CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Supreme Court of California - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3eac5f3a-17f3-4407-947b-4c967d5c6887","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Supreme_Court_of_California","wgTitle":"Supreme Court of California","wgCurRevisionId":1255504845,"wgRevisionId":1255504845,"wgArticleId":532376,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata","Articles using an unknown Template:Engvar option","Articles with hCards","Incomplete lists from September 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using the Kartographer extension","Supreme Court of California", "1849 establishments in California","Courts and tribunals established in 1849","California state courts"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Supreme_Court_of_California","wgRelevantArticleId":532376,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":37.7806,"lon":-122.4178},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish": true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2629503","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg/1200px-Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg/800px-Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg/640px-Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Supreme Court of California - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Supreme_Court_of_California rootpage-Supreme_Court_of_California skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Supreme+Court+of+California" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Supreme+Court+of+California" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Supreme+Court+of+California" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Supreme+Court+of+California" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Internal procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Historical procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_of_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_of_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Publication of opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication_of_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancillary_responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancillary_responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancillary responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancillary_responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Important cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_former_justices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_former_justices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable former justices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_former_justices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_chief_justices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_chief_justices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of chief justices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_chief_justices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Supreme Court of California</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Върховен съд на Калифорния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Върховен съд на Калифорния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Supreme Court of California" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_Suprema_de_California" title="Corte Suprema de California – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corte Suprema de California" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_supr%C3%AAme_de_Californie" title="Cour suprême de Californie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cour suprême de Californie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="בית המשפט העליון של קליפורניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית המשפט העליון של קליפורניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Врховен суд на Калифорнија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Врховен суд на Калифорнија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooggerechtshof_van_Californi%C3%AB" title="Hooggerechtshof van Californië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hooggerechtshof van Californië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80" title="カリフォルニア州最高裁判所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリフォルニア州最高裁判所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprema_Corte_da_Calif%C3%B3rnia" title="Suprema Corte da Califórnia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suprema Corte da Califórnia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniens_h%C3%B6gsta_domstol" title="Kaliforniens högsta domstol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaliforniens högsta domstol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Верховний суд штату Каліфорнія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Верховний суд штату Каліфорнія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="加利福尼亚州最高法院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加利福尼亚州最高法院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2629503#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Supreme_Court_of_California" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Supreme_Court_of_California" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&oldid=1255504845" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Supreme_Court_of_California&id=1255504845&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSupreme_Court_of_California"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSupreme_Court_of_California"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Supreme_Court_of_California" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:California_Supreme_Court" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2629503" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_California&params=37.7806_N_122.4178_W_region:US_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°46′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°25′04″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.7806°N 122.4178°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.7806; -122.4178</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highest judicial court in the U.S. state of California</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cal." redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cal (disambiguation)">cal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #Ededed;">Supreme Court of California</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the Supreme Court of California</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_8046db124a3d75d82a9d607404684289c06979c1"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Supreme_Court_of_California&revid=1255504845&groups=_8046db124a3d75d82a9d607404684289c06979c1" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Supreme_Court_of_California&revid=1255504845&groups=_8046db124a3d75d82a9d607404684289c06979c1 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1849</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a> (Headquarters)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composition method</th><td class="infobox-data">Gubernatorial nomination and confirmation by Chief Justice, Attorney General and a senior presiding judge of the Court of Appeal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorised by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="California Constitution">California Constitution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">Appeals to</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> (for matters involving U.S. federal law or the U.S. Constitution only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judge term length</th><td class="infobox-data">12 years; renewable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of positions</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.courts.ca.gov">supreme<wbr />.courts<wbr />.ca<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #Ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Guerrero" title="Patricia Guerrero">Patricia Guerrero</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Since</th><td class="infobox-data">January 2, 2023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lead position ends</th><td class="infobox-data">January 8, 2035</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Supreme Court of California</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">highest and final court of appeals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_California" title="Judiciary of California">courts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. It is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren_Building" title="Earl Warren Building">Earl Warren Building</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it regularly holds sessions in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its decisions are binding on all other California <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1850, the court has issued many influential decisions in a variety of areas including <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">torts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_right" title="Constitutional right">constitutional rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the original 1849 <a href="/wiki/California_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="California Constitution">California Constitution</a>, the Court started with a <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice" title="Chief justice">chief justice</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice" title="Associate justice">associate justices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court was expanded to five justices in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the current 1879 constitution, the Court expanded to six associate justices and one chief justice, for the current total of seven.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The justices are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> and are subject to <a href="/wiki/Retention_election" title="Retention election">retention elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the California Constitution, to be considered for appointment, as with any California judge, a person must be an attorney admitted to practice in California or have served as a judge of a California court for 10 years immediately preceding the appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To fill a vacant position, the Governor must first submit a candidate's name to the Commission on Judicial Nominees Evaluation of the State Bar of California, which prepares and returns a thorough, confidential evaluation of the candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, the Governor officially nominates the candidate, who must then be evaluated by the Commission on Judicial Appointments, which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of California">Chief Justice of California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California" title="Attorney General of California">Attorney General of California</a>, and a senior presiding justice of the <a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">California Courts of Appeal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission holds a public hearing and if satisfied with the nominee's qualifications, confirms the nomination. The nominee can then immediately fill an existing vacancy, or replace a departing justice at the beginning of the next judicial term. </p><p>If a nominee is confirmed to fill a vacancy that arose partway through a judicial term, the justice must stand for retention during the next gubernatorial election. Voters then determine whether to retain the justice for the remainder of the judicial term. At the term's conclusion, justices must again undergo a statewide retention election for a full 12-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a majority votes "no", the seat becomes vacant and may be filled by the Governor. </p><p>The electorate has occasionally exercised the power not to retain justices.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bird" title="Rose Bird">Rose Bird</a> and Associate Justices <a href="/wiki/Cruz_Reynoso" title="Cruz Reynoso">Cruz Reynoso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grodin" title="Joseph Grodin">Joseph Grodin</a> were staunchly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">capital punishment</a> and were subsequently removed in the 1986 general election.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newly reelected Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Deukmejian" title="George Deukmejian">George Deukmejian</a> was then able to elevate Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_M._Lucas" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm M. Lucas">Malcolm M. Lucas</a> to Chief Justice and appoint three new associate justices (one to replace Lucas in his old post and two to replace Reynoso and Grodin).<sup id="cite_ref-Braitman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braitman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_California" title="Law of California">California law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/200px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/300px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/400px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_California" title="Great Seal of California">Great Seal of California</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">Propositions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_California" title="Category:Amendments to the Constitution of California">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_constitutional_offices" title="List of California state constitutional offices">Offices</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/California_Codes" title="California Codes">Codes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Civil_Code" title="California Civil Code">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Code_of_Civil_Procedure" title="California Code of Civil Procedure">Civil Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Evidence_Code" title="California Evidence Code">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Health_and_Safety_Code" title="California Health and Safety Code">Health and Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Insurance_Code" title="California Insurance Code">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Labor_Code" title="California Labor Code">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Penal_Code" title="California Penal Code">Penal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Vehicle_Code" title="California Vehicle Code">Vehicle</a></li></ul> Note: There are 29 California codes.</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_California" title="Courts of California">Courts of record</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">Courts of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_superior_courts" title="California superior courts">Superior courts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_California" title="Adoption in California">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_law_in_California" title="Bicycle law in California">Bicycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_criminal_law" title="California criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_California" title="Capital punishment in California">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_California" title="Cannabis in California">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_California" title="Taxation in California">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_California" title="Gambling in California">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_California" title="Gun laws in California">Gun law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil procedural law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="California Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagley-Keene_Act" title="Bagley-Keene Act">Bagley-Keene Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Style_Manual" title="California Style Manual">California Style Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Harassment_Restraining_Order" title="Civil Harassment Restraining Order">Civil Harassment Restraining Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_motion_to_strike" title="Special motion to strike">Special motion to strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_mandate_(California)" title="Writ of mandate (California)">Ordinary and administrative mandate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tort_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Tort law">Tort law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumis_counsel" title="Cumis counsel">Cumis counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regents_of_University_of_California_v._Superior_Court_of_Los_Angeles_County_(Rosen)" title="Regents of University of California v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County (Rosen)">Duty to protect students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salgo_v._Leland_Stanford_Jr._University_Board_of_Trustees" title="Salgo v. Leland Stanford Jr. University Board of Trustees">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress" title="Negligent infliction of emotional distress">Negligent infliction of emotional distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peculiar_risk_doctrine" title="Peculiar risk doctrine">Peculiar risk doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_v._Yellow_Cab_Co." title="Li v. Yellow Cab Co.">Pure comparative negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasoff_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California"><i>Tarasoff</i> liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenman_v._Yuba_Power_Products,_Inc." title="Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.">Strict product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Tort_Claims_Act" title="California Tort Claims Act">Tort Claims Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights law">Civil rights law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_209" title="1996 California Proposition 209">Prop 209</a> (public affirmative action ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_54_(2017)" title="California Senate Bill 54 (2017)">SB 54</a> (sanctuary law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Act_to_Save_Lives" title="California Act to Save Lives">Act to Save Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Art_Preservation_Act" title="California Art Preservation Act">Art Preservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Celebrities_Rights_Act" title="California Celebrities Rights Act">Celebrities Rights Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_End_of_Life_Option_Act" title="California End of Life Option Act">End of Life Option Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Fair_Employment_and_Housing_Act_of_1959" title="California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959">Fair Employment and Housing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_procedure" title="Fair procedure">Fair procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Public_Records_Act" title="California Public Records Act">Public Records Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Shield_Law" title="California Shield Law">Shield Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Free speech on privately owned property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unruh_Civil_Rights_Act" title="Unruh Civil Rights Act">Unruh Civil Rights Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.50_Caliber_BMG_Regulation_Act_of_2004" title=".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004">.50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_962_(2009)" title="California Assembly Bill 962 (2009)">AB 962</a> (handgun ammunition sales)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1471_(2007)" title="California Assembly Bill 1471 (2007)">AB 1471</a> (firearm microstamping)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_v._Berry" title="People v. Berry">Adequate provocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Comprehensive_Computer_Data_Access_and_Fraud_Act" title="California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act">Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_petty_theft" title="Felony petty theft">Felony petty theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Felony murder rule (California)">Felony murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsden_motion" title="Marsden motion">Marsden motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murgia_motion" title="Murgia motion">Murgia motion</a> (selective prosecution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder (California)">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_v._Superior_Court_(Romero)" title="People v. Superior Court (Romero)">Romero motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Determinate_Sentencing_Act_of_1976" title="Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976">Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Laws concerning <a href="/wiki/Political_subdivisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Political subdivisions">political subdivisions</a> of the state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_811_(2008)" title="California Assembly Bill 811 (2008)">AB 811</a> (energy efficiency zoning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Housing_Accountability_Act" title="California Housing Accountability Act">Housing Accountability Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Act" title="Brown Act">Brown Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marks-Roos" title="Marks-Roos">Marks-Roos</a> (joint powers authorities)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mello-Roos" title="Mello-Roos">Mello-Roos</a> (local tax districts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Act" title="Mills Act">Mills Act</a> (historic structure preservation)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Statewide_Truck_and_Bus_Rule" title="2008 California Statewide Truck and Bus Rule">2008 Statewide Truck and Bus Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act" title="California Environmental Quality Act">California Environmental Quality Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Water_Plan" title="California Water Plan">California Water Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Electronic_Waste_Recycling_Act" title="California Electronic Waste Recycling Act">Electronic Waste Recycling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Endangered_Species_Act" title="California Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodge_decision" title="Hodge decision">Hodge decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Groundwater_Management_Act" title="Sustainable Groundwater Management Act">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor law">Labor law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_22" title="2020 California Proposition 22">Prop 22</a> (rideshare drivers as contractors)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_5_(2019)" title="California Assembly Bill 5 (2019)">AB 5</a> (independent contractors)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975" title="California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975">Agricultural Labor Relations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1066_(2016)" title="California Assembly Bill 1066 (2016)">AB 1066</a> (equal overtime for farmworkers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Rule_(pension_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Rule (pension law)">California Rule</a> (pensions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Child_Actor%27s_Bill" title="California Child Actor's Bill">Child Actor's Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Law" title="De Havilland Law">De Havilland Law</a> (seven year maximum on labor contracts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_Family_Leave_(California)" title="Paid Family Leave (California)">Paid Family Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_Agencies_Act_(California)" title="Talent Agencies Act (California)">Talent Agencies Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palimony_in_the_United_States" title="Palimony in the United States">Palimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereira_accounting" title="Pereira accounting">Pereira accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Camp_accounting" title="Van Camp accounting">Van Camp accounting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer protection law">Consumer protection law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Building_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Building codes">building codes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposition_103" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposition 103">Prop 103</a> (insurance rates)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alquist_Priolo_Special_Studies_Zone_Act" title="Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act">Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Building_Standards_Code" title="California Building Standards Code">Building Standards Code</a> (contains the <a href="/wiki/California_Energy_Code" title="California Energy Code">Energy Code</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Balloon_Law" title="California Balloon Law">Balloon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_foie_gras_law" title="California foie gras law">California foie gras law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Consumers_Legal_Remedies_Act" title="California Consumers Legal Remedies Act">Consumers Legal Remedies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Consumer_Privacy_Act" title="California Consumer Privacy Act">Consumer Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Technical_Bulletin_117" title="California Technical Bulletin 117">Technical Bulletin 117</a> (fire extinguishers)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Education_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Education law">Education law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_277" title="California Senate Bill 277">SB 277</a> (removing vaccine exemptions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Education_Code_48907" title="California Education Code 48907">California Student Free Expression Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">DREAM Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Law" title="Leonard Law">Leonard Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Success_and_Opportunity_Act" title="School Success and Opportunity Act">School Success and Opportunity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergara_v._California" title="Vergara v. California">Vergara v. California</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1215_(2011)" title="California Assembly Bill 1215 (2011)">AB 1215</a> (automobile titling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_1535_(2014)" title="California Assembly Bill 1535 (2014)">AB 1535</a> (naloxone prescription by pharmacists)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Corporate_Disclosure_Act" title="California Corporate Disclosure Act">Corporate Disclosure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_27" class="mw-redirect" title="California Senate Bill 27">Presidential Tax Transparency and Accountability Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Repair_and_Accountability_Act" title="Road Repair and Accountability Act">Road Repair and Accountability Act</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical laws</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Government_and_Protection_of_Indians" title="Act for the Government and Protection of Indians">Act for the Government and Protection of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Alien_Land_Law_of_1913" title="California Alien Land Law of 1913">Alien Land Law of 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consenting_Adult_Sex_Bill" title="Consenting Adult Sex Bill">Consenting Adult Sex Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Criminal_Syndicalism_Act" title="California Criminal Syndicalism Act">Criminal Syndicalism Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_Ordinance" title="Sanitary Ordinance">Sanitary Ordinance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>Between 1879 and 1966, the court was divided by the state constitution into two three-justice panels, Department One and Department Two.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief justice divided cases evenly between the panels and also decided which cases would be heard "in bank" (<a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a>) by the Court sitting as a whole. During the late 1920s, the court gradually transitioned to routinely hearing all appeals in bank, apart from two unusual exceptions in 1941 when it again tried to sit in departments.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1966 formal abolition of the department system merely confirmed how the court had been actually operating for quite some time.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg/220px-Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg/330px-Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg/440px-Supremecourtofcaliforniamaincourthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The Court's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren_Building" title="Earl Warren Building">Earl Warren Building</a> and Courthouse, which it shares with the <a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a> for the First District</figcaption></figure><p> Oral argument was mandatory only for in bank hearings of appeals, which meant that many appeals were decided by three-justice departments on the briefs alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the state constitution required department decisions to be unanimous to produce a final judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any dissent automatically triggered an in bank hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a constitutional amendment in 1966, the Court currently sits in bank (all seven together) when hearing all appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there is an open seat on the court, or if a justice recuses himself or herself on a given case, justices from the <a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">California Courts of Appeal</a> are assigned by the chief justice to join the court for individual cases on a rotational basis. </p><p>The procedure for when all justices recuse themselves from a case has varied over time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a 1992 case, the chief justice requested the presiding justice of a Court of Appeal district (different from the one where the case originated) to select six other Court of Appeal justices from his district, and they formed an acting Supreme Court for the purpose of deciding that one case.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in a later case where all members of the Court recused themselves when Governor Schwarzenegger sought a <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_mandate_(California)" title="Writ of mandate (California)">writ of mandate</a> (<i>Schwarzenegger v. Court of Appeal (Epstein)</i>), seven justices of the Courts of Appeal were selected based on the regular rotational basis, not from the same district, with the most senior one serving as the acting chief justice, and that acting supreme court eventually denied the writ petition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a yet more recent case (<i>Mallano v. Chiang</i>) where all members of the Court recused themselves on a petition for review by retired Court of Appeal justices on a matter involving those justices' salaries (that apparently involved matters up to and including the 2016–2017 fiscal year), the Court ordered that six superior court judges be selected from the pool that took office after July 1, 2017, to serve as the substitute justices for the six sitting justices, with the senior judge among that group serving as the acting Chief Justice; that acting Supreme Court eventually denied the petition for review.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Justice </th> <th>Born </th> <th>Joined </th> <th>Term ends </th> <th>Appointed by </th> <th>Law school </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Guerrero, Patricia"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Guerrero" title="Patricia Guerrero">Patricia Guerrero</a></span></span></span>, <i>Chief Justice</i> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1971-12-07</span>) </span>December 7, 1971<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 52)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-03-28-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 28, 2022</span><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2034 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> (D) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Corrigan, Carol"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Corrigan" title="Carol Corrigan">Carol Corrigan</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1948-08-16</span>) </span>August 16, 1948<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 76)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002006-01-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 4, 2006</span> </td> <td>2030 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> (R) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_College_of_the_Law,_San_Francisco" title="University of California College of the Law, San Francisco">UC Law SF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Liu, Goodwin"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Goodwin_Liu" title="Goodwin Liu">Goodwin Liu</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1970-10-19</span>) </span>October 19, 1970<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 54)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-09-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 1, 2011</span> </td> <td>2034 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> (D) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Kruger, Leondra"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Leondra_Kruger" title="Leondra Kruger">Leondra Kruger</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1976-07-28</span>) </span>July 28, 1976<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 48)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-01-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 5, 2015</span> </td> <td>2030 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> (D) </td> <td>Yale </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Groban, Joshua"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Groban" title="Joshua Groban">Joshua Groban</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1973-08-15</span>) </span>August 15, 1973<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 51)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-01-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 3, 2019</span> </td> <td>2026 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> (D) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Jenkins, Martin"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Jenkins" title="Martin Jenkins">Martin Jenkins</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1953-11-12</span>) </span>November 12, 1953<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 71)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002020-12-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 4, 2020</span> </td> <td>2034 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> (D) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco_School_of_Law" title="University of San Francisco School of Law">USF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Evans, Kelli"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Kelli_Evans" title="Kelli Evans">Kelli Evans</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1968-07-09</span>) </span>July 9, 1968<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 56)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002023-01-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 2, 2023</span> </td> <td>2026 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> (D) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UC_Davis_School_of_Law" title="UC Davis School of Law">UC Davis</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:980px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:140px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:140px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg/119px-Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg/179px-Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg/238px-Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Guerrero" title="Patricia Guerrero">Patricia Guerrero</a></div></td><td style="width:140px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:140px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CarolCorrigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/CarolCorrigan.jpg/117px-CarolCorrigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/CarolCorrigan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Carol_Corrigan" title="Carol Corrigan">Carol Corrigan</a></div></td><td style="width:140px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:140px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GLiu_040323.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GLiu_040323.webp/123px-GLiu_040323.webp.png" decoding="async" width="123" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GLiu_040323.webp/185px-GLiu_040323.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GLiu_040323.webp/247px-GLiu_040323.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Goodwin_Liu" title="Goodwin Liu">Goodwin Liu</a></div></td><td style="width:140px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:140px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leondra_Kruger_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Leondra_Kruger_%28cropped1%29.jpg/124px-Leondra_Kruger_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Leondra_Kruger_%28cropped1%29.jpg/186px-Leondra_Kruger_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Leondra_Kruger_%28cropped1%29.jpg/248px-Leondra_Kruger_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1146" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Leondra_Kruger" title="Leondra Kruger">Leondra Kruger</a></div></td><td style="width:140px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:140px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Joshua_P._Groban_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Justice_Joshua_P._Groban_%28cropped%29.png/118px-Justice_Joshua_P._Groban_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Justice_Joshua_P._Groban_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Groban" title="Joshua Groban">Joshua Groban</a></div></td><td style="width:140px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:140px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_jenkins_bio_page_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Justice_jenkins_bio_page_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Justice_jenkins_bio_page_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Justice_jenkins_bio_page_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="176" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Martin_Jenkins" title="Martin Jenkins">Martin Jenkins</a></div></td><td style="width:140px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:140px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelli_Evans_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kelli_Evans_%28cropped%29.jpg/108px-Kelli_Evans_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kelli_Evans_%28cropped%29.jpg/162px-Kelli_Evans_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kelli_Evans_%28cropped%29.jpg/215px-Kelli_Evans_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Kelli_Evans" title="Kelli Evans">Kelli Evans</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Took office as Chief Justice on January 2, 2023 after being elevated by Governor Newsom.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Six current justices were appointed by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> (Liu, Kruger, Groban, Jenkins, Guerrero and Evans) and one by <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> (Corrigan). </p><p>There are three <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> (Kruger, Jenkins, Evans) justices, one <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">East Asian American</a> justice (Liu), two <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic white</a> justices (Corrigan, Groban) and one <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latina</a> (Guerrero). One justice earned an undergraduate degree from a <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> school (Guerrero at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a>), five from private universities in California (Corrigan at <a href="/wiki/Holy_Names_University" title="Holy Names University">Holy Names</a>, Liu, Groban and Evans at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>, and Jenkins at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara</a>), and one from an out-of-state private university (Kruger at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>). Two justices earned their law degrees from a University of California law school (Corrigan at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_College_of_the_Law,_San_Francisco" title="University of California College of the Law, San Francisco">UC Law SF</a> and Evans at <a href="/wiki/UC_Davis_School_of_Law" title="UC Davis School of Law">Davis</a>), two from a private California university (Guerrero at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford</a> and Jenkins at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco_School_of_Law" title="University of San Francisco School of Law">University of San Francisco</a>), and three from law schools at out-of-state private universities (Liu and Kruger at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale</a>, and Groban at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard</a>). </p><p>The most recent addition to the court is Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Kelli_Evans" title="Kelli Evans">Kelli Evans</a>, who was sworn in on January 2, 2023, to replace then-Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Guerrero" title="Patricia Guerrero">Patricia Guerrero</a>, who was elevated to chief justice.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Guerrero became the first <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latina</a> to serve as chief justice.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court first had a female majority from 2011 to 2017. This majority had been achieved in 2011 after Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> appointed Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Tani_Cantil-Sakauye" title="Tani Cantil-Sakauye">Tani Cantil-Sakauye</a> to the court, joining Justice <a href="/wiki/Joyce_L._Kennard" title="Joyce L. Kennard">Joyce L. Kennard</a> (an appointee of Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Deukmejian" title="George Deukmejian">George Deukmejian</a>), Justice <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Werdegar" title="Kathryn Werdegar">Kathryn Werdegar</a> (appointed by Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Pete Wilson</a>), and Justice <a href="/wiki/Carol_A._Corrigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol A. Corrigan">Carol A. Corrigan</a> (another Schwarzenegger appointee). When Kennard retired in 2014, Democratic Governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> preserved the female majority by appointing <a href="/wiki/Leondra_Kruger" title="Leondra Kruger">Leondra Kruger</a> to succeed her; while this first female majority later ended with the 2017 retirement of Werdegar and appointment of Groban by Brown to succeed her, a second female majority was later established in 2022, upon the swearing-in of Guerrero to replace <a href="/wiki/Mariano-Florentino_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar">Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg/310px-Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg/465px-Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg/620px-Ronaldreaganstatebuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> State Building, the Supreme Court's branch office in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, which it shares with the <a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a> for the Second District</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">Constitution of California</a> gives the Court mandatory and exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases imposing <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_California" title="Capital punishment in California">capital punishment in California</a>, although the Court has sponsored a state constitutional amendment to allow it to assign death penalty appeals to the California Courts of Appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court has <a href="/wiki/Discretionary_jurisdiction" title="Discretionary jurisdiction">discretionary appellate jurisdiction</a> over all cases reviewed by the Courts of Appeal; the latter were created by a 1904 constitutional amendment to relieve the Supreme Court of most of its workload so the Court could then focus on dealing with non-frivolous appeals that involved important issues of law.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to research by Justice Goodwin Liu, each year the Court has averaged 5,200 petitions for writs of <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> and 3,400 petitions for <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, plus 40 additional petitions from inmates already on death row.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an average year the Court will decide to hear 83 cases and will be required to hear appeals from 20 new inmates joining death row.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each week, the Court votes on 150 to 300 petitions, paying special attention to a staff-recommended "A list" as well as to <a href="/wiki/Certified_question" title="Certified question">certified questions</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_procedure">Internal procedure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internal procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court is open for business year-round (as opposed to operating only during scheduled "terms" as is commonplace in jurisdictions that observe the <a href="/wiki/Legal_year" title="Legal year">legal year</a>). The Court hears oral argument at least one week per month, 10 months each year (except July and August). It has been headquartered in San Francisco since 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1878, it has regularly heard oral argument each year at San Francisco (four months), Los Angeles (four months), and Sacramento (two months). </p><p>According to Justice Liu, when a case is granted review, the Chief Justice assigns the case to a justice, who, after the parties finish briefing, then prepares a draft opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each justice writes a preliminary response to the draft opinion, and if the assigned justice is in the minority, she may ask the Chief Justice to reassign the case to someone in the majority.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court then hears oral arguments and, immediately afterwards, meet alone to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The California Constitution requires suspension of the justices' salaries if the Court fails to then file a decision within 90 days.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court issues unanimous opinions in 77% of cases, compared to 43% by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the year (including July and August), the justices have a conference every Wednesday the Court is not hearing oral argument, with the exception of the last week, respectively, of November and December (Thanksgiving and New Year's). New opinions are published online on Monday and Thursday mornings at 10 a.m. Paper copies also become available through the clerk's office at that time. </p><p>The Court is one of the few U.S. courts apart from the U.S. Supreme Court that enjoys the privilege of having its opinions routinely published in three hardcover <a href="/wiki/Law_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Law reports">reporters</a>. The Court's <a href="/wiki/California_Reporter_of_Decisions" title="California Reporter of Decisions">Reporter of Decisions</a> contracts with a private publisher (currently <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a>) to publish the official reporter, <i>California Reports</i>, now in its fifth series; note that the series number changes whenever the publisher changes, although the most recent changeover to the fifth series did not involve a change in reporter. <a href="/wiki/West_(publisher)" title="West (publisher)">West</a> publishes California decisions in both the <i>California Reporter</i> (in its second series) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Reporter" title="Pacific Reporter">Pacific Reporter</a></i> (in its third series). (The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> opinions are similarly published in three reporters.) </p><p>Each justice has five assigned chambers attorneys.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 1980s, the Court has turned away from the traditional use of <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerks</a>, and has switched to permanent staff attorneys.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justices Goodwin Liu and Leondra Kruger, however, have returned to the traditional use of recent law school graduates as one-year clerks for some of their staff positions.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court has about 85 staff attorneys, some of whom are attached to particular justices; the rest are shared as a central staff.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage to this system is that the reduced turnover of staff attorneys (versus the traditional system of rotating through new law clerks every year) has improved the efficiency of the court in dealing with complex cases, particularly death penalty cases. </p><p>During its first half-century of operation, the Court struggled to keep up with its soaring caseload and very frequently fell behind, until the California Courts of Appeal were created in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in provisions in the 1879 Constitution requiring the Court to decide all cases in writing with reasons given<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (to get rid of minor cases, it had often given summary dispositions with <i>no</i> reasons given<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and requiring California judges to certify in writing every month that no matter submitted for consideration had been outstanding for more than 90 days, or else they will not be paid.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To comply with the latter provision, the Court does not schedule oral argument until the justices and their staff attorneys have already studied the briefs, formulated their respective positions, and circulated draft opinions. Then, after the matter is formally "argued and submitted" before the Court, the justices can polish and file their opinions well before reaching the 90-day deadline. This differs sharply from the practice in all other federal and state appellate courts, where judges can schedule oral argument not long after written briefing is finished, but then may take many months (or even a year) after oral argument to file their opinions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_procedure">Historical procedure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1885, the state legislature authorized the creation of the Supreme Court Commission to help with the Court's overwhelming backlog of pending appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The justices were initially allowed to hire three commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since oral argument was not mandatory except for in bank hearings of appeals, the justices began to assign cases to the commissioners which could likely be resolved on the briefs alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of commissioners was expanded in five in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In retrospect, the commissioners can be seen as an important precursor of the law clerks and staff attorneys which the Court began to hire in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to modern practice, where appellate justices are expected to take ownership of the opinions to which they sign their names and staff members are mere <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriters</a>, the commissioners openly signed their opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the approximately 4,400 appeals (3,700 reported, 700 unreported) handled by the commissioners was resolved by an opinion signed by one commissioner with the concurrence of two others.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opinions always ended in a recommended disposition, such as: "We find no error in the record and the judgment should be affirmed."<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, this was followed by a one-line unsigned <a href="/wiki/Per_curiam_decision" title="Per curiam decision">per curiam statement</a> in the name of "The Court," such as: "For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment is affirmed."<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1892, the three justices who reviewed and summarily adopted each commissioners' opinion began to also sign their names.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commissioners were only partially successful in reducing the chronic backlog.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission was also subject to heavy criticism as an unelected "auxiliary court".<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attorneys who enjoyed appellate work but had difficulty holding onto judicial seats in partisan elections repeatedly bounced back and forth between serving as elected justices and unelected commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two more decades of debate, the state legislature recognized that the state needed to establish intermediate appellate courts and referred the issue to the electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1904, Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 2 was approved by the state's voters, which abolished the Supreme Court Commission and created the California Courts of Appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All five commissioners were promptly appointed in 1905 to serve among the original nine justices of the Courts of Appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication_of_opinions">Publication of opinions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publication of opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except for one decade at its founding, the Court has never been required by constitutional or statutory law to publish all its opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court currently chooses to publish all opinions as a matter of public policy, as disclosed in rule 8.1105(a) of the California Rules of Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original California Constitution of 1849 authorized the Court to publish all opinions that it "may deem expedient," and the current California Constitution of 1879 authorizes the Court to publish all opinions that it "deems appropriate."<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1850, a statute was enacted directing the Supreme Court to publish opinions in all cases, but in 1855, the Court began to direct that some opinions should not be reported, and this procedure was retroactively approved by the legislature in an 1860 statute.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1,800 unreported opinions were filed by the Court over the next 25 years (which includes the 700 unreported opinions filed by the commissioners).<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Reporter" title="Pacific Reporter">Pacific Reporter</a></i> started to collect and publish the Court's unreported opinions at its launch in 1883, and then the Court gave in and switched back to publication of all opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small group of lawyers later recovered and compiled all the unreported opinions filed by the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court Commission before that point, which were published in a separate seven-volume reporter called <i>California Unreported Cases</i> starting in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-Dear_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its name, those cases are citable as precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancillary_responsibilities">Ancillary responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancillary responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court supervises the lower courts (including the trial-level <a href="/wiki/California_superior_courts" title="California superior courts">California superior courts</a>) through the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Council_of_California" title="Judicial Council of California">Judicial Council of California</a> and the California Commission on Judicial Performance, and also supervises California's legal profession through the <a href="/wiki/State_Bar_of_California" title="State Bar of California">State Bar of California</a>. All lawyer admissions are done through recommendations of the State Bar, which then must be ratified by the Supreme Court, and attorney discipline is delegated to the <a href="/wiki/State_Bar_Court_of_California" title="State Bar Court of California">State Bar Court of California</a> (although suspensions longer than three years must be independently decided upon by the Court). California's bar is the largest in the U.S. with 210,000 members, of whom 160,000 are practicing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 and in 2023, the Court issued reform directives regarding corrupt practices within the State Bar of California.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court, with the assistance of the Reporter of Decisions, publishes the <a href="/wiki/California_Style_Manual" title="California Style Manual">California Style Manual</a> for use by the <a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">California Courts of Appeal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/California_superior_courts" title="California superior courts">superior courts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg/310px-Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg/465px-Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg/620px-Stanleymosklibraryandcourtsbldg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mosk" title="Stanley Mosk">Stanley Mosk</a> Library and Courts Building, the Supreme Court's branch office in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>, which it shares with the <a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a> for the Third District</figcaption></figure> <p>As <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> stated, in 1972: </p> <blockquote><p>The state's high court over the past 20 years has won a reputation as perhaps the most innovative of the state judiciaries, setting precedents in areas of criminal justice, civil liberties, racial integration, and consumer protection that heavily influence other states and the federal bench.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Statistical analyses conducted by <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a> personnel at the Court's request indicate that the decisions of the Supreme Court of California are by far the most followed of any state supreme court in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-DearJessen_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DearJessen-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1940 and 2005, 1,260 decisions of the Court were expressly followed by out-of-state courts (meaning that those courts expressly found the Court's reasoning persuasive and applied it to the cases before them). </p><p>Many important legal concepts have been pioneered or developed by the Court, including <a href="/wiki/Strict_liability" title="Strict liability">strict liability</a> for <a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">defective products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fair_procedure" title="Fair procedure">fair procedure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress" title="Negligent infliction of emotional distress">negligent infliction of emotional distress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Palimony">palimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance_bad_faith" title="Insurance bad faith">insurance bad faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_life" title="Wrongful life">wrongful life</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Market-share_liability" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-share liability">market-share liability</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">major film studios</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> and the high-tech firms of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> both fall under the Court's jurisdiction. Thus, the Court has decided a number of cases by, between, and against such companies, as well as several cases involving Hollywood celebrities<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and high-tech executives.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The California Supreme Court and all lower California state courts use a different writing style and <a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">citation</a> system from the federal courts and many other state courts. California citations have the year between the names of the parties and the reference to the case reporter, as opposed to the national standard (the <a href="/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">Bluebook</a>) of putting the year at the end. For example, the famous case <i><a href="/wiki/Marvin_v._Marvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin v. Marvin">Marvin v. Marvin</a></i>, which established the standard for non-marital partners' ability to sue for their contributions to the partnership, is rendered <i>Marvin v. Marvin</i> (1976) 18 Cal.3d 660 [134 Cal.Rptr. 815, 557 P.2d 106] in California style, while it would be <i>Marvin v. Marvin</i>, 18 Cal. 3d 660, 557 P.2d 106, 134 Cal. Rptr. 815 (1976), in Bluebook style. The California citation style, however, has always been the norm of common law jurisdictions outside the United States, including England, Canada and Australia. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> justices indicate the author of an opinion and who has "joined" the opinion at the start of the opinion, California justices always sign a majority opinion at the end, followed by "WE CONCUR," and then the names of the joining justices. California judges are traditionally not supposed to use certain ungrammatical terms in their opinions, which has led to embarrassing fights between judges and the editor of the state's official reporters. California has traditionally avoided the use of certain French and Latin phrases like <i><a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a></i>, so California judges and attorneys use "in bank," "review," and "mandate" instead (though "in bank" has become quite rare after 1974). </p><p>Finally, the Court has the power to "depublish" opinions by the Courts of Appeal (as opposed to the federal practice of <i>not</i> publishing certain "unpublished" opinions at all in the federal case reporters).<sup id="cite_ref-CRC8.1105_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC8.1105-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that even though the opinion has already been published in the official state reporters, it will be binding only upon the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">Stare decisis</a> does not apply, and any new rules articulated will not be applied in future cases. Similarly, the California Supreme Court has the power to "publish" opinions by the California Courts of Appeal which were initially not published.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC8.1105_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC8.1105-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_cases">Important cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Important cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The California Supreme Court has handed down important and influential decisions since 1850. Some of the most significant of these important and influential Court decisions are listed below in date ascending order. Most of the Court decisions that follow were landmark decisions that were among the first such decisions in the United States or the world. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Hall" title="People v. Hall">People v. Hall</a></i> (1854):<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A case which held that Chinese persons may not testify against a white man, even if the white man is accused of murdering a Chinese person; effectively overturned by state law in 1873. The <i>Hall</i> case has been described as “containing some of the most offensive racial rhetoric to be found in the annals of California appellate jurisprudence” and “the worst statutory interpretation case in history.”<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Houston v. Williams</i> (1859):<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A leading case on the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the California Constitution.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escola_v._Coca-Cola_Bottling_Co." title="Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co.">Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co.</a></i> (1944):<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-Associate Justice Roger Traynor suggested in a now-famous concurring opinion that the Court should dispose of <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">legal fictions</a> like warranties and impose <a href="/wiki/Strict_liability" title="Strict liability">strict liability</a> for <a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">defective products</a> as a matter of public policy.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Sharp" title="Perez v. Sharp">Perez v. Sharp</a></i> (1948):<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court overturned the statutory ban on <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a> as unconstitutional. <i>Perez</i> directly influenced the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision on this issue, <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> (1967).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summers_v._Tice" title="Summers v. Tice">Summers v. Tice</a></i> (1948):<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court shifted the burden to the defense to disprove <a href="/wiki/Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">causation</a> when it was clear that one of two defendants must have caused the plaintiff's injury, but it was not clear which one.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dillon_v._Legg" title="Dillon v. Legg">Dillon v. Legg</a></i> (1968):<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court radically expanded the tort of <a href="/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress" title="Negligent infliction of emotional distress">negligent infliction of emotional distress</a> (NIED) beyond its traditional form, which historically had been limited to plaintiffs standing in the same "zone of danger" as a relative who was killed.</li> <li><i>Pacific Gas & E. Co. v. G. W. Drayage & Rigging Co., Inc.</i> (1968):<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held that <a href="/wiki/Parol_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Parol evidence">parol evidence</a> could be conditionally received by a trial court to determine if a contract was ambiguous when not ambiguous on its face. This decision has not been followed by the courts of any other state.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rowland_v._Christian" title="Rowland v. Christian">Rowland v. Christian</a></i> (1968):<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court abolished the old distinctions between different types of persons entering land and imposed a general <a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">duty of care</a> in the context of the tort of <a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">negligence</a>.</li> <li><i>People v. Belous</i> (1969):<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held the state's criminal statute prohibiting abortions to be unconstitutionally vague, in a 4-3 decision.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Anderson" title="People v. Anderson">People v. Anderson</a></i> (1972):<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court relied upon the state constitutional clause prohibiting "cruel or unusual punishment" (note the difference from the federal Constitution's "cruel and unusual punishment" clause) to abolish capital punishment in California. The state electorate promptly <a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">overruled</a> <i>Anderson</i> that same year with a <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">popular initiative</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_17_(1972)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 17 (1972)">Proposition 17</a>, that kept the "cruel or unusual" clause but declared the death penalty to be neither cruel nor unusual.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitchess_motion" title="Pitchess motion">Pitchess v. Superior Court</a></i> (1974):<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held that criminal defendants have a right to access the arresting officer's personnel file when the defendant alleges in an affidavit that the officer used excessive force or lied about the circumstances of the arrest.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_v._Yellow_Cab_Co." title="Li v. Yellow Cab Co.">Li v. Yellow Cab Co.</a></i> (1975):<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court embraced <a href="/wiki/Comparative_negligence" title="Comparative negligence">comparative negligence</a> as part of California tort law and rejected strict <a href="/wiki/Contributory_negligence" title="Contributory negligence">contributory negligence</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarasoff_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California">Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California</a></i> (1976):<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held that mental health professionals have a duty to protect individuals who are being threatened with bodily harm by a patient. The original 1974 decision mandated warning the threatened individual, but a 1976 rehearing resulted in a decision calling for a "duty to protect" the intended victim, which did not necessarily require that a potential victim be informed of the threat.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marvin_v._Marvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin v. Marvin">Marvin v. Marvin</a></i> (1976):<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court ruled in favor of the enforceability of non-marital relationship contracts, express or implied, to the extent that they are <i>not</i> founded purely upon meretricious sexual services. In other words, even though California does not recognize common law marriage, persons who cohabit for long periods of time and commingle their assets are allowed to plead and prove marriage-like contracts for support and division of property.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Robins v. Pruneyard Shopping Center</a></i> (1979):<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court found that the broad right to freedom of speech in the state constitution included an implied right to freedom of speech in <i>private</i> shopping centers. The U.S. Supreme Court in turn held that the state supreme court's decision did not amount to a <a href="/wiki/Takings_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Takings Clause">"taking"</a> of the shopping center under federal constitutional law.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sindell_v._Abbott_Laboratories" title="Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories">Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories</a></i> (1980):<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court imposed <a href="/wiki/Market_share_liability" title="Market share liability">market share liability</a> on the makers of fungible hazardous products.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thing_v._La_Chusa" title="Thing v. La Chusa">Thing v. La Chusa</a></i> (1989):<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court withdrew from the expansive form of NIED set forth in <i>Dillon</i> and imposed a rigid bright-line test for recovery in bystander NIED cases. The <i>Thing</i> decision included extensive <i><a href="/wiki/Dicta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicta">dicta</a></i> hostile to plaintiffs which more generally limited the scope of recovery for both the tort of <a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">negligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress" title="Negligent infliction of emotional distress">emotional distress</a> damages in California.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Moore v. Regents of the University of California">Moore v. Regents of the University of California</a></i> (1990):<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held that patients do not have intellectual property rights in profits from medical discoveries made with their body parts.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wendland_v._Wendland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendland v. Wendland">Wendland v. Wendland</a></i> (2001):<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held that in the absence of a legally recognized method of determining who should make medical decisions on the behalf of an incompetent patient, the constitutional <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States#Constitutional_basis_for_right_to_privacy" title="Privacy laws of the United States">right to privacy</a> granted special protection to the incompetent person.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yount_v._City_of_Sacramento" title="Yount v. City of Sacramento">Yount v. City of Sacramento</a></i> (2008):<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held that a <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conviction" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal conviction">criminal conviction</a> does not limit an individual's right to bring civil action for deprivation of rights in cases of excessive use of force.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Marriage_Cases" title="In re Marriage Cases">In re Marriage Cases</a></i> (2008):<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> is a protected class which requires <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a> and under such scrutiny, laws prohibiting same-sex marriage are unconstitutional under the state constitution. The state electorate overturned the marriage portion of the decision that same year by enacting a popular initiative, <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 8 (2008)">Proposition 8</a>, but left in place the discrimination protections.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_218_(1996)#The_Landmark_2008_Silicon_Valley_Taxpayers_Supreme_Court_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 218 (1996)">Silicon Valley Taxpayers' Assn., Inc. v. Santa Clara County Open Space Authority</a></i> (2008):<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court unanimously held in a <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_218_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 218 (1996)">Proposition 218</a> ("Right to Vote on Taxes Act") case that courts must exercise their independent judgment in reviewing local agency legislative decisions adopting special assessments. The highly deferential standard of review before Proposition 218 became law was grounded in <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. Because the constitutional provisions of Proposition 218 were of equal dignity to the separation of powers doctrine, it no longer justified allowing a local agency to usurp the judicial function of interpreting and applying the constitutional provisions that governed assessments under Proposition 218.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Diaz" title="People v. Diaz">People v. Diaz</a></i> (2011):<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held that the warrantless search of information in a cell phone was valid when incident to a lawful arrest. (The holding in <i>Diaz</i> was eventually repudiated by the United States Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Riley_v._California" title="Riley v. California">Riley v. California</a></i>.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynamex_Operations_West,_Inc._v._Superior_Court" title="Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Superior Court">Dynamex v. Superior Court</a></i> (2018):<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court abandoned the Control Test for the ABC Test and first ruled gig economy workers to be employees. Chief Justice Cantil-Sakauye penned this landmark decision. It led to AB5 which made it formalized and retroactive at the same time.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_former_justices">Notable former justices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable former justices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of California">List of justices of the Supreme Court of California</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serranus_Clinton_Hastings" title="Serranus Clinton Hastings">Serranus Clinton Hastings</a>, Chief Justice (1850–1852) (First Chief Justice, founded <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_College_of_the_Law,_San_Francisco" title="University of California College of the Law, San Francisco">UC Law SF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Heydenfeldt" title="Solomon Heydenfeldt">Solomon Heydenfeldt</a>, Associate Justice (1852–1857) (First Jewish justice to be elected by direct vote of the people)<sup id="cite_ref-albert_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albert-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Terry" title="David S. Terry">David S. Terry</a>, Chief Justice (1857–1859) (Killed while attempting to assassinate his successor, Stephen Field)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen J. Field">Stephen J. Field</a>, Chief Justice (1859–1863) (Appointed by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addison_Niles" title="Addison Niles">Addison Niles</a>, Associate Justice (1872–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_D._Wilbur" title="Curtis D. Wilbur">Curtis D. Wilbur</a>, Chief Justice (1923–1924) (Appointed by <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">President Coolidge</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">U.S. Secretary of the Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Tobriner" title="Mathew Tobriner">Mathew Tobriner</a>, Associate Justice (1962–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_J._Traynor" title="Roger J. Traynor">Roger J. Traynor</a>, Chief Justice (1964–1970), Associate Justice (1940–1964) (Well-respected legal scholar; generally regarded as the greatest justice in the history of the Court)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mosk" title="Stanley Mosk">Stanley Mosk</a>, Associate Justice (1964–2001) (Longest serving justice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Manuel" title="Wiley Manuel">Wiley W. Manuel</a>, Associate Justice (1977–1981) (First <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African-American</a> on the Court; well known for his <a href="/wiki/Pro_bono" title="Pro bono">pro bono</a> work)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Bird" title="Rose Bird">Rose E. Bird</a>, Chief Justice (1977–1987) (First woman appointed to the Court; only Chief Justice ever not to be retained by the electorate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kaus" title="Otto Kaus">Otto Kaus</a>, Associate Justice (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Broussard" title="Allen Broussard">Allen Broussard</a>, Associate Justice (1981–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruz_Reynoso" title="Cruz Reynoso">Cruz Reynoso</a>, Associate Justice (1982–1987) (First Latino on the Court)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Rogers_Brown" title="Janice Rogers Brown">Janice Rogers Brown</a>, Associate Justice (1996–2005) (Appointed by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">President G.W. Bush</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_M._George" title="Ronald M. George">Ronald M. George</a>, Chief Justice (1996–2011), Associate Justice (1991–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano-Florentino_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar">Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar</a>, Associate Justice (2015-2021) (named president of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> and chair of the board of the <a href="/wiki/William_and_Flora_Hewlett_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="William and Flora Hewlett Foundation">William and Flora Hewlett Foundation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tani_Cantil-Sakauye" title="Tani Cantil-Sakauye">Tani Cantil-Sakauye</a>, Chief Justice (2011-2023) (first Asian American chief justice)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_chief_justices">List of chief justices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of chief justices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Image</th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serranus_Clinton_Hastings" title="Serranus Clinton Hastings">Serranus Clinton Hastings</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Serranus_Hastings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Serranus_Hastings.jpg/130px-Serranus_Hastings.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Serranus_Hastings.jpg/195px-Serranus_Hastings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Serranus_Hastings.jpg/260px-Serranus_Hastings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="883" /></a></span></td> <td>1849–1851 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Lyons" title="Henry A. Lyons">Henry A. Lyons</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_A._Lyons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Henry_A._Lyons.jpg/130px-Henry_A._Lyons.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Henry_A._Lyons.jpg/195px-Henry_A._Lyons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Henry_A._Lyons.jpg/260px-Henry_A._Lyons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td>1852 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Murray_(judge)" title="Hugh Murray (judge)">Hugh C. Murray</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugh_C._Murray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hugh_C._Murray.jpg/130px-Hugh_C._Murray.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hugh_C._Murray.jpg/195px-Hugh_C._Murray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hugh_C._Murray.jpg/260px-Hugh_C._Murray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="604" /></a></span></td> <td>1852–1857 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_S._Terry" title="David S. Terry">David S. Terry</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_S._Terry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/David_S._Terry.jpg/130px-David_S._Terry.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/David_S._Terry.jpg/195px-David_S._Terry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/David_S._Terry.jpg/260px-David_S._Terry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1114" /></a></span></td> <td>1857–1859 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen J. Field">Stephen J. Field</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Johnson_Field,_photo_half_length_seated,_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg/130px-Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg/195px-Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg/260px-Stephen_Johnson_Field%2C_photo_half_length_seated%2C_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="3720" /></a></span></td> <td>1859–1863 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warner_Cope" title="Warner Cope">W. W. Cope</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:W._W._Cope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/W._W._Cope.jpg/130px-W._W._Cope.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/W._W._Cope.jpg/195px-W._W._Cope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/W._W._Cope.jpg/260px-W._W._Cope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="623" /></a></span></td> <td>1863–1864 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silas_Sanderson" title="Silas Sanderson">Silas W. Sanderson</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Silas_W._Sanderson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Silas_W._Sanderson.jpg/130px-Silas_W._Sanderson.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Silas_W._Sanderson.jpg/195px-Silas_W._Sanderson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Silas_W._Sanderson.jpg/260px-Silas_W._Sanderson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></td> <td>1864–1866 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Currey" title="John Currey">John Currey</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Currey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_Currey.jpg/130px-John_Currey.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_Currey.jpg/195px-John_Currey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_Currey.jpg/260px-John_Currey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></td> <td>1866–1868 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Sawyer" title="Lorenzo Sawyer">Lorenzo Sawyer</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenzo_Sawyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lorenzo_Sawyer.jpg/130px-Lorenzo_Sawyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lorenzo_Sawyer.jpg/195px-Lorenzo_Sawyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lorenzo_Sawyer.jpg/260px-Lorenzo_Sawyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="917" /></a></span></td> <td>1868–1870 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Rhodes" title="Augustus Rhodes">Augustus L. Rhodes</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_Rhodes,_1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Augustus_Rhodes%2C_1870s.jpg/130px-Augustus_Rhodes%2C_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Augustus_Rhodes%2C_1870s.jpg/195px-Augustus_Rhodes%2C_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Augustus_Rhodes%2C_1870s.jpg/260px-Augustus_Rhodes%2C_1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></td> <td>1870–1872 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Sprague" title="Royal Sprague">Royal T. Sprague</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_T._Sprague,_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_T._Sprague%2C_1870.jpg/130px-Royal_T._Sprague%2C_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_T._Sprague%2C_1870.jpg/195px-Royal_T._Sprague%2C_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_T._Sprague%2C_1870.jpg/260px-Royal_T._Sprague%2C_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></td> <td>1872 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_T._Wallace" title="William T. Wallace">William T. Wallace</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_William_Thompson_Wallace_from_History_of_the_Bench_and_Bar_of_California.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portrait_of_William_Thompson_Wallace_from_History_of_the_Bench_and_Bar_of_California.png/130px-Portrait_of_William_Thompson_Wallace_from_History_of_the_Bench_and_Bar_of_California.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portrait_of_William_Thompson_Wallace_from_History_of_the_Bench_and_Bar_of_California.png/195px-Portrait_of_William_Thompson_Wallace_from_History_of_the_Bench_and_Bar_of_California.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portrait_of_William_Thompson_Wallace_from_History_of_the_Bench_and_Bar_of_California.png/260px-Portrait_of_William_Thompson_Wallace_from_History_of_the_Bench_and_Bar_of_California.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></td> <td>1872–1879 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Morrison" title="Robert F. Morrison">Robert F. Morrison</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Francis_Morrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Robert_Francis_Morrison.jpg/130px-Robert_Francis_Morrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Robert_Francis_Morrison.jpg/195px-Robert_Francis_Morrison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Robert_Francis_Morrison.jpg/260px-Robert_Francis_Morrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="623" /></a></span></td> <td>1879–1887 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niles_Searls" title="Niles Searls">Niles Searls</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Niles_Searls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Niles_Searls.jpg/130px-Niles_Searls.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Niles_Searls.jpg/195px-Niles_Searls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Niles_Searls.jpg/260px-Niles_Searls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></td> <td>1887–1889 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_H._Beatty" title="William H. Beatty">William H. Beatty</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Supreme_Court_1890_-_Chief_Justice_William_H._Beatty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/California_Supreme_Court_1890_-_Chief_Justice_William_H._Beatty.jpg/130px-California_Supreme_Court_1890_-_Chief_Justice_William_H._Beatty.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/California_Supreme_Court_1890_-_Chief_Justice_William_H._Beatty.jpg/195px-California_Supreme_Court_1890_-_Chief_Justice_William_H._Beatty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/California_Supreme_Court_1890_-_Chief_Justice_William_H._Beatty.jpg/260px-California_Supreme_Court_1890_-_Chief_Justice_William_H._Beatty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></td> <td>1889–1914 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matt_Sullivan" title="Matt Sullivan">Matt I. Sullivan</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Matt_I._Sullivan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Matt_I._Sullivan.png/130px-Matt_I._Sullivan.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Matt_I._Sullivan.png/195px-Matt_I._Sullivan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Matt_I._Sullivan.png/260px-Matt_I._Sullivan.png 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></td> <td>1914–1915 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_M._Angellotti" title="Frank M. Angellotti">Frank M. Angellotti</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Marion_Angellotti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Frank_Marion_Angellotti.png/130px-Frank_Marion_Angellotti.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Frank_Marion_Angellotti.png/195px-Frank_Marion_Angellotti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Frank_Marion_Angellotti.png/260px-Frank_Marion_Angellotti.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></td> <td>1915–1921 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Shaw" title="Lucien Shaw">Lucien Shaw</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LucienShaw.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LucienShaw.gif/130px-LucienShaw.gif" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LucienShaw.gif/195px-LucienShaw.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LucienShaw.gif/260px-LucienShaw.gif 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="467" /></a></span></td> <td>1921–1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Wilbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtis Wilbur">Curtis D. Wilbur</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CurtisDWilburLOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CurtisDWilburLOC.jpg/130px-CurtisDWilburLOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CurtisDWilburLOC.jpg/195px-CurtisDWilburLOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CurtisDWilburLOC.jpg/260px-CurtisDWilburLOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1472" /></a></span></td> <td>1923–1924 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Westcott_Myers" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Westcott Myers">Louis W. Myers</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_W._Myers_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Louis_W._Myers_Crop.jpg/130px-Louis_W._Myers_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Louis_W._Myers_Crop.jpg/195px-Louis_W._Myers_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Louis_W._Myers_Crop.jpg/260px-Louis_W._Myers_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1032" /></a></span></td> <td>1924–1926 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_H._Waste" title="William H. Waste">William H. Waste</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_H._Waste,_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/William_H._Waste%2C_1934.jpg/130px-William_H._Waste%2C_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/William_H._Waste%2C_1934.jpg/195px-William_H._Waste%2C_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/William_H._Waste%2C_1934.jpg/260px-William_H._Waste%2C_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1164" /></a></span></td> <td>1926–1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phil_S._Gibson" title="Phil S. Gibson">Phil S. Gibson</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil_S._Gibson_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phil_S._Gibson_Crop.jpg/130px-Phil_S._Gibson_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phil_S._Gibson_Crop.jpg/195px-Phil_S._Gibson_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phil_S._Gibson_Crop.jpg/260px-Phil_S._Gibson_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1432" /></a></span></td> <td>1940–1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Traynor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Traynor">Roger J. Traynor</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_J._Traynor,_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roger_J._Traynor%2C_1967.jpg/130px-Roger_J._Traynor%2C_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roger_J._Traynor%2C_1967.jpg/195px-Roger_J._Traynor%2C_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roger_J._Traynor%2C_1967.jpg/260px-Roger_J._Traynor%2C_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1783" /></a></span></td> <td>1964–1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wright" title="Donald Wright">Donald R. Wright</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_R._Wright,_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Donald_R._Wright%2C_1971.jpg/130px-Donald_R._Wright%2C_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Donald_R._Wright%2C_1971.jpg/195px-Donald_R._Wright%2C_1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Donald_R._Wright%2C_1971.jpg/260px-Donald_R._Wright%2C_1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="1779" /></a></span></td> <td>1970–1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rose_Bird" title="Rose Bird">Rose Elizabeth Bird</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Bird,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rose_Bird%2C_1977.jpg/130px-Rose_Bird%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rose_Bird%2C_1977.jpg/195px-Rose_Bird%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rose_Bird%2C_1977.jpg/260px-Rose_Bird%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="987" /></a></span></td> <td>1977–1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_M._Lucas" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm M. Lucas">Malcolm M. Lucas</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_Lucas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Malcolm_Lucas.jpg/130px-Malcolm_Lucas.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Malcolm_Lucas.jpg/195px-Malcolm_Lucas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Malcolm_Lucas.jpg/260px-Malcolm_Lucas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></td> <td>1987–1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_M._George" title="Ronald M. George">Ronald M. George</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_M_George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ronald_M_George.jpg/130px-Ronald_M_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ronald_M_George.jpg/195px-Ronald_M_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ronald_M_George.jpg/260px-Ronald_M_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="827" /></a></span></td> <td>1996–2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tani_Cantil-Sakauye" title="Tani Cantil-Sakauye">Tani Cantil-Sakauye</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tani_Cantil-Sakauye_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tani_Cantil-Sakauye_official_photo.jpg/130px-Tani_Cantil-Sakauye_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Tani_Cantil-Sakauye_official_photo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="211" /></a></span></td> <td>2011–2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Guerrero" title="Patricia Guerrero">Patricia Guerrero</a></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg/130px-Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg/195px-Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg/260px-Patricia_Guerrero_-_California_justice_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/48px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/64px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_California" title="Judiciary of California">Judiciary of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Council_of_California" title="Judicial Council of California">Judicial Council of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_California" title="Impeachment in California">Impeachment in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="California Supreme Court Historical Society">California Supreme Court Historical Society</a> - a nonprofit organization that conducts historical research</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.ca.gov/3013.htm">"Contact Us - supreme_court"</a>. <i>www.courts.ca.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923092806/http://www.courts.ca.gov/3013.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.courts.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Contact+Us+-+supreme_court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2F3013.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dear-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dear_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDear2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dear, Jake (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Legal-Hist-v.-15-Articles-Judicial-Attorneys.pdf">"California's First Judicial Staff Attorneys: The Surprising Role That Commissioners Played, 1885–1905, in Creating the Courts of Appeal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>California Legal History</i>. <b>15</b>: 125–161. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-4943">1930-4943</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/825171095">825171095</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Legal+History&rft.atitle=California%27s+First+Judicial+Staff+Attorneys%3A+The+Surprising+Role+That+Commissioners+Played%2C+1885%E2%80%931905%2C+in+Creating+the+Courts+of+Appeal&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=125-161&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F825171095&rft.issn=1930-4943&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cschs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FLegal-Hist-v.-15-Articles-Judicial-Attorneys.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C2/57C2d450.htm">57 Cal. 2d 450</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004114556/http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C2/57C2d450.htm">Archived</a> 2018-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1962). In <i>Auto Equity Sales</i>, the Court explained: "Under the doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a></i>, all tribunals exercising inferior jurisdiction are required to follow decisions of courts exercising superior jurisdiction. Otherwise, the doctrine of <i>stare decisis</i> makes no sense. The decisions of this court are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California. Decisions of every division of the District Courts of Appeal are binding upon all the justice and municipal courts and upon all the superior courts of this state, and this is so whether or not the superior court is acting as a trial or appellate court. Courts exercising inferior jurisdiction must accept the law declared by courts of superior jurisdiction. It is not their function to attempt to overrule decisions of a higher court."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cdn.sos.ca.gov/collections/1849/images/const10.jpg">"Records of the Constitutional Convention of 1849"</a>. California Secretary of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113150548/http://archives.cdn.sos.ca.gov/collections/1849/images/const10.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Constitutional+Convention+of+1849&rft.pub=California+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cdn.sos.ca.gov%2Fcollections%2F1849%2Fimages%2Fconst10.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span> Art. VI, Sec. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&division=&title=&part=&chapter=&article=VI">"California Constitution"</a>. California Legislature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928010058/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&division=&title=&part=&chapter=&article=VI">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Constitution&rft.pub=California+Legislature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2Fcodes_displayText.xhtml%3FlawCode%3DCONS%26division%3D%26title%3D%26part%3D%26chapter%3D%26article%3DVI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span> Art. VI, Sec. 2, 16(a).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2014" class="citation news cs1">Levinson, Jessica A. (May 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-levinson-end-judicial-elections-20140509-story.html">"Op-Ed: Why voters shouldn't be electing judges"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170409064332/http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-levinson-end-judicial-elections-20140509-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Op-Ed%3A+Why+voters+shouldn%27t+be+electing+judges&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Jessica+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fla-oe-levinson-end-judicial-elections-20140509-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&division=&title=&part=&chapter=&article=VI">"Codes Display Text"</a>. <i>leginfo.legislature.ca.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031164758/http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&division=&title=&part=&chapter=&article=VI">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Codes+Display+Text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2Fcodes_displayText.xhtml%3FlawCode%3DCONS%26division%3D%26title%3D%26part%3D%26chapter%3D%26article%3DVI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calbar.ca.gov/About-Us/Who-We-Are/Committees-Commissions/Judicial-Nominees-Evaluation">"Commission on Judicial Nominees Evaluation"</a>. State Bar of California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051315/http://www.calbar.ca.gov/About-Us/Who-We-Are/Committees-Commissions/Judicial-Nominees-Evaluation">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commission+on+Judicial+Nominees+Evaluation&rft.pub=State+Bar+of+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calbar.ca.gov%2FAbout-Us%2FWho-We-Are%2FCommittees-Commissions%2FJudicial-Nominees-Evaluation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/5367.htm">"Commission on Judicial Appointments"</a>. California Courts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525184135/http://www.courts.ca.gov/5367.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commission+on+Judicial+Appointments&rft.pub=California+Courts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2F5367.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/.const/.article_6">"Article VI, Section 16"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">Constitution of California</a>. 1879<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+VI%2C+Section+16&rft.pub=Constitution+of+California.&rft.date=1879&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leginfo.ca.gov%2F.const%2F.article_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.judicialselection.us/judicial_selection/index.cfm?state=">"Judicial Selection in the States"</a>. <i>Judicialselection.us</i>. National Center for State Courts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116075423/http://www.judicialselection.us/judicial_selection/index.cfm?state=">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Judicialselection.us&rft.atitle=Judicial+Selection+in+the+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.judicialselection.us%2Fjudicial_selection%2Findex.cfm%3Fstate%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scocablog.com/what-does-californias-experience-with-recall-of-judges-teach-us/">"What Does California's Experience with Recall of Judges Teach Us?"</a>. <i>SCOCAblog</i>. UC Berkeley Constitution Law Center and Hastings Law Journal. November 10, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150335/http://scocablog.com/what-does-californias-experience-with-recall-of-judges-teach-us/">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCOCAblog&rft.atitle=What+Does+California%27s+Experience+with+Recall+of+Judges+Teach+Us%3F&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscocablog.com%2Fwhat-does-californias-experience-with-recall-of-judges-teach-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braitman-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braitman_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraitmanUelmen2013" class="citation book cs1">Braitman, Jacqueline R.; Uelmen, Gerald F. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7kWXsKpJTEC&pg=PA224"><i>Justice Stanley Mosk: A Life at the Center of California Politics and Justice</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 224–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476600710" title="Special:BookSources/9781476600710"><bdi>9781476600710</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517100634/https://books.google.com/books?id=G7kWXsKpJTEC&pg=PA224">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+Stanley+Mosk%3A+A+Life+at+the+Center+of+California+Politics+and+Justice&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=224-226&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781476600710&rft.aulast=Braitman&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+R.&rft.au=Uelmen%2C+Gerald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7kWXsKpJTEC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>People v. Kelly</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C4/40C4t106.htm">40 Cal. 4th 106, 113</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004114533/http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C4/40C4t106.htm">Archived</a> 2018-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2006), which explains the 1879 constitutional convention's decision to create a seven-justice court with two three-justice departments.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a 1972 case, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/3d/25/474.html"><i>Mosk v. Superior Court</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710230715/http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/3d/25/474.html">Archived</a> 2017-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 25 Cal. 3d 479 (1979), judges were selected by lot to serve on the panel after all of the Supreme Court justices recused themselves: "The Chief Justice assigned six Court of Appeal justices, who were selected by lot pursuant to an order by the Supreme Court, to act on the petition."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Carma Developers (Cal.), Inc. v. Marathon Development California, Inc.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/CalCases/C4/2C4t342.htm">2 Cal. 4th 342</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005194012/http://online.ceb.com/CalCases/C4/2C4t342.htm">Archived</a> 2020-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1992). All members of the Supreme Court recused themselves from the appeal of the First District's decision, so the Third District sat as an "acting" Supreme Court and gave the final opinion in the case.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004048/http://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov/search/case/dockets.cfm?dist=0&doc_id=1965249&doc_no=S189114">"California Courts – Appellate Court Case Information - Case S189114"</a>. Judicial Council of California. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov/search/case/dockets.cfm?dist=0&doc_id=1965249&doc_no=S189114">the original</a> on November 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Courts+%E2%80%93+Appellate+Court+Case+Information+-+Case+S189114&rft.pub=Judicial+Council+of+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov%2Fsearch%2Fcase%2Fdockets.cfm%3Fdist%3D0%26doc_id%3D1965249%26doc_no%3DS189114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov/search/case/dockets.cfm?dist=0&doc_id=2258969&doc_no=S250379&request_token=NiIwLSIkXkg%2FWyBZSCM9VEhJUFw0UDxTJiJeSz1RICAgCg%3D%3D">"California Courts – Appellate Court Case Information"</a>. Judicial Council of California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195318/https://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov/search/case/dockets.cfm?dist=0&doc_id=2258969&doc_no=S250379&request_token=NiIwLSIkXkg%2FWyBZSCM9VEhJUFw0UDxTJiJeSz1RICAgCg%3D%3D">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Courts+%E2%80%93+Appellate+Court+Case+Information&rft.pub=Judicial+Council+of+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov%2Fsearch%2Fcase%2Fdockets.cfm%3Fdist%3D0%26doc_id%3D2258969%26doc_no%3DS250379%26request_token%3DNiIwLSIkXkg%252FWyBZSCM9VEhJUFw0UDxTJiJeSz1RICAgCg%253D%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.courts.ca.gov/news/new-california-chief-justice-patricia-guerrero-takes-office">"New California Chief Justice Patricia Guerrero Takes Office"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+California+Chief+Justice+Patricia+Guerrero+Takes+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.courts.ca.gov%2Fnews%2Fnew-california-chief-justice-patricia-guerrero-takes-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevis2023" class="citation web cs1">Nevis, Sara (January 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article270687262.html">"Patricia Guerrero makes history as first Latina chief justice in California Supreme Court"</a>. <i>The Sacramento Bee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=Patricia+Guerrero+makes+history+as+first+Latina+chief+justice+in+California+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2023-01-02&rft.aulast=Nevis&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacbee.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticle270687262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/NR76-07.PDF">"Press release: Supreme Court Proposes Amendments To Constitution in Death Penalty Appeals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. California Courts. November 19, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211154147/http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/NR76-07.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release%3A+Supreme+Court+Proposes+Amendments+To+Constitution+in+Death+Penalty+Appeals&rft.pub=California+Courts&rft.date=2007-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2Fdocuments%2FNR76-07.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Snukal v. Flightways Manufacturing, Inc.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/CalCases/C4/23C4t754.htm">23 Cal. 4th 754, 767–768</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005194016/http://online.ceb.com/CalCases/C4/23C4t754.htm">Archived</a> 2020-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiuUCLA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuUCLA_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustice_Goodwin_Liu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Justice Goodwin Liu (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uclalawreview.org/pdf/61-5-2.pdf">"How the California Supreme Court Actually Works"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Law_Review" title="UCLA Law Review">UCLA Law Review</a></i>. <b>61</b>: 1246. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005114553/http://www.uclalawreview.org/pdf/61-5-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Law+Review&rft.atitle=How+the+California+Supreme+Court+Actually+Works&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=1246&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Justice+Goodwin+Liu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uclalawreview.org%2Fpdf%2F61-5-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18940428.2.44&srpos=3&e=------189-en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22Van+R.+Paterson%22----1894---1">"From the Bench: Supreme Justice Paterson Resigns"</a>. <i>San Francisco Call</i>. Vol. 75, no. 139. California Digital Newspaper Collection. April 28, 1894. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823020720/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18940428.2.44&srpos=3&e=------189-en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22Van+R.+Paterson%22----1894---1">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2017</span>. <q>(Justice Van R. Paterson) grew weary of having to swear to affidavits to the effect that the hundred and one cases under his notice had been disposed of within the statutory ninety days after submission; a proceeding necessary among Supreme Court Justices before one cent of salary can be touched</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Call&rft.atitle=From+the+Bench%3A+Supreme+Justice+Paterson+Resigns&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=139&rft.date=1894-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSFC18940428.2.44%26srpos%3D3%26e%3D------189-en--20--1--txt-txIN-%2522Van%2BR.%2BPaterson%2522----1894---1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itir Yakar, "Unseen Staff Attorneys Anchor State's Top Court: Institution's System of Permanent Employees Means Workers Can Outlast the Justices," <i>San Francisco Daily Journal</i>, 30 May 2006, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.courts.ca.gov/news/state-judicial-staff-attorneys-can-now-help-bridge-the-justice-gap">"Press release: State Judicial Staff Attorneys Can Now Help Bridge the Justice Gap"</a>. California Courts. May 9, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715235159/http://newsroom.courts.ca.gov/news/state-judicial-staff-attorneys-can-now-help-bridge-the-justice-gap">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Collectively, California's Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal employ over 400 staff attorneys.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release%3A+State+Judicial+Staff+Attorneys+Can+Now+Help+Bridge+the+Justice+Gap&rft.pub=California+Courts&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.courts.ca.gov%2Fnews%2Fstate-judicial-staff-attorneys-can-now-help-bridge-the-justice-gap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uchastings.edu/news/articles/2015/06/fujisaki-named-principal-attorney.php">"Alumni News: Carin Fujisaki '85 Named Principal Attorney to Chief Justice of CA"</a>. University of California College of the Law. June 11, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615071107/http://uchastings.edu/news/articles/2015/06/fujisaki-named-principal-attorney.php">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The Supreme Court is a hive of activity, employing approximately 80 lawyers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alumni+News%3A+Carin+Fujisaki+%2785+Named+Principal+Attorney+to+Chief+Justice+of+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+College+of+the+Law&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uchastings.edu%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015%2F06%2Ffujisaki-named-principal-attorney.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&sectionNum=SEC.%2014.&article=VI">California Constitution, Article 6, Section 14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720103705/http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&sectionNum=SEC.%2014.&article=VI">Archived</a> 2020-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&sectionNum=SEC.%2019.&article=VI">California Constitution, Article 6, Section 19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409110350/http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CONS&sectionNum=SEC.%2019.&article=VI">Archived</a> 2016-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloss1958" class="citation journal cs1">Sloss, Frank H. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol46/iss5/3">"M. C. Sloss and the California Supreme Court"</a>. <i>California Law Review</i>. <b>46</b> (5): 715–738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3478622">10.2307/3478622</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3478622">3478622</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031344/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol46/iss5/3/">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The result was that the Department One justices soon became unable to make the monthly constitutional (Art. VI, Sec. 24) affidavit that no cases submitted longer than 90 days remained undecided, without which they could not draw their pay.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Law+Review&rft.atitle=M.+C.+Sloss+and+the+California+Supreme+Court&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=715-738&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3478622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3478622%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sloss&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.berkeley.edu%2Fcalifornialawreview%2Fvol46%2Fiss5%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1913" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Peter V. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hg04AAAAIAAJ"><i>California Unreported Cases: Being Those Determined in the Supreme Court and the District Courts of Appeal of the State of California, But Not Officially Reported, with Annotations Showing Their Present Value as Authority, Volume 1</i></a>. San Francisco, CA: Bender-Moss Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Unreported+Cases%3A+Being+Those+Determined+in+the+Supreme+Court+and+the+District+Courts+of+Appeal+of+the+State+of+California%2C+But+Not+Officially+Reported%2C+with+Annotations+Showing+Their+Present+Value+as+Authority%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=Bender-Moss+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Peter+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhg04AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11017504960924238861&q=shalabi&hl=en&as_sdt=2006">Shalabi v. City of Fontana</a></i> (2021) 11 Cal.5th 842, 846, fn. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty2007" class="citation journal cs1">Flaherty, Kristina (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.calbar.ca.gov/archive/Archive.aspx?articleId=87765&categoryId=87702&month=9&year=2007">"State Bar celebrates its 80th anniversary"</a>. <i>California Bar Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623144627/http://archive.calbar.ca.gov/archive/Archive.aspx?articleId=87765&categoryId=87702&month=9&year=2007">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Bar+Journal&rft.atitle=State+Bar+celebrates+its+80th+anniversary&rft.date=2007-09&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.calbar.ca.gov%2Farchive%2FArchive.aspx%3FarticleId%3D87765%26categoryId%3D87702%26month%3D9%26year%3D2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Cynthia L. (Winter 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/perspectives_magazine/women_perspectives_winter08_barpres.authcheckdam.pdf">"Women Bar Presidents: Changing the Picture and Focus of Leadership"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Perspectives Magazine</i>. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association: 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001165106/https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/perspectives_magazine/women_perspectives_winter08_barpres.authcheckdam.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The State Bar of California, a mandatory bar, is the largest in the nation, with 210,000 members— almost a quarter of the nation's lawyers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+Magazine&rft.atitle=Women+Bar+Presidents%3A+Changing+the+Picture+and+Focus+of+Leadership&rft.ssn=winter&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Faba%2Fpublishing%2Fperspectives_magazine%2Fwomen_perspectives_winter08_barpres.authcheckdam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cutler, Joyce E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/girardi-probe-reveals-an-internally-corrupt-california-state-bar">"Girardi Probe Shows Internally Corrupt California State Bar"</a>, Bloomberg Law, March 13, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joann Lublin, "Trailblazing Bench: California High Court Often Points the Way for Judges Elsewhere," <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>, 20 July 1972, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DearJessen-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DearJessen_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jake Dear and Edward W. Jessen, <i>" Followed Rates" and Leading State Cases, 1940–2005</i>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/41/2/essay/DavisVol41No2_Dear.pdf">41 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 683, 694</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018181932/http://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/41/2/essay/DavisVol41No2_Dear.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>(2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15697443080038926320">NBC Subsidiary (KNBC-TV), Inc. v. Superior Court</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005194015/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15697443080038926320">Archived</a> 2020-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 20 Cal. 4th 1178, 86 Cal. Rptr. 2d 778, 980 P.2d 337 (1999). <a href="/wiki/KNBC" title="KNBC">KNBC</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Open_court_principle" title="Open court principle">sought access to the trial</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sondra_Locke" title="Sondra Locke">Sondra Locke</a>'s lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=967043661621034776">Reid v. Google, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005194018/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=967043661621034776">Archived</a> 2020-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 50 Cal. 4th 512, 113 Cal. Rptr. 3d 327, 235 P.3d 988 (2010). This was <a href="/wiki/Brian_Reid_(computer_scientist)" title="Brian Reid (computer scientist)">Brian Reid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">age discrimination</a> lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC8.1105-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC8.1105_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC8.1105_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/cms/rules/index.cfm?title=eight&linkid=rule8_1105">"Rule 8.1105. Publication of appellate opinions"</a>. California Courts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007102420/http://www.courts.ca.gov/cms/rules/index.cfm?title=eight&linkid=rule8_1105">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rule+8.1105.+Publication+of+appellate+opinions&rft.pub=California+Courts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2Fcms%2Frules%2Findex.cfm%3Ftitle%3Deight%26linkid%3Drule8_1105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/cms/rules/index.cfm?title=eight&linkid=rule8_1115">"Rule 8.1115. Citation of opinions"</a>. California Courts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525052608/http://www.courts.ca.gov/cms/rules/index.cfm?title=eight&linkid=rule8_1115">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rule+8.1115.+Citation+of+opinions&rft.pub=California+Courts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2Fcms%2Frules%2Findex.cfm%3Ftitle%3Deight%26linkid%3Drule8_1115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">4 Cal. 399 (1854)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraynor" class="citation journal cs1">Traynor, Michael. "The Infamous Case of <i>People v. Hall</i> (1854)". <i>California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter</i> (Spring/Summer 2017): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Supreme+Court+Historical+Society+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Infamous+Case+of+People+v.+Hall+%281854%29&rft.issue=Spring%2FSummer+2017&rft.pages=2&rft.aulast=Traynor&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">13 Cal. 24 (1859)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1899" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Blewett (1899). "The Constitutional Power of the Courts Over Admission to the Bar". <i>Harv. L. Rev</i>. <b>8</b> (234): 250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1323400">10.2307/1323400</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1323400">1323400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harv.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=The+Constitutional+Power+of+the+Courts+Over+Admission+to+the+Bar&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=234&rft.pages=250&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1323400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1323400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Blewett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span> in which the Supreme Court said the legislature cannot require the court to issue opinions in writing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">24 Cal. 2d 453, 150 P.2d 436 (1944).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">32 Cal.2d 711, 198 P.2d 17 (1948).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">33 Cal. 2d 80, 199 P.2d 1 (1948).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">68 Cal. 2d 728, 441 P.2d 912, 69 Cal. Rptr. 72 (1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">69 Ca. 2d 33, 442 P.2d 641 (1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">69 Cal. 2d 108, 70 Cal. Rptr. 97, 443 P. 2d 561 (1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">71 Cal. 2d 954, 80 Cal. Rptr. 354 (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">6 Cal. 3d 628, 100 Cal. Rptr. 152, 493 P.2d 880 (1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">11 Cal. 3d 531, 113 Cal. Rptr. 897, 522 P.2d 305 (1974).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">13 Cal. 3d 804, 119 Cal. Rptr. 858, 532 P.2d 1226 (1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">17 Cal. 3d 425, 551 P.2d 334, 131 Cal. Rptr. 14 (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">18 Cal. 3d 660, 134 Cal. Rptr. 815, 557 P.2d 106 (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">23 Cal.3d 899, 592 P.2d 341 (1979), aff'd sub nomine <i>Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins</i>, 447 U.S. 74, 100 S. Ct. 2035, 64 L. Ed. 2d 741 (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">26 Cal. 3d 588, 607 P.2d 934, 163 Cal. Rptr. 132 (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">48 Cal.3d 644, 257 Cal.Rptr. 865, 771 P.2d 814 (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">51 Cal. 3d 120, 271 Cal. Rptr. 146, 793 P.2d 479 (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">26 Cal. 4th 519, 110 Cal. Rptr. 2d 4112, 28 P.3d 151 (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">43 Cal.4th 885, 183 P.3d 471 (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">43 Cal. 4th 757, 183 P.3d 384, 76 Cal. Rptr. 3d 683 (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">44 Cal. 4th 431, 79 Cal. Rptr. 3d 312, 187 P. 3d 37 (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">51 Cal. 4th 84, 244 P.3d 501, 119 Cal. Rptr. 3d 105 (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">4 Cal.5th 903 (2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-albert-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-albert_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedenberg1902" class="citation journal cs1">Friedenberg, Albert M. (1902). "Solomon Heydenfeldt: A Jewish Jurist Of Alabama and California". <i>Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society</i>. <b>10</b> (10): 129–140. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43059669">43059669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+American+Jewish+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Solomon+Heydenfeldt%3A+A+Jewish+Jurist+Of+Alabama+and+California&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=129-140&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43059669%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Friedenberg&rft.aufirst=Albert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Supreme_Court_of_California" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/supremecourt.htm">Supreme Court of California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cschs.org">California Supreme Court Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atthelectern.com">At the Lectern – California Supreme Court Practice Blog</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_California&params=37.7806_N_122.4178_W_region:US_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°46′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°25′04″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.7806°N 122.4178°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.7806; -122.4178</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:California" title="Template:California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:California" title="Template talk:California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_California" title="Outline of California">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_California" title="Culture of California">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_California" title="Music of California">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_sound" title="California sound">California sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_California" title="Sports in California">sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Dream" title="California Dream">California Dream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_California" title="Crime in California">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_California" title="Demographics of California">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_California" title="List of earthquakes in California">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_California" title="Economy of California">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">agriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_California" title="Education in California">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_California" title="Environment of California">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_California" title="Geography of California">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_California" title="Climate of California">climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_California" title="Ecology of California">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Floristic_Province" title="California Floristic Province">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_California" title="Fauna of California">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_California" title="Government of California">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Capitol" title="California State Capitol">Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_in_California" title="Districts in California">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">legislature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_California" title="Healthcare in California">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_California" title="Abortion in California">Abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_California" title="Law of California">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in California">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_California" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in California">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_California" title="List of National Natural Landmarks in California">National Natural Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">NRHP listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_California" title="Politics of California">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_California" title="United States congressional delegations from California">congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_California" title="List of people from California">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="California protected areas">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_parks" title="List of California state parks">state parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_Historical_Landmarks" title="List of California Historical Landmarks">state historic landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_symbols" title="List of California state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_California" title="Transportation in California">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_California" title="Water in California">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_California-related_articles" title="Index of California-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California" title="List of regions of California">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_Valley" title="Antelope Valley">Antelope Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">California Coast Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_California" title="Central California">Central California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)" title="Central Coast (California)">Central Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley" title="Coachella Valley">Coachella Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_California" title="Coastal California">Coastal California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conejo_Valley" title="Conejo Valley">Conejo Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucamonga_Valley" title="Cucamonga Valley">Cucamonga Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">East Bay (SF Bay Area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_County,_San_Diego" title="East County, San Diego">East County (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_California" title="Eastern California">Eastern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Triangle" title="Emerald Triangle">Emerald Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Country" title="Gold Country">Gold Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley" title="San Bernardino Valley">Greater San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Inland Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klamath_Basin" title="Klamath Basin">Klamath Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles Area">Greater Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Basin" title="Los Angeles Basin">Los Angeles Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Coast" title="Lost Coast">Lost Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Empire,_San_Diego" title="Mountain Empire, San Diego">Mountain Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">North Bay (SF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_(California)" title="North Coast (California)">North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_County_(San_Diego_area)" title="North County (San Diego area)">North County (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Coast" title="Orange Coast">Orange Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxnard_Plain" title="Oxnard Plain">Oxnard Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_Valley" title="Pomona Valley">Pomona Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddleback_Valley" title="Saddleback Valley">Saddleback Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_Valley" title="Salinas Valley">Salinas Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula" title="San Francisco Peninsula">San Francisco Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley" title="San Gabriel Valley">San Gabriel Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley" title="Santa Clara Valley">Santa Clara Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_Valley" title="Santa Clara River Valley">Santa Clara River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clarita_Valley" title="Santa Clarita Valley">Santa Clarita Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Valley" title="Santa Ynez Valley">Santa Ynez Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_Cascade" title="Shasta Cascade">Shasta Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="South Bay (Los Angeles County)">South Bay (LA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bay, San Diego">South Bay (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley#San_Francisco_South_Bay" title="Santa Clara Valley">South Bay (SF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(California)" title="South Coast (California)">South Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Border_Region_(California)" title="Southern Border Region (California)">Southern Border Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Valley" title="Tri-Valley">Tri-Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Valley" title="Victor Valley">Victor Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_Country_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine Country (California)">Wine Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metro regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Fresno" title="Metropolitan Fresno">Fresno–Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area" title="Sacramento metropolitan area">Sacramento–Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose%E2%80%93San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland,_CA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area">San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California" title="List of counties in California">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_County,_California" title="Alpine County, California">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amador_County,_California" title="Amador County, California">Amador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte_County,_California" title="Butte County, California">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California" title="Calaveras County, California">Calaveras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colusa_County,_California" title="Colusa County, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California" title="Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_County,_California" title="El Dorado County, California">El Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_County,_California" title="Glenn County, California">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County,_California" title="Inyo County, California">Inyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_California" title="Kings County, California">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_California" title="Lake County, California">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassen_County,_California" title="Lassen County, California">Lassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariposa_County,_California" title="Mariposa County, California">Mariposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California" title="Mendocino County, California">Mendocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced_County,_California" title="Merced County, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_County,_California" title="Modoc County, California">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_County,_California" title="Mono County, California">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_County,_California" title="Monterey County, California">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_County,_California" title="Nevada County, California">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placer_County,_California" title="Placer County, California">Placer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumas_County,_California" title="Plumas County, California">Plumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California" title="Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Benito_County,_California" title="San Benito County, California">San Benito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California" title="San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California" title="Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_County,_California" title="Shasta County, California">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_County,_California" title="Sierra County, California">Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California" title="Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_County,_California" title="Solano County, California">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California" title="Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutter_County,_California" title="Sutter County, California">Sutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehama_County,_California" title="Tehama County, California">Tehama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_County,_California" title="Trinity County, California">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_County,_California" title="Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolo_County,_California" title="Yolo County, California">Yolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuba_County,_California" title="Yuba County, California">Yuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in California">Most populous<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/16px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/24px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_judicial_bodies_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_judiciaries" title="Template:United States judiciaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_judiciaries" title="Template talk:United States judiciaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_judiciaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States judiciaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highest_judicial_bodies_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Highest judicial bodies</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">State supreme courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Supreme_Court" title="Alaska Supreme Court">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court" title="Arizona Supreme Court">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court" title="Arkansas Supreme Court">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Supreme_Court" title="Colorado Supreme Court">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Supreme_Court" title="Connecticut Supreme Court">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court" title="Delaware Supreme Court">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida" title="Supreme Court of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii" title="Supreme Court of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Supreme_Court" title="Idaho Supreme Court">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Illinois" title="Supreme Court of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Supreme_Court" title="Iowa Supreme Court">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Supreme_Court" title="Kansas Supreme Court">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Supreme_Court" title="Kentucky Supreme Court">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Maine Supreme Judicial Court">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Maryland" title="Supreme Court of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court" title="Michigan Supreme Court">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mississippi" title="Supreme Court of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Missouri" title="Supreme Court of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Supreme_Court" title="Montana Supreme Court">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Supreme_Court" title="Nebraska Supreme Court">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nevada" title="Supreme Court of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court" title="New Hampshire Supreme Court">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey" title="Supreme Court of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Supreme_Court" title="New Mexico Supreme Court">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Supreme_Court" title="North Dakota Supreme Court">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Supreme Court of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Supreme_Court" title="Oklahoma Supreme Court">civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals">criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court" title="Oregon Supreme Court">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="South Carolina Supreme Court">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Supreme_Court" title="South Dakota Supreme Court">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Tennessee</a></li> <li>Texas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas" title="Supreme Court of Texas">civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Supreme_Court" title="Utah Supreme Court">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Supreme_Court" title="Vermont Supreme Court">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Supreme_Court" title="Washington Supreme Court">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Supreme_Court" title="Wyoming Supreme Court">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a> supreme courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_American_Samoa" title="High Court of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Guam" title="Supreme Court of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Supreme_Court" title="Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Canal_Zone" title="United States District Court for the Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines#American_period" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Philippine Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complete list</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States" title="List of courts of the United States">Courts of the United States</a> (federal and state, all levels)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2629503#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2629503#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2629503#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405184689">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151867752">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80109901">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007441501005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03821331?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/798616">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&oldid=1255504845">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&oldid=1255504845</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Category:Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1849_establishments_in_California" title="Category:1849 establishments in California">1849 establishments in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Courts_and_tribunals_established_in_1849" title="Category:Courts and tribunals established in 1849">Courts and tribunals established in 1849</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:California_state_courts" title="Category:California state courts">California state courts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infobox_mapframe_without_OSM_relation_ID_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata">Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_an_unknown_Template:Engvar_option" title="Category:Articles using an unknown Template:Engvar option">Articles using an unknown Template:Engvar option</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incomplete_lists_from_September_2024" title="Category:Incomplete lists from September 2024">Incomplete lists from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 07:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_California&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-8p8br","wgBackendResponseTime":135,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_8046db124a3d75d82a9d607404684289c06979c1":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q2629503","properties":{"title":"Supreme Court of California","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q2629503","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Supreme Court of California"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-122.41794935736458,37.78072116027608],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Supreme Court of California","marker-color":"#5E74F3"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.163","walltime":"1.417","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5039,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":178113,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10851,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":175443,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1078.717 1 -total"," 31.81% 343.094 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.56% 189.471 18 Template:Cite_web"," 9.04% 97.473 1 Template:California_law"," 8.74% 94.232 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.25% 88.972 1 Template:Infobox_high_court"," 7.73% 83.368 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.72% 83.322 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.64% 71.656 1 Template:California"," 6.41% 69.126 1 Template:US_state_navigation_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.601","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9203334,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6f8kn","timestamp":"20241122141822","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Supreme Court of California","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_California","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2629503","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2629503","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-17T07:49:08Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T07:30:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/21\/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_California.svg","headline":"the highest court of the U.S. state of California"}</script> </body> </html>