What are Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT)?

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Their one-dimensional structure gives them extraordinary physical properties that have been exploited for a range of applications." /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/apple-touch-icon.png?v=47689890648139992551729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-32x32.png?v=170914528706734454101729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-16x16.png?v=162550173345868048431729065668"> <link rel="manifest" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/site.webmanifest?v=100969836723433583841729065669"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=95647162979764929801729065669" color="#39499c"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#418fde"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main-style.css?v=129786468726129743101731684242">  <script>var shopifyMoneyFormat = '${{amount}}';</script> <script defer src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main.js?v=120109391065215852831729088283"></script>  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="What are Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT)?" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are sheets of graphene that have been rolled up to form a long hollow tube, with wall thickness of a single atom. Their one-dimensional structure gives them extraordinary physical properties that have been exploited for a range of applications." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ossila" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ossilascience"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="What are Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT)?"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are sheets of graphene that have been rolled up to form a long hollow tube, with wall thickness of a single atom. Their one-dimensional structure gives them extraordinary mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. These properties have been exploited for applications in flexible electronics, sensors and energy storage. Nomenclature: Single-walled carbon nanotubes Single-wall carbon nanotubes SWCNT SWNT On This Page Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Structure and Properties Mechanical Properties Electrical Properties Thermal Properties Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Applications Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Production Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Structure and Properties Much like graphene, SWCNTs have properties that differ considerably to those of bulk carbon (e.g. graphite). SWCNT are described as one graphene layer rolled up as a hollow tube with a typical diameter of &lt; 2 nm and lengths &gt; 5 μm. 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Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a href="/collections/solution-making"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solution Making Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/equipment-accessories"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Equipment Accessories</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container"> <div id="unsupported-browser-message" class="alert-warning"> <p>It looks like you are using an unsupported browser. You can still place orders by emailing us on <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a>, but you may experience issues browsing our website. Please consider upgrading to a modern browser for better security and an improved browsing experience.</p> </div> </div>  <main> <div id="informational-page"> <h1>What are Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT)?</h1> <div class="container"> <img class="featured-image" alt="carbon nanotubes" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/carbon-nanotubes-bottle.jpg?v=1724162898&width=1340&height=280&crop=center" height="280" width="1340" loading="lazy"> <p><a title="SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotubes" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/single-walled-carbon-nanotubes">Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)</a> are sheets of graphene that have been rolled up to form a long hollow tube, with wall thickness of a single atom. Their one-dimensional structure gives them extraordinary mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. These properties have been exploited for applications in flexible electronics, sensors and energy storage.</p> <p>Nomenclature:</p> <ul> <li>Single-walled carbon nanotubes</li> <li>Single-wall carbon nanotubes</li> <li>SWCNT</li> <li>SWNT</li> </ul> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <p style="margin-top: 10px;" class="h3">On This Page</p> <hr> <ul> <li><a href="#structure-properties">Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Structure and Properties</a></li> <ul> <li><a href="#mechanical">Mechanical Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#electrical">Electrical Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#thermal">Thermal Properties</a></li> </ul> <li><a href="#applications">Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Applications</a></li> <li><a href="#production">Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Production</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2 id="structure-properties">Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Structure and Properties</h2> <hr><video alt="Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube" autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" loop="loop" src="https://cdn.ossila.com/videos/CNT_animation0000-0230_2-1080p.mp4" title="Carbon Nanotubes" class="float-right" width="100%"></video> <p>Much like graphene, SWCNTs have properties that differ considerably to those of bulk carbon (e.g. graphite). SWCNT are described as one graphene layer rolled up as a hollow tube with a typical diameter of < 2 nm and lengths > 5 μm. The aspect ratio (ratio of length/diameter) is well into the thousands.</p> <p>It is this one-dimensional structure of hexagonal carbon lattice, as shown in the video, that give SWCNTs their unique mechanical, electronic and thermal properties.</p> <h3 id="mechanical">Mechanical Properties</h3> <p>The mechanical properties of <a title="SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotubes" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/single-walled-carbon-nanotubes">single-walled carbon nanotubes</a> vary significantly depending upon the axis you are measuring with nanotubes having extremely high Youngs Moduli (up to 1TPa) and tensile strength (up to 100 GPa) along the longitudinal axis. Along the radial axis, these values are a few orders of magnitude lower.</p> <h3 id="electrical">Electrical Properties</h3> <p>The electrical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes are dependent upon the circumference and the orientation of the lattice. The lattice orientation is given by two parameters (n, m) known as the chiral index. The image shows how the n and m orientations relate to the longitudinal axis of the nanotube and the rotational axis. There are typically three types of nanotubes that can form:</p> <ul> <li>Armchair (where n = m)</li> <li>Zig-zag (n=x, m=0)</li> <li>Chiral (n=x, m=y)</li> </ul> <figure><img src="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0823/0287/files/swcnt-chirality.svg?v=1726744954" alt="chirality of single-walled carbon nanotubes"> <figcaption>Zig-zag, chiral and armchair SWCNTs with their associated chiral index parameters</figcaption> </figure> <ul></ul> <h4>Metallic and Semiconducting properties</h4> <p>Single-walled carbon nanotubes can exhibit either metallic properties or semiconducting properties, depending upon the orientation of the lattice:</p> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <th width="30%">Lattice Orientation</th> <th width="30%">Property</th> <th width="40%">Comment</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Armchair</td> <td>Metallic</td> <td>No gap between the valance band and conduction band</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chiral</td> <td>Either metallic or semiconducting</td> <td>Depends upon the difference between the n and m units.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zig-zag</td> <td>Semiconducting</td> <td>Tiny gap between the valence band and conduction band</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>If the difference between n and m equals a multiple of three then the SWCNT is metallic, if not then it is semiconducting. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Menon, A. (2021). Understanding and Fine-Tuning the Mode of Interactions between Single-Walled Carbon..."></span> These electronic properties result from the energy band dispersion of graphene, specifically at the K point where these energy band meets (no bandgap). For a cylindrical SWCNT, only certain wave vectors are allowed, and they exist as lines in the reciprocal space of graphene. If these lines intersect the K points of graphene then the nanotube is metallic as they inherit the metallic properties of graphene. If the lines do not interect the K points then the SWCNT semiconducting.</p> <p>In addition to this ability to exhibit both metallic and semiconducting electronic structures carbon nanotubes offer exceptional charge carrier mobilities. This is due to the combination of the delocalization of electrons across the lattice and the small dimensions in the radial axis constraining movement of charge carriers along the longitudinal axis of the tubes.</p> <h3 id="optical">Optical Properties</h3> <p>The optical properties of <a title="SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotubes" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/single-walled-carbon-nanotubes">SWCNT</a> are also dependent on their chirality. The way they interact with electromagnetic radiation also depends on whether individual or bundles of SWCNTs are investigated due to interactions between the nanotubes.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th width="33%"></th> <th width="33%">Metallic SWCNT</th> <th width="33%">Semiconducting SWCNT</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Raman</th> <td>G-Band broadening asymmetric peak</td> <td>G-Band sharp, symmetric peak</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Absorption</th> <td> <p>Different energies</p> <p>May have plasmonic absorption in the far-infrared</p> </td> <td> <p>NIR, visible, UV</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>Photoluminescence</th> <td>Not usually observed</td> <td>Emission in NIR</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4>Raman Spectroscopy</h4> <p>Dependence on chirality means that Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine whether SWCNTs are metallic or semiconducting. SWCNTs exhibit strong Raman signals due to resonant effects. Important Raman features include: <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Menon, A. (2021). Understanding and Fine-Tuning the Mode of Interactions between Single-Walled Carbon..."></span> </p> <ul> <li> <strong>Radial Breathing Mode (RBM):</strong> A peak in the low-frequency range (100–400 cm⁻¹), where the entire nanotube contracts and expands radially. The RBM frequency is inversely proportional to the nanotube diameter, providing a way to estimate its size.</li> <li> <strong>G-band:</strong> A high-frequency mode (around 1500–1600 cm⁻¹) related to in-plane vibrations of carbon atoms. The G-band's shape and intensity can differentiate between metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs. Peaks broaden and become asymmetric for metallic SWCNTs attributed to the presence of free electrons in SWCNTs</li> <li> <strong>D-band:</strong> A defect-related mode around 1300 cm⁻¹, which indicates the presence of structural defects in the nanotube.</li> </ul> <h4>Absorption Spectroscopy</h4> <p>The absorption spectrum for a given SWCNT is also dependent on chirality. It is related to the energy difference between the valence and conduction bands. SWCNTs exhibit distinct absorption peaks corresponding to electronic transitions between different energy levels, called van Hove singularities, in their density of states.</p> <ul> <li> <strong>Semiconducting SWCNTs:</strong> Absorption peaks in the near-infrared (NIR), visible, and ultraviolet (UV) regions due to transitions between their first and second van Hove singularities.</li> <li> <strong>Metallic SWCNTs:</strong> Absorption peaks but generally occur at different energies compared to semiconducting ones. Metallic SWCNTs may also exhibit plasmonic absorption in the far-infrared.</li> </ul> <h4>Photoluminescence Spectroscopy</h4> <p>Photoluminescence (PL) in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is an important optical property, especially for semiconducting SWCNTs. Photoluminescence occurs when a material absorbs light (photons), excites electrons to a higher energy state, and then emits light as the electrons return to their lower energy state. This process is highly dependent on the electronic structure of the material.</p> <ul> <li> <strong>Semiconducting SWCNTs:</strong> Emit light when excited, making them useful in optical sensing and bioimaging applications. The emitted light corresponds to the energy difference between the first excited state and the ground state (E11 transition). This emission occurs in the near-infrared (NIR) range, typically between 900 nm and 1600 nm, depending on the SWCNT’s chirality and diameter.</li> <li> <strong>Metallic SWCNTs:</strong> Do not show significant photoluminescence because their electronic structure allows rapid non-radiative recombination of excited electrons.</li> </ul> <h3 id="thermal">Thermal properties</h3> <p>The thermal properties of SWCNTs exhibit extreme anisotropy. Along the length of the tube, thermal conductivity can be up to 9 times higher than materials such as copper. However - across the radial axis, the thermal conductivity can be 250 times lower than that of copper. Much like its electrical and mechanical properties, SWNT's thermal properties can be severely affected by the presence of defects along the nanotube length. The presence of these defects lead to phonon scattering. When these defects interact with low frequency phonons, scattering can occur - reducing the thermal conductivity.</p> <h2 id="applications">Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Applications</h2> <hr> <p>SWCNTs are used in composite materials as a method of improving mechanical strength and electrical properties. SWCNTs can be assembled with a variety of chirality and architectures, from an individual SWCNT to vertically aligned mats and fibres. As a result, SWCNT have been investigated in a variety of applications including: <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Rao, R. et al. (2018). Carbon Nanotubes and Related Nanomaterials: Critical Advances and Challenges for..."></span> </p> <figure class="float-right"><img alt="EV battery" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Battery-Materials.jpg?v=1720082249"></figure> <ul> <li>Flexible electronics</li> <li>Transparent Conductors</li> <li>Thermal Interfaces</li> <li>Advanced/Reinforced Composites</li> <li>Energy Storage/ Li-ion batteries</li> <li>Membrane</li> <li>Sensors: optical, biological, chemical</li> <li>Electronics: transistors, interconnect, memory</li> <li>Quantum Wires</li> </ul> <p>One of the current limiting factors in improving the range of applications of carbon nanotubes is the ordering of nanotube structure. Current commercial applications use disordered bundles of nanotubes, and these bundles have a significantly lower performance than that of individual nanotubes. Potential future uses for carbon nanotubes could be seen in areas such as:</p> <ul> <li>Carbon nanotube yarns for ultra-strong fabrics</li> <li>Thermal management systems</li> <li>Advanced drug delivery systems</li> </ul> <h2 id="preparation">Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Preparation</h2> <hr> <p>The first observations of SWCNTs were not until 1976 when M. Endo synthesized a series of hollow carbon tubes via chemical vapour-growth. Wider interest in these low-dimensional materials did not occur until the early 90’s, when two articles were independently published by:</p> <ul> <li>Iijima on the fabrication of multi-walled carbon nanotubes via arc discharge <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content=" Iijima, S. (1991). Helical Microtubules of Graphitic Carbon"></span> </li> <li>W. Mintire, B. I. Dunlap, and C. T. White on the predicted properties of SWNTs <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Mintire, J. W. et al. (1992). Are Fullerene Tubules Metallic?"></span> </li> </ul> <p>The combination of a simple method for producing SWNTs and the potentially extraordinary properties they exhibit kick-started the growth of a wider research community into carbon nanotubes. Production of SWCNT is now carried out through a range of techniques including: <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Rao, R. et al. (2018). Carbon Nanotubes and Related Nanomaterials: Critical Advances and Challenges for..."></span> </p> <ul> <li>Catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth</li> <li>Vapor phase epitaxy (VPE)</li> </ul> <a data-track-content="" class="green-banner" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/single-walled-carbon-nanotubes"> <p data-content-piece="cta-mwcnts" data-content-name="/pages/what-are-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes">Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT)</p> <img loading="lazy" alt="Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/carbon-nanotubes-bottle_600x120_crop_center.jpg" height="120" width="600"> <button>Buy now</button> </a> <h2>Learn More</h2> <hr> <div class="row button-row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-are-carbon-nanotubes"><img alt="MWCNT" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Single-Walled-Carbon-Nanotube-Structure-lc.jpg?v=1718708448"></a> <a href="/pages/what-are-carbon-nanotubes">What are Carbon Nanotubes?</a> <p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been deemed a wonder material due to their remarkable and highly unique physical and chemical properties. They have received much attention over the past decade as a promising material, particularly in the trending field of nanotechnology.</p> <a href="/pages/what-are-carbon-nanotubes">Learn more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-are-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes"><img alt="MWCNT" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/MWNT.jpg?v=1718708448&width=160"></a> <a href="/pages/what-are-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes">What are Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes?</a> <p>Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) consist of multiple carbon nanotubes nested within one another. The carbon nanotubes are just one atom thick and this gives MWCNTs unique electrical and mechanical properties.</p> <a href="/pages/what-are-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes">Learn more...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3>References</h3> <hr> <ul> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355425345_Understanding_and_Fine-Tuning_the_Mode_of_Interactions_between_Single-Walled_Carbon_Nanotubes_and_Photoactive_Building_Blocks" title="Understanding and Fine-Tuning the Mode of Interactions between Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Photoactive Building Blocks">Understanding and Fine-Tuning the Mode of Interactions between...</a>, Menon, A., Thesis (2021) </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b06511" title=" Carbon Nanotubes and Related Nanomaterials: Critical Advances and Challenges for Synthesis toward Mainstream Commercial Applications">Carbon Nanotubes and Related Nanomaterials: Critical Advances and...</a>, Rao, R. et al., ACS Nano (2018) </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/354056a0" title="Helical Microtubules of Graphitic Carbon">Helical Microtubules of Graphitic Carbon</a>, Iijima, S., Nature (1991) </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.631" title="Are Fullerene Tubules Metallic?">Are Fullerene Tubules Metallic?</a>, Mintire, J. W. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (1992) </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3>Contributors</h3> <hr> <p>Written by</p> <p class="no-margin" style="text-align: left;"><a title="Author Biography: Amelia Wood" href="/pages/our-writers#amelia-wood">Dr. Amelia Wood</a></p> <p class="text-muted">Application Scientist</p> <p>Diagrams by</p> <p class="no-margin" style="text-align: left;"><a title="Our Content Team" href="/pages/our-writers#content-team">Sam Force</a></p> <p class="text-muted">Graphic Designer</p> </div> </div> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "abstract": "Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are sheets of graphene that have been rolled up to form a long hollow tube, with wall thickness of a single atom. Their one-dimensional structure gives them extraordinary mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. These properties have been exploited for applications in flexible electronics, sensors and energy storage.", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Amelia Wood", "honorificPrefix": "Dr", "jobTitle": "Application Scientist", "url": "https://www.ossila.com/pages/our-writers#amelia-wood" } ], "headline": "What are Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT)?", "image": [ "https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Single-Walled-Carbon-Nanotube-Structure-lc.jpg" ], "inLanguage": "en", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Ossila", "url": "https://www.ossila.com" }, "url": "https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes" } </script> </div> </div> </main>  <div class="full-width-footer"> <footer id="footer" class="footer container"> <div class="clearfix footer-elems nav-footer" id="footer-links"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Ossila</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/press-and-media">Press and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/our-writers">Our Writing Team</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/awards-and-testimonials">Awards and Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/feedback">Leave Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/terms-and-conditions">Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> <span>Copyright © 2024 Ossila</span> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Join the Team</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/careers">Careers at Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Collaborate</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/reprinting-permissions">Free Digital Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/conference-fund">Conference Sponsorship for Students</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/outreach-support">Science Outreach Support</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/graduation-awards-sponsorship">Graduation Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/letters-of-support">Letters of Support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Your Account</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/account/login">Log In</a></li> <li><a href="/account/register">Create Account</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Order Information</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">Worldwide Shipping Charges</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/returns-and-cancellations">Returns and Cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/warranty-information">Warranty Information</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/distributors">Regional Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/deals-and-discounts">Deals and Discounts</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/price-drop-guarantee">Price Drop Guarantee</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Customer Support</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="/pages/contact-us">Send an Enquiry</a></li> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a></li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">Main Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +44 (0)114 2999 180</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 8:00-17:00 (GMT/BST)</li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">EU Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +31 (0)718 081020</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 9:00-17:00 (CET/CEST)</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila Ltd</span> <span class="double-right-padding">Company Number 06920105</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number GB 978 2092 81</span> <span>EORI Number GB978209281000</span> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila BV</span> <span class="double-right-padding">CCI number 84102241</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number NL 863097182B01</span> <span>EORI Number NL863097182</span> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="bottom-banner" class="hidden"> <div id="cookie-banner" class="hidden"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <span class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 no-margin pad-half-height">The Ossila website uses cookies for core functionality. 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