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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Feminist philosophy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feminist_philosophy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="female symbol merged with a question mark"><img alt="female symbol merged with a question mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/100px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/150px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/200px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"><span class="wrap"><i>A Vindication of <span class="nowrap">the Rights of</span> Woman</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1792)</span></span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women"><i>The Subjection of Women</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State"><span class="wrap"><i>The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884)</span></span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex"><i>The Second Sex</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique"><i>The Feminine Mystique</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics"><i>Sexual Politics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex"><i>The Dialectic of Sex</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray"><i>Speculum of the Other Woman</i><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1974)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray"><i>This Sex Which is Not One</i><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1977)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly"><i>Gyn/Ecology</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_Like_a_Girl" title="Throwing Like a Girl"><i>Throwing Like a Girl</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_a_Different_Voice" title="In a Different Voice"><i>In a Different Voice</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Reality" title="The Politics of Reality"><i>The Politics of Reality</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis"><i>Women, Race, and Class</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Theory:_From_Margin_to_Center" title="Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center"><i>Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner"><i>The Creation of Patriarchy</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State" title="Toward a Feminist Theory of the State"><i>Toward a Feminist Theory of the State</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble"><i>Gender Trouble</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Personae" title="Sexual Personae"><i>Sexual Personae</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Feminist_Thought" title="Black Feminist Thought"><i>Black Feminist Thought</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood"><i>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipping_Girl" title="Whipping Girl"><i>Whipping Girl</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_of_Happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Promise of Happiness"><i>The Promise of Happiness</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bartky" title="Sandra Bartky">Bartky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Baier" title="Annette Baier">Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">De la Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Firestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%A9_de_Gamond" title="Zoé de Gamond">Gamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Grosz" title="Elizabeth Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Haslanger" title="Sally Haslanger">Haslanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Jaggar" title="Alison Jaggar">Jaggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lugones" title="Maria Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Mama" title="Amina Mama">Mama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Paglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Pateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood">Plumwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi" title="Nawal El Saadawi">Saadawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Showalter" title="Elaine Showalter">Showalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Solanas" title="Valerie Solanas">Solanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Wittig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young" title="Iris Marion Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Zetkin</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_performativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender performativity">Gender performativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_theory" title="Standpoint theory">Standpoint theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Philosophy_Quarterly" title="Feminist Philosophy Quarterly">Feminist Philosophy Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PhiloSOPHIA" title="PhiloSOPHIA">philoSOPHIA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Category</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Feminist_philosophy" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Analytical feminism</b> is a line of philosophy that applies analytic concepts and methods to feminist issues and applies feminist concepts and insights to issues that have traditionally been of interest to <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophers</a>. Like all <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminists</a>, analytical feminists insist on recognizing and contesting <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">androcentrism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term “analytical feminism” dates back to the early 1990s when the Society for Analytical Feminism was opened in at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell" title="University of Massachusetts Lowell">University of Massachusetts Lowell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used as an opportunity to discuss and examine issues concerning analytical feminism, in part to contrast the more prevalent influences of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>, and also to demonstrate that analytic philosophy is neither inherently or irredeemably male-biased. Analytic feminists have attempted to rehabilitate certain key concepts, such as truth, reason, objectivity, agency and autonomy, both because they are normatively compelling as well as in some ways liberating and empowering for women. Not limited to these concepts, analytical feminism has contributed to the historical arena of analytic philosophy such as the philosophy of language, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysic">metaphysics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, the American philosophical magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a></i> published a special issue<sup id="cite_ref-Hy_2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hy_2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clarifying the meaning of analytic feminism in the mainstream Anglo-American analytical context and in the range of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">feminist philosophical positions</a>. In this issue, the authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ann_Cudd" title="Ann Cudd">Ann Cudd</a>, then with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Garry" title="Ann Garry">Ann Garry</a> of <a href="/wiki/California_State_University_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="California State University Los Angeles">California State University Los Angeles</a>, and Lynn Hankinson Nelson of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> proposed that analytic feminism typically was unrecognized and somewhat depreciated by not only analytical philosophers but academic feminist agenda as well.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considered a sub-category of both analytic philosophy and feminism, analytic feminism acknowledges the philosophical traditions of both fields while simultaneously addressing prominent issues within said fields. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_approach">Philosophical approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophical approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analytical feminism, as defined by Ann E. Cudd: "Analytic feminism holds that the best way to counter <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">androcentrism</a> is through forming a clear conception of and pursuing truth, logical consistency, objectivity, rationality, justice, and the good while recognising that these notions have often been perverted by androcentrism throughout the history of philosophy." (1996: 20) Analytic feminists engage the literature traditionally thought of as analytic philosophy, but also draw on other traditions in philosophy as well as work by feminists working in other disciplines, especially <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. They, like most <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophers</a>, value clarity and precision in argument and tend to use more rigorously structured logical and linguistic analysis in reaching their conclusions and positions as compared to other philosophical approaches. </p><p>The majority of philosophers, including feminist philosophers, have at least some formal training in analytic philosophy, with some possessing extensive education and experience regarding analyticity. There has been a conscious effort to use the word ‘analytical’, the reason being that within the field of philosophy there is sometimes an inclination to assume all feminist work as tied to other methods to philosophy, whereas upon review much of the work in feminism is closer in method to analytic conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to most analytic feminists, the best method for scholars to counter sexism and androcentrism in their respective areas of inquiry is by forming a clear conception of and practicing logical consistency and <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(philosophy)" title="Neutrality (philosophy)">neutrality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrines">Doctrines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Doctrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though analytical feminists retain only some traditional concepts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, it is not doctrinaire—indeed, there is even a spirit of contrarianism within it. Nevertheless, analytic feminists share a thing that we may call a "core desire" rather than a core principle, that is to say, the need to hold on to enough of the essential normative notions of the modern European tradition to aid the kind of <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">normativity</a> which is necessary for both <a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">feminist political theory</a> and philosophy. This "core desire" finds its appearance by means of the core concepts of analytical feminism.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridge_building">Bridge building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bridge building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analytic feminists' use of core ideas and their excerpt to the work of traditional analytic philosophers permit them to communicate with and build bridges amongst different types of scholars, for example, traditional analytic philosophers, other feminist philosophers, and, in some cases, scientists or scholars in social studies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstructing_philosophy">Reconstructing philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reconstructing philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One tenet of analytic feminism holds that if philosophers positions are applicable universally, they must be usable by men and women alike, and from a range of social situations. This is a basis for what can be considered the reconstruction of philosophy via analytic feminism. This approach, which somewhat mirrors the construction of feminist philosophy tradition, attempts to limit the creation of areas or categories of philosophy that apply to only some women and feminists. It's an attempt to apply to 'all' (men and women) instead of 'some' (women and/or feminists) with specific examples of topics being feminine ethics, gynocentric ethics, or lesbian ethics. The basis for this universal approach would be an analytic feminist ethics and metaphysics which would create and establish a new criterion of adequacy for the fields of ethics and metaphysics. The goal of <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Fricker" title="Miranda Fricker">Miranda Fricker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Hornsby" title="Jennifer Hornsby">Jennifer Hornsby</a>, editors of <i>The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy</i>, is to have this position included in the mainstream of the discipline (Fricker and Hornsby 2000). </p><p>Not basing the approach on any 'essential' characteristics, be they experiences or otherwise, it can maintain the importance of a variety of perspectives, while crafting a 'working' theory. 'Working' is defined as being particularly inclusive, of both men and women, but also simultaneously eliminating oppressive consequences. A wide range of experiences, interests, and background must be reflected with the theory 'working' only if it is applicable to all these issues and concerns. </p><p>There are a variety of approaches regarding the reconstruction of philosophy within analytic feminism. Some philosophers, such as Bailey (Bailey 2010) and Gary (Garry 2012), include the use of <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a> in their approach. Miranda Fricker (2007) and Kristie Dotson (2011) make use of concept of <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(social_inequality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (social inequality)">Privilege (social inequality)</a> in theirs, particularly with regard to epistemic ignorance and <a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">epistemic injustice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a> offered a critique of some of these recent trends in analytic feminism.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnn_E._Cudd" class="citation web cs1">Ann E. Cudd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324073853/http://web.ku.edu/~acudd/Anfemdef.htm">"One Woman's Attempt at a Definition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/~acudd/Anfemdef.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Woman%27s+Attempt+at+a+Definition&rft.au=Ann+E.+Cudd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ku.edu%2F~acudd%2FAnfemdef.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalytical+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorco_College_-_Riverside_Community_College_District" class="citation web cs1">Norco College - Riverside Community College District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/analyticalfeminism/">"Society for Analytical Feminism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society+for+Analytical+Feminism&rft.au=Norco+College+-+Riverside+Community+College+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fanalyticalfeminism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalytical+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonash_University_Publishing" class="citation web cs1">Monash University Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.publishing.monash.edu/apps/bookworm/view/A+Companion+to+Philosophy+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand/56/xhtml/chapter01.html#chapter01sec04">"History of Analytical Feminism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Analytical+Feminism&rft.au=Monash+University+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.publishing.monash.edu%2Fapps%2Fbookworm%2Fview%2FA%2BCompanion%2Bto%2BPhilosophy%2Bin%2BAustralia%2Band%2BNew%2BZealand%2F56%2Fxhtml%2Fchapter01.html%23chapter01sec04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalytical+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hy_2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hy_2012_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhypa.1995.10.issue-3">"Hypatia-Special Issue: Analytic Feminism-August 1995"</a>. <i>Hypatia</i>. <b>10</b> (3). 1995. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhypa.1995.10.issue-3">10.1111/hypa.1995.10.issue-3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia&rft.atitle=Hypatia-Special+Issue%3A+Analytic+Feminism-August+1995&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhypa.1995.10.issue-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fhypa.1995.10.issue-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalytical+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessandra_Allegrini" class="citation web cs1">Alessandra Allegrini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928142832/http://www.women.it/cyberarchive/files/allegrini.htm#">"THE NATURALISM QUESTION. HOW TO RE-THINK THE ANALYTIC – CONTINENTAL DICOTHOMY FROM A FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.women.it/cyberarchive/files/allegrini.htm">the original</a> on 2011-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+NATURALISM+QUESTION.+HOW+TO+RE-THINK+THE+ANALYTIC+%E2%80%93+CONTINENTAL+DICOTHOMY+FROM+A+FEMINIST+EPISTEMOLOGICAL+PERSPECTIVE&rft.au=Alessandra+Allegrini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.women.it%2Fcyberarchive%2Ffiles%2Fallegrini.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalytical+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennanSuperson2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Brennan" title="Samantha Brennan">Brennan, Samantha J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anita_Superson" title="Anita Superson">Superson, Anita M.</a> (2005). "Hypatia". <i>Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (Indiana University Press)</i>: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0887-5367">0887-5367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia%3A+A+Journal+of+Feminist+Philosophy+%28Indiana+University+Press%29&rft.atitle=Hypatia&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0887-5367&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Samantha+J.&rft.au=Superson%2C+Anita+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalytical+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbookrags" class="citation web cs1">bookrags. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/research/analytic-feminism-eoph/">"Analytic Feminism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analytic+Feminism&rft.au=bookrags&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fresearch%2Fanalytic-feminism-eoph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalytical+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonNelson2003" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Jack; Nelson, Lynn Hankinson (2003). <i>Feminist Interpretations of W. V. Quine</i> (2003 ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02295-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02295-6"><bdi>978-0-271-02295-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+Interpretations+of+W.+V.+Quine&rft.edition=2003&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02295-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Lynn+Hankinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalytical+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulton1989" class="citation book cs1">Moulton, Janice (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenknowledgere00garrrich"><i>Women, knowledge, and reality: explorations in feminist philosophy</i></a></span> (1996 ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90712-5"><bdi>978-0-415-90712-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+knowledge%2C+and+reality%3A+explorations+in+feminist+philosophy&rft.edition=1996&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90712-5&rft.aulast=Moulton&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenknowledgere00garrrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalytical+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarry2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Garry" title="Ann Garry">Garry, Ann</a> (September 2010). "Analytic Feminism". <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2011 ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-158-37777-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-158-37777-0"><bdi>978-1-158-37777-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Analytic+Feminism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Spring+2011&rft.date=2010-09&rft.isbn=978-1-158-37777-0&rft.aulast=Garry&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnalytical+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Crary, Alice</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/the-methodological-is-political">"The methodological is political: What’s the matter with ‘analytic feminism’?"</a> <i>Radical Philosophy</i> RP 2.02, June 2018</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/femapproach-analytic/#ChaAnaFem">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Analytic Feminism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminist_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Early" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Poullain_de_la_Barre" title="François Poullain de la Barre">François Poullain de la Barre</a> <ul><li><i>De l’Égalité des deux sexes</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1673</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Astell" title="Mary Astell">Mary Astell</a> <ul><li><i>A Serious Proposal to the Ladies</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1694</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1792</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Moore Grimké</a> <ul><li><i>Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1837</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Tristan" title="Flora Tristan">Flora Tristan</a> <ul><li><i>The Emancipation of Working Class Women</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1843</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> <ul><li><i>Declaration of Sentiments</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1848</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Harriet Taylor Mill</a> <ul><li><i>The Enfranchisement of Women</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1851</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1869</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1884</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1940s–1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1949</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1963</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics">Sexual Politics</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch" title="The Female Eunuch">The Female Eunuch</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Robin Morgan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Powerful" title="Sisterhood Is Powerful">Sisterhood Is Powerful</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1974</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bartky" title="Sandra Bartky">Sandra Bartky</a> <ul><li>"Toward a Phenomenology of Feminist Consciousness", <span style="font-size:85%;">1974</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Our_Will" title="Against Our Will">Against Our Will</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1975</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Hélène Cixous</a> <ul><li>"Le Rire de la Méduse", <span style="font-size:85%;">1975</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Mary Daly</a> <ul><li><i>Gyn/Ecology</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1978</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Spender" title="Dale Spender">Dale Spender</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Made_Language" title="Man Made Language">Man Made Language</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1978</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a> <ul><li>"The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House", <span style="font-size:85%;">1979</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Monique Wittig</a> <ul><li>"On ne naît pas femme", <span style="font-size:85%;">1980</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)" title="Ain't I a Woman? (book)"><i>Ain't I a Woman?</i></a>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1981</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Marilyn Frye</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Reality" title="The Politics of Reality">The Politics of Reality</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1983</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spinster_and_Her_Enemies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Spinster and Her Enemies (page does not exist)">The Spinster and Her Enemies</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1985</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Gerda Lerner</a> <ul><li><i>The Creation of Patriarchy</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1986</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharine MacKinnon">Catharine MacKinnon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State" title="Toward a Feminist Theory of the State">Toward a Feminist Theory of the State</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1989</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a> <ul><li>"Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex", <span style="font-size:85%;">1989</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Feminist_Thought" title="Black Feminist Thought">Black Feminist Thought</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Wolf" title="Naomi Wolf">Naomi Wolf</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_Myth" title="The Beauty Myth">The Beauty Myth</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Drucilla Cornell</a> <ul><li><i>Beyond Accommodation</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1991</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood">Val Plumwood</a> <ul><li><i>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1993</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Hoff_Sommers" title="Christina Hoff Sommers">Christina Hoff Sommers</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Stole_Feminism%3F" title="Who Stole Feminism?">Who Stole Feminism?</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1994</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Social_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and Social Justice">Sex and Social Justice</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1998</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_S._Anderson" title="Elizabeth S. Anderson">Elizabeth Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Albertson_Fineman" title="Martha Albertson Fineman">Martha Albertson Fineman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Harding" title="Sandra Harding">Sandra Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Haslanger" title="Sally Haslanger">Sally Haslanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Luce Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_G._J%C3%B3nasd%C3%B3ttir" title="Anna G. Jónasdóttir">Anna Jónasdóttir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">justice ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">standpoint theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_performativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender performativity">performativity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_transracialism_controversy" title="Hypatia transracialism controversy">transracialism controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PhiloSOPHIA" title="PhiloSOPHIA">philoSOPHIA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_of_feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Scholars of feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_theorists" title="Category:Feminist theorists">Feminist theorists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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