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id="toc-Professorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Common positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_special_or_qualified_faculty_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_special_or_qualified_faculty_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Common special or qualified faculty appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_special_or_qualified_faculty_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Research personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_teaching_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_teaching_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other teaching personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_teaching_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecclesiastical ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administrative ranks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_ranks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks" title="List of academic ranks">Academic ranks worldwide</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Argentina" title="Academic ranks in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)" title="Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Portugal_and_Brazil)" title="Academic ranks (Portugal and Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Canada" title="Academic ranks in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_China" title="Academic ranks in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Colombia" title="Academic ranks in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_Czech_Republic_and_in_Slovakia" title="Academic ranks in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Denmark" title="Academic ranks in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Egypt" title="Academic ranks in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Finland" title="Academic ranks in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_France" title="Academic ranks in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Germany" title="Academic ranks in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Hungary" title="Academic ranks in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_India" title="Academic ranks in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Israel" title="Academic ranks in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Italy" title="Academic ranks in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Jordan" title="Academic ranks in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Kenya" title="Academic ranks in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Malaysia" title="Academic ranks in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Academic ranks in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)" title="Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Norway" title="Academic ranks in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Portugal_and_Brazil)" title="Academic ranks (Portugal and Brazil)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Russia" title="Academic ranks in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Serbia" title="Academic ranks in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_Czech_Republic_and_in_Slovakia" title="Academic ranks in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_South_Africa" title="Academic ranks in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Spain" title="Academic ranks in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Sweden" title="Academic ranks in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Thailand" title="Academic ranks in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Academic ranks in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_ranks_worldwide" title="Template:Academic ranks worldwide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_ranks_worldwide" title="Template talk:Academic ranks worldwide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_ranks_worldwide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic ranks worldwide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Academic ranks in the United States</b> are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professorship">Professorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Professorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States" title="Professors in the United States">Professors in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Duplication plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CFORK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CFORK">duplicates</a> the scope of other articles</b>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States" title="Professors in the United States">Professors in the United States</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a href="/wiki/Talk:Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States" title="Talk:Academic ranks in the United States">discuss this issue</a> and help introduce a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary style</a> to the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in the United States">a series</a> on</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Education in the</small><br />United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Summary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" title="Category:Education in the United States by state or territory">By state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in insular areas of the United States">in insular areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_subject" title="Category:Education in the United States by subject">By subject area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Chicago" title="History of education in Chicago">History of education in Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Kentucky" title="History of education in Kentucky">History of education in Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Missouri" title="History of education in Missouri">History of education in Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_New_York_City" title="History of education in New York City">History of education in New York City</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Curriculum topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">Normal schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_degree" title="Apprenticeship degree">Apprenticeship degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_education_in_the_United_States" title="Art education in the United States">Art education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_education_in_the_United_States" title="Civic education in the United States">Civic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education_and_programs_within_the_United_States" title="Music education and programs within the United States">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">Medical education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_degrees_in_the_United_States" title="Nursing degrees in the United States">Nursing degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental education in the United States">Environmental education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education_in_the_United_States" title="Language education in the United States">Language education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States" title="Mathematics education in the United States">Mathematics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex education in the United States">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education_in_the_United_States" title="Vocational education in the United States">Vocational education</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> <a href="/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Education policy of the United States"><span style="color:white;">Education policy issues</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-tertiary-education_accreditation" title="Pre-tertiary-education accreditation">Primary and secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education finance in the United States">Financing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">Post-secondary issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_and_financing_issues_facing_higher_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost and financing issues facing higher education in the United States">Cost and financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inflation" title="Educational inflation">Credentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_overproduction" title="Elite overproduction">Elite overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment#United_States" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_financial_aid_in_the_United_States" title="Student financial aid in the United States">Student financial aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">Student loans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform##Contemporary_issues_(United_States)" title="Education reform">Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Educational inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_gaps_in_the_United_States" title="Achievement gaps in the United States">Achievement gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">Desegregation busing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex differences in education in the United States">Gender achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_diversity_in_United_States_schools" title="Racial diversity in United States schools">Racial diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_education_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Standards-based education reform in the United States">Standards-based reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="School corporal punishment in the United States">School corporal punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal_programs_in_the_United_States" title="School meal programs in the United States">School meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence_in_the_United_States" title="School violence in the United States">School violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Qatari involvement in higher education in the United States">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special education in the United States">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_in_the_United_States" title="Apprenticeship in the United States">Apprenticeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School-to-work_transition" title="School-to-work transition">School-to-work transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">Community colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit higher education in the United States">For-profit higher education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit colleges in the United States">For-profit colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States" title="List of research universities in the United States">Research universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_school_(United_States)" title="Community school (United States)">Community school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-service_community_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Full-service community schools in the United States">Full-service community schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Levels of education</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education_in_the_United_States" title="Early childhood education in the United States">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education_in_the_United_States" title="K–12 education in the United States">K–12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Secondary education in the United States">Secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educational_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Educational organizations based in the United States">Organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/16px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/24px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/32px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Template:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Template talk:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_positions">Common positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For regular faculty (i.e., not counting administrative faculty positions such as chairships or deanships, nor positions considered "staff" rather than faculty), typical <i><b>tenure-track positions</b></i> include: </p> <ul><li><b>Distinguished (or similar) professor</b> (other such <i>titles of special distinction</i> vary by institution)</li> <li><b>Professor</b> ("<a href="/wiki/Professor_(highest_academic_rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor (highest academic rank)">full professor</a>", i.e., the destination of the "<a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenure</a> track," upon exhausting all promotions other than those of special distinction)</li> <li><b>Associate professor</b> (a mid-level, usually tenured, faculty member, which can lead to "full" professor)</li> <li><b>Assistant professor</b> (typically entry-level for "tenure track" positions which can lead to associate professor)</li></ul> <p>Permanent full-time faculty positions that are often <i><b>non-tenure-track</b></i> can include: </p> <ul><li><b>Lecturer</b>, <b>Instructor</b>, <b>Teaching Professor</b> (usually non-tenure-track positions which can nevertheless be full-time and permanent, with duties including teaching and service but not research; sometimes these categories entail their own respective ranking hierarchies)</li> <li><b>Clinical Professor</b>, <b>Professor of Practice</b> (usually non-tenure-track positions which can be full-time and permanent, but whose teaching tends to focus on practical rather than scholarly expertise; sometimes these categories have their own respective ranking hierarchies)</li> <li><b>Research Associate</b>, <b>Research Professor.</b> Varies by institution; sometimes given to people who also work, in parallel, for a research institute not connected to a university or are faculty on a department performing only research, typically on grant-based "soft money". Research professors typically do not teach.</li></ul> <p>Positions that tend to be <i><b>temporary and/or part-time</b></i> include: </p> <ul><li><b>Adjunct Professor</b>, <b>Adjunct Instructor</b>, <b>Adjunct Lecturer</b>. Faculty who serve part-time, and typically also work actively in their profession (e.g. medicine, engineering, law).</li> <li><b>Visiting Professorships</b> and <b>Professor-in-Residence.</b> May also include assistant, associate, and full levels/ranks. Such titles are typically used for temporary, non-tenure track appointments for a period of time. In some cases, faculty members in these titles may be asked to carry out all aspects of regular faculty roles, teaching, research and service, and must meet the same professional criteria as the tenure track faculty. Sometimes these are renewable, although not indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, <b>Assistant Professor</b> has been the usual entry-level rank for faculty on the "<i>tenure track</i>", although this depends on the institution and the field. Then, promotion to the rank of <b>Associate Professor</b> and later <b>Professor</b> (informally, "Full Professor") indicates that significant work has been done in research, teaching and institutional service. Although the associate rank usually indicates that a tenure-track professor has been granted tenure, some tenure-track personnel may be hired at the associate rank from another academic institution or a nonacademic profession contingent on the expectation that they will soon receive tenure. In rare instances, one may be tenured and remain at the assistant rank if promotion to the higher rank is not contingent on the bestowal of tenure. It typically takes about six years or so to advance in rank. The time for advancement between associate to full professor is less rigid than for assistant to associate. Typically, failure to be promoted to associate professor from assistant results in termination following a 1-year appointment. Although it can engender professional stigmatization, tenured faculty are usually permitted to remain in the associate grade indefinitely, with some institutions now conferring emeritus status at that rank. </p><p>In applied fields, such as engineering, law, education, medicine, business, or journalism – and lately expanding to others – faculty types can also include <b>Clinical Professor</b> or <b>Professor of Practice.</b> Often tied to secure, long-term contracts with significant review processes, these ranks are generally not tenure-track and emphasize practitioner knowledge and skills rather than scholarly research. Depending on the discipline and range of experience, incumbents in these positions may only possess an undergraduate degree or a secondary school diploma. A variant is the less-common title of <b>Teaching Professor</b>, which is not limited to professional fields. Recently, some institutions have created separate tenure tracks for such positions, which may also be given other names such as "lecturer with security of employment".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other faculty who are not on the tenure track in the U.S. are often classified as <b>Lecturers</b> (or more advanced <b>Senior Lecturers</b>) or <b>Instructors</b>, who may teach full-time or have some administrative duties, but have no research obligations (essentially the converse of <i>"research-only" faculty</i> or "research-only staff", which has no true counterpart because teaching positions are almost always "faculty" – except for student-assistantships), which also come in various forms and may be either tenure-track or not. Both Lecturers and Instructors typically hold advanced graduate/professional degrees. The term "professor" as a common noun is often used for persons holding any kind of faculty position. In academic medicine, <b>Instructor</b> usually denotes someone who has completed residency, fellowship, or other post-doctoral (M.D./D.O.) training but who is not tenure-track faculty. </p><p>Any faculty title preceded with the qualifier <b>"Adjunct"</b> normally denotes part-time status (usually <i>less than half-time</i>). Adjunct faculty may have primary employment elsewhere (either another school, or as a practicing professional), though in today's saturated academic market many doctorate-holders seek to earn a living from several adjunct jobs (to the advantage of institutions, which do not typically offer such faculty retirement/health benefits or long-term contracts). At some institutions, the job title Part-time Lecturer (PTL) is used instead. </p><p>Although "Professor" is often the highest rank attained by a senior faculty member, some institutions may offer a unique title to a senior faculty member whose research or publications have achieved wide recognition. This may be a "named professorship" or "named chair" – for example, the "John Doe Professor of Philosophy". Named chairs typically but not exclusively include a small discretionary fund from an endowment set aside for the recipient's use. Large research universities also offer a small fraction of tenured faculty the title of "Distinguished Professor", "Distinguished Teaching Professor", or "Distinguished Research Professor" to recognize outstanding contributions. Some universities have as their highest rank "University/Institute Professor"; such faculty members are not usually answerable to deans or department heads and may report directly to the university provost. </p><p>In research, faculty who direct a lab or research group may in certain research contexts (e.g., grant applications) be called <a href="/wiki/Principal_Investigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Investigator">Principal Investigator</a>, or P.I., though this refers to their management role and is not usually thought of as an academic rank. </p><p>Excepting special ranks (such as endowed chairs), academic rank is dependent upon the promotion process of each college or university. Thus, a tenured associate professor at one institution might accept a "lower" position at another university (i.e., an assistant professorship) because of its connection to the "tenure track." In some cases, an assistant professor who accepts a position of similar rank at another university may negotiate "time towards tenure", which indicates a shorter required probationary period, usually in recognition of prior academic achievements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_special_or_qualified_faculty_appointments">Common special or qualified faculty appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Common special or qualified faculty appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Modifier </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Research </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Research Professor (Senior Research Associate or Senior Research Scientist)</li><li>Research Associate Professor (Research Associate or Research Scientist)</li><li>Research Assistant Professor (Associate Research Scientist or Assistant Researcher)</li><li>Instructor</li></ul></div> </td> <td>Indicates a full-time research position (and sometimes part-time) with few or no teaching responsibilities. Research professorships are almost always funded by <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellowships</a> apart from the regular university budget; teaching faculty may be funded by either grants or the university, with the latter typically being ultimately responsible to ensure at least a minimum curricula are offered. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clinical </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Clinical Professor</li><li>Clinical Associate Professor</li><li>Clinical Assistant Professor</li></ul></div> </td> <td>Indicates a full- or part-time non-<a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenured</a> teaching position with limited or no research responsibilities, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Health_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Health science">health sciences</a> but also in other "professional" fields like law, business, and engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a <a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">law school</a>, "clinical" professors may have highly variable teaching and research responsibilities, but generally supervise student <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_bono_publico" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro bono publico">pro bono</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">law practice</a>. In most professional fields, this is largely similar to "Professor of Practice" or "Professor of Professional Practice" titles/positions. At some medical schools, "Clinical Professor of (specialty)" indicates full-time clinical faculty without research responsibilities, while "Professor of Clinical (specialty)" indicates voluntary faculty in private practice outside the institution who also have teaching responsibilities associated with their hospital privileges. </td></tr> <tr> <td>of-Practice </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Principal Professor of Practice</li><li>Senior Professor of Practice</li><li>Assistant Professor of Practice</li><li>Professor of the Practice</li><li>Professors of Professional Practice</li></ul></div> </td> <td>Appointed because of skills and expertise acquired in non-academic careers. Are principally engaged in teaching and are not expected to be significantly involved in research activities. Professors of practice are often highly experienced professionals with skills uncommon among academics and/or with a significant expertise in teaching highly specific topics.<sup id="cite_ref-aaupPP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaupPP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This title is also commonly synonymous with "Professor <i>in</i> the Practice".<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_University:_Professor_in_the_Practice_Appointments_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale_University:_Professor_in_the_Practice_Appointments-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rice_University_Policies:_Faculty_Appointments,_Promotions_and_Tenure_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice_University_Policies:_Faculty_Appointments,_Promotions_and_Tenure-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teaching </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Assistant Teaching Professor</li><li>Associate Teaching Professor</li><li>(Full) Teaching Professor</li></ul></div> </td> <td>Appointed to focus on teaching, plus typical faculty administrative service/committee roles. Any scholarly activities are typically independently of official duties. Principally engaged in teaching, and not expected to be significantly involved in research activities. May come with significant industry experience (similar to of-practice faculty), a focus on undergraduate courses (similar to lecturers), and/or expertise in highly-specific topics. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States#Professor_by_courtesy/affiliated_professor" title="Professors in the United States">Professor by courtesy/affiliated professor</a> </td> <td>Professor </td> <td>A professor who is primarily and originally associated with one academic department, but has become officially associated with a second department, institute, or program within the university and has assumed a professor's duty in that second department as well. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professor" title="Adjunct professor">Adjunct</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Adjunct Professor</li><li>Professorial Lecturer</li><li>Adjunct Associate Professor</li><li>Adjunct Instructor</li><li>Adjunct Assistant Professor</li></ul></div> </td> <td>Indicates a part-time appointment; also may denote a faculty member from <i>another</i> academic department in the same institution whose expertise overlaps substantially with the department they're serving as an adjunct. Often the principal basis of expertise comes from professional experience rather than academic study (e.g., a practicing or retired engineer who teaches an engineering course). All adjunct titles (e.g. "Adjunct professor/lecturer/instructor") may in practice be fairly similar, as all adjunct positions tend to be treated separately from "regular" faculty overall. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Visiting </td> <td>Visiting Professor<br />Visiting Associate Professor<br />Visiting Assistant Professor<br />Visiting Instructor </td> <td>Almost always indicates a temporary appointment, often to fill a vacancy that has arisen due to the <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">sabbatical</a> or temporary absence of a regular faculty member. Sometimes a visiting position is ongoing, replacing the occupant every one to two years, as a way to bring different people to the institution or provide entry-level academics with an opportunity to demonstrate their potential (for their next employer). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Emeritus </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Professor Emeritus/Emerita</li><li>Associate Professor Emeritus/Emerita</li><li>Assistant Professor Emeritus/Emerita</li></ul></div> </td> <td>Indicates a retired member of the "regular" (not temporary or adjunct) faculty, who is usually not paid a regular salary but often retains office space and access to the university's facilities. Often "emeritus" (or the feminine form "emerita") carries with it an honorific recognition by the institution; retired faculty members may or may not be designated "emeritus." </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ranks of "Lecturer" (and sometimes "Senior Lecturer") are used at some American universities to denote permanent teaching positions (full or part-time) with few or no research responsibilities, in contrast to many other countries in which "Lecturer" may be considered equivalent to assistant or associate professor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_personnel">Research personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Research_fellow" title="Research fellow">Fellowships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_Associate" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Associate">Research scientist</a> positions are most often limited-term appointments for postdoctoral researchers. They are not usually regarded as faculty positions, but rather staff, although some teaching may be involved (albeit usually not with ultimate course responsibility). A common list of such positions is as follows (many of which often entail various ranking systems – e.g. numbered ranks, adjectives like "intermediate" or "senior," etc.). </p> <ul><li>Research Associate (general)</li> <li>Research Scientist (natural or social sciences)</li> <li>Research Engineer (engineering)</li> <li>Research Scholar (humanities)</li> <li>Research Technician (general)</li> <li>Research Assistant (general) [note, in many US universities, "research assistant" implies "graduate research assistant," i.e., a predoctoral position]. Paid non-student staff may also have this designation.</li> <li>Postdoctoral Fellow / Research Associate (general)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_teaching_personnel">Other teaching personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other teaching personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Teaching_assistants" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching assistants">Teaching assistants</a> (TAs) are known by various related terms and are typically graduate students who have varying levels of responsibility. A typical undergraduate class, for example, comprises lecture and small-group recitation/discussion sessions, with a faculty member giving the lecture, and TAs leading the small-group sessions; in other cases, the teaching of an entire class may be entrusted to a graduate student. (<i>See generally</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maa.org/a-handbook-for-mathematics-teaching-assistants/">A Handbook for Mathematics Teaching Assistants</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecclesiastical_ranks">Ecclesiastical ranks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">Ecclesiastical</a> seminaries and churches often grant the titles <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a></i> (D.D.), <i>Doctor of Metaphysics</i> (Dr. mph.) or <i>Doctor of Religious Science</i> (Dr. sc. rel.), most commonly to meritorious <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">clerics</a> for an outstanding work or another achievement in the field of religious and Biblical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At some universities, librarians have a rank structure parallel to that of tenure-track faculty (Assistant Librarian, Associate Librarian, Librarian); these ranks may or may not be associated with the granting of institutional tenure. Some senior librarians, and often the head librarian, may have faculty or faculty-equivalent rank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_ranks">Administrative ranks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_administration#United_States" title="Academic administration">Academic administration § United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officers_of_the_corporation">Officers of the corporation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Officers of the corporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> / <a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a> / <a href="/wiki/Principal_(academia)" title="Principal (academia)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a> (sometimes called "Chancellor", or "President" or "Warden")</li> <li>Vice Provost</li> <li>Associate Provost</li> <li>Assistant Provost (assists the Provost, as do any associates; not superior to vice presidents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor">Vice-Chancellors</a> or Vice Presidents (of Academic Affairs, Student Affairs, Finance, etc.)</li> <li>Associate Vice-Chancellor or Associate Vice President</li> <li>Assistant Vice-Chancellor or Assistant Vice President</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_administrators">Academic administrators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Academic administrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">Deans</a> (often also Full Professors)</li> <li>Associate Deans (often also Full Professors )</li> <li>Assistant Dean (Usually Associate Professors)</li> <li>Directors of Administrative Departments</li> <li>Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments</li> <li>Chairs or Heads of Academic Departments</li></ul> <p>America's system of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> is highly variable, with each of the 50 states and the 6 non-state jurisdictions regulating its own public tertiary institutions, and with each private institution developing its own structure. In general, the terms "President" and "Chancellor" are interchangeable (like "Premier" and "Prime Minister"), including the vice presidents, associate and assistant vice presidents, and so on. The dominant paradigm is president, vice president, associate vice president, and assistant vice president. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/University_system" title="University system">university systems</a> or multi-campus universities use both titles, with one title for the chief executive of the entire system and the other for the chief executives of each campus. Which title refers to which position can be highly variable from state to state or even within a state. In California, for example, the chief executive officer of the entire <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a> system of 23 campuses is called "Chancellor" while the CEO of each individual campus is called "President" — thus, there is an officer called "Chancellor of the California State University", and there is the "President of San Francisco State University". In the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, by contrast, the terms are reversed — thus, there is the "President of the University of California", and below that person in the hierarchy is the "Chancellor of the University of California, Los Angeles", and so on. The term "<a href="/wiki/Vice-chancellor" title="Vice-chancellor">Vice Chancellor</a>" in US institutions implies a subordinate to the chancellor, in contrast to many other countries in which the Vice Chancellor is functionally the head of the institution. </p><p>The term "Warden" is almost never used in the United States in an academic sense. Where it <i>is</i> used, it typically means "provost" or "dean". </p><p>Deans may head an individual college, school or faculty; or they may be deans of the student body, or a section of it (e.g., the dean of students in a law school); or they may be deans of a particular functional unit (e.g., Dean of Admissions, or Dean of Records); or they may be deans of a particular campus, or (unusually) of a particular building (e.g., a university with an elaborate performing arts complex might designate a very senior administrative faculty member as "Dean of the [Name] Performing Arts Center". </p><p>Academic department heads and chairs serve the same function, and there may also be associate and assistant department heads or chairs (though this is unusual). In medical schools, departments may be divided into sections or divisions by subspecialty, each with its own section chief or division chief. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States" title="Professors in the United States">Professors in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Canada" title="Academic ranks in Canada">Academic ranks in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecturer#United_States" title="Lecturer">Lecturer#United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks" title="List of academic ranks">List of academic ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_fellow#United_States" title="Teaching fellow">Teaching fellow#United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAudette2017" class="citation web cs1">Audette, Holly (March 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hr.uconn.edu/faculty-titles-dictionary-non-tenure-track-positions/">"Faculty Titles Dictionary - 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculty+Titles+Dictionary+-+Non-Tenure+Track+Positions+%7C+Human+Resources&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft.aulast=Audette&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.uconn.edu%2Ffaculty-titles-dictionary-non-tenure-track-positions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+ranks+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucop.edu/academic-personnel-programs/_files/apm/apm-285.pdf">Appointment and Promotion: Lecturer with Security of Employment Series</a>, University of California Academic Procedures Manual APM-285, retrieved 2015-07-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medschool.ucsf.edu/acf/promotions/">Academic Promotions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915000222/http://www.medschool.ucsf.edu/acf/promotions/">Archived</a> September 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UCSF School of Medicine Association of Clinical Faculty. Retrieved 2009-08-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaupPP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aaupPP_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaup.org/report/professors-practice">"Professors of Practice"</a>. American Association of University Professors. December 28, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professors+of+Practice&rft.pub=American+Association+of+University+Professors&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaup.org%2Freport%2Fprofessors-practice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+ranks+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale_University:_Professor_in_the_Practice_Appointments-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University:_Professor_in_the_Practice_Appointments_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.yale.edu/book/professor-practice-appointments">"Professors in the Practice Appointments"</a>. Yale University. November 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professors+in+the+Practice+Appointments&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2023-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.yale.edu%2Fbook%2Fprofessor-practice-appointments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+ranks+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice_University_Policies:_Faculty_Appointments,_Promotions_and_Tenure-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rice_University_Policies:_Faculty_Appointments,_Promotions_and_Tenure_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policy.rice.edu/201">"Faculty Appointments, Promotions and Tenure"</a>. Rice University. November 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculty+Appointments%2C+Promotions+and+Tenure&rft.pub=Rice+University&rft.date=2023-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicy.rice.edu%2F201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+ranks+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Wells (1985): Reformed Theology in America: A History of Its Modern Development. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Brooks Holifield (2005): Theology in America. Yale University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark G. Toulouse; James O. Duke: Sources of Christian Theology in America. Abingdon Press</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/titles/titlebook.htm">Handbook of Faculty Titles</a>", by Michael I. Shamos, Ph.D., J.D., Carnegie Mellon University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academic_ranks_overview102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_ranks" title="Template:Academic ranks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_ranks" title="Template talk:Academic ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_ranks_overview102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Academic ranks overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_(academic_staff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (academic staff)">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks" title="List of academic ranks">Ranks and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Tenure track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North American system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Tenure track</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">Assistant professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">Associate professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_(full)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor (full)">Professor (full)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professors_in_the_United_States#Endowed" title="Professors in the United States">Endowed Chair</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Non-tenure track</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professors_in_North_America" title="Adjunct professors in North America">Adjunct professor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Most_common_hierarchy">Instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecturer#United_States" title="Lecturer">Lecturer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Research and teaching track</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associate_lecturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate lecturer">Associate lecturer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">Lecturer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_lecturer" title="Senior lecturer">Senior lecturer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">Reader</a> or <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">associate professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Research track</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_assistant" title="Research assistant">Research assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_fellow" title="Research fellow">Research fellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_research_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior research fellow">Senior research fellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Research_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Research professor">research professor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Junior positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_assistant" title="Research assistant">Research assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_associate" title="Research associate">Research associate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_fellow" title="Research fellow">Research fellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">Postdoctoral researcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_professor" title="Distinguished professor">Distinguished professor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation#Higher_education" title="Agrégation">Agrégation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docent" title="Docent">Docent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_college" title="Head of college">Head of college</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_of_practice" class="mw-redirect" 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