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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographic factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Timing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_in_suicide_reporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_in_suicide_reporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Factors in suicide reporting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_in_suicide_reporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_proof_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_proof_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social proof model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_proof_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Journalism codes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Journalism_codes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Journalism codes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Journalism_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journalist_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalist_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Journalist training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalist_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_twentieth/early_twenty-first_century_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_twentieth/early_twenty-first_century_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Late twentieth/early twenty-first century research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_twentieth/early_twenty-first_century_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Copycat suicide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="انتحار بالتقليد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتحار بالتقليد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verter_effekti" title="Verter effekti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Verter effekti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecte_Werther" title="Efecte Werther – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efecte Werther" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werther-Effekt" title="Werther-Effekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Werther-Effekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wertheri_efekt" title="Wertheri efekt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wertheri efekt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_Werther" title="Efecto Werther – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto Werther" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werther_efektu" title="Werther efektu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Werther efektu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="خودکشی تقلیدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودکشی تقلیدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effet_Werther" title="Effet Werther – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effet Werther" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="베르테르 효과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르테르 효과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A7%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF" title="Վերթերի էֆեկտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերթերի էֆեկտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peniruan_bunuh_diri" title="Peniruan bunuh diri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peniruan bunuh diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetto_Werther" title="Effetto Werther – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetto Werther" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%A8" title="אפקט ורתר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפקט ורתר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვერთერის ეფექტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერთერის ეფექტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werther-effektus" title="Werther-effektus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Werther-effektus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peniruan_bunuh_diri" title="Peniruan bunuh diri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peniruan bunuh diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="ウェルテル効果 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェルテル効果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werther-effekt" title="Werther-effekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Werther-effekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verter_effekti" title="Verter effekti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Verter effekti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_Wertera" title="Efekt Wertera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efekt Wertera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_Werther" title="Efeito Werther – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito Werther" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Эффект Вертера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эффект Вертера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copycat suicide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verterov_efekat" title="Verterov efekat – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Verterov efekat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werther-effekt" title="Werther-effekt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Werther-effekt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A" title="การฆ่าตัวตายเลียนแบบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฆ่าตัวตายเลียนแบบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ефект Вертера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефект Вертера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_s%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%AFt_ch%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Tự sát bắt chước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tự sát bắt chước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%A8%A1%E4%BB%BF" title="自殺模仿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自殺模仿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1047483#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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decoding="async" width="260" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wilhelm_Amberg_Vorlesung_aus_Goethes_Werther.jpg/390px-Wilhelm_Amberg_Vorlesung_aus_Goethes_Werther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wilhelm_Amberg_Vorlesung_aus_Goethes_Werther.jpg/520px-Wilhelm_Amberg_Vorlesung_aus_Goethes_Werther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Amberg" title="Wilhelm Amberg">Wilhelm Amberg</a>, <i>Reading from Goethe's</i> <a href="/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther" title="The Sorrows of Young Werther">Werther</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Social aspects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">ACEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruistic_suicide" title="Altruistic suicide">Altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">Emotional isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_epidemic" title="Suicide epidemic">Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_performance" title="Identity performance">Identity performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" title="Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">Social isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">Voluntary euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_crisis" title="Suicide crisis">Crisis</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk" title="Assessment of suicide risk">Assessment of risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_hotline" title="Crisis hotline">Crisis hotline</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines" title="List of suicide crisis lines">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_intervention" title="Suicide intervention">Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attempt" title="Suicide attempt">Suicide attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_watch" title="Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Types and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">methods</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_cop" title="Suicide by cop">Cop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_suicide" title="Forced suicide">Forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_suicide" title="Honor suicide">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jauhar" title="Jauhar">Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height" title="Suicide by jumping from height">Jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pact" title="Suicide pact">Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_suicide_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet suicide pact">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_pilot" title="Suicide by pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Prisoner suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">Seppuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakkiruttal" title="Vatakkiruttal">Vatakkiruttal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_suicide" title="Epidemiology of suicide">Epidemiology</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates" title="Seasonal effects on suicide rates">Seasonal effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_person" title="Suicidal person">Suicidal person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide" title="Youth suicide">Youth suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_suicide" title="History of suicide">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides" title="List of suicides">List of suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_antiquity" title="Suicide in antiquity">Suicide in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_in_the_21st_century" title="List of suicides in the 21st century">List of suicides in the 21st century</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">In warfare</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">Banzai charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_mission" title="Suicide mission">Suicide mission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related phenomena</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">Anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_loss" title="Animal loss">Animal loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_depression" title="Biology of depression">Biology of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_depression" title="Epigenetics of depression">Epigenetics of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders" title="Causes of mental disorders">Causes of mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">Chronic condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">Chronic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_planning" title="Coping planning">Coping planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression (mood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bereavement" title="Suicide bereavement">suicide bereavement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Ideation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicide sites">Locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_first_aid" title="Mental health first aid">Mental health first aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">Neurodevelopmental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-suicidal_self-injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-suicidal self-injury">Non-suicidal self-injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfectionism_(psychology)" title="Perfectionism (psychology)">Perfectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">Personal finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Psychological stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">Self-hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ambivalence" title="Suicidal ambivalence">Suicidal ambivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_trauma" title="Suicide and trauma">Suicide and trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_awareness" title="Suicide awareness">Suicide awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in colleges in the United States">Suicide in colleges in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Suicide in music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">Suicide note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_survivor" title="Suicide survivor">Suicide survivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_terminology" title="Suicide terminology">Suicide terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Suicide tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_signs_of_suicide" title="Warning signs of suicide">Warning signs of suicide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By country</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Afghanistan" title="Suicide in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Australia" title="Suicide in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bangladesh" title="Suicide in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Cameroon" title="Suicide in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" title="Suicide in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_France" title="Suicide in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greenland" title="Suicide in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Iran" title="Suicide in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ireland" title="Suicide in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Lithuania" title="Suicide in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nepal" title="Suicide in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" title="Suicide in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Romania" title="Suicide in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Suicide in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Singapore" title="Suicide in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_South_Korea" title="Suicide in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Spain" title="Suicide in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sweden" title="Suicide in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" title="Suicide in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organizations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_%26_Choices" title="Compassion & Choices">Compassion & Choices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_with_Dignity_National_Center" title="Death with Dignity National Center">Death with Dignity National Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(assisted_dying_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (assisted dying organisation)">Dignitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_International" title="Exit International">Exit International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit_Network" title="Final Exit Network">Final Exit Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemlock_Society" title="Hemlock Society">Hemlock Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suicide_sidebar" title="Template:Suicide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suicide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Suicide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WertherLotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/WertherLotte.jpg/260px-WertherLotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/WertherLotte.jpg/390px-WertherLotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/WertherLotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Werther and Lotte, from <i>The Sorrows of Young Werther</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>copycat suicide</b> is defined as an emulation of another <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> that the person attempting suicide knows about either from local knowledge or due to accounts or depictions of the original suicide on television and in other media. The publicized suicide serves as a trigger, in the absence of protective factors, for the next suicide by a susceptible or suggestible person. This is referred to as <b>suicide contagion</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-AbnormalPsychologyBook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbnormalPsychologyBook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A spike in emulation suicides after a widely publicized suicide is known as the <b>Werther effect</b>, after rumours of such a spike following the publication of <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther" title="The Sorrows of Young Werther">The Sorrows of Young Werther</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suicides occasionally spread through a school system, through a community, or in terms of a celebrity suicide wave, nationally. This is called a <b>suicide cluster</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-AbnormalPsychologyBook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbnormalPsychologyBook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Point clusters</i> are clusters of suicides in both time and space, and have been linked to direct social learning from nearby individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Goleman_(1987)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goleman_(1987)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mass clusters</i> are clusters of suicides in time but not space, and have been linked to the broadcasting of information concerning celebrity suicides via the mass media.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest known associations between the media and suicide arose from Goethe's novel <i>Die Leiden des jungen Werthers</i> (<i>The Sorrows of Young Werther</i>). Soon after its publication in 1774, young men began to mimic the main character by dressing in yellow pants and blue jackets. In the novel, Werther shoots himself with a pistol after he is rejected by the woman he loves, and shortly after its publication there were reports of young men using the same method to kill themselves in acts of hopelessness.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer's_Social_Psychology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer's_Social_Psychology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This resulted in the book being banned in several places. Hence the term "Werther effect" is used in the technical literature to designate copycat suicides.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was coined by researcher David Phillips in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reports in 1985 and 1989 by Phillips and his colleagues found that suicides and other accidents seem to rise after a well-publicized suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer's_Social_Psychology_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer's_Social_Psychology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographic_factors">Demographic factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographic factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People who are young or old – but not middle-aged – seem to be most susceptible to this effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least five percent of youth suicides may be influenced by contagion.<sup id="cite_ref-margot_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-margot-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Differential_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential identification">differential identification</a>, the people who attempt to copy a suicidal act tend to have the same age and gender as the triggering suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to research study results from South Korea, the probability of suicide significantly increased between 2005 and 2008. Additionally, substantial upsurges were discovered in the subgroups that corresponded to each celebrity, particularly in the group when all variables (sex, age, and technique) were comparable.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timing">Timing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These suicidal actions tend to happen in the days and sometimes weeks after a suicide is announced.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exceptional cases, such as a widely discussed suicide by a celebrity, an increased level of thinking about suicide may persist for up to one year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_in_suicide_reporting">Factors in suicide reporting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Factors in suicide reporting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copycat suicide is mostly blamed on the media. A study conducted in 2002 found evidence that "the influence of media on suicidal behaviour has been shown for newspaper and television reports of actual suicides, film and television portrayals of suicides, and suicide in literature, especially suicide manuals."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Hearing about a suicide seems to make those who are vulnerable feel they have permission to do it," Phillips said. He cited studies that showed that people were more likely to engage in dangerous deviant behavior, such as drug taking, if someone else had set the example first.<sup id="cite_ref-Goleman_(1987)_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goleman_(1987)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Werther effect not only predicts an increase in suicide, but the majority of the suicides will take place in the same or a similar way as the one publicized. The more similar the person in the publicized suicide is to the people exposed to the information about it, the more likely the age group or demographic is to die by suicide. The increase generally happens only in areas where the suicide story was highly publicized.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer's_Social_Psychology_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer's_Social_Psychology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon learning of someone else's suicide, some people decide that action may be appropriate for them as well, especially if the publicized suicide was of someone in a situation similar to their own. </p><p>Publishing the means of suicides, romanticized and sensationalized reporting—particularly about celebrities, suggestions that there is an epidemic, glorifying the deceased and simplifying the reasons all lead to increases in the suicide rate. People may see suicide as a glamorous ending, with the deceased getting attention, sympathy, and concern that they never got in life. A second possible factor is that vulnerable youth may feel, "If they couldn't cut it, neither can I".<sup id="cite_ref-Mulvihill_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulvihill-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increased rate of suicides has been shown to occur up to ten days after a television report.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-StackS1996_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StackS1996-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Germany<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have replicated findings of an imitative effect. Etzersdorfer et al.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an Austrian study showed a strong correlation between the number of papers distributed in various areas and the number of subsequent firearm suicides in each area after a related media report. Higher rates of copycat suicides have been found in those with similarities in race,<sup id="cite_ref-StackS1996_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StackS1996-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> age, and gender<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the deceased in the original report. However, a study from South Korea found that preventative measures restricting how the news reports on suicide do not have much effect, possibly suggesting some other causal factor is at play for changing suicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-u184_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u184-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stack<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analyzed the results from 42 studies and found that those measuring the effect of a celebrity suicide story were 14.3 times more likely to find a copycat effect than studies that did not. Studies based on a real as opposed to a fictional story were 4.03 times more likely to uncover a copycat effect and research based on televised stories was 82% less likely to report a copycat effect than research based on newspapers. Other scholars have been less certain about whether copycat suicides truly happen or are selectively hyped. For instance, fears of a suicide wave following the <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">suicide of Kurt Cobain</a> never materialized in an actual increase in suicides.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coverage of Cobain's suicide in the local <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> area focused largely on treatment for mental health issues, suicide prevention and the suffering Cobain's death caused to his family. Perhaps as a result, the local suicide rate actually declined in the following months.<sup id="cite_ref-margot_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-margot-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, there is evidence for an indirect Werther effect, i.e. the perception that suicidal media content influences others which, in turn, can concurrently or additionally influence one person's own future thoughts and behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the researcher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard Sullivan (page does not exist)">Gerard Sullivan</a> has critiqued research on copycat suicides, suggesting that data analyses have been selective and misleading and that the evidence for copycat suicides is much less consistent than suggested by some researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a review by Cheng and colleagues finds that most research on the relationship of media coverage to suicidality lacks solid theoretical grounding, making interpreting the research very difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-g099_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g099-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Livingstone" title="Sonia Livingstone">Sonia Livingstone</a> argues that media effects research as a whole has many flaws, and needs serious evaluation as a field before additional interpretations can be drawn from such research.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies show a high incidence of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric disorder">psychiatric disorders</a> in suicide cases at the time of their death with the total figure ranging from 87.3%<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 98%,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> being the two most common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_proof_model">Social proof model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social proof model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternate model to explain copycat suicide, called "<a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">social proof</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cialdini" title="Robert Cialdini">Robert Cialdini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-688-12816-5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-688-12816-5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> goes beyond the theories of glorification and simplification of reasons to look at why copycat suicides are so similar, demographically and in actual methods, to the originally publicized suicide. In the social proof model, people imitate those who seem similar, despite or even because of societal disapproval. This model is important because it has nearly opposite ramifications for what the media ought to do about the copycat suicide effect than the standard model does. To deal with this problem, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Mesoudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Mesoudi (page does not exist)">Alex Mesoudi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a>, developed a computer model of a community of 1000 people, to examine how copycat suicides occur.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were divided into 100 groups of 10, in a model designed to represent different levels of social organization, such as schools or hospitals within a town or state. Mesoudi then circulated the simulation through 100 generations. He found the simulated people acted just as sociologists' theory predicted. They were more likely to die by suicide in clusters, either because they had learned this trait from their friends, or because suicidal people are more likely to be like one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamzelou_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamzelou-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalism_codes">Journalism codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Journalism codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various countries have national journalism codes which range from one extreme of, "Suicide and attempted suicide should in general never be given any mention" (<a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>) to a more moderate, "In cases of suicide, publishing or broadcasting information in an exaggerated way that goes beyond normal dimensions of reporting with the purpose of influencing readers or spectators should not occur." University of London psychologist Alex Mesoudi recommends that reporters follow the sort of guidelines the World Health Organization<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others endorse for coverage of any suicide: use extreme restraint in covering these deaths—keep the word "suicide" out of the headline, don't romanticize the death, and limit the number of stories.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Photography, pictures, visual images or film depicting such cases should not be made public" (<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-MediaWise_Covering_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MediaWise_Covering-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many countries do not have national codes, media outlets still often have in-house guidelines along similar lines. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, there are no industry-wide standards. A survey of in-house guides of 16 US daily <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> showed that only three mentioned the word <i>suicide,</i> and none gave guidelines about publishing the method of suicide. Craig Branson, online director of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_News_Editors" title="American Society of News Editors">American Society of News Editors</a> (ASNE), has been quoted as saying, "Industry codes are very generic and totally voluntary. Most ethical decisions are left to individual editors at individual papers. The industry would fight any attempt to create more specific rules or standards, and editors would no doubt ignore them."<sup id="cite_ref-MediaWise_Covering_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MediaWise_Covering-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guidelines on the reporting of suicides in Ireland were introduced with attempt to remove any positive connotations the act might have (e.g. using the term "completed" rather than "successful" when describing a suicide attempt which resulted in a death).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Canada's public broadcaster, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>, abides by standards that "avoid describing the act in detail or illustrating the method" of suicides.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalist_training">Journalist training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Journalist training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia is one of the few countries where there is a concerted effort to teach journalism students about this subject. In the 2000s, the Mindframe national media initiative<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed an ambivalent response by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Press_Council" title="Australian Press Council">Australian Press Council</a> to an earlier media resource kit issued by Suicide Prevention Australia and the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention. The UK-based media ethics charity <a href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MediaWise (page does not exist)">MediaWise</a> provides training for journalists on reporting suicide and related issues.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Headline is Ireland's media monitoring programme for suicide and mental health issues, set up by Shine and the Health Service Executives National Office for Suicide Prevention as part of the program Reach Out: National Strategy for action on Suicide Prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Headline works with media professionals and students to find ways to collaborate to ensure that suicide, mental health and mental illness are responsibly covered in the media and provides information on reporting on mental health and suicidal behavior, literature and daily analysis of news stories. Headline also serves as a vehicle for the public to become involved in helping to monitor the Irish media on issues relating to mental health and suicide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Studies suggest that the risk of suicide fell significantly when media outlets began following recommendations for suicide reporting in the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-margot_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-margot-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Papageno effect is the effect that mass media can have by presenting non-suicide alternatives to crises. It is named after a lovelorn character, <a href="/wiki/Papageno" class="mw-redirect" title="Papageno">Papageno</a>, from the 18th-century opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a></i>; he was contemplating suicide until other characters showed him a different way to resolve his problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a novel or news can induce self-harm, then it must be assumed that those narratives might have a positive effect on prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is more research into the damage done by "irresponsible media reports" than into the protective effects of positive stories, but when newspapers refuse to publicize suicide events or change the way that they provide information about suicide events, the risk of copycat suicides declines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_twentieth/early_twenty-first_century_research"><span id="Late_twentieth.2Fearly_twenty-first_century_research"></span>Late twentieth/early twenty-first century research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late twentieth/early twenty-first century research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example occurred in Vienna, Austria where the media reported a dramatic increase of copycat suicides. Reduction began when a working group of the Austrian Association for Suicide Prevention developed media guidelines and initiated discussions with the media which culminated with an agreement to abstain from reporting on cases of suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of celebrities whose suicides have triggered suicide clusters include <a href="/wiki/Ruan_Lingyu" title="Ruan Lingyu">Ruan Lingyu</a>, the Japanese musicians <a href="/wiki/Yukiko_Okada" title="Yukiko Okada">Yukiko Okada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hide_(musician)" title="Hide (musician)">hide</a>, the South Korean actress <a href="/wiki/Choi_Jin-sil" title="Choi Jin-sil">Choi Jin-Sil</a>, whose suicide caused suicide rates to rise by 162.3%<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>, whose death was followed by an increase of 200 more suicides than average for that August month.<sup id="cite_ref-AbnormalPsychologyBook_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbnormalPsychologyBook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Source literally doesn't mention any of these individuals (January 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another famous case is the <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a>, a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on December 17, 2010, an act that was a catalyst for the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisian Revolution</a> and sparked the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, including several men who <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi#Related_incidents" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">emulated Bouazizi's act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/JAMA_Internal_Medicine" title="JAMA Internal Medicine">JAMA Internal Medicine</a></i> found the online series <i><a href="/wiki/13_Reasons_Why" title="13 Reasons Why">13 Reasons Why</a></i> which chronicled a fictional teen's suicide was associated with an increase in suicide related Internet searches, including a 26% increase in searches for "how to commit suicide", an 18% increase for "commit suicide" and 9% increase for "how to kill yourself".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 29, 2019, research published in <i>JAMA Psychiatry</i> outlined an association of increased suicides in 10- to 19-year-olds in the United States in the three months following the release of <i>13 Reasons Why</i>, consistent with a media contagion of suicide in the show.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some media scholar studies implied that viewing <i>13 Reasons Why</i> was not associated with suicidal ideation but actually with reduced depressive symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cause-and-effect relationship between media and suicide is not simple to prove.<sup id="cite_ref-Moral?_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moral?-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prof. <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Livingstone" title="Sonia Livingstone">Sonia Livingstone</a> emphasized the claim of causality in media-effect cannot be considered conclusive because of different methodological approaches and disciplinary perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if it is accepted that media can have an effect on suicidal ideation, it is not a <a href="/wiki/Sufficient_Condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufficient Condition">sufficient condition</a> to drive people to commit suicide; the effects that media can have on suicidal behaviour are certainly less important than individual psychological and social risk factors.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, 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Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_crime" title="Copycat crime">Copycat crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_suicide" title="Epidemiology of suicide">Epidemiology of suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting_contagion" title="Mass shooting contagion">Mass shooting contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati (practice)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AbnormalPsychologyBook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AbnormalPsychologyBook_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbnormalPsychologyBook_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbnormalPsychologyBook_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6053977">6053977</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30012736">30012736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+lure+of+death%3A+suicide+and+human+evolution&rft.volume=373&rft.issue=1754&rft.pages=20170269&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6053977%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30012736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2017.0269&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6053977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopycat+suicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Child+Psychology+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Adolescent+suicide+and+suicidal+behavior&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=372-94&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0021-9630&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16492264&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7610.2006.01615.x&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Tina+R.&rft.au=Brent%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopycat+suicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Copycat Effect</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-8223-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7434-8223-9">0-7434-8223-9</a>)</li> <li><i>Suicide Clusters</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-12991-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-12991-9">0-571-12991-9</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack_S2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stack S (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732435">"Media coverage as a risk factor in suicide"</a>. <i>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</i>. <b>57</b> (4): 238–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjech.57.4.238">10.1136/jech.57.4.238</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732435">1732435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12646535">12646535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Epidemiology+and+Community+Health&rft.atitle=Media+coverage+as+a+risk+factor+in+suicide&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=238-40&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1732435%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12646535&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjech.57.4.238&rft.au=Stack+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1732435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopycat+suicide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copycat_suicide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iasp.info/clusters_and_contagion_in_suicidal_behaviour.php"><i>International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP) – Special Interest Group – Clusters and Contagion in Suicidal Behaviour</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116143831/https://www.iasp.info/clusters_and_contagion_in_suicidal_behaviour.php">Archived</a> 2020-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Aim of the IASP Special Interest Group (SIG) on Clusters and Contagion in Suicidal Behaviour is to bring together interested people in research, prevention and policy, who can share information and expertise in clusters and contagion effects in suicidal behaviour worldwide).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141028/http://hammernews.com/copycateffect.htm"><i>Copycat Effect</i></a> (Article that discusses how the sensational coverage of violent events tends to provoke similar events and the journalistic ethics involved).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031539.htm">Suicide Contagion and the Reporting of Suicide: Recommendations from a National Workshop</a> – Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afsp.org/reporting-on-suicide-prevention">Reporting on Suicide: Recommendations for the Media</a> – American Foundation for Suicide Prevention</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116185607/http://www.mediawise.org.uk/display_page.php?id=166">Suicide and the media</a> Links, resources and articles from The MediaWise Trust</li> <li>Herman J, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041103193428/http://www.presscouncil.org.au/pcsite/apcnews/feb98/suicide.html"><i>Reporting on suicide</i></a> Australian Press Council news, February 1998</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125212917/http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0/a72dcd5037cfe4c3cc256bb5000341e9?OpenDocument"><i>Suicide and the media</i></a> New Zealand youth suicide prevention strategy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317143516/http://csrp.hku.hk/WEB/big5/pageHandler.asp?id=70">"Suicide and the Media: Recommendations on Suicide Reporting for Media Professionals (in Chinese)"</a>, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suicide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suicide_navbox" title="Template talk:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suicide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_crisis" title="Suicide crisis">Suicide crisis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk" title="Assessment of suicide risk">Assessment of suicide risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_hotline" title="Crisis hotline">Crisis hotline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines" title="List of suicide crisis lines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_intervention" title="Suicide intervention">Suicide intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Suicide prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_watch" title="Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_signs_of_suicide" title="Warning signs of suicide">Warning signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_of_suicide" title="Advocacy of suicide">Advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruistic_suicide" title="Altruistic suicide">Altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_awareness" title="Suicide awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_theory_of_suicide" title="Interpersonal theory of suicide">Interpersonal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" title="Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy of suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_survivor" title="Suicide survivor">Suicide survivor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bereavement" title="Suicide bereavement">bereavement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_literature" title="Suicide in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_terminology" title="Suicide terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suicide types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_from_legal_euthanasia_and_assisted_suicide" title="List of deaths from legal euthanasia and assisted suicide">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_attributed_to_bullying" title="List of suicides attributed to bullying">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal-burning_suicide" title="Charcoal-burning suicide">Charcoal-burning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_epidemic" title="Suicide epidemic">Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_suicide" title="Forced suicide">Forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_gunshot_suicide" title="Multiple gunshot suicide">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_suicide" title="Honor suicide">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Immolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height" title="Suicide by jumping from height">Jumping from height</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicide sites">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakkiruttal" title="Vatakkiruttal">Vatakkiruttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">Seppuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">By train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_on_the_London_Underground" title="Suicide on the London Underground">London Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">Banzai charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_cop" title="Suicide by cop">By cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_pilot" title="Suicide by pilot">By pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pact" title="Suicide pact">Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pill" title="Suicide pill">Suicide pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_suicide" title="Vehicular suicide">Vehicular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">List of countries by suicide rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressants_and_suicide_risk" title="Antidepressants and suicide risk">Antidepressants and suicide risk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_suicide" title="History of suicide">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_antiquity" title="Suicide in antiquity">Suicide in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides" title="List of suicides">List of suicides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_who_took_their_own_lives" title="List of heads of state and government who took their own lives">heads of state and government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_in_the_21st_century" title="List of suicides in the 21st century">in the 21st century</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_suicide" title="Animal suicide">Animal suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caring_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Caring letters">Caring letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attempt" title="Suicide attempt">Suicide attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">Suicide methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">Suicide note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">Last words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention_contract" title="Suicide prevention contract">Suicide prevention contract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By subculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_doctors" title="Suicide among doctors">Doctors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">LGBTQ youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_suicides" title="LGBT Mormon suicides">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_military" title="Suicide in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide" title="Youth suicide">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Afghanistan" title="Suicide in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Australia" title="Suicide in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bangladesh" title="Suicide in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Belarus" title="Suicide in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bhutan" title="Suicide in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Cameroon" title="Suicide in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" title="Suicide in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_France" title="Suicide in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suicide_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suicide in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greenland" title="Suicide in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greece" title="Suicide in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Guyana" title="Suicide in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Hong_Kong" title="Suicide in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_suicides_in_Hong_Kong" title="Student suicides in Hong Kong">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide_in_India" title="Youth suicide in India">youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">farmers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Iran" title="Suicide in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ireland" title="Suicide in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Kazakhstan" title="Suicide in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Lithuania" title="Suicide in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Mexico" title="Suicide in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Mozambique" title="Suicide in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nepal" title="Suicide in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nigeria" title="Suicide in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" title="Suicide in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Romania" title="Suicide in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Suicide in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Singapore" title="Suicide in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_South_Korea" title="Suicide in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation_in_South_Korean_LGBT_youth" title="Suicidal ideation in South Korean LGBT youth">LGBT youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Spain" title="Suicide in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sweden" title="Suicide in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" title="Suicide in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Assisted suicide in the United Kingdom">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Assisted suicide in the United States">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in colleges in the United States">college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States" title="Farmers' suicides in the United States">farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_veteran_suicide" title="United States military veteran suicide">military veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide among Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Teenage suicide in the United States">teenage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Uruguay" title="Suicide in Uruguay"> Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">Proscription</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">Dissident</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">Dissenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">Exile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">Homo sacer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vogelfrei" title="Vogelfrei">Vogelfrei</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">Persona non grata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_enemy" title="Public enemy">Public enemy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">Enemy of the state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(sociology)" title="Closure (sociology)">Closure (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_reality" title="Consensus reality">Consensus reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">Herd mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_exposure_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mere exposure effect">Mere exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(sociology)" title="Normalization (sociology)">Normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(sociology)" title="Passing (sociology)">Passing (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">Psychosocial issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purity_spiral" title="Purity spiral">Purity spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">Operant conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_contagion" title="Behavioral contagion">Behavioral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_Contagion_Models" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Contagion Models">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">Teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_positivity" title="Toxic positivity">Toxic positivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">Authoritarian personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_leadership_style" title="Authoritarian leadership style">Authoritarian leadership style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarian_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing authoritarian personality">Right-wing authoritarian personality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conformity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countersignaling" title="Countersignaling">Countersignaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creeping_normality" title="Creeping normality">Creeping normality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalization_(sociology)" title="Internalization (sociology)">Internalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_of_deviance" title="Normalization of deviance">Normalization of deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_falsification" title="Preference falsification">Preference falsification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asch_conformity_experiments" title="Asch conformity experiments">Asch conformity experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_experiment" title="Breaching experiment">Breaching experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticonformity_(psychology)" title="Anticonformity (psychology)">Anticonformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Dissent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">Political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclecticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" 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