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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-al-Latif" title="Abd-al-Latif – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abd-al-Latif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="عبد اللطيف بن يوسف البغدادي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبد اللطيف بن يوسف البغدادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fbd%C3%BCll%C9%99tif_Ba%C4%9Fdadi" title="Əbdüllətif Bağdadi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əbdüllətif Bağdadi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-al-Latif_al-Baghdad%C3%AD" title="Abd-al-Latif al-Baghdadí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abd-al-Latif al-Baghdadí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD%CF%84-%CE%91%CE%BB_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%86" title="Αμπντ-Αλ Λατίφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμπντ-Αλ Λατίφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="عبداللطیف بغدادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عبداللطیف بغدادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAbd_al-Lat%C3%AEf_al-Baghd%C3%A2d%C3%AE" title="ʿAbd al-Latîf al-Baghdâdî – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ʿAbd al-Latîf al-Baghdâdî" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAbd_al-La%E1%B9%AD%C4%ABf_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" title="ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%91%D7%A2%27%D7%93%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99" title="עבד אל-לטיף בן יוסף אל-בע'דאדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עבד אל-לטיף בן יוסף אל-בע'דאדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89" title="عبد اللطيف بن يوسف البجدادى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عبد اللطيف بن يوسف البجدادى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullatif_al-Bag%E2%80%98dodiy" title="Abdullatif al-Bag‘dodiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abdullatif al-Bag‘dodiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="البغدادی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="البغدادی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi_(kronikarz)" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (kronikarz) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (kronikarz)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdalatife" title="Abdalatife – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abdalatife" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Latif" title="Abd al-Latif – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abd al-Latif" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%84_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Абдул-Латиф ибн Юсуф аль-Багдади – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абдул-Латиф ибн Юсуф аль-Багдади" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-ul-latif" title="Abd-ul-latif – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abd-ul-latif" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BCllat%C3%AEf_el-Ba%C4%9Fd%C3%A2d%C3%AE" title="Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%84_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Муваффак ад-Дін ібн Юсуф аль-Багдаді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Муваффак ад-Дін ібн Юсуф аль-Багдаді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="البغدادی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="البغدادی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arab physician, philosopher and historian (c.1162–1231)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 20th-century Egyptian politician, see <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Latif_Boghdadi_(politician)" title="Abdel Latif Boghdadi (politician)">Abdel Latif Boghdadi (politician)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi <br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عبداللطيف البغدادي</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Muhammad ibn Yusuf</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1162<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1231 (aged 69)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Abbasid Caliphate</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Muwaffaq al-Din Muhammad Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Later Abbasid era</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Physician</a></li> <li>Philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic grammarian</a></li> <li>Traveler</li> <li>Writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">Yusuf al-Baghdadi</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عبداللطيف البغدادي</span>; 1162, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> – 1231, Baghdad), short for <b>Muwaffaq al-Dīn Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Laṭīf ibn Yūsuf al-Baghdādī</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">موفق الدين محمد عبد اللطيف بن يوسف البغدادي</span>), was a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">physician</a>, philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic grammarian</a> and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many details of ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī's life are known from his autobiography as presented in Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿah's literary history of medicine. As a young man, he studied grammar, law, tradition, medicine, alchemy and philosophy. He focused his studies on ancient authors, in particular <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, after first adopting <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (Ibn Sīnā) as his philosophical mentor at the suggestion of a wandering scholar from the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. He travelled extensively and resided in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> (in 1189) where he studied the works of al-Suhrawardi before travelling on to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (1190) and the camp of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (1191). It was at this last location that he met <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_ibn_Shaddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad">Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Din_al-Isfahani" title="Imad al-Din al-Isfahani">Imad al-Din al-Isfahani</a> and acquired the <a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Fadil" title="Qadi al-Fadil">Qadi al-Fadil</a>'s patronage. He went on to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, where he met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Shari%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Shari'i (page does not exist)">Abu'l-Qasim al-Shari'i</a>, who introduced him to the works of al-Farabi, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a> and (according to al-Latif) turned him away from Avicenna and alchemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaman201544Meri20052_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaman201544Meri20052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1192 he met Saladin in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and enjoyed his patronage, then went to Damascus again before returning to Cairo. He journeyed to Jerusalem and to Damascus in 1207–1208, and eventually made his way via <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Erzindjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzindjan">Erzindjan</a>, where he remained at the court of the Mengujekid Ala’-al-Din Da’ud (Dāwūd Shāh) until the city was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Rūm Seljuk</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Kayqubad_II" title="Kayqubad II">Kayqubād II</a> (Kayqubād Ibn Kaykhusraw). ‘Abd al-Latif returned to Baghdad in 1229, travelling back via <a href="/wiki/Erzerum" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzerum">Erzerum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakh">Kamakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divri%C4%9Fi" title="Divriği">Divriği</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a>. He died in Baghdad two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaman201544Meri20052_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaman201544Meri20052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Account_of_Egypt"><i>Account of Egypt</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Account of Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ʿAbd al-Laṭīf was a man of great knowledge and of an inquisitive and penetrating mind. Of the numerous works (mostly on medicine) which Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿah ascribes to him, one only, his graphic and detailed <i>Account of Egypt</i> (in two parts), appeared to be known in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to measuring the structure, alongside the other pyramids at Giza, al-Baghdadi also writes that the structures were surely tombs, although he thought the Great Pyramid was used for the burial of <a href="/wiki/Agathodaimon" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathodaimon">Agathodaimon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>. Al-Baghdadi ponders whether the pyramid pre-dated the Great flood as described in Genesis, and even briefly entertained the idea that it was a pre-Adamic construction.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archeology">Archeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ʿAbd al-Laṭīf was well aware of the value of ancient monuments. He praised some Muslim rulers for preserving and protecting pre-Islamic artefacts and monuments, but he also criticized others for failing to do so. He noted that the preservation of antiquities presented a number of benefits for Muslims:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly200410_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly200410-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"monuments are useful historical evidence for chronologies";</li> <li>"they furnish evidence for Holy Scriptures, since the Qur'an mentions them and their people";</li> <li>"they are reminders of human endurance and fate";</li> <li>"they show, to a degree, the politics and history of ancestors, the richness of their sciences, and the genius of their thought".</li></ul> <p>While discussing the profession of <a href="/wiki/Treasure_hunting" title="Treasure hunting">treasure hunting</a>, he notes that poorer treasure hunters were often sponsored by rich businessmen to go on <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeological</a> expeditions. In some cases, an expedition could turn out to be <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraudulent</a>, with the treasure hunter disappearing with large amounts of money extracted from sponsors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly200436_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly200436-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptology">Egyptology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Egyptology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_in_Africa#North_Africa_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cannibalism in Africa">Cannibalism in Africa § North Africa in the Middle Ages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism#Whole-body_roasting_and_baking" title="Human cannibalism">Human cannibalism § Whole-body roasting and baking</a></div> <p>His manuscript was one of the earliest works on <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>. It contains a vivid description of a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> which occurred during the author's residence in Egypt. The famine was caused by the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> failing to overflow its banks and according to ‘Abd al-Latif's detailed account, the food situation became so dire that many people turned to <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote detailed descriptions on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">ancient Egyptian monuments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autopsy">Autopsy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Autopsy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Baghdādī wrote that during the famine in Egypt in 597 AH (1200 AD), he had the opportunity to <a href="/wiki/Observe" class="mw-redirect" title="Observe">observe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">examine</a> a large number of <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletons</a>, through which he came to the view that <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> was incorrect regarding the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> of the lower <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaw</a> [mandible], coccyx and <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith1996951_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith1996951-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation">Translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Baghdādī's Arabic manuscript was discovered in 1665 by the English <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pococke" title="Edward Pococke">Edward Pococke</a> and is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pococke published the Arabic manuscript in the 1680s. His son, Edward Pococke the Younger, translated the work into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, although he was only able to publish less than half of his work. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hunt (professor)">Thomas Hunt</a> attempted to publish Pococke's complete translation in 1746, although his attempt was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToomer1996272-273_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToomer1996272-273-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pococke's complete Latin translation was eventually published by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_White_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph White (professor)">Joseph White</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was then translated into <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, with valuable notes, by <a href="/wiki/Silvestre_de_Sacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvestre de Sacy">Silvestre de Sacy</a> in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToomer1996275_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToomer1996275-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As far as philosophy is concerned, one may adduce that ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī regarded philosophers as paragons of real virtue and therefore he refused to accept as a true philosopher one lacking not only true insight, but also a truly moral personality as true philosophy was in the service of religion, verifying both belief and action. Apart from this he regarded the philosophers’ ambitions as vain (Endress, in Martini Bonadeo, Philosophical journey, xi). ʿAbd al-Laṭīf composed several philosophical works, among which is an important and original commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics (<i>Kitāb fī ʿilm mā baʿd al-ṭabīʿa</i>). This is a critical work in the process of the Arabic assimilation of Greek thought, demonstrating its author's acquaintance with the most important Greek metaphysical doctrines, as set out in the writings of al-Kindī (d. circa 185-252/801-66) and al-Fārābī (d. 339/950). The philosophical section of his Book of the Two Pieces of Advice (<i>Kitāb al-Naṣīḥatayn</i>) contains an interesting and challenging defence of philosophy and illustrates the vibrancy of philosophical debate in the Islamic colleges. It moreover emphasises the idea that Islamic philosophy did not decline after the twelfth century CE (Martini Bonadeo, Philosophical journey; Gutas). ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī may therefore well be an exponent of what Gutas calls the “golden age of Arabic philosophy” (Gutas, 20). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alchemy">Alchemy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alchemy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ʿAbd al-Laṭīf also penned two passionate and somewhat grotesque pamphlets against the art of alchemy in all its facets. Although he engaged in alchemy for a short while, he later abandoned the art completely by rejecting not only its practice, but also its theory. In ʿAbd al-Laṭīf's view alchemy could not be placed in the system of the sciences, and its false presumptions and pretensions must be distinguished from true scientific knowledge, which can be given a rational basis (Joosse, Rebellious intellectual, 29–62; Joosse, Unmasking the craft, 301–17; Martini Bonadeo, Philosophical journey, 5-6 and 203–5; Stern, 66–7; Allemann). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spiritualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the years following the First World War, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī's name reappeared within the spiritualistic movement in the United Kingdom. He was introduced to the public by the Irish medium <a href="/wiki/Eileen_J._Garrett" title="Eileen J. Garrett">Eileen J. Garrett</a>, the author <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a> and the spiritualist R.H. Saunders and became known by the name Abduhl Latif, the great Arab physician. He is said to have acted as a control of mediums until the mid-1960s (Joosse, Geest, 221–9). The Bodleian Library (MS Pococke 230) and the interpretation of the Videans (Zand-Videan, 8–9) may also have prompted the whimsical short-story ‘Ghost Writer’, as told to <a href="/wiki/Tim_Mackintosh-Smith" title="Tim Mackintosh-Smith">Tim Mackintosh-Smith</a>, in which ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī speaks in the first person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionary" title="Chambers Biographical Dictionary">Chambers Biographical Dictionary</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2">0-550-18022-2</a>, page 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaman201544Meri20052-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaman201544Meri20052_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaman201544Meri20052_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeaman2015">Leaman 2015</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFMeri2005">Meri 2005</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abdallatif" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abdallatif">Abdallatif</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdallatif&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggs2017" class="citation book cs1">Riggs, Christina (15 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmwvDwAAQBAJ&q=Riggs,+Christina+(2017).+Egypt:+Lost+Civilizations."><i>Egypt: Lost Civilizations</i></a>. Reaktion Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-774-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-774-9"><bdi>978-1-78023-774-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+Lost+Civilizations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2017-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-774-9&rft.aulast=Riggs&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmwvDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DRiggs%2C%2BChristina%2B%282017%29.%2BEgypt%3A%2BLost%2BCivilizations.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2005" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Okasha El (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdI96px90kUC"><i>Egyptology: The Missing Millennium – Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 58-49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84472-063-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84472-063-7"><bdi>978-1-84472-063-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Egypt+in+Medieval+Arabic+Writings&rft.pages=58-49&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84472-063-7&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Okasha+El&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdI96px90kUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly200410-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly200410_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl_Daly2004">El Daly 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly200436-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly200436_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl_Daly2004">El Daly 2004</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannahill1975" class="citation book cs1">Tannahill, Reay (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fleshbloodhisto00tann"><i>Flesh and Blood: A History of the Cannibal Complex</i></a>. New York: Stein and Day. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1756-0"><bdi>978-0-8128-1756-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flesh+and+Blood%3A+A+History+of+the+Cannibal+Complex&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-1756-0&rft.aulast=Tannahill&rft.aufirst=Reay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffleshbloodhisto00tann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl_Daly2004_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl_Daly2004">El Daly 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith1996951-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith1996951_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage-Smith1996">Savage-Smith 1996</a>, p. 951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToomer1996272-273-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToomer1996272-273_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToomer1996">Toomer 1996</a>, p. 272-273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-BaghdādīHydePocockeWhite1800" class="citation book cs1">al-Baghdādī, M.D.A.L.; Hyde, T.; Pococke, E.; White, J.; Oxford University Press (1800). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTxbAAAAQAAJ"><i>Abdollatiphi Historiæ Ægypti compendium,: Arabice et Latine</i></a>. Typis academicis, impensis editoris; prostat venalis apud J. Cooke, Hanwell et Parker, Oxonii; J. White, Fleet Street; D. Bremner, Strand; et R. Faulder, Bond Street, Londini.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abdollatiphi+Histori%C3%A6+%C3%86gypti+compendium%2C%3A+Arabice+et+Latine&rft.pub=Typis+academicis%2C+impensis+editoris%3B+prostat+venalis+apud+J.+Cooke%2C+Hanwell+et+Parker%2C+Oxonii%3B+J.+White%2C+Fleet+Street%3B+D.+Bremner%2C+Strand%3B+et+R.+Faulder%2C+Bond+Street%2C+Londini.&rft.date=1800&rft.aulast=al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=M.D.A.L.&rft.au=Hyde%2C+T.&rft.au=Pococke%2C+E.&rft.au=White%2C+J.&rft.au=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTxbAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToomer1996275-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToomer1996275_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToomer1996">Toomer 1996</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Baghddde_Sacy1810" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">al-Baghdd, M.D.A.L.; <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Isaac_Silvestre_de_Sacy" title="Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy">de Sacy, A.I.S.</a> (1810). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dZQAAAAcAAJ"><i>Relation de l'Égypte</i></a> (in French). Imprimerie impériale, chez Dreuttel et Würtz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relation+de+l%27%C3%89gypte&rft.pub=Imprimerie+imp%C3%A9riale%2C+chez+Dreuttel+et+W%C3%BCrtz&rft.date=1810&rft.aulast=al-Baghdd&rft.aufirst=M.D.A.L.&rft.au=de+Sacy%2C+A.I.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6dZQAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allemann, Franz, ʿAbdallaṭīf al-Baġdādī: Risālah fī Mudjādalat al-ḥakīmain al-kīmiyāʾī wan-naẓarī (“Das Streitgespräch zwischen dem Alchemisten und dem theoretischen Philosophen” or <i>The Argument Between the Alchemist and the Theoretical Philosopher</i>). Eine textkritische Bearbeitung der Handschrift: Bursa, Hüseyin Çelebi 823, fol. 100-123 mit Übersetzung und Kommentar, PhD dissertation Bern 1988.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Daly2004" class="citation book cs1">El Daly, Okasha (2004). <i>Egyptology: The Missing Millennium – Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84472-063-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84472-063-2"><bdi>1-84472-063-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Egypt+in+Medieval+Arabic+Writings&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84472-063-2&rft.aulast=El+Daly&rft.aufirst=Okasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Degen, Rainer, Zum Diabetestraktat des ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī, <i>Annali Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli</i>, 37 (N.S. 27) (1977), 455–62.</li> <li>Dietrich, Albert, Ein Arzneimittelverzeichnis des Abdallaṭīf Ibn Yūsuf al-Baġdādī, in: Wilhelm Hoenerbach, <i>Der Orient in der Forschung. Festschrift für Otto Spies zum 5. April 1966</i> (Wiesbaden 1967), 42–60.</li> <li>Gannagé, Emma, “Médecine et philosophie à Damas à l’aube du XIIIème siècle: un tournant post-avicennien?”, <i>Oriens</i>, 39 (2011), 227–256.</li> <li>Gutas, Dimitri, 'Philosophy in the Twelfth Century: One View from Bagdad, or the Reputation of al-Ghazālī, in: Peter Adamson, <i>In the Age of Averroes: Arabic Philosophy in the Sixth/Twelfth Century</i>, London/Torino: Nino Aragno Editore, 2011, 9-26.</li> <li>Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa, <i>ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-atibbāʾ</i>, ed. Imruʾulqais ibn aṭ-Ṭaḥḥān (August Müller), 2 vols. (Cairo-Königsberg 1299/1882), 2: 201-13 [Reprint by Fuat Sezgin et al.: Islamic Medicine 1–2, 2 vols., Frankfurt am Main 1995]. The entry on ALB has been translated, annotated, and edited by N. Peter Joosse and Geert Jan van Gelder, in: <i>A Literary History of medicine: The ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ of Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿah, </i>HdO 134, volume 3-1 [ed.]: 1295–1323; 3-2 [trl.]: 1470-1506 (Brill: Leiden/Boston, 2019).<i></i></li> <li>Joosse, N. Peter, art. "ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī" in: Encyclopaedia of Islam <i>Three</i>.</li> <li>Joosse, N. Peter, <i>The Physician as a Rebellious Intellectual. The Book of the Two Pieces of Advice or Kitāb al-Naṣīḥatayn by ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī (1162–1231): Introduction, Edition and Translation of the Medical Section</i> (Frankfurt am Main and Bern: Peter Lang Edition 2014). [Beihefte zur Mediaevistik, Band 18].</li> <li>Joosse, N. Peter, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī as a philosopher and a physician. Myth or reality, topos or truth?, in Peter Adamson, <i>In the age of Averroes. Arabic philosophy in the sixth/twelfth century</i> (Nino Aragno Editore: London/Torino 2011), 27-43.</li> <li>Joosse, N. Peter, ‘Pride and prejudice, praise and blame’. ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī’s views on good and bad medical practitioners, in Arnoud Vrolijk and Jan P. Hogendijk, <i>O ye gentlemen. Arabic studies on science and literary culture in honour of Remke Kruk</i> (Brill: Leiden/Boston 2007), 129–41.</li> <li>Joosse, N. Peter, 'ʿUnmasking the Craftʾ. ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī's Views on Alchemy and Alchemists: in: Anna A. Akasoy and Wim Raven, <i>Islamic Thought in the Middle Ages. Studies in Text, Transmission and Translation in Honour of Hans Daiber</i> (Brill: Leiden/Boston, 2008), 301–17.</li> <li>Joosse, N. Peter, ‘De geest is uit de fles’. De middeleeuwse Arabische arts ʿAbd al-Laṭīf ibn Yūsuf al-Baghdādī: zijn medische werk en zijn bizarre affiliatie met het twintigste-eeuwse spiritisme, <i>Gewina</i> 30/4 (2007), 211–29.</li> <li>Joosse, N. Peter and Peter E. Pormann, 'Decline and Decadence in Iraq and Syria after the Age of Avicenna?: ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī (1162–1231) between Myth and History, in: <i>Bulletin of the History of Medicine</i> 84 (2010), 1-29.</li> <li>Joosse, N. Peter and Peter E. Pormann, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's commentary on Hippocrates’ ‘Prognostic’. A preliminary exploration, in Peter E. Pormann (ed.), <i>>Epidemics< in context. Greek commentaries on Hippocrates in the Arabic tradition</i> (De Gruyter: Berlin and Boston 2012), 251–83.</li> <li>Joosse, N. Peter and Peter E. Pormann, Archery, mathematics, and conceptualising inaccuracies in medicine in 13th century Iraq and Syria, <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i> 101 (2008), 425–7.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2015" class="citation book cs1">Leaman, Oliver (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpvKBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-6944-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-6944-8"><bdi>978-1-4725-6944-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-6944-8&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpvKBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Karimullah, Kamran I., « Assessing Avicenna's (d. 428/1037) Medical Influence in Prolegomena to Post-Classical (1100‒1900 CE) Medical Commentaries », <i>MIDÉO</i>, 32 ( 2017), 93-134 (especially section I on ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī).</li> <li>Kruk, Remke, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī's Kitāb al-Ḥayawān: A chimaera?, in: Anna A. Akasoy and Wim Raven, <i>Islamic thought in the middle ages. Studies in text, transmission and translation, in honour of Hans Daiber</i> (Leiden and Boston 2008), 345–62.</li> <li>Mackintosh-Smith, Tim, 'Ghost Writer', as told to Tim Mackintosh-Smith, (Slightly foxed Ltd: London, 2005).</li> <li>Martini Bonadeo, Cecilia, art. "‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi", in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), in Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/al-baghdadi/">http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/al-baghdadi/</a>>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartini_Bonadeo2013" class="citation book cs1">Martini Bonadeo, Cecilia (2013). <i>Abd al-Laṭif al-Baghdadi's Philosophical Journey: from Aristotle's "Metaphysics" to the "Metaphysical Science</i>. Brill: Leiden/Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abd+al-La%E1%B9%ADif+al-Baghdadi%27s+Philosophical+Journey%3A+from+Aristotle%27s+%22Metaphysics%22+to+the+%22Metaphysical+Science&rft.pub=Brill%3A+Leiden%2FBoston&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Martini+Bonadeo&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2005" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0"><bdi>978-0-415-96690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96690-0&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-k9oc9xsuAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pormann, Peter E. and N. Peter Joosse, Commentaries on the Hippocratic Aphorisms in the Arabic tradition: The example of melancholy, in Peter E. Pormann (ed.), <i>>Epidemics< in context. Greek commentaries on Hippocrates in the Arabic tradition</i> (De Gruyter: Berlin and Boston 2012), 211–49.</li> <li>Pormann, Peter E. and <a href="/wiki/Emilie_Savage-Smith" title="Emilie Savage-Smith">Emilie Savage-Smith</a>, <i>Medieval Islamic medicine</i> (Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh 2007), 60, 73–4.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Sacy1810" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Isaac_Silvestre_de_Sacy" title="Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy">de Sacy, Silvestre</a> (1810). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyYVAAAAQAAJ"><i>Relation de l'Egypt par Abd al-Latif</i></a> (in French). Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relation+de+l%27Egypt+par+Abd+al-Latif&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1810&rft.aulast=de+Sacy&rft.aufirst=Silvestre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpyYVAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage-Smith1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Savage-Smith, Emilie (1996). "Medicine". In <a href="/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed" title="Roshdi Rashed">Rashed, Roshdi</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science">Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</a></i>. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">903–</span>962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medicine&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E903-%3C%2Fspan%3E962&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Savage-Smith&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Miklos_Stern" title="Samuel Miklos Stern">Stern, Samuel Miklos</a>, A collection of treatises by ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī, <i>Islamic Studies</i> 1 (1962), 53–70. [Reprint, in Fritz W. Zimmermann (ed.), S.M. Stern, <i>Medieval Arabic and Hebrew thought</i> (London 1983), No. XVIII].</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Thies" title="Hans-Jürgen Thies">Thies, Hans-Jürgen</a>, <i>Der Diabetestraktat ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Krankheitbildes in der arabischen Medizin</i>, Diss. Bonn, Selbstverlag Uni Bonn, 1971.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToomer1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_James_Toomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald James Toomer">Toomer, Gerald James</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easternwisedomel0000toom"><i>Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820291-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820291-1"><bdi>0-19-820291-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Wisedome+and+Learning%3A+The+Study+of+Arabic+in+Seventeenth-Century+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-820291-1&rft.aulast=Toomer&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasternwisedomel0000toom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbd+al-Latif+al-Baghdadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawkat_Toorawa" title="Shawkat Toorawa">Toorawa, Shawkat M.</a>, A portrait of ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī's education and instruction, in Joseph E. Lowry, Devin J. Stewart and Shawkat M. Toorawa, <i>Law and education in medieval Islam. Studies in memory of professor George Makdisi</i> (Oxford 2004), 91–109.</li> <li>Ullmann, Manfred, <i>Die Medizin im Islam</i> (Brill: Leiden/Köln 1970), 170–2.</li> <li>Ullmann, Manfred, review of Hans-Jürgen Thies, Der Diabetestraktat ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Krankheitsbildes in der arabischen Medizin, (Selbstverlag Uni Bonn: Bonn 1971), <i>Der Islam</i> 48 (1972), 339–40.</li> <li>Zand, K.H. and J.A. and I.E. Videan, <i>Kitāb al-Ifāda wa l-iʿtibār fī l-umūr al-mushāhada wa l-ḥawādith al-muʿāyana bi-arḍ miṣr</i>. Facsimile edition of the autograph manuscript at the Bodleian Library, Oxford and English translation by Kamal Hafuth Zand and John A. and Ivy E. Videan under the name The Eastern Key (London and Cairo 1204/1964).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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id="Medieval_philosophers201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">11–12th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor" title="Richard of Saint Victor">Richard of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">13–14th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Aureolus">Petrus Aureolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Inghen" title="Marsilius of Inghen">Marsilius of Inghen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hennon" title="John Hennon">John Hennon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medieval8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">al-Nazzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi (Alkindus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Matta ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Abd al-Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al-Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali (Algazel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">Athir al-Din al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_medicine183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_medicine" title="Template:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_medicine" title="Template talk:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_medicine183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Islamic medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Physicians_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Physicians of the medieval Islamic world">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafsa_Yazid" title="Abu Hafsa Yazid">Abu Hafsa Yazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Kalada" title="Al-Harith ibn Kalada">Al-Harith ibn Kalada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Ramtha_al-Tamimi" title="Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi">Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Uthal" title="Ibn Uthal">Ibn Uthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masarjawaih" title="Masarjawaih">Masarjawaih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Harith" title="Nafi ibn al-Harith">Nafi ibn al-Harith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufaida_Al-Aslamia" title="Rufaida Al-Aslamia">Rufaida Al-Aslamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_al-Awadiya" title="Zaynab al-Awadiya">Zaynab al-Awadiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'ar al-Sadiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhawi" title="Al-Ruhawi">Al-Ruhawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albubather" title="Albubather">Albubather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali al-Ridha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Hunayn" title="Ishaq ibn Hunayn">Ishaq ibn Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabril_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Jabril ibn Bukhtishu">Jabril ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masawaiyh" title="Masawaiyh">Masawaiyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmawaih_ibn_Bunan" title="Salmawaih ibn Bunan">Salmawaih ibn Bunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_ibn_Sahl" title="Shapur ibn Sahl">Shapur ibn Sahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sarafyun" title="Yahya ibn Sarafyun">Yahya ibn Sarafyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhanna_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu">Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Khuri" title="Yusuf al-Khuri">Yusuf al-Khuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Ali_ibn_al-%27Abbas_al-Majusi" title="'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi">'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aayon_Ibn_Aayon" title="Aayon Ibn Aayon">Aayon Ibn Aayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Rabee_Ibn_Ahmad_Al-Akhawyni_Bokhari" title="Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari">Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sahl_%27Isa_ibn_Yahya_al-Masihi" title="Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi">Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Tabari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari">Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_Muqane%27i" title="Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i">Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_ul-Ala_Shirazi" title="Abu ul-Ala Shirazi">Abu ul-Ala Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kashkari" title="Al-Kashkari">Al-Kaŝkarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Natili" title="Al-Natili">Al-Natili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamimi,_the_physician" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tamimi, the physician">Al-Tamimi, the physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Eutychius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_al-Ash%CA%BFath" title="Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath">Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juljul" title="Ibn Juljul">Ibn Juljul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazzar" title="Ibn al-Jazzar">Ibn al-Jazzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Baks" title="Ibrahim ibn Baks">Ibrahim ibn Baks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Abdun_al-Jabali" title="Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali">Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Muvaffak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumri" title="Qumri">Qumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusta_ibn_Luqa" title="Qusta ibn Luqa">Qusta ibn Luqa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_ibn_Bukhtishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu">Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani">Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hakam_al-Kirmani" title="Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani">Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Kahhal" title="Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal">Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ridwan" title="Ali ibn Ridwan">Ali ibn Ridwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf_al-Ilaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi">Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Mawsili" title="Ammar al-Mawsili">Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badi%27_al-Asturlabi" title="Al-Badi' al-Asturlabi">Badi' al-Asturlabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Sadiq" title="Ibn Abi Sadiq">Ibn Abi Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Al-Thahabi" title="Ibn Al-Thahabi">Ibn Al-Thahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Butlan" title="Ibn Butlan">Ibn Butlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hindu" title="Ibn Hindu">Ibn Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jazla" title="Ibn Jazla">Ibn Jazla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kattani" title="Ibn al-Kattani">Ibn al-Kattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wafid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masawaih_al-Mardini" title="Masawaih al-Mardini">Masawaih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jafar_ibn_Harun_al-Turjali" title="Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali">Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Bayan_ibn_al-Mudawwar" title="Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar">Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Majd_ibn_Abi_al-Hakam" title="Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam">Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Farrokh" title="Ahmad ibn Farrokh">Ahmad ibn Farrokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi" title="Al-Samawal al-Maghribi">Al-Samawal al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Habal" title="Ibn Habal">Ibn Habal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jumay%CA%BF" title="Ibn Jumayʿ">Ibn Jumay‘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Ibn Zuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Tilmidh" title="Ibn al-Tilmidh">Ibn al-Tilmīdh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Moshe ben Maimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Aslam_al-Ghafiqi" title="Muhammad ibn Aslam al-Ghafiqi">Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapion_the_Younger" title="Serapion the Younger">Serapion the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Ishaq_al-Israili" title="Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili">Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Din_Gorgani" title="Zayn al-Din Gorgani">Zayn al-Din Gorgani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maimonides" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dakhwar" title="Al-Dakhwar">Al-Dakhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrazuri" title="Al-Shahrazuri">Al-Shahrazuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Din_Rashid_al-Din_Vatvat" title="Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat">Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwaydi_(physician)" title="As-Suwaydi (physician)">As-Suwaydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27ud_Abu_al-Fadl" title="Da'ud Abu al-Fadl">Da'ud Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussam_al-Din_al-Jarrahi" title="Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi">Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaybi%27a" title="Ibn Abi Usaybi'a">Ibn Abi Usaibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumlus" title="Ibn Tumlus">Ibn Tumlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Baitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Quff" title="Ibn al-Quff">Ibn al-Quff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Raqqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Raqqam">Ibn al‐Raqqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Din_Samarqandi" title="Najib ad-Din Samarqandi">Najib ad-Din Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_al-Suri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun al-Suri">Rashidun al-Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_al-Dawla" title="Sa'ad al-Dawla">Sa'ad al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nagawri" title="Al-Nagawri">Al-Nagawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqsara%27i" title="Aqsara'i">Aqsara'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shuayb" title="Ibn Shuayb">Ibn Shuayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Akfani" title="Ibn al-Akfani">Ibn al-Akfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaghmini" title="Jaghmini">Jaghmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Ilyas" title="Mansur ibn Ilyas">Mansur ibn Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%CA%BDud_ibn_Muhammad_Sijzi" title="Masʽud ibn Muhammad Sijzi">Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Mahmud_Amuli" title="Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli">Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Mahmud_ibn_Ilyas_al-Shirazi" title="Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi">Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhshabi" title="Nakhshabi">Nakhshabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadid_al-Din_al-Kazaruni" title="Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni">Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Ismail_al-Kutubi" title="Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi">Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn-e-Attar" title="Zayn-e-Attar">Zayn-e-Attar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Afif" title="Abu Sa'id al-Afif">Abu Sa'id al-Afif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan-ud-din_Kermani" title="Burhan-ud-din Kermani">Burhan-ud-din Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayni_Isfahani" title="Husayni Isfahani">Husayni Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Astarabadi" title="Muhammad Ali Astarabadi">Muhammad Ali Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_al-Harawi" title="Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi">Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurbakhshi" title="Nurbakhshi">Nurbakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Muhammad_ibn_Thaleb" title="Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb">Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuncuo%C4%9Flu_%C5%9Eerafeddin" title="Sabuncuoğlu Şerafeddin">Şerafeddin Kadir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Gorgani" title="Rostam Gorgani">Rostam Gorgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BDImad_Shirazi" title="ʽImad Shirazi">ʽImad Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Qasim_ibn_Mohammed_al-Ghassani" title="Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani">Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Antaki" title="Dawud al-Antaki">Dawud al-Antaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim-e-Gilani" title="Hakim-e-Gilani">Hakim-e-Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ali_Khorasani" title="Sultan Ali Khorasani">Sultan Ali Khorasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiwam_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Hasani" title="Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani">Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_El_Razzaq_Al-Jaza%C3%AFri" title="Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri">Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurayshi_al-Shirazi" title="Qurayshi al-Shirazi">Qurayshi al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunakabuni" title="Tunakabuni">Tunakabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsud-Ali_Tabrizi" title="Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi">Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khurasani_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi">Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Medical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah" title="Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah">Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_Charts_of_the_Arabs" title="Anatomy Charts of the Arabs">Anatomy Charts of the Arabs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Ten_Treatises_of_the_Eye" title="Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye">Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Gradibus" title="De Gradibus">De Gradibus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Tasrif" title="Al-Tasrif">Al-Tasrif</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakhireye_Khwarazmshahi" title="Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi">Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_al-Tabib" title="Adab al-Tabib">Adab al-Tabib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamel_al-Sanaat_al-Tibbyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya">Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawi" title="Al-Hawi">Al-Hawi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Anatomy_in_Avicenna%27s_Canon" title="Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon">Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaybi%27a" title="Ibn Abi Usaybi'a">Lives of the Physicians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Adudi_Hospital" title="Al-'Adudi Hospital">Al-'Adudi Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimarestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan" title="Nur al-Din Bimaristan">Nur al-Din Bimaristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">Ancient Iranian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Sciences" title="Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences">Ibn Sina Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_medicine" title="Learned medicine">Learned medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Renaissance" title="Medical Renaissance">Medical Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medieval medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q307277#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2338" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118500090">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr89011237">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13005661n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13005661n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000089951&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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