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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 International perspectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Timeline </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Timeline subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-31_October" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#31_October"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 31 October </div> </a> <ul id="toc-31_October-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evening_and_night" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evening_and_night"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Evening and night </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evening_and_night-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1_November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1_November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 1 November </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1_November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2_November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2_November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 2 November </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2_November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3_November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3_November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 3 November </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3_November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revenge_killings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenge_killings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Revenge killings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenge_killings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Convictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Investigations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Investigations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Investigations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marwah_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marwah_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Marwah Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marwah_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misra_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misra_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Misra Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misra_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kapur_Mittal_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kapur_Mittal_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Kapur Mittal Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kapur_Mittal_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jain_Banerjee_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jain_Banerjee_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Jain Banerjee Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jain_Banerjee_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potti_Rosha_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potti_Rosha_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Potti Rosha Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potti_Rosha_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jain_Aggarwal_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jain_Aggarwal_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Jain Aggarwal Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jain_Aggarwal_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahuja_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahuja_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Ahuja Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahuja_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhillon_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhillon_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Dhillon Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhillon_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narula_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narula_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Narula Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narula_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Nanavati_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nanavati_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 The Nanavati Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nanavati_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Jagdish_Tytler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Jagdish_Tytler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Role of Jagdish Tytler </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Jagdish_Tytler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_civil_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_civil_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 New York civil case </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_civil_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cobrapost_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cobrapost_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.13 Cobrapost operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cobrapost_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Investigation_Team_(Supreme_Court)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Investigation_Team_(Supreme_Court)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.14 Special Investigation Team (Supreme Court) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Investigation_Team_(Supreme_Court)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_as_a_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_as_a_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Recognition as a genocide </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition_as_a_genocide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recognition as a genocide subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition_as_a_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 California </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connecticut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecticut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Connecticut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecticut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ontario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Ontario </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Impact and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1984 anti-Sikh riots</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A8_%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE_1984" title="أعمال الشغب ضد السيخ 1984 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أعمال الشغب ضد السيخ 1984" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AA_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7" title="১৯৮৪ শিখ বিৰোধী সংঘৰ্ষ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="১৯৮৪ শিখ বিৰোধী সংঘৰ্ষ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AA_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="১৯৮৪ শিখ-বিরোধী দাঙ্গা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৯৮৪ শিখ-বিরোধী দাঙ্গা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_antisikh_de_1984_a_Delhi" title="Massacre antisikh de 1984 a Delhi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massacre antisikh de 1984 a Delhi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Sikh-Pogrome_in_Indien_1984" title="Anti-Sikh-Pogrome in Indien 1984 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anti-Sikh-Pogrome in Indien 1984" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_antisij" title="Masacre antisij – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre antisij" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89meutes_anti-sikhs_de_1984" title="Émeutes anti-sikhs de 1984 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émeutes anti-sikhs de 1984" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%81%AC_%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="시크 학살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시크 학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87" title="1984 के सिख-विरोधी दंगे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="1984 के सिख-विरोधी दंगे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerusuhan_anti-Sikh_1984" title="Kerusuhan anti-Sikh 1984 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerusuhan anti-Sikh 1984" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1_(%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AF%E0%B3%AE%E0%B3%AA%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%80_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%86)" title="ಸಿಖ್ ಹತ್ಯಾಕಾಂಡ (೧೯೮೪ರ ಸಿಖ್ ವಿರೋಧೀ ಗಲಭೆ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಖ್ ಹತ್ಯಾಕಾಂಡ (೧೯೮೪ರ ಸಿಖ್ ವಿರೋಧೀ ಗಲಭೆ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82_(1984)" title="സിഖ് വിരുദ്ധ കലാപം (1984) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിഖ് വിരുദ്ധ കലാപം (1984)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="१९८४ शीखविरोधी दंगल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="१९८४ शीखविरोधी दंगल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisikh-oppt%C3%B8yene_i_1984" title="Antisikh-opptøyene i 1984 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antisikh-opptøyene i 1984" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87" title="1984 ਸਿੱਖ ਵਿਰੋਧੀ ਦੰਗੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1984 ਸਿੱਖ ਵਿਰੋਧੀ ਦੰਗੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%92" title="1984 سکھ مخالف دنگے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1984 سکھ مخالف دنگے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_na_sikhach_z_1984_roku" title="Pogrom na sikhach z 1984 roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pogrom na sikhach z 1984 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_dos_siques_em_1984" title="Massacre dos siques em 1984 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre dos siques em 1984" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="सिक्खविरोधिहिंसा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सिक्खविरोधिहिंसा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%91%E1%B1%99%E1%B1%98%E1%B1%94_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE" title="᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚᱸᱜᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚᱸᱜᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1984 anti-Sikh riots" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="1984 ஆம் ஆண்டு சீக்கியர்களுக்கு எதிரான வன்முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1984 ஆம் ஆண்டு சீக்கியர்களுக்கு எதிரான வன்முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="1984 సిక్ఖు వ్యతిరేక అల్లర్లు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1984 సిక్ఖు వ్యతిరేక అల్లర్లు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="1984ء کے سکھ مخالف فسادات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1984ء کے سکھ مخالف فسادات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%8D%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="1984年反锡克教骚乱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1984年反锡克教骚乱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3504310#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1984_anti-Sikh_riots&params=30.77_N_75.47_E_">30°46′N 75°28′E / 30.77°N 75.47°E / 30.77; 75.47</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of organised pogroms in India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1984 anti-Sikh riots</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">Insurgency in Punjab, India</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_man_surrounded_1984_pogroms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Sikh_man_surrounded_1984_pogroms.jpg/300px-Sikh_man_surrounded_1984_pogroms.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/ca/Sikh_man_surrounded_1984_pogroms.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="257" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Sikh man surrounded and beaten by a mob</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">31 October – 3 November 1984; 40 years ago (1984-11-03)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a><a href="#cite_note-Brass-1">[1]</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1984_anti-Sikh_riots&params=30.77_N_75.47_E_">30°46′N 75°28′E / 30.77°N 75.47°E / 30.77; 75.47</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">Assassination of Indira Gandhi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass rape">mass rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Plundering">plundering</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brass-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acid_throwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid throwing">acid throwing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tribune_phoolka-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">immolation</a><a href="#cite_note-SAGE-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/23px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/35px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/45px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a><a href="#cite_note-2009BBCremember-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nanavati-6">[6]</a> </li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nishan_Sahib.svg/23px-Nishan_Sahib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nishan_Sahib.svg/35px-Nishan_Sahib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nishan_Sahib.svg/46px-Nishan_Sahib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="418" /> <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3,350 (Indian government figure)<a href="#cite_note-TheWire.in-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ndtv.com-8">[8]</a> 8,000–17,000 Sikhs (other estimates)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:1984_anti-Sikh_riots#Figures" title="Talk:1984 anti-Sikh riots">discuss</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SAGE-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-9">[9]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The 1984 anti-Sikh riots, also known as the 1984 Sikh massacre, was a series of organised <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassination of Indira Gandhi</a> by her Sikh bodyguards.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-toiprog-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediffprog-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-2009BBCremember-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ensaaf-14">[14]</a> Government estimates project that about 2,800 Sikhs were killed in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a><a href="#cite_note-2009BBCremember-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nanavati-6">[6]</a> and 3,350 nationwide,<a href="#cite_note-TheWire.in-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ndtv.com-8">[8]</a> whilst other sources estimate the number of deaths at about 8,000–17,000.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:1984_anti-Sikh_riots#Figures" title="Talk:1984 anti-Sikh riots">discuss</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SAGE-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The assassination of Indira Gandhi itself had taken place after she had ordered <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>, a military action to secure the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>, a Sikh temple complex in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, in June 1984.<a href="#cite_note-bbconthisday-17">[17]</a> The operation had resulted in a deadly battle with armed Sikh groups who were demanding <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">greater rights and autonomy</a> for Punjab and the deaths of many pilgrims. Sikhs worldwide had criticized the army action and many saw it as an assault on their religion and identity.<a href="#cite_note-david-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the aftermath of the pogroms, the government reported that 20,000 had fled the city; the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a> reported "at least" 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Displaced_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced person">displaced persons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mukhoty_1984-21">[21]</a> The most-affected regions were the Sikh neighborhoods of Delhi. <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> organizations and newspapers across India believed that the massacre was organized.<a href="#cite_note-2009BBCremember-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBN23April-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swadesh_Bahadur_Singh_1996-23">[23]</a> The collusion of political officials connected to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in the violence and judicial failure to penalize the perpetrators alienated Sikhs and increased support for the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Watch/Asia(US)1994-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>'s governing body, considers the killings a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HT2010-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that the Government of India had "yet to prosecute those responsible for the mass killings".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">2011 WikiLeaks cable leaks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was convinced of the Indian National Congress's complicity in the riots and called it "opportunism" and "hatred" by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Congress government</a>, of Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Although the U.S. has not identified the riots as genocide, it acknowledged that "<a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">grave human rights violations</a>" occurred.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 2011, the burned sites of multiple Sikh killings from 1984, were discovered in Hondh-Chillar and Pataudi areas of Haryana.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a> believes that the violence was organised with support from the Delhi police and some central-government officials.<a href="#cite_note-IBN23April-22">[22]</a> After 34 years of delay, in December 2018, the first high-profile conviction for the 1984 anti-Sikh riots took place with the arrest of Congress leader <a href="/wiki/Sajjan_Kumar" title="Sajjan Kumar">Sajjan Kumar</a>, who was sentenced to life imprisonment by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-32">[32]</a> Very few convictions have taken place in the pending 1984 cases, with only one death penalty conviction for an accused, Yashpal in the case of murdering Sikhs in the <a href="/wiki/Mahipalpur" title="Mahipalpur">Mahipalpur</a> area of Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-tribuneindia.com-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.in-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-35">[35]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Sikhs" title="Category:Persecution of Sikhs">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FF3800;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Sikhs">Persecution of Sikhs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rawalpindi_massacres_Thamali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rawalpindi_massacres_Thamali.jpg/150px-Rawalpindi_massacres_Thamali.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rawalpindi_massacres_Thamali.jpg/225px-Rawalpindi_massacres_Thamali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rawalpindi_massacres_Thamali.jpg/300px-Rawalpindi_massacres_Thamali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1030" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-top:0.6em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">Sikh</a> history</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF3800;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Punjab,_India" title="Human rights abuses in Punjab, India">Human rights abuses in Punjab, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rasta_Roko_Morcha" title="Rasta Roko Morcha">Rasta Roko Morcha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_killing#Punjab" title="Encounter killing">False encounters</a></li></ul> Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coerced_religious_conversion_in_Pakistan" title="Coerced religious conversion in Pakistan">Coerced religious conversion in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan#Sikhs" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Religious discrimination in Pakistan</a></li></ul> Afghanistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan#21st_century" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Ethnic cleansing of Sikhs in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF3800;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardarji_joke" title="Sardarji joke">Sardarji joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_v_Commission_scolaire_Marguerite%E2%80%91Bourgeoys" title="Multani v Commission scolaire Marguerite‑Bourgeoys">Quebec Kirpan ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_respecting_the_laicity_of_the_State" title="Act respecting the laicity of the State">Quebec Bill 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools" title="French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools">French ban on religious symbols in school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar#Conflicts_with_civil_law" title="Dastar">Turban bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment_in_Canada" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment in Canada">Anti-Sikh sentiment in Canada</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF3800;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Incidents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan#Death" title="Guru Arjan">Execution of Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur#Execution" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_Sirhind" title="Saka Sirhind">Saka Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Taru_Singh" title="Bhai Taru Singh">Execution of Bhai Taru Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhota_Ghallughara" title="Chhota Ghallughara">Chhota Ghallughara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadda_Ghalughara" title="Vadda Ghalughara">Vadda Ghalughara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_Nankana" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka Nankana">Saka Nankana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawalpindi massacres">Rape of Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Jammu_massacres#Violence_against_Hindus_and_Sikhs_in_Rajouri_and_Mirpur" title="1947 Jammu massacres">1947 Rajouri and Mirpur massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Kamoke_train_massacre" title="1947 Kamoke train massacre">1947 Kamoke train massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Gujrat_train_massacre" title="1948 Gujrat train massacre">1948 Gujrat train massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Reference_Library#Destruction" title="Sikh Reference Library">Destruction of the Sikh Reference Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="1984 anti-Sikh pogroms">1984 anti-Sikh pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hondh-Chillar_massacre" title="Hondh-Chillar massacre">Hondh-Chillar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhwinder_Singh_Bhatti#Disappearance" title="Sukhwinder Singh Bhatti">Disappearance of Sukhwinder Singh Bhatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh_Khalra#Death" title="Jaswant Singh Khalra">Killing of Jaswant Singh Khalra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Chittisinghpura_massacre" title="2000 Chittisinghpura massacre">2000 Chittisinghpura massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks#Backlash_and_hate_crimes" title="Aftermath of the September 11 attacks">Hate crimes in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Balbir_Singh_Sodhi" title="Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi">Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehjoor_Nagar_Sikh_massacre" title="Mehjoor Nagar Sikh massacre">Mehjoor Nagar Sikh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Sikh_beheadings_by_the_Taliban" title="2010 Sikh beheadings by the Taliban">2010 Sikh beheadings by the Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Sikh_temple_shooting" title="Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting">Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jagtar_Singh_Johal" title="Arrest of Jagtar Singh Johal">Arrest of Jagtar Singh Johal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing">July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_gurdwara_attack" title="Kabul gurdwara attack">Kabul gurdwara attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardeep_Singh_Nijjar" title="Hardeep Singh Nijjar">Assassination of Hardeep Singh Nijjar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Persecution_of_Sikhs" title="Template:Persecution of Sikhs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persecution_of_Sikhs" title="Template talk:Persecution of Sikhs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persecution_of_Sikhs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persecution of Sikhs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">Punjab insurgency</a></div> In the 1972 Punjab state elections, Congress won and <a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> was defeated. In 1973, Akali Dal put forward the <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib_Resolution" title="Anandpur Sahib Resolution">Anandpur Sahib Resolution</a> to demand more autonomy to Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> It demanded that power be generally devolved from the Central to state governments.<a href="#cite_note-Jayanta484-37">[37]</a> The Congress government considered the resolution a secessionist document and rejected it.<a href="#cite_note-Giorgio2008-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a>, a prominent Sikh leader of <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a>, then joined the Akali Dal to launch the <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a> in 1982 to implement the Anandpur Sahib resolution. Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandpur Resolution">Anandpur Resolution</a> passed.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Others demanded an autonomous state in India, based on the <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib_Resolution" title="Anandpur Sahib Resolution">Anandpur Sahib Resolution</a>. As high-handed police methods were used on protesters during the <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a>, creating state repression affecting a very large segment of Punjab's population, retaliatory violence came from a section of the Sikh population, widening the scope of the conflict by the use of violence of the state on its own people, creating fresh motives for Sikh youth to turn to insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-karim-40">[40]</a>: 32–33  The concept of a separate Sikh state (the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a>) was still vague even while the complex was fortified under the influence of former Sikh army officials alienated by government actions who now advised Bhindranwale, Major General Shabeg Singh and retired Major General and Brigadier Mohinder Singh, and at that point the concept was still not directly connected with the movement he headed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim199132–33-41">[41]</a> In other parts of Punjab, a "state of chaos and repressive police methods" combined to create "a mood of overwhelming anger and resentment in the Sikh masses against the authorities," making Bhindranwale even more popular, and demands of independence gain currency, even amongst moderates and Sikh intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim199132–33-41">[41]</a> By 1983, the situation in Punjab was volatile. In October, Sikh militants stopped a bus and shot six Hindu passengers. On the same day, another group killed two officials on a train.<a href="#cite_note-Robert2008-42">[42]</a>: 174  The Congress-led central government <a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">dismissed</a> the Punjab state government (led by their party), invoking the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">president's rule</a>. During the five months before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>, from 1 January to 3 June 1984, 298 people were killed in violent incidents across Punjab. In the five days preceding the operation, 48 people were killed by violence.<a href="#cite_note-Robert2008-42">[42]</a>: 175  According to government estimates, the number of civilians, police, and militants killed was 27 in 1981, 22 in 1982, and 99 in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-ArtRichardson2007-43">[43]</a> By June 1984, the total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.<a href="#cite_note-ms_casualty_terror-44">[44]</a> On 1 June, Operation Blue Star was launched to remove Bhindranwale and armed militants from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> complex.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On 6 June Bhindranwale died in the operation. Casualty figures for the Army were 83 dead and 249 injured.<a href="#cite_note-tribune-army-46">[46]</a> According to the official estimate presented by the Indian government, 1592 were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-WhitePaper1984-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Later operations</a> by Indian paramilitary forces were conducted to clear the separatists from the state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Charny1999-48">[48]</a> The operation carried out in the temple caused outrage among the Sikhs and increased the support for Sikh separatism.<a href="#cite_note-Jayanta484-37">[37]</a> Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassinated</a> by her two Sikh bodyguards, <a href="/wiki/Satwant_Singh" title="Satwant Singh">Satwant Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(assassin)" title="Beant Singh (assassin)">Beant Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dnaindia.com-49">[49]</a> One of <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(assassin)" title="Beant Singh (assassin)">the assassins</a> was fatally shot by Gandhi's other bodyguards while <a href="/wiki/Satwant_Singh" title="Satwant Singh">the other</a> was convicted of Gandhi's murder and then executed. Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the killings of Sikhs in the ensuing 1984 anti-Sikh riots.<a href="#cite_note-Singh_2008_45-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geo-political_context">Geo-political context</h2></div> Before British colonisation, Punjab was a region dominated by Sikh states known as <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">Misls</a>, which were later unified into the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> by Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> in 1849, the Sikh Empire was dissolved, leading to its integration into the British province of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>. This period saw the emergence of religio-nationalist movements as a response to British administrative policies and socio-political changes. The concept of a Sikh homeland, Khalistan, emerged in the 1930s as the British Empire began to dissolve. This idea gained momentum in response to the Muslim League's demand for a Muslim state, with the Sikhs viewing it as an encroachment on historically Sikh territory. The Akali Dal, a Sikh political party, envisioned Khalistan as a theocratic state, comprising parts of what is today Punjab in both India and Pakistan. Post-independence, the Akali Dal led the Punjabi Suba movement, advocating for the creation of a Punjabi-majority state within India. The movement's demands ranged from autonomous statehood within India to a fully sovereign state (Khalistan). Initially, the Indian government resisted these demands, wary of creating another state based on religious grounds. By the late 1970s and 1980s, the Khalistan movement began to militarize, marked by a shift in Sikh nationalism and the rise of armed militancy. This period, especially leading up to and following Operation Blue Star in 1984, saw increased Sikh militancy as a response to perceived injustices and political marginalization.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence">Violence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hondh-Chillar_massacre" title="Hondh-Chillar massacre">Hondh-Chillar massacre</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassination of Indira Gandhi</a> on 31 October 1984 by two of her Sikh bodyguards, anti-Sikh riots erupted the following day. They continued in some areas for several days, in which 3,000-17,000 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-SAGE-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-2009BBCremember-5">[5]</a> At least 50,000 Sikhs were displaced.<a href="#cite_note-SAGE-4">[4]</a> Sultanpuri, <a href="/wiki/Mangol_Puri_(Delhi_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangol Puri (Delhi Assembly constituency)">Mangolpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trilokpuri_(Delhi_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilokpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)">Trilokpuri</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/East_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="East Delhi">Trans-Yamuna</a> areas of Delhi were the worst affected. Perpetrators carried iron rods, knives, clubs, and combustible material (including kerosene and petrol). They entered Sikh neighbourhoods, killing Sikhs indiscriminately and destroying shops and houses. Armed mobs stopped buses and trains in and near Delhi, pulling off Sikh passengers for lynching; some were burnt alive. Others were dragged from their homes and hacked to death, and Sikh women were reportedly gang-raped and Sikhs also had acid thrown on them.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-tribune_phoolka-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Such wide-scale violence cannot take place without police help. Delhi Police, whose paramount duty was to upkeep law and order situation and protect innocent lives, gave full help to rioters who were in fact working under able guidance of sycophant leaders like <a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Tytler" title="Jagdish Tytler">Jagdish Tytler</a> and <a href="/wiki/H_K_L_Bhagat" class="mw-redirect" title="H K L Bhagat">H K L Bhagat</a>. It is a known fact that many jails, sub-jails and lock-ups were opened for three days and prisoners, for the most part hardened criminals, were provided fullest provisions, means and instruction to "teach the Sikhs a lesson". But it will be wrong to say that Delhi Police did nothing, for it took full and keen action against Sikhs who tried to defend themselves. The Sikhs who opened fire to save their lives and property had to spend months dragging heels in courts after-wards.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jagmohan Singh Khurmi, <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</cite></div></blockquote> The grief, trauma, and survival of Sikh victims and witnesses is an important human perspective missing in much factual coverage of the riots. In interviews with Manoj Mitta and H.S. Phoolka for their book "When a Tree Shook Delhi," survivors recount harrowing tales of watching loved ones burned alive, raped, and dismembered. One Hindu woman describes her family sheltering over 70 Sikhs from murderous mobs who were targeting Sikh homes marked with an "S."Ensaaf's 2006 report "Twenty years of impunity" contains dozens of eyewitness statements accusing police and government officials of enabling and even participating in the violence. Personal stories help convey the true horrors endured by the Sikh community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">tone</a>] The riots have also been described as pogroms,<a href="#cite_note-toiprog-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediffprog-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> massacres<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> or genocide.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meetings_and_weapons_distribution">Meetings and weapons distribution</h3></div> On 31 October, a crowd around the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</a> began shouting vengeance slogans such as "Blood for blood!" and became an unruly mob. At 17:20, President <a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a> arrived at the hospital and the mob stoned his car. The mob began assaulting Sikhs, stopping cars and buses to pull Sikhs out and burn them.<a href="#cite_note-Ensaaf-14">[14]</a> The violence on 31 October, restricted to the area around the AIIMS, resulted in many Sikh deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Ensaaf-14">[14]</a> Residents of other parts of Delhi reported that their neighbourhoods were peaceful. During the night of 31 October and the morning of 1 November, Congress Party leaders met with local supporters to distribute money and weapons. Congress <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)" title="Member of Parliament (India)">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Sajjan_Kumar" title="Sajjan Kumar">Sajjan Kumar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_India" title="Trade unions in India">trade-union</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Lalit_Maken" title="Lalit Maken">Lalit Maken</a> handed out <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>100 notes and bottles of liquor to the assailants.<a href="#cite_note-Ensaaf-14">[14]</a> On the morning of 1 November, <a href="/wiki/Sajjan_Kumar" title="Sajjan Kumar">Sajjan Kumar</a> was observed holding rallies in the Delhi neighbourhoods of Palam Colony (from 06:30 to 07:00), Kiran Gardens (08:00 to 08:30), and Sultanpuri (about 08:30 to 09:00).<a href="#cite_note-Ensaaf-14">[14]</a> In Kiran Gardens at 8:00 am, Kumar was observed distributing iron rods from a parked truck to a group of 120 people and ordering them to "attack Sikhs, kill them, and loot and burn their properties".<a href="#cite_note-Ensaaf-14">[14]</a> During the morning he led a mob along the <a href="/wiki/Palam" title="Palam">Palam</a> railway road to Mangolpuri, where the crowd chanted: "Kill the <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sardars</a>" and "Indira Gandhi is our mother and these people have killed her".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In Sultanpuri, Moti Singh (a Sikh Congress Party member for 20 years) heard Kumar make the following speech: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Whoever kills the sons of the snakes, I will reward them. Whoever kills Roshan Singh and Bagh Singh will get 5,000 rupees each and 1,000 rupees each for killing any other Sikhs. You can collect these prizes on 3 November from my personal assistant Jai Chand Jamadar.<a href="#cite_note-60">[note 1]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a> told the court that during the riot, Kumar said that "not a single Sikh should survive".<a href="#cite_note-IBN23April-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The bureau accused <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Police" title="Delhi Police">Delhi Police</a> of keeping its "eyes closed" during the riot, which was planned.<a href="#cite_note-IBN23April-22">[22]</a> In the Shakarpur neighbourhood, Congress Party leader Shyam Tyagi's home was used as a meeting place for an undetermined number of people.<a href="#cite_note-ensaaf-org.jklaw.net-59">[59]</a> According to a local Hindu witness, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Minister of Information and Broadcasting</a> <a href="/wiki/H._K._L._Bhagat" title="H. K. L. Bhagat">H. K. L. Bhagat</a>, gave money to Boop Tyagi (Tyagi's brother), saying: "Keep these two thousand rupees for liquor and do as I have told you ... You need not worry at all. I will look after everything."<a href="#cite_note-ensaaf-org.jklaw.net-59">[59]</a> During the night of 31 October, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balwan_Khokhar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balwan Khokhar (page does not exist)">Balwan Khokhar</a> (a local Congress Party leader who was implicated in the massacre) held a meeting at Pandit Harkesh's <a href="/wiki/Public_distribution_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Public distribution system">ration shop</a> in Palam.<a href="#cite_note-ensaaf-org.jklaw.net-59">[59]</a> Congress Party supporter Shankar Lal Sharma held a meeting, where he assembled a mob which swore to kill Sikhs, in his shop at 08:30 on 1 November.<a href="#cite_note-ensaaf-org.jklaw.net-59">[59]</a> Kerosene, the primary mob weapon, was supplied by a group of Congress Party leaders who owned filling stations.<a href="#cite_note-http-62">[61]</a> In Sultanpuri, Congress Party A-4 <a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)#India" title="Block (district subdivision)">block</a> president Brahmanand Gupta distributed oil while Sajjan Kumar "instructed the crowd to kill Sikhs, and to loot and burn their properties" (as he had done at other meetings throughout New Delhi).<a href="#cite_note-http-62">[61]</a> Similar meetings were held at locations such as Cooperative Colony in Bokaro, where local Congress president and gas-station owner P. K. Tripathi distributed kerosene to mobs.<a href="#cite_note-http-62">[61]</a> Aseem Shrivastava, a graduate student at the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_School_of_Economics" title="Delhi School of Economics">Delhi School of Economics</a>, described the mobs' organised nature in an affidavit submitted to the <a href="#Misra_Commission">Misra Commission</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The attack on Sikhs and their property in our locality appeared to be an extremely organized affair ... There were also some young men on motorcycles, who were instructing the mobs and supplying them with kerosene oil from time to time. On more than a few occasions we saw auto-rickshaw arriving with several tins of kerosene oil and other inflammable material, such as jute sacks.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></blockquote> A senior official at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (India)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a> told journalist Ivan Fera that an arson investigation of several businesses burned in the riots had found an unnamed combustible chemical "whose provision required large-scale coordination".<a href="#cite_note-Fera-64">[63]</a> Eyewitness reports confirmed the use of a combustible chemical in addition to kerosene.<a href="#cite_note-Fera-64">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sikh_Gurdwara_Management_Committee" title="Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee">Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee</a> later cited 70 affidavits noting the use of a highly-flammable chemical in its written reports to the Misra Commission.<a href="#cite_note-http-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_Party_voter-list_use">Congress Party voter-list use</h3></div> On 31 October, Congress Party officials provided assailants with <a href="/wiki/Voter_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter list">voter lists</a>, school registration forms, and <a href="/wiki/Public_Distribution_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Distribution System">ration lists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Citizens_for_Democracy-65">[64]</a> The lists were used to find Sikh homes and business, an otherwise-impossible task because they were in unmarked, diverse neighbourhoods. During the night of 31 October, before the massacres began, assailants used the lists to mark Sikh houses with an "S".<a href="#cite_note-Citizens_for_Democracy-65">[64]</a> Because most mob members were illiterate, Congress Party officials provided help reading the lists and leading the mobs to Sikh homes and businesses in other neighbourhoods.<a href="#cite_note-http-62">[61]</a> With the lists, the mobs could pinpoint the location of Sikhs they otherwise would have missed.<a href="#cite_note-http-62">[61]</a> Sikh men not at home were easily identified by their turbans and beards, and Sikh women were identified by their dress. In some cases, the mobs returned to locations where they knew Sikhs were hiding because of the lists. Amar Singh escaped the initial attack on his house by having a Hindu neighbour drag him into the neighbour's house and announce that he was dead. A group of 18 assailants later came looking for his body; when his neighbour said that his body had been taken away, an assailant showed him a list and said: "Look, Amar Singh's name has not been struck off from the list, so his body has not been taken away."<a href="#cite_note-http-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_perspectives">International perspectives</h2></div> Organizations like ENSAAF, a Sikh rights group, have documented the involvement of senior political leaders, notably from the Congress Party, in orchestrating the violence. These organizations have provided detailed accounts of how the violence was not spontaneous but organized, with state machinery used to facilitate the massacres, including using government buses to transport mobs to Sikh localities.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Over the years, at least ten different commissions and committees were appointed by the Indian government to investigate the violence. These commissions faced criticism for a lack of transparency and effectiveness. The Misra Commission, for instance, was criticized for its in-camera proceedings and failure to allow victims' lawyers to attend or examine witnesses. Other commissions, such as the Kapoor-Mittal and Jain-Banerjee committees, recommended actions against police officers and politicians, but these recommendations were often not fully acted upon.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The response within India was marked by a call for justice from various quarters, including victims and activists. The Indian government's formation of Special Investigation Teams (SITs) and the extension of their mandates were seen as efforts to address the issue, though some viewed these measures as inadequate. There has been a persistent demand for accountability and justice for the victims and survivors of the riots.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="Special:EditPage/1984 anti-Sikh riots">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="31_October">31 October</h3></div> <ul><li>09:20: Indira Gandhi is shot by two of her Sikh security guards at her residence, and is rushed to the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</a> (AIIMS).</li> <li>10:50: Gandhi dies.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></li> <li>11:00: <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> reports that the guards who shot Gandhi were Sikhs.</li> <li>16:00: <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> returns from <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> to the AIIMS, where isolated attacks occur.</li> <li>17:30: The motorcade of President <a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a>, returning from a foreign visit, is stoned as it approaches the AIIMS. A bodyguard's turban is ripped off.<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evening_and_night">Evening and night</h4></div> <ul><li>Organized, equipped gangs spread out from the AIIMS.</li> <li>Attacks are planned in a meeting at the home of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Minister of Information and Broadcasting</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[70]</a></li> <li>Violence towards Sikhs and destruction of Sikh property spreads.</li> <li>The "Seek blood for blood" statement is aired on state-controlled airwaves.<a href="#cite_note-:1-72">[71]</a></li> <li>Rajiv Gandhi is sworn in as Prime Minister.</li> <li>Senior advocate and <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ram_Jethmalani" title="Ram Jethmalani">Ram Jethmalani</a> meets Home Minister <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> and urges him to take immediate steps to protect Sikhs from further attacks.</li> <li>At night, homes of Sikh are identified by surveyors. They use lists to find homes, marking homes of Sikhs with an S.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li> <li>At around 9 p.m. an elderly Sikh man is the first to be killed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-72">[71]</a></li> <li>Delhi lieutenant governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._Gavai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. G. Gavai (page does not exist)">P. G. Gavai</a> and police commissioner <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._C._Tandon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. C. Tandon (page does not exist)">S. C. Tandon</a> visit the affected areas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1_November">1 November</h3></div> <ul><li>Early in the morning organised mobs are transported outside of Delhi on buses and begin attacking Sikh neighbourhoods. They are equipped with firearms, knives, iron rods, clubs, and <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></li> <li>In the morning, <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwaras</a> are attacked and burned.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></li> <li>At 7:00 a.m. mobs in <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a> vandalise Sikh shops and loot Sikh homes. Local Congress leaders soon begin to lead mobs. Rapes and killings begin and continue till 4 November.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></li> <li>In the morning, mobs roam the <a href="/wiki/Trilokpuri_Assembly_constituency" title="Trilokpuri Assembly constituency">Trilokpuri colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="East Delhi">East Delhi</a>. In two narrow alleys of the colony, hundreds of Sikhs were "butchered" throughout the day. The killings continued for multiple days. According to an eyewitness, Sikhs were able to fend off some of the mobs. Police forces then came and stripped Sikhs of their weapons, and blocked all exit points. This left the Sikhs defenceless and vulnerable to the mobs.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></li> <li>In Trilokpuri colony: A father and his two sons were beaten and burned alive by a gang. The gang entered their home where a woman and her youngest son were found. She was stripped and raped by boys in front of her son. The woman tried to flee with her son after the rape, but the son was caught by a mob that beat him and burned him alive. The woman was also beaten and suffered multiple knife wounds and a broken arm.<a href="#cite_note-:3-78">[77]</a></li> <li>In Trilokpuri colony: Women were grouped together and were dragged one by one to a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> where they would be gang raped. According to one girl, she was raped by 15 men.<a href="#cite_note-:3-78">[77]</a></li> <li>In Trilokpuri colony: 30 women are abducted and held in Chilla near Delhi. Some of the women were released on 3 November while the fate of the remaining women is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-:3-78">[77]</a></li> <li>09:00: Armed mobs take over the streets in Delhi. <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwaras</a> are among the first targets. The worst-affected areas are low-income neighbourhoods such as Inderlok (erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Trilokpuri_Assembly_constituency" title="Trilokpuri Assembly constituency">Trilokpuri</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shahdara_district" title="Shahdara district">Shahdara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geeta_Colony_Assembly_constituency" title="Geeta Colony Assembly constituency">Geeta Colony</a>, Mongolpuri, Sultanpuri and <a href="/wiki/Palam" title="Palam">Palam</a> Colony. Areas with prompt police intervention, such as Farsh Bazar and <a href="/wiki/Karol_Bagh" title="Karol Bagh">Karol Bagh</a>, see few killings and little major violence.</li> <li>According to an eyewitness in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, in the morning large crowds armed with weapons raised anti-Sikh chants and attacked the homes of Sikh. They broke into the eyewitnesses home and dragged out her parents and three brothers. They were each "butchered" as she watched helplessly.<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[78]</a></li> <li>At 6 PM a mob under the guidance of Congress leader <a href="/wiki/Lalit_Maken" title="Lalit Maken">Lalit Maken</a> set fire to <a href="/wiki/Pataudi" title="Pataudi">Pataudi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> which created a panic in the city. As the armed mob rampaged through the town and set fire to Sikh homes in the city, one group of Sikhs escaped to the outskirts while another found shelter in a local <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tehelka1984-80">[79]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2_November">2 November</h3></div> <ul><li>Trains arrive in Delhi with dead bodies of Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></li> <li>17 Sikhs were burned alive in <a href="/wiki/Pataudi" title="Pataudi">Pataudi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[78]</a></li> <li>In Pataudi, two teenage Sikh women were dragged in the middle of a street where they were stripped naked. They were beaten and urinated on. They were finally burned alive.<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[78]</a></li> <li>500 armed men were allegedly transported in trucks to <a href="/wiki/Hondh-Chillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hondh-Chillar">Hondh-Chillar</a>. They yelled anti Sikh slogans before burning Sikhs alive in their homes and gang raping women.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></li> <li>A curfew is announced in Delhi, but is not enforced. Although the army is deployed throughout the city, the police did not co-operate with soldiers (who are forbidden to fire without the consent of senior police officers and executive magistrates).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3_November">3 November</h3></div> <ul><li>By late evening, army and local police units work together to subdue the violence. After law-enforcement intervention, violence is comparatively mild and sporadic. In Delhi, the bodies of riot victims are brought to the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</a> and the Civil Hospital mortuary in Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> The Delhi High Court, delivering its verdict on a riot-related case in 2009, said:<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Though we boast of being the world's largest democracy and the Delhi being its national capital, the sheer mention of the incidents of 1984 anti-Sikh riots in general and the role played by Delhi Police and state machinery in particular makes our heads hang in shame in the eyes of the world polity.</blockquote> The government allegedly destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Age">Asian Age</a>, an Indian daily newspaper, ran a front-page story calling the government actions "the mother of all cover-ups".<a href="#cite_note-coverup-1-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> From 31 October 1984 to 10 November 1984 the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Democratic_Rights" title="People's Union for Democratic Rights">People's Union for Democratic Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a> conducted an inquiry into the riots, interviewing victims, police officers, neighbours of the victims, army personnel and political leaders. In their joint report, "<a href="/wiki/Who_Are_The_Guilty" title="Who Are The Guilty">Who Are The Guilty</a>", the groups concluded: <blockquote> The attacks on members of the Sikh Community in Delhi and its suburbs during the period, far from being a spontaneous expression of "madness" and of popular "grief and anger" at Mrs. Gandhi's assassination as made out to be by the authorities, were the outcome of a well organised plan marked by acts of both deliberate commissions and omissions by important politicians of the Congress (I) at the top and by authorities in the administration.<a href="#cite_note-Mukhoty_1984-21">[21]</a> </blockquote> According to eyewitness accounts obtained by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Police,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Police, Delhi">Delhi police</a> looked on as "rioters murdered and raped, having gotten access to voter records that allowed them to mark Sikh homes with large Xs, and large mobs being bused in to large Sikh settlements".<a href="#cite_note-Mridu_Khullar-87">[86]</a> Time reported that the riots led to only minor arrests, with no major politicians or police officers convicted. The magazine quoted Ensaaf,<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> an Indian human-rights organisation, as saying that the government attempted to destroy evidence of its involvement by refusing to record <a href="/wiki/First_Information_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="First Information Report">First Information Reports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mridu_Khullar-87">[86]</a> A 1991 Human Rights Watch report on violence between <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh separatists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> traced part of the problem to government response to the violence: <blockquote>Despite numerous credible eye-witness accounts that identified many of those involved in the violence, including police and politicians, in the months following the killings, the government sought no prosecutions or indictments of any persons, including officials, accused in any case of murder, rape or arson.<a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Gossman_1991-89">[88]</a></blockquote> The violence was allegedly led (and often perpetrated) by Indian National Congress activists and sympathizers. The Congress-led government was widely criticised for doing little at the time and possibly conspiring in the riots, since voter lists were used to identify Sikh families.<a href="#cite_note-Swadesh_Bahadur_Singh_1996-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS) and <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janta_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Janta Party">Bharatiya Janta Party</a> (BJP) members also allegedly participated in the violence.<a href="#cite_note-Jaijee-90">[89]</a> The riots catalyzed lasting political and social changes among India's Sikhs. With the government failing to protect them, many Sikhs felt betrayed and marginalized, providing momentum to the Khalistan separatist movement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenge_killings">Revenge killings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Arjun_Dass" title="Assassination of Arjun Dass">Assassination of Arjun Dass</a></div> On 31 July 1985, <a href="/wiki/Harjinder_Singh_Jinda" title="Harjinder Singh Jinda">Harjinder Singh Jinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Sukha" title="Sukhdev Singh Sukha">Sukhdev Singh Sukha</a> and Ranjit Singh Gill of the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Commando_Force" title="Khalistan Commando Force">Khalistan Commando Force</a> assassinated Congress Party leader and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">Member of Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Lalit_Maken" title="Lalit Maken">Lalit Maken</a> in retaliation for the riots. The 31-page report, "Who Are The Guilty?", listed 227 people who led the mobs; Maken was third on the list.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> On 5 September 1985, Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha assassinated <a href="/wiki/Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (I)">Congress (I)</a> leader and member of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Metropolitan_Council" title="Delhi Metropolitan Council">Delhi Metropolitan Council</a> Arjan Dass because of his involvement in the riots. Dass appeared in affidavits submitted by Sikh victims to the <a href="/wiki/Nanavati_Commission" title="Nanavati Commission">Nanavati Commission</a>, headed by retired <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> judge <a href="/wiki/G._T._Nanavati" title="G. T. Nanavati">G. T. Nanavati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> On 8 April 1988, <a href="/wiki/Vilayati_Ram_Katyal" title="Vilayati Ram Katyal">Vilayati Ram Kaytal</a> a Congress <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLA</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> was assassinated over his involvement in the riots. He allegedly led mobs.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> On 19 December 1991, Sikh militants killed 14 people. Among the 14 was Lala Ram. Ram was a Hindu militant who had been accused of inciting violence in the riots.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_Liberation_Force" title="Khalistan Liberation Force">Khalistan Liberation Force</a> members killed Dr. Budh Parkash Kashyap over his involvement in the riots.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convictions">Convictions</h3></div> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Delhi">Delhi Chief Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Khurana" title="Madan Lal Khurana">Madan Lal Khurana</a> said 46 persons have been prosecuted for their role in the riots.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In Delhi, 442 rioters were convicted as of 2012. Forty-nine were sentenced to the <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>, and another three to more than 10 years' imprisonment. Six Delhi police officers were sanctioned for negligence during the riots.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In April 2013, the Supreme Court of India dismissed the appeal of three people who had challenged their life sentences.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> That month, the Karkardooma district court in Delhi convicted five people – Balwan Khokkar (former councillor), Mahender Yadav (former <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLA</a>), Kishan Khokkar, Girdhari Lal and Captain Bhagmal – for inciting a mob against Sikhs in <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Cantonment" title="Delhi Cantonment">Delhi Cantonment</a>. The court acquitted Congress leader <a href="/wiki/Sajjan_Kumar" title="Sajjan Kumar">Sajjan Kumar</a>, which led to protests.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In the first ever case of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_India" title="Capital punishment in India">capital punishment</a> in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots case death sentence was awarded to Yashpal Singh convicted for murdering two persons, 24-year-old Hardev Singh and 26-year-old Avtar Singh, in Mahipal Pur area of Delhi on 1 November 1984. Additional Sessions Judge Ajay Pandey pronounced the Judgement on 20 November 34 years after the crime was committed. The second convict in the case, Naresh Sehrawat was awarded life imprisonment. The Court considered the failing health of 68-year-old Sehrawat while giving him a lighter sentence. The conviction followed a complaint by the deceased Hardev Singh's elder brother Santokh Singh. Though an FIR was filed on the same day of the crime nothing came of the case as a Congress leader, JP Singh, who led the mob was acquitted in the case. A fresh FIR was filed on 29 April 1993, following recommendations of the Ranganath Commission of inquiry. The police closed the matter as untraced despite witness testimonies of the deceased's four brothers who were witness to the crime. The case was reopened by the Special Investigation Team constituted by the BJP-led NDA government on 12 February 2015. The SIT completed the investigation in record time.<a href="#cite_note-tribuneindia.com-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.in-34">[34]</a> The first conviction resulting from the formation of the SIT came on 15 November 2018, by the conviction of Naresh Sehrawat and Yashpal Singh.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-35">[35]</a> In December 2018, in one of the first high-profile convictions, former Congress leader <a href="/wiki/Sajjan_Kumar" title="Sajjan Kumar">Sajjan Kumar</a> was sentenced to life imprisonment by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a> based on the re-opened investigation by the Special Investigation Team constituted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">NDA</a> government in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-auto-32">[32]</a> On 20 September 2023, Kumar was acquitted over one case of murder in the riot.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_2023_q997-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigations">Investigations</h2></div> Ten commissions or committees have been formed to investigate the riots. The most recent, headed by Justice G. T. Nanavati, submitted its 185-page report to <a href="/wiki/Home_Minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Minister of India">Home Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Shivraj_Patil" title="Shivraj Patil">Shivraj Patil</a> on 9 February 2005; the report was tabled in Parliament on 8 August of that year. The commissions below are listed in chronological order. Many of the accused were acquitted or never formally charged. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marwah_Commission">Marwah Commission</h3></div> The Marwah Commission was appointed in November 1984. <a href="/wiki/Ved_Marwah" title="Ved Marwah">Ved Marwah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Additional_Commissioner_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Commissioner of Police">Additional Commissioner of Police</a>, was tasked with enquiring into the role of the police during the riots. Many of the accused Delhi Police officers were tried in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a>. As Marwah was completing his inquiry in mid-1985, he was abruptly directed by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Home_Affairs_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Home Affairs (India)">Home Ministry</a> not to proceed further.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The Marwah Commission records were appropriated by the government, and most (except for Marwah's handwritten notes) were later given to the Misra Commission. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misra_Commission">Misra Commission</h3></div> The Misra Commission was appointed in May 1985; Justice <a href="/wiki/Ranganath_Misra" title="Ranganath Misra">Rangnath Misra</a> was a judge on the Supreme Court of India. Misra submitted his report in August 1986, and the report was made public in February 1987. In his report, he said that it was not part of his <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_reference" title="Terms of reference">terms of reference</a> to identify any individual and recommended the formation of three committees. The commission and its report was criticised as biased by the People's Union for Civil Liberties and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. According to a Human Rights Watch report on the commission: <blockquote>It recommended no criminal prosecution of any individual, and it cleared all high-level officials of directing the pogroms. In its findings, the commission did acknowledge that many of the victims testifying before it had received threats from local police. While the commission noted that there had been "widespread lapses" on the part of the police, it concluded that "the allegations before the commission about the conduct of the police are more of indifference and negligence during the riots than of any wrongful overt act."<a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Gossman_1991-89">[88]</a></blockquote> The People's Union for Civil Liberties criticised the Misra Commission for concealing information on the accused while disclosing the names and addresses of victims.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kapur_Mittal_Committee">Kapur Mittal Committee</h3></div> The Kapur Mittal Committee was appointed in February 1987 at the recommendation of the Misra Commission to enquire into the role of the police; the Marwah Commission had almost completed a police inquiry in 1985 when the government asked that committee not to continue. This committee consisted of Justice Dalip Kapur and Kusum Mittal, retired Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. It submitted its report in 1990, and 72 police officers were cited for conspiracy or gross negligence. Although the committee recommended the dismissal of 30 of the 72 officers, none have been punished. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jain_Banerjee_Committee">Jain Banerjee Committee</h3></div> The Jain Banerjee Committee was recommended by the Misra Commission for the registration of cases. The committee consisted of former Delhi High Court judge M. L. Jain and retired <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General of Police">Inspector General of Police</a> A. K. Banerjee. In its report, the Misra Commission stated that many cases (particularly those involving political leaders or police officers) had not been registered. Although the Jain Banerjee Committee recommended the registration of cases against Sajjan Kumar in August 1987, no case was registered. In November 1987, press reports criticised the government for not registering cases despite the committee's recommendation. The following month, Brahmanand Gupta (accused with Sajjan Kumar) filed a writ petition in the Delhi High Court and obtained a <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_proceedings" title="Stay of proceedings">stay of proceedings</a> against the committee which was not opposed by the government. The <a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Justice_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Justice Committee">Citizen's Justice Committee</a> filed an application to <a href="/wiki/Vacated_judgment" title="Vacated judgment">vacate</a> the stay. The writ petition was decided in August 1989 and the high court abolished the committee. An appeal was filed by the Citizen's Justice Committee in the Supreme Court of India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potti_Rosha_Committee">Potti Rosha Committee</h3></div> The Potti Rosha Committee was appointed in March 1990 by the <a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh_ministry" title="V. P. Singh ministry">V.P. Singh government</a> as a successor to the Jain Banerjee Committee. In August 1990, the committee issued recommendations for filing cases based on affidavits submitted by victims of the violence; there was one against Sajjan Kumar. When a <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">CBI</a> team went to Kumar's home to file the charges, his supporters held and threatened them if they persisted in pursuing Kumar. When the committee's term expired in September 1990, Potti and Rosha decided to end their inquiry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jain_Aggarwal_Committee">Jain Aggarwal Committee</h3></div> The Jain Aggarwal Committee was appointed in December 1990 as a successor to the Potti Rosha Committee. It consisted of Justice J. D. Jain and retired Uttar Pradesh <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Director General of Police">Director General of Police</a> D. K. Aggarwal. The committee recommended the registration of cases against prominent Congress leaders like <a href="/wiki/H._K._L._Bhagat" title="H. K. L. Bhagat">H. K. L. Bhagat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sajjan_Kumar" title="Sajjan Kumar">Sajjan Kumar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharamdas_Shastri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dharamdas Shastri (page does not exist)">Dharamdas Shastri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Tytler" title="Jagdish Tytler">Jagdish Tytler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> These cases weren't registered by police. It suggested establishing two or three special investigating teams in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Police" title="Delhi Police">Delhi Police</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_police_(India)" title="Superintendent of police (India)">deputy commissioner of police</a>, supervised by an <a href="/wiki/Deputy_inspector_general_of_police" title="Deputy inspector general of police">additional commissioner of police</a> answerable to the <a href="/wiki/Crime_Investigation_Department_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Investigation Department (India)">CID</a>, and a review of the work-load of the three special courts set up to deal with the riot cases. The appointment of special prosecutors to deal the cases was also discussed. The committee was wound up in August 1993, but the cases it recommended were not registered by the police. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahuja_Committee">Ahuja Committee</h3></div> The Ahuja Committee was the third committee recommended by the Misra Commission to determine the total number of deaths in Delhi. According to the committee, which submitted its report in August 1987, 2,733 Sikhs were killed in the riots. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhillon_Committee">Dhillon Committee</h3></div> The Dhillon Committee, headed by <a href="/wiki/Gurdial_Singh_Dhillon" title="Gurdial Singh Dhillon">Gurdial Singh Dhillon</a>, was appointed in 1985 to recommend measures for the rehabilitation of victims. The committee submitted its report by the end of the year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] One major recommendation was that businesses with insurance coverage whose claims were denied should receive compensation as directed by the government. Although the committee recommended ordering the (nationalised) insurance companies to pay the claims, the government did not accept its recommendation and the claims were not paid. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narula_Committee">Narula Committee</h3></div> The Narula Committee was appointed in December 1993 by the <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Khurana" title="Madan Lal Khurana">Madan Lal Khurana</a>-led BJP government in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. One recommendation of the committee was to convince the central government to impose sanctions. Khurana took up the matter with the central government, which in the middle of 1994, the Central Government decided that the matter did not fall within its purview and sent the case to the lieutenant governor of Delhi. It took two years for the <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> government to decide that it did not fall within its purview. The Narasimha Rao Government further delayed the case. The committee submitted its report in January 1994, recommending the registration of cases against H. K. L. Bhagat and Sajjan Kumar. Despite the central-government delay, the CBI filed the charge sheet in December 1994. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nanavati_Commission">The Nanavati Commission</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nanavati_Commission" title="Nanavati Commission">Nanavati Commission</a> was established in 2000 after some dissatisfaction was expressed with previous reports.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_incited-106">[105]</a> The Nanavati Commission was appointed by a unanimous resolution passed in the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>. This commission was headed by <a href="/wiki/G.T._Nanavati" class="mw-redirect" title="G.T. Nanavati">Justice G.T. Nanavati</a>, retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India. The commission submitted its report in February 2004. The commission reported that recorded accounts from victims and witnesses "indicate that local Congress leaders and workers had either incited or helped the mobs in attacking the Sikhs".<a href="#cite_note-bbc_incited-106">[105]</a> Its report also found evidence against Jagdish Tytler "to the effect that very probably he had a hand in organising attacks on Sikhs".<a href="#cite_note-bbc_incited-106">[105]</a> It also said that <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P.V. Narasimha Rao</a> was asked to send the army to stop the violence. Rao responded with saying that he would look into it.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> It also recommended that Sajjan Kumar's involvement in the rioting required a closer look. The commission's report also cleared <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> and other high ranking <a href="/wiki/Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (I)">Congress (I)</a> party members of any involvement in organising riots against Sikhs. It did find, however, that the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Police" title="Delhi Police">Delhi Police</a> fired about 392 rounds of bullets, arrested approximately 372 persons, and "remained passive and did not provide protection to the people" throughout the rioting.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_incited-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nanavati-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Jagdish_Tytler">Role of Jagdish Tytler</h3></div> The Central Bureau of Investigation closed all cases against <a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Tytler" title="Jagdish Tytler">Jagdish Tytler</a> in November 2007 for his alleged criminal conspiracy to engineer riots against Sikhs in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>'s assassination. The bureau submitted a report to the Delhi court that no evidence or witness was found to corroborate allegations that Tytler led murderous mobs during 1984.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> It was alleged in court that Tytler – then an MP – complained to his supporters about the relatively-"small" number of Sikhs killed in his constituency (<a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sadar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)">Delhi Sadar</a>), which he thought had undermined his position in the Congress Party.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In December 2007 a witness, Dushyant Singh (then living in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>), appeared on several private television news channels in India saying that he was never contacted by the CBI. The opposition <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) demanded an explanation in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> from Minister of State for Personnel <a href="/wiki/Suresh_Pachouri" title="Suresh Pachouri">Suresh Pachouri</a>, who was in charge of the CBI. Pachouri, who was present, refused to make a statement.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate of the Delhi Court Sanjeev Jain, who had dismissed the case against Tytler after the CBI submitted a misleading report, ordered the CBI to reopen cases against Tytler related to the riots on 18 December 2007.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In December 2008 a two-member CBI team went to New York to record statements from Jasbir Singh and Surinder Singh, two eyewitnesses. The witnesses said that they saw Tytler lead a mob during the riot, but did not want to return to India because they feared for their safety.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> They blamed the CBI for not conducting a fair trial, accusing the bureau of protecting Tytler. In March 2009, the CBI cleared Tytler amidst protests from Sikhs and the opposition parties.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> On 7 April, Sikh <a href="/wiki/Dainik_Jagran" title="Dainik Jagran">Dainik Jagran</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Singh (journalist)">Jarnail Singh</a> threw his shoe at <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (India)">Home Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a> to protest the clearing of Tytler and Sajjan Kumar. Because of the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, Chidambaram did not press charges.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Two days later, over 500 protesters from Sikh organisations throughout India gathered outside the court which was scheduled to hear the CBI's plea to close the case against Tytler. Later in the day, Tytler announced that he was withdrawing from the Lok Sabha elections to avoid embarrassing his party. This forced the Congress Party to cut the Tytler and Sajjan Kumar Lok Sabha tickets.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> On 10 April 2013, the Delhi court ordered the CBI to reopen the 1984 case against Tytler. The court ordered the bureau to investigate the killing of three people in the riot case, of which Tytler had been cleared.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In 2015, Delhi Court directed the CBI to include Billionaire <a href="/wiki/Arms_dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms dealer">arms dealer</a> <a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Verma_(arms_dealer)" title="Abhishek Verma (arms dealer)">Abhishek Verma</a> as the main witness in this case against Tytler. Following court's directions, Verma's testimony was recorded by the CBI and the case was reopened. <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a> (lie-detector) test was ordered by the court to be conducted on witness Verma and also on Tytler after obtaining their consent.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Verma consented, Tytler declined to be tested. Thereafter, Verma started to receive threat calls and letters in which he was threatened to be blownup and his family also would be blown up if he testifies against Tytler. The <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a> directed <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Police" title="Delhi Police">Delhi Police</a> to provide 3x3 security cover of 9 armed police bodyguards to Verma and his family on round the clock basis.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_civil_case">New York civil case</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Sikhs_for_Justice" title="Sikhs for Justice">Sikhs for Justice</a>, a U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a>, filed a civil suit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a> on 14 March 2011 accusing the Indian government of complicity in the riots. The court issued a summons to the Congress Party and <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Nath" title="Kamal Nath">Kamal Nath</a>, who was accused by the <a href="/wiki/Nanavati_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanavati commission">Nanavati commission</a> of encouraging rioters.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The complaint against Nath was dismissed in March 2012 by Judge <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Sweet" title="Robert W. Sweet">Robert W. Sweet</a>, who ruled that the court lacked jurisdiction in the case.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The 22-page order granted Nath's motion to dismiss the claim, with Sweet noting that Sikhs for Justice failed to "serve the summons and its complaints to Nath in an appropriate and desired manner".<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> On 3 September 2013, a federal court in New York issued a <a href="/wiki/Summons#United_States" title="Summons">summons</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a> for her alleged role in protecting participants in the riots.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> A U.S. court dismissed the lawsuit against Gandhi on 11 July 2014.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cobrapost_operation">Cobrapost operation</h3></div> According to an April 2014 <a href="/wiki/Cobrapost" title="Cobrapost">Cobrapost</a> <a href="/wiki/Sting_operation" title="Sting operation">sting operation</a>, the government muzzled the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Police" title="Delhi Police">Delhi Police</a> during the riots. Messages were broadcast directing the police not to act against rioters, and the fire brigade would not go to areas where cases of arson were reported.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Investigation_Team_(Supreme_Court)">Special Investigation Team (Supreme Court)</h3></div> In January 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> decided to form a three-member <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Team_(India)" title="Special Investigation Team (India)">Special Investigation Team</a> (SIT) of its own to probe 186 cases related to 1984 anti-Sikh riots that were not further investigated by Union Government formed SIT. This SIT would consists of a former High court judge, a former IPS officer whose rank is not less than or equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Inspector_general" title="Inspector general">Inspector general</a> and a serving IPS Officer.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_as_a_genocide">Recognition as a genocide</h2></div> While there has been no formal state recognition of the 1984 massacre as a genocide, Sikh communities both in India and the diaspora continue to lobby for its acknowledgment.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_the_Akal_Takht" title="Jathedar of the Akal Takht">Jathedar of the Akal Takht</a>, the head figure of Sikhs worldwide, declared the events following the death of Indira Gandhi a Sikh "<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>" on 15 July 2010, replacing the term "anti-Sikh riots" widely used by the Indian government, the media, and writers.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> This decision came soon after a similar motion was raised in the Canadian Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Sikh_MP_article-131">[130]</a> In 2019, Prime Minister of India <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> referred to the "1984 riots" as a 'horrendous genocide'.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> In October 2024, four US <a href="/wiki/Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members of congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Valadao" title="David Valadao">David Valadao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Costa" title="Jim Costa">Jim Costa</a> as well as co-chairs of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sikh_Congressional_Caucus" title="American Sikh Congressional Caucus">American Sikh Congressional Caucus</a> introduced a resolution to recognise and commemorate the Sikh Genocide of 1984 formally.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4></div> On 16 April 2015, Assembly Concurrent Resolution 34 (ACR 34) was passed by the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">California State Assembly</a>. Co-authored by Sacramento-area assembly members Jim Cooper, Kevin McCarty, Jim Gallagher and Ken Cooley, the resolution criticized the Government for participating in and failing to prevent the killings. The assembly called the killings a "genocide", as it "resulted in the intentional destruction of many Sikh families, communities, homes and businesses."<a href="#cite_note-indiatimes.com-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-ca.gov-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Connecticut">Connecticut</h4></div> In February 2018, American state of Connecticut, passed a bill stating, 30 November of each year to be "Sikh Genocide" Remembrance Day to remember the lives lost on 30 November 1984, during the Sikh Genocide.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> In 2024, Canada's <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP) planned to seek recognition of the '1984 Sikh Genocide' in the country's parliament on its 40th anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ontario">Ontario</h4></div> In April 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Ontario Legislature</a> passed a motion condemning the anti-Sikh riots as "genocide".<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The Indian government lobbied against the motion and condemned it upon its adoption. In 2024, the City of <a href="/wiki/Brampton" title="Brampton">Brampton, Ontario</a> recognised 'Sikh Genocide Week'.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> In 2012, Australian MP <a href="/wiki/Warren_Entsch" title="Warren Entsch">Warren Entsch</a> tabled a petition of more than 4,000 signatures, calling for the government to recognise the killing of Sikhs in India in 1984 as a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_legacy">Impact and legacy</h2></div> On 12 August 2005 , then Prime Minister of India Dr. <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> apologised in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> for the riots.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The riots are cited as a reason to support the creation of a Sikh homeland in India, often called <a href="/wiki/Khalistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan">Khalistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> On 15 January 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Truth" title="Wall of Truth">Wall of Truth</a> was inaugurated in <a href="/wiki/Lutyens%27_Delhi" title="Lutyens' Delhi">Lutyens' Delhi</a>, New Delhi, as a memorial for Sikhs killed during the 1984 riots (and other hate crimes across the world).<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> The anti-Sikh riots have been the subject of several films and novels: <ul><li>The 2022 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> movie <a href="/wiki/Jogi_(2022_film)" title="Jogi (2022 film)">Jogi</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Diljit_Dosanjh" title="Diljit Dosanjh">Diljit Dosanjh</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abbas_Zafar" title="Ali Abbas Zafar">Ali Abbas Zafar</a>, is set against the backdrop of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in <a href="/wiki/Trilokpuri_Assembly_constituency" title="Trilokpuri Assembly constituency">Trilokpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. It tells the story of a Sikh man named Jogi whose goal is to save his family, friends and fellow neighbours from a massacre that killed thousands of Sikhs.</li> <li>The 2021 web television series <a href="/wiki/Grahan_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grahan (TV series)">Grahan</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Pavan_Malhotra" title="Pavan Malhotra">Pavan Malhotra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wamiqa_Gabbi" title="Wamiqa Gabbi">Wamiqa Gabbi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoya_Hussain" title="Zoya Hussain">Zoya Hussain</a>, and created by Shailendra Kumar Jha and directed by Ranjan Chandel, for <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar" title="Disney+ Hotstar">Hotstar</a>, is inspired by <a href="/wiki/Satya_Vyas" title="Satya Vyas">Satya Vyas</a>' popular novel Chaurasi. It is the first series to deal with the 1984 anti-Sikh riots that happened in <a href="/wiki/Bokaro_district" title="Bokaro district">Bokaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>. The series is centered on the nexus between politics and law enforcement.</li> <li>The 2005 English film <a href="/wiki/Amu_(film)" title="Amu (film)">Amu</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Shonali_Bose" title="Shonali Bose">Shonali Bose</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Konkona_Sen_Sharma" title="Konkona Sen Sharma">Konkona Sen Sharma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brinda_Karat" title="Brinda Karat">Brinda Karat</a>, is based on <a href="/wiki/Shonali_Bose" title="Shonali Bose">Shonali Bose</a>'s novel of the same name. The film tells the story of a girl, orphaned during the riots, who reconciles with her adoption years later. Although it won the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English">National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English</a>, it was censored in India but was released on DVD without the cuts.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></li> <li>The 2004 <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> film <a href="/wiki/Kaya_Taran" title="Kaya Taran">Kaya Taran</a> (Chrysalis), directed by Shashi Kumar and starring <a href="/wiki/Seema_Biswas" title="Seema Biswas">Seema Biswas</a>, is based on the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> short story "<a href="/wiki/When_Big_Tree_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="When Big Tree Falls">When Big Tree Falls</a>" by <a href="/wiki/N.S._Madhavan" class="mw-redirect" title="N.S. Madhavan">N.S. Madhavan</a>. The film revolves around a Sikh woman and her young son, who took shelter in a Meerut nunnery during the riots.</li> <li>The 2003 Bollywood film <a href="/wiki/Hawayein_(2003_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawayein (2003 film)">Hawayein</a>, a project of <a href="/wiki/Babbu_Maan" title="Babbu Maan">Babbu Maan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammtoje_Mann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammtoje Mann">Ammtoje Mann</a>, is based on the aftermath of Indira Gandhi's assassination, the 1984 riots and the subsequent victimisation of the Punjabi people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoni_Raisom_Goswami" title="Mamoni Raisom Goswami">Mamoni Raisom Goswami</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> novel, Tej Aru Dhulire Dhusarita Prishtha (Pages Stained with Blood), focuses on the riots.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuldip_Nayar" title="Kuldip Nayar">Kuldip Nayar</a>'s book, Tragedy of Punjab: Operation Bluestar & After, focuses on the events surrounding the riots.</li> <li>Jarnail Singh's non-fiction book, I Accuse, describes incidents which occurred during the riots.</li> <li>Uma Chakravarthi and Nandita Hakser's book, The Delhi Riots: Three Days in the Life of a Nation, has interviews with victims of the Delhi riots.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._S._Phoolka" title="H. S. Phoolka">H. S. Phoolka</a> and human-rights activist and journalist Manoj Mitta wrote the first account of the riots, When a Tree Shook Delhi.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/a-huge-crime-against-humanity/article5335298.ece">HELIUM (a novel of 1984, published by Bloomsbury in 2013) by Jaspreet Singh]</a></li> <li>The 2014 Punjabi film, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_1984" title="Punjab 1984">Punjab 1984</a> with <a href="/wiki/Diljit_Dosanjh" title="Diljit Dosanjh">Diljit Dosanjh</a>, is based on the aftermath of Indira Gandhi's assassination, the riots and the subsequent victimisation of the Punjabi people.</li> <li>The 2016 Bollywood film, <a href="/wiki/31st_October_(film)" title="31st October (film)">31st October</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vir_Das" title="Vir Das">Vir Das</a>, is based on the riots.</li> <li>The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> film, <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha_(film)" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha (film)">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a>, is based on the riots.</li> <li>The 2001 Star Trek novel <a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Wars:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Khan_Noonien_Singh" title="The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh">The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh</a> by Gary Cox, a 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Khan_Noonien_Singh" title="Khan Noonien Singh">Khan</a>, who is depicted as a North Indian from a family of <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, is caught up in the riots while reading in a used book stall in Nai Sarak. He is injured, doused with kerosene and nearly set on fire by a mob before being rescued by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Seven" title="Gary Seven">Gary Seven</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_massacre" title="Nellie massacre">Nellie massacre</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India" title="List of massacres in India">List of massacres in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> On 2 November, Moti Singh witnessed two policemen, one a <a href="/wiki/Station_house_officer" title="Station house officer">SHO</a> and another a constable, both of whom who had attended Sajjan Kumar's meeting the previous day, shoot and kill Roshan Singh (his son) and kill his grandchildren when they ran to help their father.<a href="#cite_note-ensaaf-org.jklaw.net-59">[59]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brass-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brass_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brass_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrass2016" class="citation book cs1">Brass, Paul R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EBq_DAAAQBAJ&q=1984+riots+hindi+heartland+haryana&pg=PA201">Riots and Pogroms</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349248674" title="Special:BookSources/9781349248674"><bdi>9781349248674</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906071337/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBq_DAAAQBAJ&q=1984+riots+hindi+heartland+haryana&pg=PA201">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riots+and+Pogroms&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781349248674&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEBq_DAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1984%2Briots%2Bhindi%2Bheartland%2Bharyana%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Brass1996" class="citation book cs1">Paul Brass (October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ">Riots and Pogroms</a>. NYU Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814712825" title="Special:BookSources/9780814712825"><bdi>9780814712825</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030023956/https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riots+and+Pogroms&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1996-10&rft.isbn=9780814712825&rft.au=Paul+Brass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQeU8DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune_phoolka-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tribune_phoolka_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribune_phoolka_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141102/pers.htm">"The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Perspective"</a>. The Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814122013/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141102/pers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Tribune%2C+Chandigarh%2C+India+%E2%80%93+Perspective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2014%2F20141102%2Fpers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAGE-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAGE_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAGE_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAGE_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAGE_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAGE_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2016" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Paul (11 October 2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. SAGE. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483359885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483359885"><bdi>978-1483359885</bdi></a>. <q>around 17,000 Sikhs were burned alive or killed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+War%3A+Social+Science+Perspectives&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft.isbn=978-1483359885&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2009BBCremember-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2009BBCremember_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2009BBCremember_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2009BBCremember_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2009BBCremember_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2009BBCremember_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedi2009" class="citation news cs1">Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm">"Indira Gandhi's death remembered"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009. <q>The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi%27s+death+remembered&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft.aulast=Bedi&rft.aufirst=Rahul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8306420.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nanavati-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nanavati_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nanavati_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nanavati_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217234430/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/Nanavati-I_eng.pdf">"Report:Justice Nanavati Commission of Inquiry"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/Nanavati-I_eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report%3AJustice+Nanavati+Commission+of+Inquiry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmha.nic.in%2Fpdfs%2FNanavati-I_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheWire.in-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheWire.in_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheWire.in_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/communalism/what-delhi-hc-order-on-1984-anti-sikh-pogrom-says-about-2002-gujarat-riots">"What Delhi HC Order on 1984 Anti-Sikh Pogrom Says About 2002 Gujarat Riots"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531060455/https://thewire.in/communalism/what-delhi-hc-order-on-1984-anti-sikh-pogrom-says-about-2002-gujarat-riots">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Delhi+HC+Order+on+1984+Anti-Sikh+Pogrom+Says+About+2002+Gujarat+Riots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fcommunalism%2Fwhat-delhi-hc-order-on-1984-anti-sikh-pogrom-says-about-2002-gujarat-riots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ndtv.com-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ndtv.com_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ndtv.com_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-gujarat-2002-finds-mention-in-1984-riots-court-order-on-sajjan-kumar-1963730">"Why Gujarat 2002 Finds Mention in 1984 Riots Court Order on Sajjan Kumar"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531060555/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-gujarat-2002-finds-mention-in-1984-riots-court-order-on-sajjan-kumar-1963730">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Gujarat+2002+Finds+Mention+in+1984+Riots+Court+Order+on+Sajjan+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fwhy-gujarat-2002-finds-mention-in-1984-riots-court-order-on-sajjan-kumar-1963730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2014" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Dean (30 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10607451/Delhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html">"Delhi to reopen inquiry in to massacre of Sikhs in 1984 riots"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10607451/Delhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Delhi+to+reopen+inquiry+in+to+massacre+of+Sikhs+in+1984+riots&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Findia%2F10607451%2FDelhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_M._ShawTimothy_J._Demy2017" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey M. Shaw; Timothy J. Demy (27 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610695176" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610695176"><bdi>978-1610695176</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426080618/https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Religion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Faith+and+Conflict+%5B3+volumes%5D&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft.isbn=978-1610695176&rft.au=Jeffrey+M.+Shaw&rft.au=Timothy+J.+Demy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKDlFDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Brass1996" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. Brass (October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">Riots and Pogroms</a>. NYU Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814712825" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814712825"><bdi>978-0814712825</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030023956/https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riots+and+Pogroms&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1996-10&rft.isbn=978-0814712825&rft.au=Paul+R.+Brass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQeU8DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-toiprog-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toiprog_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toiprog_12-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-31/india/27838902_1_communal-tension-communal-violence-gujarat-riots">State pogroms glossed over</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 31 December 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-rediffprog-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rediffprog_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rediffprog_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm">"Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant"</a>. Rediff.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022162632/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Anti-Sikh+riots+a+pogrom%3A+Khushwant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fmay%2F09sikh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensaaf-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ensaaf_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ensaaf_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ensaaf_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ensaaf_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ensaaf_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ensaaf_14-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaurCrossette2006" class="citation book cs1">Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf">Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Ensaaf. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9787073-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9787073-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9787073-0-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty+years+of+impunity%3A+the+November+1984+pogroms+of+Sikhs+in+India&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ensaaf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Jaskaran&rft.au=Crossette%2C+Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fensaaf-org.jklaw.net%2Fpublications%2Freports%2F20years%2F20years-2nd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/jagdish-tytlers-role-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots-to-be-re-investigated-518648">"Jagdish Tytler's role in 1984 anti-Sikh riots to be re-investigated"</a>. NDTV.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418033745/https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/jagdish-tytlers-role-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots-to-be-re-investigated-518648">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Jagdish+Tytler%27s+role+in+1984+anti-Sikh+riots+to+be+re-investigated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fcheat-sheet%2Fjagdish-tytlers-role-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots-to-be-re-investigated-518648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillalamarri" class="citation web cs1">Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indias-anti-sikh-riots-30-years-on/">"India's Anti-Sikh Riots, 30 Years On"</a>. The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710033902/https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indias-anti-sikh-riots-30-years-on/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=India%27s+Anti-Sikh+Riots%2C+30+Years+On&rft.aulast=Pillalamarri&rft.aufirst=Akhilesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2014%2F10%2Findias-anti-sikh-riots-30-years-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbconthisday-17"><a href="#cite_ref-bbconthisday_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm">"1984: Assassination and revenge"</a>. BBC News. 31 October 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1984%3A+Assassination+and+revenge&rft.date=1984-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fwitness%2Foctober%2F31%2Fnewsid_3961000%2F3961851.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-david-18"><a href="#cite_ref-david_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterlund1996" class="citation book cs1">Westerlund, David (1996). Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics. C. 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Retrieved 17 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+first+for+SIT%3A+Two+convicted+for+1984+killings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F66627391.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Khushwant (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.001.0001/acprof-9780195673098-chapter-20">"The Anandpur Sahib Resolution and Other Akali Demands"</a>. Oxfordscholarship.com. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195673098.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195673098" title="Special:BookSources/9780195673098"><bdi>9780195673098</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106222911/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.001.0001/acprof-9780195673098-chapter-20">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxfordscholarship.com&rft.atitle=The+Anandpur+Sahib+Resolution+and+Other+Akali+Demands&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195673098.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195673098&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195673098.001.0001%2Facprof-9780195673098-chapter-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jayanta484-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jayanta484_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayanta484_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2007" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Jayanta Kumar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan">Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World</a>. Pearson Education India. p. 484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131708347" title="Special:BookSources/9788131708347"><bdi>9788131708347</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204002351/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+India%27s+International+Relations%2C+1700+to+2000%3A+South+Asia+and+the+World&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788131708347&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Jayanta+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyk6oA2nOlgC%26q%3Dkhalistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giorgio2008-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Giorgio2008_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgio_Shani2008" class="citation book cs1">Giorgio Shani (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhnationalismi00shan">Sikh nationalism and identity in a global age</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhnationalismi00shan/page/n67">51</a>–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42190-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42190-4"><bdi>978-0-415-42190-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+nationalism+and+identity+in+a+global+age&rft.pages=51-60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-42190-4&rft.au=Giorgio+Shani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhnationalismi00shan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Joshi, Chand, Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1984), p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-karim-40"><a href="#cite_ref-karim_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarim1991" class="citation book cs1">Karim, Afsir (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC">Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor</a>. Lancer Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170621270" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170621270"><bdi>978-8170621270</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326061440/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counter+Terrorism%2C+the+Pakistan+Factor&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-8170621270&rft.aulast=Karim&rft.aufirst=Afsir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoqwQb38SQEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim199132–33-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarim199132–33_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarim199132–33_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarim1991">Karim 1991</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert2008-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert2008_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert2008_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_L._HardgraveStanley_A._Kochanek2008" class="citation book cs1">Robert L. Hardgrave; Stanley A. Kochanek (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT187">India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-00749-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-00749-4"><bdi>978-0-495-00749-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222124110/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT187">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+Government+and+Politics+in+a+Developing+Nation&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-00749-4&rft.au=Robert+L.+Hardgrave&rft.au=Stanley+A.+Kochanek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSyRgcSQhuIC%26pg%3DPT187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArtRichardson2007-43"><a href="#cite_ref-ArtRichardson2007_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J._ArtLouise_Richardson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert J. Art; Louise Richardson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl5tSd-1wwsC&pg=PA444">Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past</a>. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-93-0"><bdi>978-1-929223-93-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326061442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl5tSd-1wwsC&pg=PA444">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Counterterrorism%3A+Lessons+from+the+Past&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-93-0&rft.au=Robert+J.+Art&rft.au=Louise+Richardson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBl5tSd-1wwsC%26pg%3DPA444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ms_casualty_terror-44"><a href="#cite_ref-ms_casualty_terror_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTullyJacob1985" class="citation book cs1">Tully, Mark; Jacob, Satish (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxhuAAAAMAAJ&q=">"deaths+in+violent" Amritsar; Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle</a> (e-book ed.). London. p. 147, Ch. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780224023283" title="Special:BookSources/9780224023283"><bdi>9780224023283</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726221324/https://books.google.com/books?id=bxhuAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22deaths+in+violent%22">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amritsar%3B+Mrs.+Gandhi%27s+Last+Battle&rft.place=London&rft.pages=147%2C+Ch.+11&rft.edition=e-book&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780224023283&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxhuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%22deaths%2Bin%2Bviolent%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03spec.htm">"Operation BlueStar, 20 Years On"</a>. Rediff.com. 6 June 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202184039/https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03spec.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Operation+BlueStar%2C+20+Years+On&rft.date=1984-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2Fjun%2F03spec.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune-army-46"><a href="#cite_ref-tribune-army_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070320/punjab1.htm">"Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar"</a>. The Tribune. 30 May 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705183849/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070320/punjab1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Army+reveals+startling+facts+on+Bluestar&rft.date=1984-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2007%2F20070320%2Fpunjab1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhitePaper1984-47"><a href="#cite_ref-WhitePaper1984_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493">White Paper on the Punjab Agitation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. 1984. p. 169. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214140945/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Paper+on+the+Punjab+Agitation&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Shiromani+Akali+Dal+and+Government+of+India&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqSAngEACAAJ%26q%3D493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charny1999-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Charny1999_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharny1999" class="citation book cs1">Charny, Israel W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&pg=PA516">Encyclopaedia of genocide</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 516–517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-928-1"><bdi>978-0-87436-928-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511151023/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&pg=PA516">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+genocide&rft.pages=516-517&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-928-1&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Q30HcvCVuIC%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnaindia.com-49"><a href="#cite_ref-dnaindia.com_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293">"Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism & Updates at Daily News & Analysis"</a>. Daily News and Analysis. 5 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171103012225/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Operation+Blue+Star%3A+India%27s+first+tryst+with+militant+extremism+%26+Updates+at+Daily+News+%26+Analysis&rft.date=2016-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_2008_45-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2008_45_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC&q=Blue+Star&pg=PR4">Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy</a>. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45666-1"><bdi>978-0-415-45666-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308055821/https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. 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Retrieved 23 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indian+prime+minister+shot+dead&rft.date=1984-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Foctober%2F31%2Fnewsid_2464000%2F2464423.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm">"Assassination and revenge"</a>. BBC News. 31 October 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assassination+and+revenge&rft.date=1984-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fwitness%2Foctober%2F31%2Fnewsid_3961000%2F3961851.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ">1984: India's Guilty Secret</a>. Kashi House. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6"><bdi>978-1-911271-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984%3A+India%27s+Guilty+Secret&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Kashi+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911271-08-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllCbswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ">1984: India's Guilty Secret</a>. Kashi House. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6"><bdi>978-1-911271-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984%3A+India%27s+Guilty+Secret&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Kashi+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911271-08-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllCbswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ">1984: India's Guilty Secret</a>. Kashi House. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6"><bdi>978-1-911271-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984%3A+India%27s+Guilty+Secret&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Kashi+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911271-08-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllCbswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ">1984: India's Guilty Secret</a>. Kashi House. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6"><bdi>978-1-911271-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984%3A+India%27s+Guilty+Secret&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Kashi+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911271-08-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllCbswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ">1984: India's Guilty Secret</a>. Kashi House. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6"><bdi>978-1-911271-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984%3A+India%27s+Guilty+Secret&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Kashi+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911271-08-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllCbswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ">1984: India's Guilty Secret</a>. Kashi House. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6"><bdi>978-1-911271-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984%3A+India%27s+Guilty+Secret&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Kashi+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911271-08-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllCbswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ">1984: India's Guilty Secret</a>. Kashi House. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6"><bdi>978-1-911271-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984%3A+India%27s+Guilty+Secret&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Kashi+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911271-08-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllCbswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_78-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ">1984: India's Guilty Secret</a>. Kashi House. pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6"><bdi>978-1-911271-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984%3A+India%27s+Guilty+Secret&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Kashi+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911271-08-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllCbswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ">1984: India's Guilty Secret</a>. Kashi House. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911271-08-6"><bdi>978-1-911271-08-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1984%3A+India%27s+Guilty+Secret&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Kashi+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911271-08-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllCbswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tehelka1984-80"><a href="#cite_ref-tehelka1984_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110310061926/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne120311EXCLUSIVE.asp">"1984. Genocide in Pataudi. Not a whisper escaped"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tehelka" title="Tehelka">Tehelka</a>. Tehelka. 12 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne120311EXCLUSIVE.asp">the original</a> on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tehelka&rft.atitle=1984.+Genocide+in+Pataudi.+Not+a+whisper+escaped&rft.date=2011-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehelka.com%2Fstory_main49.asp%3Ffilename%3DNe120311EXCLUSIVE.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llCbswEACAAJ">1984: India's Guilty Secret</a>. 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The Sikh Times. The Asian Age. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307223021/http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_080905b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sikh+Times&rft.atitle=1984+Sikh+Massacres%3A+Mother+of+All+Cover-ups&rft.date=2005-08-09&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Seema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhtimes.com%2Fnews_080905b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgal2005" class="citation web cs1">Agal, Renu (11 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4141524.stm">"Justice delayed, justice denied"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Canadians+have+a+right+to+be+%27concerned%27+about+1984+Sikh+massacre%2C+Harjit+Sajjan+says&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fsajjan-india-massacre-1.4076467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brampton.ca/EN/City-Hall/Protocol-Office/pages/flag-raising-half-mastings.aspx#:~:text=November%201%2D7%3A%20Sikh%20Genocide,8%3A%20National%20Aboriginal%20Veterans%20Day">"Flag Raisings and Half-Mastings"</a>. City of Brampton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Brampton&rft.atitle=Flag+Raisings+and+Half-Mastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brampton.ca%2FEN%2FCity-Hall%2FProtocol-Office%2Fpages%2Fflag-raising-half-mastings.aspx%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNovember%25201%252D7%253A%2520Sikh%2520Genocide%2C8%253A%2520National%2520Aboriginal%2520Veterans%2520Day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/call-to-recognise-sikh-killings-as-genocide-10465378">"Call To Recognise Sikh Killings As Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. 1 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Call+To+Recognise+Sikh+Killings+As+Genocide&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fcall-to-recognise-sikh-killings-as-genocide-10465378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/11pm.htm">"PM apologises for 84 anti-Sikh riots"</a>. Rediff.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509122507/https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/11pm.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=PM+apologises+for+84+anti-Sikh+riots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Faug%2F11pm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuroor2011" class="citation news cs1">Suroor, Hasan (21 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/manmohan-singhs-apology-for-antisikh-riots-a-gandhian-moment-of-moral-clarity-says-2005-cable/article1715620.ece">"Manmohan Singh's apology for anti-Sikh riots a 'Gandhian moment of moral clarity,' says 2005 cable"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129063059/http://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/manmohan-singhs-apology-for-antisikh-riots-a-gandhian-moment-of-moral-clarity-says-2005-cable/article1715620.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Manmohan+Singh%27s+apology+for+anti-Sikh+riots+a+%27Gandhian+moment+of+moral+clarity%2C%27+says+2005+cable&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft.aulast=Suroor&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-india-cables%2Fmanmohan-singhs-apology-for-antisikh-riots-a-gandhian-moment-of-moral-clarity-says-2005-cable%2Farticle1715620.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanavati2010" class="citation web cs1">Nanavati (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnage84.com/homepage/nancom.htm">"Nanavati Report"</a>. Nanavati commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100512163755/http://www.carnage84.com/homepage/nancom.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nanavati+commission&rft.atitle=Nanavati+Report&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.au=Nanavati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnage84.com%2Fhomepage%2Fnancom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBSSF2010" class="citation web cs1">BSSF (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425160914/http://britishsikhstudentfederation.com/index/?attachment_id=1317">"Remembrance March in London"</a>. British Sikh Student Federation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britishsikhstudentfederation.com/index/?attachment_id=1317">the original</a> on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Sikh+Student+Federation&rft.atitle=Remembrance+March+in+London&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.au=BSSF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbritishsikhstudentfederation.com%2Findex%2F%3Fattachment_id%3D1317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaithani2009" class="citation news cs1">Naithani, Shobhita (25 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716203529/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ne250409i_lived.asp">"'I Lived As A Queen. Now, I'm A Servant'"</a>. Tehelka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ne250409i_lived.asp">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tehelka&rft.atitle=%27I+Lived+As+A+Queen.+Now%2C+I%27m+A+Servant%27&rft.date=2009-04-25&rft.aulast=Naithani&rft.aufirst=Shobhita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehelka.com%2Fstory_main41.asp%3Ffilename%3DNe250409i_lived.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandit2016" class="citation web cs1">Pandit, Ambika (1 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Wall-of-truth-to-tell-you-1984-riots-story-by-Nov-end/articleshow/55166239.cms">"'Wall of truth' to tell you 1984 riots' story by Nov-end"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012170247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Wall-of-truth-to-tell-you-1984-riots-story-by-Nov-end/articleshow/55166239.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Wall+of+truth%27+to+tell+you+1984+riots%27+story+by+Nov-end&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.aulast=Pandit&rft.aufirst=Ambika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fdelhi%2FWall-of-truth-to-tell-you-1984-riots-story-by-Nov-end%2Farticleshow%2F55166239.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/wall-of-truth-to-have-names-of-all-sikhs-killed-in-hate-crimes-dsgmc/story-8LSUMGWkxpWxpVUE6x2H0M.html">"'Wall of Truth' to have names of all Sikhs killed in hate crimes: DSGMC"</a>. The Hindustan Times. 10 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924135826/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/wall-of-truth-to-have-names-of-all-sikhs-killed-in-hate-crimes-dsgmc/story-8LSUMGWkxpWxpVUE6x2H0M.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Wall+of+Truth%27+to+have+names+of+all+Sikhs+killed+in+hate+crimes%3A+DSGMC&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fpunjab%2Fwall-of-truth-to-have-names-of-all-sikhs-killed-in-hate-crimes-dsgmc%2Fstory-8LSUMGWkxpWxpVUE6x2H0M.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/133493/i-want-justice-not-revenge-bilkis-bano-expresses-gratitude-to-mumbai-high-court/">"Bilkis Bano: 'I Want Justice, Not Revenge, I Want My Daughters to Grow Up in a Safe India'"</a>. The Wire. 8 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170509115937/https://thewire.in/133493/i-want-justice-not-revenge-bilkis-bano-expresses-gratitude-to-mumbai-high-court/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Bilkis+Bano%3A+%27I+Want+Justice%2C+Not+Revenge%2C+I+Want+My+Daughters+to+Grow+Up+in+a+Safe+India%27&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2F133493%2Fi-want-justice-not-revenge-bilkis-bano-expresses-gratitude-to-mumbai-high-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Pav Singh. 1984 India's Guilty Secret. (Rupa & Kashi House 2017).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoGhosePancholi1985" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Amiya; Ghose, Aurobindo; Pancholi, N. D. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnage84.com/human/truth/truth.htm">Truth about Delhi violence: report to the nation</a>. India: Citizens for Democracy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708121627/http://www.carnage84.com/human/truth/truth.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+about+Delhi+violence%3A+report+to+the+nation&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Citizens+for+Democracy&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Amiya&rft.au=Ghose%2C+Aurobindo&rft.au=Pancholi%2C+N.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnage84.com%2Fhuman%2Ftruth%2Ftruth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaurCrossette2006" class="citation book cs1">Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf">Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Ensaaf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9787073-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9787073-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9787073-0-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty+years+of+impunity%3A+the+November+1984+pogroms+of+Sikhs+in+India&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ensaaf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Jaskaran&rft.au=Crossette%2C+Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fensaaf-org.jklaw.net%2Fpublications%2Freports%2F20years%2F20years-2nd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1984+anti-Sikh+riots" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cynthia Keppley Mahmood. Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1592-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1592-2">978-0-8122-1592-2</a>.</li> <li>Ram Narayan Kumar et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060705030307/http://www.punjabjustice.org/report/report.htm">Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab.</a><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Forum_for_Human_Rights" title="South Asia Forum for Human Rights">South Asia Forum for Human Rights</a>, 2003. Archived from the on 12 July 2003.</li> <li>Joyce Pettigrew. The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerrilla Violence. Zed Books Ltd., 1995.</li> <li>Anurag Singh. Giani Kirpal Singh's Eye-Witness Account of Operation Bluestar. 1999.</li> <li>Patwant Singh. The Sikhs. New York: Knopf, 2000.</li> <li>Harnik Deol. Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab. London: Routledge, 2000</li> <li>Mark Tully. Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-02328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-02328-3">978-0-224-02328-3</a>.</li> <li>Ranbir Singh Sandhu. Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Ohio: SERF, 1999.</li> <li>Iqbal Singh. Punjab Under Siege: A Critical Analysis. New York: Allen, McMillan and Enderson, 1986.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brass" title="Paul Brass">Paul Brass</a>. Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.</li> <li>PUCL report "<a href="/wiki/Who_Are_The_Guilty" title="Who Are The Guilty">Who Are The Guilty</a>." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411054723/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/who-are-guilty.htm">Link to report.</a></li> <li>Manoj Mitta & H.S. Phoolka. When a Tree Shook Delhi (Roli Books, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-598-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-598-9">978-81-7436-598-9</a>.</li> <li>Jarnail Singh, 'I Accuse...' (Penguin Books India, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08394-7">978-0-670-08394-7</a></li> <li>Jyoti Grewal, 'Betrayed by the state: the anti-Sikh pogrom of 1984' (Penguin Books India, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306303-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306303-2">978-0-14-306303-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.indiatimes.com/1984/">1984 Anti-Sikh Riots Homepage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321085903/http://www1.info.indiatimes.com/1984/">Archived</a> 21 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712065753/http://districts.delhigovt.nic.in/84RIOTS/84RIOTS.htm">1984 riots case records</a>, Government of Delhi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.witness84.com/reports/misra/">Misra Commission Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.witness84.com/reports/ahooja/">Ahooja Committee Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.witness84.com/guilty/">Who Are The Guilty?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8319737.stm">In pictures: Massacre of the Sikhs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Riots_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riots_in_India" title="Template:Riots in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riots_in_India" title="Template talk:Riots in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riots_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riots in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Riots_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_India" title="List of riots in India">Riots in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Dog_Riots" title="Bombay Dog Riots">Bombay Dog Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi%E2%80%93Muslim_riots" title="Parsi–Muslim riots">Parsi–Muslim riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Bharuch_riot" title="1857 Bharuch riot">1857 Bharuch riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_riots_of_1882" title="Salem riots of 1882">1882 Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1927_Nagpur_riots" title="1927 Nagpur riots">1927 Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">1946 Noakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Ramnad_riots" title="1957 Ramnad riots">1957 Ramnad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Jabalpur_riots" title="1961 Jabalpur riots">1961 Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Calcutta_riots" title="1964 Calcutta riots">1964 Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Ranchi-Hatia_riots" title="1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots">1967 Ranchi-Hatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Gujarat_riots" title="1969 Gujarat riots">1969 Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Bhiwandi_riots" title="1970 Bhiwandi riots">1970 Bhiwandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worli_riots" title="Worli riots">1974 Worli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Moradabad_riots" title="1980 Moradabad riots">1980 Moradabad riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_massacre" title="Nellie massacre">1983 Nellie massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Bhiwandi_riot" title="1984 Bhiwandi riot">1984 Bhiwandi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1984 anti-Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Gujarat_riots" title="1985 Gujarat riots">1985 Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamchedu_massacre" title="Karamchedu massacre">1985 Karamchedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Meerut_communal_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Meerut communal riots">1987 Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Hyderabad_riots" title="1990 Hyderabad riots">1990 Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">1992 Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Anti-Urdu_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Anti-Urdu riots">1994 Anti-Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Vadodara_riots" title="2006 Vadodara riots">2006 Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_violence" title="2008 Kandhamal violence">2008 Kandhamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Maidan_riots" title="Azad Maidan riots"> 2012 Azad Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Canning_riots" title="2013 Canning riots">2013 Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Muzaffarnagar_riots" title="2013 Muzaffarnagar riots">2013 Muzaffarnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ballabhgarh_riot" title="2015 Ballabhgarh riot">2015 Ballabhgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kaliachak_riots" title="2016 Kaliachak riots">2016 Kaliachak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dhulagarh_riots" title="2016 Dhulagarh riots">2016 Dhulagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_violence" title="Saharanpur violence">2017 Saharanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Northern_India_riots" title="2017 Northern India riots">2017 Northern India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Baduria_riots" title="2017 Baduria riots">2017 Baduria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Ambalapattu_violence" title="2018 Ambalapattu violence">2018 Ambalapattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Ponparappi_violence" title="2019 Ponparappi violence">2019 Ponparappi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Bangalore_riots" title="2020 Bangalore riots">2020 Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kawardha_riots" title="2021 Kawardha riots">2021 Kawardha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tripura_riots" title="2021 Tripura riots">2021 Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Manipur_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Manipur violence">2023 Manipur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_India" title="List of riots in India">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India" title="List of massacres in India">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_caste-related_violence_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of incidents of caste-related violence in India">Caste violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_Sikh_politics_16px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_politics" title="Template:Sikh politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_politics" title="Template talk:Sikh politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_Sikh_politics_16px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_State_Akali_Dal" title="Haryana State Akali Dal">Haryana State Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Amritsar)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Longowal)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal_(1920)" title="Akali Dal (1920)">Akali Dal (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Akali_Dal" title="United Akali Dal">United Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Panthic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Democratic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_Delhi" title="Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi">Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Sanyukt)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Sikh_Students_Federation" title="All India Sikh Students Federation">All India Sikh Students Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Sikh_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committee" title="Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee">Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sikh_Gurdwara_Management_Committee" title="Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee">Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Sikh_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Tara_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Tara Singh">Master Tara Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardul_Singh_Caveeshar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardul Singh Caveeshar">Sardul Singh Caveeshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chohan" title="Jagjit Singh Chohan">Jagjit Singh Chohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Singh_Barnala" title="Surjit Singh Barnala">Surjit Singh Barnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Badal" title="Sukhbir Singh Badal">Sukhbir Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harcharan_Singh_Longowal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcharan Singh Longowal">Harcharan Singh Longowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurnam_Singh" title="Gurnam Singh">Gurnam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachhman_Singh_Gill" title="Lachhman Singh Gill">Lachhman Singh Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Dhindsa" title="Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa">Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagir_Kaur" title="Jagir Kaur">Jagir Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Singh_Majithia" title="Sundar Singh Majithia">Sundar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Singh_Rarewala" title="Gian Singh Rarewala">Gian Singh Rarewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurcharan_Singh_Tohra" title="Gurcharan Singh Tohra">Gurcharan Singh Tohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simranjit_Singh_Mann" title="Simranjit Singh Mann">Simranjit Singh Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Singh_Chandumajra" title="Prem Singh Chandumajra">Prem Singh Chandumajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partap_Singh_Kairon" title="Partap Singh Kairon">Partap Singh Kairon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurnam_Singh" title="Gurnam Singh">Gurnam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Zail_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Zail Singh">Giani Zail Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(politician)" title="Beant Singh (politician)">Beant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Kaur_Bhattal" title="Rajinder Kaur Bhattal">Rajinder Kaur Bhattal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritpal_Singh" title="Amritpal Singh">Amritpal Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha movement">Singh Sabha movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Suba">Punjab State Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandpur Resolution">Anandpur Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> <ul><li><a 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