoru Matsushima</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/satoru-tsurumaki/">Satoru Tsurumaki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sayda-kamrun-jahan-ripa/">Sayda Kamrun Jahan Ripa</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/scott-hollenbeck/">Scott Hollenbeck</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/scott-shenker/">Scott Shenker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sebastian-castro/">Sebastian Castro</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sebastian-neef/">Sebastian Neef</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sebastian-zander/">Sebastian Zander</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sebastien-meriot/">Sebastien Meriot</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/seiichi-kawamura/">Seiichi Kawamura</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/seluvaia-kauvaka/">Seluvaia Kauvaka</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/seth-schoen/">Seth Schoen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shah/">Shah Sahari</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shahee-mirza/">Shahee Mirza</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shahzeb-mustafa/">Shahzeb Mustafa</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shamim-reza/">Shamim Reza</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shamsullah-shams/">Shamsullah Shams</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shane-alcock/">Shane Alcock</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shane-kerr/">Shane Kerr</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sharada-yeluri/">Sharada Yeluri</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sharat-chandra-madanapalli/">Sharat Chandra Madanapalli</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shayan-azizi/">Shayan Azizi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sheetal-kumar/">Sheetal Kumar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sheikh-md-seum/">Sheikh Md Seum</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shermaine-yung/">Shermaine Yung</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sherry-shek/">Sherry Shek</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shane/">Sheryl Hermoso</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shian-shyong-tseng/">Shian-Shyong Tseng</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shinoj-pittandavida/">Shinoj Pittandavida</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shishio-tsuchiya/">Shishio Tsuchiya</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shivan-sahib/">Shivan Sahib</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shoko-nakai/">Shoko Nakai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shuai-hao/">Shuai Hao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shucheng-liu/">Shucheng Liu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shumon-huque/">Shumon Huque</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shusei-tomonaga/">Shusei Tomonaga</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shyam-krishna-khadka/">Shyam Krishna Khadka</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/siena/">Siena Perry</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/simon/">Simon Baroi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/simon-bauer/">Simon Bauer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/simran-patil/">Simran Patil</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/siva-kesava/">Siva Kesava</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sivaram-ramanathan/">Sivaram Ramanathan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sofia-silva-berenguer/">Sofia Silva Berenguer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sonam-keba/">Sonam Keba</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/song-bing/">Song Bing</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/spiros-thanasoulas/">Spiros Thanasoulas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/srikanth-sundaresan/">Srikanth Sundaresan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/srimal-andrahennadi/">Srimal Andrahennadi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stanley-osao/">Stanley Osao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stefan-mehner/">Stefan Mehner</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stefan-ubbink/">Stefan Ubbink</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/steinthorbjarnason/">Steinthor Bjarnason</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stephan-marwedel/">Stephan Marwedel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stephane-bortzmeyer/">Stéphane Bortzmeyer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stephen-mcquistin/">Stephen McQuistin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stephen-m-ryan/">Stephen Ryan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stephen-strowes/">Stephen Strowes</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/steve-crocker/">Steve Crocker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/steve-santorelli/">Steve Santorelli</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stijn-pletinck/">Stijn Pletinckx</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/subha-shamarukh/">Subha Shamarukh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/subhashini-kadurugasyaya/">Subhashini Kadurugasyaya</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sue-graves/">Sue Graves</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/suetena-faatuuala-loia/">Suetena Faatuuala Loia</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/suksit-sripitchayaphan/">Suksit Sripitchayaphan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sunny-chendi/">Sunny Chendi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/susan-forney/">Susan Forney</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/svaradiva-devi/">Svaradiva Devi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/swapneel-patnekar/">Swapneel Patnekar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/swaran-ravindra/">Swaran Ravindra</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sylvain-cortes/">Sylvain Cortes</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sylvia/">Sylvia Cadena</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/szymon-trocha/">Szymon Trocha</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/taejoong-chung/">Taejoong Chung</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/taiji-kimura/">Taiji Kimura</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/talha-paracha/">Talha Paracha</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tan-kean-siong/">Tan Kean Siong</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tan-tin-wee/">Tan Tin Wee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tanya-shreedhar/">Tanya Shreedhar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tashi-phuntsho/">Tashi Phuntsho</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/teav-sovandara/">Teav Sovandara</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/temitope-lawal/">Temitope Lawal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/terry-sweetser/">Terry Sweetser</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/teun-vink/">Teun Vink</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thein-myint-khine/">Thein Myint Khine</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/theo-jepsen/">Theo Jepsen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/theophilus-a-benson/">Theophilus A. Benson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thijs-van-den-hout/">Thijs van den Hout</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thomas-holterbach/">Thomas Holterbach</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thomas-king/">Thomas King</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thomas-koch/">Thomas Koch</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thomas-krenc/">Thomas Krenc</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thomas-liske/">Thomas Liske</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thomas-millar/">Thomas Millar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thomas-patzke/">Thomas Patzke</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thomas-scheffler/">Thomas Scheffler</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thomas-wirtgen/">Thomas Wirtgen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thy-boskovic/">Thy Boskovic</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/thymen-wabeke/">Thymen Wabeke</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tianxiang-dai/">Tianxiang Dai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tim-bruijnzeels/">Tim Bruijnzeels</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tim-chown/">Tim Chown</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tim-fiola/">Tim Fiola</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tim-raphael/">Tim Raphael</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/timm-bottger/">Timm Böttger</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/timo-longin/">Timo Longin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/timothy-winters/">Timothy Winters</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tiong-beng-ng/">Tiong Beng Ng</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tobias-fiebig/">Tobias Fiebig</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/todd-arnold/">Todd Arnold</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tom-barbette/">Tom Barbette</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/tom-carpay/">Tom 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