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<ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungerundeter_fast_geschlossener_Vorderzungenvokal" title="Ungerundeter fast geschlossener Vorderzungenvokal – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ungerundeter fast geschlossener Vorderzungenvokal" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="صائت شبه أمامي شبه مغلق غير مدور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صائت شبه أمامي شبه مغلق غير مدور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="প্রায়-সংবৃত সম্মুখ অকুঞ্চিত স্বরধ্বনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রায়-সংবৃত সম্মুখ অকুঞ্চিত স্বরধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ненапрегнато-затворена ненапрегнато-предна незакръглена гласна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ненапрегнато-затворена ненапрегнато-предна незакръглена гласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogalenn_beuzserr_tost_a-raok_plaen" title="Vogalenn beuzserr tost a-raok plaen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vogalenn beuzserr tost a-raok plaen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungerundeter_zentralisierter_fast_geschlossener_Vorderzungenvokal" title="Ungerundeter zentralisierter fast geschlossener Vorderzungenvokal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ungerundeter zentralisierter fast geschlossener Vorderzungenvokal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_casi_cerrada_semianterior_no_redondeada" title="Vocal casi cerrada semianterior no redondeada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vocal casi cerrada semianterior no redondeada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyelle_pr%C3%A9-ferm%C3%A9e_ant%C3%A9rieure_non_arrondie" title="Voyelle pré-fermée antérieure non arrondie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voyelle pré-fermée antérieure non arrondie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A4_%EB%B9%84%EC%9B%90%EC%88%9C_%EA%B7%BC%EA%B3%A0%EB%AA%A8%EC%9D%8C" title="근전설 비원순 근고모음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="근전설 비원순 근고모음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocale_quasi_anteriore_quasi_chiusa_non_arrotondata" title="Vocale quasi anteriore quasi chiusa non arrotondata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vocale quasi anteriore quasi chiusa non arrotondata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao-toewen_%C3%B3nger%C3%B3nje_centraal-veurklinker" title="Bao-toewen óngerónje centraal-veurklinker – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bao-toewen óngerónje centraal-veurklinker" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokal_tak_bundar_hampir_depan_hampir_sempit" title="Vokal tak bundar hampir depan hampir sempit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vokal tak bundar hampir depan hampir sempit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B" title="အရှေ့နီးပါးအပိတ်နီးပါးအပြန့်သရ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရှေ့နီးပါးအပိတ်နီးပါးအပြန့်သရ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%86%86%E5%94%87%E5%89%8D%E8%88%8C%E3%82%81%E5%BA%83%E3%82%81%E3%81%AE%E7%8B%AD%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="非円唇前舌め広めの狭母音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="非円唇前舌め広めの狭母音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocala_quasi_barrada_quasi_anteriora_non_arredondida" title="Vocala quasi barrada quasi anteriora non arredondida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vocala quasi barrada quasi anteriora non arredondida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samog%C5%82oska_prawie_przymkni%C4%99ta_przednia_scentralizowana_niezaokr%C4%85glona" title="Samogłoska prawie przymknięta przednia scentralizowana niezaokrąglona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samogłoska prawie przymknięta przednia scentralizowana niezaokrąglona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogal_quase_anterior_quase_fechada_n%C3%A3o_arredondada" title="Vogal quase anterior quase fechada não arredondada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vogal quase anterior quase fechada não arredondada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal%C4%83_cvasi%C3%AEnchis%C4%83_semianterioar%C4%83_nerotunjit%C4%83" title="Vocală cvasiînchisă semianterioară nerotunjită – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vocală cvasiînchisă semianterioară nerotunjită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ненапряжённый неогублённый гласный переднего ряда верхнего подъёма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ненапряжённый неогублённый гласный переднего ряда верхнего подъёма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Готово затворен готово предњи нелабијализован самогласник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Готово затворен готово предњи нелабијализован самогласник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvsluten_halvfr%C3%A4mre_orundad_vokal" title="Halvsluten halvfrämre orundad vokal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Halvsluten halvfrämre orundad vokal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81" title="ఉపసంవృత ఉపతాలవ్య నిర్యోష్ఠ్య అచ్చు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉపసంవృత ఉపతాలవ్య నిర్యోష్ఠ్య అచ్చు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal%C4%B1ya_yak%C4%B1n_%C3%B6ne_yak%C4%B1n_d%C3%BCz_%C3%BCnl%C3%BC" title="Kapalıya yakın öne yakın düz ünlü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kapalıya yakın öne yakın düz ünlü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Неогублений ненапружений голосний передньо-середнього ряду середньо-високого підняття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неогублений ненапружений голосний передньо-середнього ряду середньо-високого підняття" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɪ⟩ in IPA</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Near-close near-front unrounded vowel</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">319</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(decimal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#618;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(hex)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">U+026A</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>I</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_ST.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠌ (braille pattern dots-34) U+280C"><img alt="⠌ (braille pattern dots-34)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/25px-Braille_ST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/38px-Braille_ST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/50px-Braille_ST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; margin:0; border:0; background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#FFFFE6; border:0;">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td class="center" style="background: transparent; border:0;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPA_Unicode_0x026A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/IPA_Unicode_0x026A.svg/150px-IPA_Unicode_0x026A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/IPA_Unicode_0x026A.svg/225px-IPA_Unicode_0x026A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/IPA_Unicode_0x026A.svg/300px-IPA_Unicode_0x026A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235389435">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{padding:0.2em;text-align:center;background-color:#f2f2ce;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table .wraplinks .selflink{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow)[scope="col"]{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;max-width:4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-placearrow)[scope="row"]{text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable:not(.IPA-common-audiotable) td:not([colspan]){text-align:center;max-width:1.2em;min-width:1.2em;padding:0.1em 0.2em;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-audiotable td{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-noleftborder{border-left:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-norightborder{border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notopborder{border-top:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-nobottomborder{border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-shaded{background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes{text-align:left;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div{float:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul{white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-audiocell{width:40px;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .IPA-audiocell-symbol{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-audiocell-audio{height:20px}.mw-parser-output .IPA-audiocell-audio .ext-phonos-attribution{margin-left:0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{background-color:#262600}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{background-color:#262600}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="IPA-common-captioned floatright" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="IPA-common-caption" style=""><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> 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.IPA-audiocell-audio{font-size:90%}</style> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><span class="IPA-vowels-image skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_vowels" title="Template:IPA vowels">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Legend: <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded <span style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);">•</span> rounded</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrogram_near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel_(IPA_%C9%AA).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Spectrogram_near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel_%28IPA_%C9%AA%29.png/220px-Spectrogram_near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel_%28IPA_%C9%AA%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Spectrogram_near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel_%28IPA_%C9%AA%29.png/330px-Spectrogram_near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel_%28IPA_%C9%AA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Spectrogram_near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel_%28IPA_%C9%AA%29.png/440px-Spectrogram_near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel_%28IPA_%C9%AA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Spectrogram of ɪ</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPA_%EA%9E%AE_Sagittal_Section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/IPA_%EA%9E%AE_Sagittal_Section.svg/220px-IPA_%EA%9E%AE_Sagittal_Section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/IPA_%EA%9E%AE_Sagittal_Section.svg/330px-IPA_%EA%9E%AE_Sagittal_Section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/IPA_%EA%9E%AE_Sagittal_Section.svg/440px-IPA_%EA%9E%AE_Sagittal_Section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane" title="Sagittal plane">Sagittal section</a> of a vocal tract pronouncing the IPA sound <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɪ⟩</span>. Note that a wavy <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>near-close near-front unrounded vowel</b>, or <b>near-high near-front unrounded vowel</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> sound, used in some <a href="/wiki/Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">spoken</a> <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>. The symbol in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> that represents this sound is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɪ</span>⟩, the <a href="/wiki/Small_capital_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital I">small capital I</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a> advises <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serifs</a> on the symbol's ends.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a> fonts do meet this typographic specification.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1989, there was an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_IPA_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate IPA symbol">alternate symbol</a> for this sound: ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɩ</span>⟩ (the <a href="/wiki/Latin_iota" title="Latin iota">Latin iota</a>), the use of which is no longer sanctioned by the IPA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999167_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999167-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite that, some modern writings<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still use it. </p><p><i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association</i> defines <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> as a <a href="/wiki/Mid-centralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-centralized">mid-centralized</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">lowered</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Centralized_vowels" title="Relative articulation">centralized</a>) close front unrounded vowel (transcribed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̽]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ï̞]</span>), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɪ</span>⟩ is a <i>near-close near-front unrounded vowel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association199913,_168,_180_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association199913,_168,_180-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some languages have the <i>close-mid near-front unrounded vowel</i>, a vowel that is somewhat lower than the canonical value of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>, though it still fits the definition of a mid-centralized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>. It occurs in some dialects of English (such as <a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">Californian</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged199942_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged199942-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982486_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982486-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200390_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200390-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as some other languages (such as <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201160_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-einarsson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einarsson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it can be transcribed with the symbol ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɪ̞</span>⟩ (a lowered ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɪ</span>⟩) in narrow transcription. For the close-mid (near-)front unrounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɪ</span>⟩ (or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">i</span>⟩), see <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">close-mid front unrounded vowel</a>. </p><p>In some other languages (such as <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200545_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200545-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDokeMofokeng1974?_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDokeMofokeng1974?-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is a fully front near-close unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span>), which can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɪ̟</span>⟩, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">i̞</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">e̝</span>⟩. There may be phonological reasons not to transcribe the fully front variant with the symbol ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɪ</span>⟩, which may incorrectly imply a relation to the close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>. </p><p>Sometimes, especially in <a href="/wiki/Broad_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad transcription">broad transcription</a>, this vowel is transcribed with a simpler symbol ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">i</span>⟩, which technically represents the <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">close front unrounded vowel</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">vowel height</a> is <a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">near-close</a>, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowel</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">high vowel</a>).</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Vowel_backness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel backness">vowel backness</a> is <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a>, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>. The prototypical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> is somewhat further back (near-front) than the neighboring cardinal vowels.</li> <li>It is <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a>, which means that the lips are not rounded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a> </td> <td><i>n<b>i</b>s</i> </td> <td>[nɪs] </td> <td>'two' </td> <td>The quality varies between near-close [ɪ] and close [i].<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language#Phonology" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a></td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987119_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987119-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">m<b>e</b>ter</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɪ̞ˑtɐr]</span></td> <td>'meter'</td> <td>Close-mid. Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪə/</span> in less stressed words and in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words. In the latter case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪə̯<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ̯ə<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪə]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987119_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987119-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyyad2011?_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyad2011?-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">بِنْت</a></span></span>/bint</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɪnt]</span></td> <td>'girl'</td> <td rowspan="2">Corresponds to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> in Classical Arabic. Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyyad2011?_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyad2011?-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhattab2007?_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhattab2007?-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhattab2007?_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhattab2007?-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">بِرْكِة</a></span></span>/birké</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɪrke]</span></td> <td>'pool' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins2001293_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins2001293-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>မြစ်/mracʻ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mjɪʔ]</span></td> <td>'root'</td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins2001293_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins2001293-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenGussenhoven2015328_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenGussenhoven2015328-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><span lang="wuu"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Characters">一</a></span></span> / <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><i lang="wuu-Latn"><b>i</b>h</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̞ʔ˥]</span></td> <td>'one'</td> <td>Close-mid; appears only in closed syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e̠</a>]</span>), which appears only in open syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenGussenhoven2015328_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenGussenhoven2015328-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></td> <td>Bohemian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDankovičová199972_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDankovičová199972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">b<b>y</b>l<b>i</b></a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbɪlɪ]</span></td> <td>'they were'</td> <td>The quality has been variously described as near-close near-front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDankovičová199972_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDankovičová199972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and close-mid front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̟˕]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012228–229_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012228–229-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It corresponds to close front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> in Moravian Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012228–229_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012228–229-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200545_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200545-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Danish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish alphabet">h<b>e</b>l</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhe̝ːˀl]</span></td> <td>'whole'</td> <td>Fully front; contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200545_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200545-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span>⟩ - the way it is pronounced in the conservative variety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedJohnson2010227_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedJohnson2010227-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Danish vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɪ</span>⟩ is pronounced similarly to the short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200558_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200558-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003128_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003128-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199247_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199247-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2005245_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2005245-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">bl<b>i</b>k</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f8\/Nl-blik.ogg\/Nl-blik.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[bl\u026ak]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-blik.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Nl-blik.ogg/Nl-blik.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[blɪk]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-blik.ogg" title="File:Nl-blik.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'glance'</td> <td>The Standard Northern realization is near-close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003128_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003128-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199247_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199247-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Standard Belgian realization has also been described as close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̞]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2005245_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2005245-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regional dialects have a vowel that is slightly closer to the cardinal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003131_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003131-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">Californian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged199942_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged199942-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="8"><i><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">b<b>i</b>t</a></i></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/de\/En-us-bit.ogg\/En-us-bit.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[b\u026a\u031et]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-bit.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/En-us-bit.ogg/En-us-bit.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɪ̞t]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-bit.ogg" title="File:En-us-bit.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td rowspan="8">'bit'</td> <td rowspan="2">Close-mid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged199942_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged199942-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982486_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982486-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982486_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982486-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltendorfWatt2004188_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltendorfWatt2004188-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɪʔt]</span></td> <td>Can be fully front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̟]</span>, near-front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> or close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̞]</span>, with other realizations also being possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltendorfWatt2004188_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltendorfWatt2004188-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200390_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200390-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982291_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982291-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̞]</span> for younger speakers, near-close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> for older speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200390_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200390-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982291_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982291-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">General Australian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxFletcher201765_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxFletcher201765-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɪ̟t]</span></td> <td>Fully front;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxFletcher201765_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxFletcher201765-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also described as close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxPalethorpe2007344_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxPalethorpe2007344-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2004294,_296_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004294,_296-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɪt]</span></td> <td>The quality varies between near-close near-front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>, near-close central <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">ɪ̈</a>]</span>, close-mid near-front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̞]</span> and close-mid central <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2004294,_296_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004294,_296-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2004290_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004290-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The height varies between near-close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> and close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̞]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2004290_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004290-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990125_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990125-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees199093_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees199093-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Near-close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> in Abercrave and Port Talbot, close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̞]</span> in Cardiff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990125_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990125-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees199093_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees199093-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy200798_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy200798-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonMaclagan2004609_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonMaclagan2004609-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">b<b>e</b>d</a></i></td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[be̝d]</span></td> <td rowspan="3">'bed'</td> <td>The quality varies between near-close front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̝]</span>, near-close near-front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>, close-mid front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span> and close-mid near-front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e̠</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy200798_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy200798-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">e</span>⟩. In the cultivated variety, it is mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonMaclagan2004609_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonMaclagan2004609-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a> speakers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxFletcher201765,_67_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxFletcher201765,_67-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span> in General Australian, may be even lower for some other speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxFletcher201765,_67_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxFletcher201765,_67-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a> speakers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowerman2004936–937_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowerman2004936–937-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Used by some General and Broad speakers. In the Broad variety, it is usually lower <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span>, whereas in the General variety, it can be close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowerman2004936–937_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowerman2004936–937-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">e</span>⟩. See <a href="/wiki/South_African_English_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="South African English phonology">South African English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker198451–60_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker198451–60-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">pet<b>i</b>te</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pət͡sɪt]</span></td> <td>'small'</td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> in closed syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker198451–60_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker198451–60-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec French phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201534,_64_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201534,_64-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">b<b>i</b>tte</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e9\/De-bitte.ogg\/De-bitte.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8b\u0325\u026a\u031et\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-bitte.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/De-bitte.ogg/De-bitte.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈb̥ɪ̞tə]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-bitte.ogg" title="File:De-bitte.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'please'</td> <td>Close-mid; for some speakers, it may be as high as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201534,_64_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201534,_64-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard German phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhala1999102_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhala1999102-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi"><a href="/wiki/D%C4%93van%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dēvanāgarī">इरादा</a></span></span>/<span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">ارادہ</a></span></span>/iraadaa</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪˈɾäːd̪ä]</span></td> <td>'intention'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzende199492_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzende199492-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">v<b>i</b>sz</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vɪs]</span></td> <td>'to carry'</td> <td>Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">i</span>⟩. See <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201160_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-einarsson_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einarsson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">v<b>i</b>nur</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʋɪ̞ːnʏ̞ɾ]</span></td> <td>'friend'</td> <td>Close-mid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201160_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-einarsson_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einarsson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabiye</a></td> <td><span title="Kabiyè-language text"><i lang="kbp">kab<b>ɩ</b>yɛ</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kàbɪ̀jɛ̀]</span></td> <td>'Kabiye'</td> <td>-ATR front vowel. See <a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabiye language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">б<b>і</b>р</a></span></span>/<i>b<b>ı</b>r</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɪ̞ɾ]</span></td> <td>'one'</td> <td>Close-mid. See <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh phonology">Kazakh phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999158–159_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999158–159-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2006119_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2006119-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">h<b>i</b>n</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦɪ̞n]</span></td> <td>'chicken'</td> <td>Near-close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2006119_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2006119-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̞]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999158–159_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999158–159-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depending on the dialect. The example word is from the <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect" title="Maastrichtian dialect">Maastrichtian dialect</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">B<b>ee</b>n</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[be̝ːn]</span></td> <td>'leg'</td> <td>Fully front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">eː</span>⟩. See <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </td> <td><i>kec<b>i</b>l</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kət͡ʃɪl]</span> </td> <td>'small' </td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> in closed-final syllables. May be [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>] or [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span>] depending on the speaker. See <a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanvik197913–14_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanvik197913–14-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian alphabet">l<b>i</b>tt</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɪ̟tː]</span></td> <td>'a little'</td> <td>The example word is from <a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a>, in which the vowel has been variously described as near-close front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̟]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanvik197913–14_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanvik197913–14-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and close front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvifteGude-Husken20052_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvifteGude-Husken20052-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbosaAlbano2004229_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbosaAlbano2004229-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">cin<b>e</b></a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsinɪ]</span></td> <td>'cine'</td> <td>Reduction and neutralization of unstressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> (can be <a href="/wiki/Epenthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epenthetic">epenthetic</a>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. Can be voiceless. See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196937_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196937-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015225_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015225-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">дер<b>е</b>во</a></span></span>/<i>der<b>e</b>vo</i></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bf\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8d\u02b2er\u02b2\u026av\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE.ogg/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈdʲerʲɪvə]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE.ogg" title="File:Ru-дерево.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'tree'</td> <td>Backness varies between fully front and near-front. It occurs only in unstressed syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196937_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196937-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015225_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015225-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2017?_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2017?-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">D<b>ee</b></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[de̝ː]</span></td> <td>'dough'</td> <td>Phonetic realization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>. Near-close front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̝ː]</span> in the former case, close-mid near-front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̞]</span> in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e̠ː</a>]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2017?_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2017?-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOftedal195664_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOftedal195664-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">f<b>io</b>s</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fɪs̪]</span></td> <td>'information'</td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> before broad consonants and in unstressed syllables. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hull_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">unni</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="scn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">[ˈunnɪ]</a></span></td> <td>'Where'</td> <td>Unstressed allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_vowel_system" title="Sicilian vowel system">Sicilian vowel system</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereraJones19195,_9_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereraJones19195,_9-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">පිරිමි</span></span>/<i>p<b>i</b>r<b>i</b>m<b>i</b></i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpi̞ɾi̞mi̞]</span></td> <td>'male'</td> <td>Fully front;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereraJones19195,_9_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereraJones19195,_9-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">i</span>⟩. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlík200493,_95_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlík200493,_95-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010375_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010375-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">r<b>ý</b>chl<b>y</b></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈri̞ːxli̞]</span></td> <td>'fast'</td> <td>Typically fully front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlík200493,_95_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlík200493,_95-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDokeMofokeng1974?_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDokeMofokeng1974?-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Sotho-language text"><i lang="st"><a href="/wiki/Sotho_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotho orthography">ho l<b>e</b>ka</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hʊ̠lɪ̟kʼɑ̈]</span></td> <td>'to attempt'</td> <td>Fully front; contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDokeMofokeng1974?_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDokeMofokeng1974?-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Eastern Andalusian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamora_Vicente1967290–295_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamora_Vicente1967290–295-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">m<b>is</b></a></i></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɪ̟ː]</span></td> <td rowspan="2">'my' (pl.)</td> <td rowspan="2">Fully front. It corresponds to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamora_Vicente1967341_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamora_Vicente1967341-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rioplatense<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><i>s<b>i</b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td> <td>Central Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenqvist20079_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenqvist20079-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">s<b>i</b>ll</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/Sv-sill.ogg\/Sv-sill.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[s\u032a\u026a\u031fl\u032a\u02d0]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-sill.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Sv-sill.ogg/Sv-sill.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̪ɪ̟l̪ː]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-sill.ogg" title="File:Sv-sill.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'herring'</td> <td>The quality has been variously described as close-mid front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̟˕]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near-close front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̟]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenqvist20079_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenqvist20079-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and close front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt196716_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt196716-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Temne_language" title="Temne language">Temne</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanuTucker2010249_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanuTucker2010249-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Timne-language text"><i lang="tem">p<b>i</b>m</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pí̞m]</span></td> <td>'pick'</td> <td>Fully front;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanuTucker2010249_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanuTucker2010249-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">i</span>⟩. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake200510_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake200510-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">müşter<b>i</b></a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[my̠ʃt̪ɛ̞ˈɾɪ]</span></td> <td>'customer'</td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> described variously as "word-final"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake200510_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake200510-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999155_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999155-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet"><b>и</b>рій</a></span></span>/<i><b>y</b>rij</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪrij]</span></td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Iriy" title="Iriy">Iriy</a>'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> </td> <td><i>myn<b>y</b>dd</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mənɪð]</span> </td> <td>'mountain' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBamgboṣe1966166_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamgboṣe1966166-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>k<b>i</b>n<b>i</b></i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kĩi]</span> </td> <td>'what' </td> <td>Fully front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ĩ</span>⟩. It is nasalized, and may be close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">ĩ</a>]</span> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBamgboṣe1966166_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamgboṣe1966166-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/T-diaeresis" class="mw-redirect" title="T-diaeresis">T-diaeresis</a> may be in other alphabets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a> prefers the terms "close" and "open" for <a href="/wiki/Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">vowel height</a>, many linguists use "high" and "low".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-fonts#general">"IPA Fonts: General Advice"</a>. International Phonetic Association. 2015. <q>With any font you consider using, it is worth checking that the symbol for the centralized close front vowel (<span style="font-size:120%">ɪ</span>, U+026A) appears correctly with serifs top and bottom; that the symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">dental click</a> (ǀ, U+01C0) is distinct from the lower-case L (l)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPA+Fonts%3A+General+Advice&rft.pub=International+Phonetic+Association&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalphoneticassociation.org%2Fcontent%2Fipa-fonts%23general&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sans-serif fonts with serifed <span style="font-size:120%">ɪ</span> (despite having serifless capital I) include <a href="/wiki/Arial" title="Arial">Arial</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeSans" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeSans">FreeSans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucida_Sans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucida Sans">Lucida Sans</a>.<br /> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Segoe" title="Segoe">Segoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahoma_(typeface)" title="Tahoma (typeface)">Tahoma</a> place serifs on <span style="font-size:120%">ɪ</span> as well as capital I.<br /> Finally, both are serifless in <a href="/wiki/Calibri" title="Calibri">Calibri</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999167-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999167_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999">International Phonetic Association (1999)</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <a href="#CITEREFÁrnason2011">Árnason (2011)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association199913,_168,_180-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association199913,_168,_180_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999">International Phonetic Association (1999)</a>, pp. 13, 168, 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged199942-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged199942_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged199942_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged199942_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefoged1999">Ladefoged (1999)</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982486-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982486_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982486_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982486_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200390-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200390_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200390_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200390_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201160-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201160_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201160_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201160_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrnason2011">Árnason (2011)</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-einarsson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-einarsson_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einarsson_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einarsson_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEinarsson1945">Einarsson (1945</a>:10), cited in <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2011">Gussmann (2011</a>:73)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrønnum1998">Grønnum (1998)</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200545-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200545_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200545_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200545_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasbøll2005">Basbøll (2005)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDokeMofokeng1974?-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDokeMofokeng1974?_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDokeMofokeng1974?_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDokeMofokeng1974?_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDokeMofokeng1974">Doke & Mofokeng (1974)</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/abe/25">"Abenaki, Western"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Abenaki%2C+Western&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fabe%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/abenaki.htm">"Numbers in Abenaki"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Numbers+in+Abenaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Flanguage%2Fnumbers%2Fabenaki.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarne1975" class="citation book cs1">Warne, Janet Leila (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5i2UmQEACAAJ"><i>A Historical Phonology of Abenaki</i></a>. Thesis (M.A.)--McGill University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Phonology+of+Abenaki&rft.pub=Thesis+%28M.A.%29--McGill+University&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Warne&rft.aufirst=Janet+Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5i2UmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987119-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987119_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987119_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987)</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyad2011?-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyyad2011?_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyyad2011?_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyyad2011">Ayyad (2011)</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhattab2007?-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhattab2007?_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhattab2007?_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhattab2007">Khattab (2007)</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins2001293-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins2001293_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins2001293_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkins2001">Watkins (2001)</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenGussenhoven2015328-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenGussenhoven2015328_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenGussenhoven2015328_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenGussenhoven2015">Chen & Gussenhoven (2015)</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDankovičová199972-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDankovičová199972_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDankovičová199972_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDankovičová1999">Dankovičová (1999)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012228–229-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012228–229_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012228–229_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012">Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012)</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedJohnson2010227-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedJohnson2010227_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefogedJohnson2010">Ladefoged & Johnson (2010)</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200558-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200558_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasbøll2005">Basbøll (2005)</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003128-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003128_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003128_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199247-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199247_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199247_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGussenhoven1992">Gussenhoven (1992)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2005245-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2005245_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2005245_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerhoeven2005">Verhoeven (2005)</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003131-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003131_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, 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Watt, Dominik (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), <i>A handbook of varieties of English</i>, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+dialects+in+the+South+of+England%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+varieties+of+English&rft.pages=181-196&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Altendorf&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft.au=Watt%2C+Dominik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrnason2011" class="citation cs2">Árnason, Kristján (2011), <i>The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922931-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922931-4"><bdi>978-0-19-922931-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Icelandic+and+Faroese&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922931-4&rft.aulast=%C3%81rnason&rft.aufirst=Kristj%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyad2011" class="citation cs2">Ayyad, Hadeel Salama (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0103320"><i>Phonological development of typically developing Kuwaiti Arabic-speaking preschoolers</i></a>, Vancouver: University of British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0103320">10.14288/1.0103320</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonological+development+of+typically+developing+Kuwaiti+Arabic-speaking+preschoolers&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0103320&rft.aulast=Ayyad&rft.aufirst=Hadeel+Salama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%2FcIRcle%2Fcollections%2Fubctheses%2F24%2Fitems%2F1.0103320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamgboṣe1966" class="citation cs2">Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), <i>A Grammar of Yoruba</i>, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Yoruba&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bamgbo%E1%B9%A3e&rft.aufirst=Ay%E1%BB%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004" class="citation cs2">Barbosa, Plínio A.; 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Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282778721">"New Zealand English"</a>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>37</b> (1): 97–102, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002830">10.1017/S0025100306002830</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+English&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-102&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002830&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft.au=Warren%2C+Paul&rft.au=Bardsley%2C+Dianne&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Marianna&rft.au=Major%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F282778721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowerman2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; 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(1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C"><i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i></a>, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0"><bdi>1-85359-032-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Phonetics+of+Cardiff+English&rft.btitle=English+in+Wales%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=87-103&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters+Ltd.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85359-032-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwYt3gVbu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2003" class="citation cs2">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. 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(1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C"><i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i></a>, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0"><bdi>1-85359-032-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Port+Talbot+English&rft.btitle=English+in+Wales%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=121-129&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters+Ltd.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85359-032-0&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwYt3gVbu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxFletcher2017" class="citation cs2">Cox, Felicity; 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href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63751-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindi&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=100-103&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63751-0&rft.aulast=Ohala&rft.aufirst=Manjari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlík2004" class="citation cs2">Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf">"Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Jazykovedný časopis</i>, <b>55</b>: 87–109</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jazykovedn%C3%BD+%C4%8Dasopis&rft.atitle=Slovensk%C3%A9+hl%C3%A1sky+a+medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1+fonetick%C3%A1+abeceda&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=87-109&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Pavl%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Radoslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juls.savba.sk%2Fediela%2Fjc%2F2004%2F2%2Fjc2004_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2006" class="citation cs2">Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>36</b> (1): 117–124, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428">10.1017/S0025100306002428</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=The+dialect+of+Hasselt&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-124&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002428&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2017" class="citation cs2">Peters, Jörg (2017), "Saterland Frisian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>49</b> (2): 223–230, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100317000226">10.1017/S0025100317000226</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232348873">232348873</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Saterland+Frisian&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-230&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100317000226&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232348873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereraJones1919" class="citation cs2">Perera, H.S.; Jones, D. (1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/colloquialsinhal00pererich"><i>A colloquial Sinhalese reader in phonetic transcription</i></a>, Manchester: Longmans, Green & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+colloquial+Sinhalese+reader+in+phonetic+transcription&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Perera&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rft.au=Jones%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcolloquialsinhal00pererich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenqvist2007" class="citation cs2">Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), <i>Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori</i>, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-27-40645-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-27-40645-2"><bdi>978-91-27-40645-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttalsboken%3A+svenskt+uttal+i+praktik+och+teori&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Natur+%26+Kultur&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-91-27-40645-2&rft.aulast=Rosenqvist&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012" class="citation cs2">Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/katerina/documents/illustration-of-Czech.pdf">"Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>42</b> (2): 225–232, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000102">10.1017/S0025100312000102</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Czech+spoken+in+Bohemia+and+Moravia&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-232&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000102&rft.aulast=%C5%A0im%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0%C3%A1rka&rft.au=Podlipsk%C3%BD%2C+V%C3%A1clav+Jon%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft.au=Chl%C3%A1dkov%C3%A1%2C+Kate%C5%99ina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fon.hum.uva.nl%2Fkaterina%2Fdocuments%2Fillustration-of-Czech.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzende1994" class="citation cs2">Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>24</b> (2): 91–94, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005090">10.1017/S0025100300005090</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242632087">242632087</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+the+IPA%3A+Hungarian&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91-94&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242632087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Szende&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTench1990" class="citation cs2">Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C"><i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i></a>, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0"><bdi>1-85359-032-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pronunciation+of+English+in+Abercrave&rft.btitle=English+in+Wales%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=130-141&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters+Ltd.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85359-032-0&rft.aulast=Tench&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwYt3gVbu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanvik1979" class="citation cs2">Vanvik, Arne (1979), <i>Norsk fonetikk</i>, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-990584-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/82-990584-0-6"><bdi>82-990584-0-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norsk+fonetikk&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Universitetet+i+Oslo&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=82-990584-0-6&rft.aulast=Vanvik&rft.aufirst=Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhoeven2005" class="citation cs2">Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>35</b> (2): 245, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305002173">10.1017/S0025100305002173</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Belgian+Standard+Dutch&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100305002173&rft.aulast=Verhoeven&rft.aufirst=Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1984" class="citation cs2">Walker, Douglas (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.ucalgary.ca/~dcwalker/PronCF.pdf"><i>The Pronunciation of Canadian French</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7766-4500-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7766-4500-5"><bdi>0-7766-4500-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pronunciation+of+Canadian+French&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7766-4500-5&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ucalgary.ca%2F~dcwalker%2FPronCF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2001" class="citation cs2">Watkins, Justin W. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/334DD11C94575EF39A51109B008FB090/S0025100301002122a.pdf/burmese.pdf">"Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>31</b> (2): 291–295, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100301002122">10.1017/S0025100301002122</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232344700">232344700</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+the+IPA%3A+Burmese&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-295&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100301002122&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232344700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Justin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F334DD11C94575EF39A51109B008FB090%2FS0025100301002122a.pdf%2Fburmese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). <i>Accents of English</i>. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759">10.1017/CBO9780511611759</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611766">10.1017/CBO9780511611766</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2">0-52128540-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=2%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128540-2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0">0-52128541-0</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=3%3A+Beyond+the+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128541-0&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanushevskayaBunčić2015" class="citation cs2">Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>45</b> (2): 221–228, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395">10.1017/S0025100314000395</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Russian&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-228&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100314000395&rft.aulast=Yanushevskaya&rft.aufirst=Irena&rft.au=Bun%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamora_Vicente1967" class="citation cs2">Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bwb_KR-426-128"><i>Dialectología española</i></a></span> (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788424911157" title="Special:BookSources/9788424911157"><bdi>9788424911157</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialectolog%C3%ADa+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Romanica+Hispanica%2C+Editorial+Gredos&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9788424911157&rft.aulast=Zamora+Vicente&rft.aufirst=Alonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbwb_KR-426-128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerOrgun1999" class="citation cs2">Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">"Turkish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7"><bdi>0-521-65236-7</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkish&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=154-158&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Orgun%2C+Orhan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uta.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fcmfitz%2Fswnal%2Fprojects%2FCoLang%2Fcourses%2FTranscription%2Frosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear-close+near-front+unrounded+vowel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%C9%AA">List of languages with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/PHOIBLE" title="PHOIBLE">PHOIBLE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=i%CC%9E">List of languages with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̞]</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/PHOIBLE" title="PHOIBLE">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235389435"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049671">.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-placearrow{border-bottom:none;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow{border-top:none;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(even),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(9):not(.IPA-common-rightborder),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(11):not(.IPA-common-rightborder){border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(odd),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(10):not(.IPA-common-leftborder),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(12):not(.IPA-common-leftborder){border-left:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233718997">.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-nocaption{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em 0.4em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-main{text-align:left;padding:0 0.4em;line-height:2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-main>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-sect,.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-desc{margin-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-symbol,.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-desc{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-symbol{padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;font-size:125%;width:1.25em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1233850583"><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_navigation" title="Template talk:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">chart</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IPA_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IPA topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><i>Journal of the IPA</i> (<i>JIPA</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b>Non-pulmonic consonants</b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊<br />q𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊<br />ɢ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊<br />ɴ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a></span><br />  </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̪͆]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʙ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̃]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><span class="IPA-vowels-image skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_vowels" title="Template:IPA vowels">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Legend: <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded <span style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);">•</span> rounded</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel&oldid=1256501521">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel&oldid=1256501521</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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