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[o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Eropa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eropa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Eropa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eropa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amerika_Utara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerika_Utara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Amerika Utara </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amerika_Utara-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Amerika Utara </button> <ul id="toc-Amerika_Utara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kanada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Kanada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amerika_Serikat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerika_Serikat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Amerika Serikat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amerika_Serikat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kota kembar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 63 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86" title="توأمة مدن – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توأمة مدن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanancia_de_ciudaes" title="Hermanancia de ciudaes – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hermanancia de ciudaes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarda%C5%9F_%C5%9F%C9%99h%C9%99r" title="Qardaş şəhər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qardaş şəhər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Параднёныя гарады – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Параднёныя гарады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Побратимен град – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Побратимен град" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0" title="ভগিনী শহর – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভগিনী শহর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agermanament" title="Agermanament – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agermanament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnersk%C3%A1_m%C4%9Bsta" title="Partnerská města – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Partnerská města" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefeilldref" title="Gefeilldref – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gefeilldref" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venskabsby" title="Venskabsby – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venskabsby" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeindepartnerschaft" title="Gemeindepartnerschaft – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeindepartnerschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Αδελφοποιήσεις – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αδελφοποιήσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sister city" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cemelurbo" title="Ĝemelurbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝemelurbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanamiento_de_ciudades" title="Hermanamiento de ciudades – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermanamiento de ciudades" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5pruslinn" title="Sõpruslinn – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõpruslinn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmanamientu_de_ciais" title="Helmanamientu de ciais – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Helmanamientu de ciais" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7)" title="خواهرخواندگی (شهرها) – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خواهرخواندگی (شهرها)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yst%C3%A4vyyskaupunki" title="Ystävyyskaupunki – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ystävyyskaupunki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumelage" title="Jumelage – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jumelage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnerst%C3%AAd" title="Partnerstêd – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Partnerstêd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmandamento" title="Irmandamento – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irmandamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ערים תאומות – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערים תאומות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradsko_partnerstvo" title="Gradsko partnerstvo – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gradsko partnerstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testv%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ros" title="Testvérváros – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Testvérváros" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%80_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քույր քաղաքներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քույր քաղաքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citate_gemine" title="Citate gemine – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Citate gemine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinab%C3%A6ir" title="Vinabæir – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vinabæir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemellaggio" title="Gemellaggio – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gemellaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%89%E5%A6%B9%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" title="姉妹都市 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="姉妹都市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бауырлас қала – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бауырлас қала" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A7%A4_%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C" title="자매 도시 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자매 도시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Боордош шаарлар – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Боордош шаарлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniunctio_communium" title="Coniunctio communium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Coniunctio communium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miest%C5%B3_partneryst%C4%97" title="Miestų partnerystė – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miestų partnerystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pils%C4%93tu_sadraudz%C4%ABba" title="Pilsētu sadraudzība – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pilsētu sadraudzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Збратимени градови – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Збратимени градови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_kembar" title="Bandar kembar – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bandar kembar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnerstad" title="Partnerstad – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Partnerstad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venskapsby" title="Venskapsby – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Venskapsby" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennskapsby" title="Vennskapsby – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vennskapsby" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasta_partnerskie" title="Miasta partnerskie – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miasta partnerskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_cidades" title="Geminação de cidades – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geminação de cidades" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora%C8%99e_%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C8%9Bite" title="Orașe înfrățite – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orașe înfrățite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Города-побратимы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Города-побратимы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Братьскы міста – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Братьскы міста" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ceety" title="Sister ceety – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sister ceety" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_town" title="Twin town – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Twin town" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg/330px-Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg/440px-Los_Angeles_City_Hall_with_sister_cities_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Jakarta dalam tanda petunjuk kota kembar di balai kota Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> Kota kembar (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: sister city, twin cities, sister cities) atau kota bersaudara adalah konsep penggandengan dua kota yang berbeda lokasi dan administrasi politik dengan tujuan menjalin hubungan budaya dan kontak sosial antarpenduduk. Kota kembar umumnya memiliki persamaan keadaan <a href="/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi">demografi</a> dan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi. Konsep kota kembar bisa diumpamakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sahabat_pena" title="Sahabat pena">sahabat pena</a> antara dua kota. Hubungan kota kembar sangat bermanfaat bagi program <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertukaran_pelajar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertukaran pelajar (halaman belum tersedia)">pertukaran pelajar</a> dan kerjasama di bidang budaya dan perdagangan. Kota-kota di Indonesia yang sudah menjalin hubungan kota kembar, misalnya: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-kompetiblog-2">[2]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medan">Medan</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/George_Town" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="George Town">George Town</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Penang">Penang</a>),<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ichikawa" class="mw-disambig" title="Ichikawa">Ichikawa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>,<a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Athena" class="mw-redirect" title="Athena">Athena</a>,<a href="#cite_note-perayaan-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>,<a href="#cite_note-perayaan-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-perayaan-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-perayaan-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogor">Bogor</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> dengan, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tribunnews-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yingkou" title="Yingkou">Yingkou</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kabar-22">[22]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luizhou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luizhou (halaman belum tersedia)">Luizhou</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kabar-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bega_Valley,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bega Valley, New South Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Bega Valley, New South Wales</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu" title="Hamamatsu">Hamamatsu</a><a href="#cite_note-tribunnews-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semarang" class="mw-redirect" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Distrik_Commewijne" title="Distrik Commewijne">Distrik Commewijne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> dengan, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-sbygoid-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sbygoid-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" class="mw-disambig" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sbygoid-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Varna" title="Varna">Varna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malang" class="mw-redirect" title="Malang">Malang</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdin" title="Varaždin">Varaždin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lismore,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lismore, New South Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Lismore, New South Wales</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manado" class="mw-redirect" title="Manado">Manado</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anyang,_Gyeonggi" title="Anyang, Gyeonggi">Anyang, Gyeonggi</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davao" class="mw-redirect" title="Davao">Davao</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kupang">Kupang</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmerston,_Northern_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmerston, Northern Territory (halaman belum tersedia)">Palmerston, Northern Territory</a><a href="#cite_note-darwin-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Ambon" title="Kota Ambon">Ambon</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Wilayah_Utara" title="Darwin, Wilayah Utara">Darwin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-darwin-43">[43]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlisingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlisingen (halaman belum tersedia)">Vlisingen</a><a href="#cite_note-aruurk-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Kepulauan_Aru" title="Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru">Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Urk" title="Urk">Urk</a>, Belanda<a href="#cite_note-aruurk-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batam" class="mw-redirect" title="Batam">Batam</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Mataram" title="Kota Mataram">Mataram</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Pengzhou" title="Pengzhou">Pengzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cina">Cina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Martapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota Martapura">Kota Martapura</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Tarim" title="Tarim">Tarim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman">Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorong">Sorong</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a></li></ul> Di Eropa, kota kembar dikenal sebagai twin towns atau friendship towns, sedangkan di Jerman dikenal dengan istilah partner towns (Partnerstädte). Istilah sister cities lebih dikenal di Asia, Australia dan Amerika Utara, sedangkan di negara-negara <a href="/wiki/CIS" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS">CIS</a> dikenal dengan sebutan "kota bersaudara" (brother cities).<a href="#cite_note-Trend-45">[45]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eropa">Eropa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Eropa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Eropa">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Bentuk tertua dari kota kembar di Eropa adalah antara kota <a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a> di Jerman dan <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a> pada tahun <a href="/wiki/836" title="836">836</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Origins-46">[46]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keighley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keighley (halaman belum tersedia)">Keighley</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> menjalin hubungan "kota kembar" dengan <a href="/wiki/Suresnes" title="Suresnes">Suresnes</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Puteaux" title="Puteaux">Puteaux</a> di <a href="/wiki/Perancis" class="mw-redirect" title="Perancis">Perancis</a> sejak 1905.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-France_Magazine_-_Twin_Towns-48">[48]</a> Perjanjian kota kembar pada zaman modern yang pertama kali dicatat adalah antara Keighley dan <a href="/wiki/Poix-du-Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Poix-du-Nord">Poix-du-Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nord,_Perancis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord, Perancis">Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perancis" class="mw-redirect" title="Perancis">Perancis</a> pada tahun 1920 setelah berakhirnya <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-France_Magazine_-_Twin_Towns-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-lga-49">[49]</a> Menurut perjanjian tersebut, kota Poix-du-Nord dijadikan "kota angkat" oleh Keighley, sementara pertukaran akta secara formal baru dilakukan pada tahun 1986.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph&argus-50">[50]</a> Praktik kota kembar berlanjut sesudah <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> dengan maksud menciptakan saling pengertian antara penduduk kota di Eropa dan mempromosikan proyek lintasbatas untuk kemakmuran bersama.<a href="#cite_note-Origins-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Twinning1-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Twin_Towns-52">[52]</a> Kota <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> menjalin hubungan kota kembar dengan <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> (sekarang bernama <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>) dan kemudian dengan <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> sebagai usaha damai dan rekonsiliasi, dengan alasan ketiga kota tersebut menderita kerusakan berat akibat pengeboman selama perang.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Kegiatan menjalin hubungan kota kembar di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> kembali giat setelah berakhirnya <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>, Dewan Kota <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> di Inggris mengirimkan lima warga kota terpilihnya dalam misi itikad baik ke kota <a href="/wiki/Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> di Jerman. Sementara itu, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> menjalin hubungan kota kembar dengan <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> di Perancis.<a href="#cite_note-transnational-54">[54]</a> Hubungan kota kembar didukung oleh <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Origins-46">[46]</a> Skema dukungan Uni Eropa ditetapkan pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>, anggaran tahunan sebesar 12 juta <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> dialokasikan untuk 1.300 proyek. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Munisipalitas_dan_Kawasan_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Munisipalitas dan Kawasan Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Munisipalitas dan Kawasan Eropa</a> juga bekerja sama dengan Komisi (Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan dan Budaya) untuk mempromosikan inisiatif kota kembar berkualitas tinggi dan pertukaran yang melibatkan semua unsur dalam masyarakat.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amerika_Utara">Amerika Utara</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika Utara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Amerika Utara">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanada">Kanada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Kanada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kanada">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kota <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> di <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> merupakan salah satu kota yang pertama kali mengikat hubungan kota kembar dengan kota <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a> pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> sewaktu <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> masih berdiri. Hubungan kota kembar Vancouver-Odessa berawal dari bantuan kemanusiaan untuk kedua kota yang banyak menderita kerusakan semasa <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>. Komunitas mendekati dewan kota untuk bertindak menjalin hubungan. Beberapa pengusaha juga mendekati dewan untuk menjalin hubungan antarkedua kota. Pemilik usaha dan buruh di pelabuhan juga menyokong inisiatif tersebut. Hubungan antara komunitas Yahudi di kedua kota juga tidak kalah pentingnya. Komunitas Yahudi di Vancouver mengajukan gagasan bantuan kepada Odessa kepada dewan kota. <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a> yang kemudian terjadi hanya mengurangi kontak-kontak antarkedua kota, namun hubungan antarkedua kota tidak pernah terputus. Hubungan kota kembar Vancouver-Odessa dijalin kembali setelah <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a> pada <a href="/wiki/1980-an" title="1980-an">1980-an</a>.<a href="#cite_note-transnational-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amerika_Serikat">Amerika Serikat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika Serikat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Amerika Serikat">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Hubungan kota kembar karena persamaan nama sebetulnya sudah dijalin antara kota <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a> di Amerika Serikat dan kota <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spanyol" title="Toledo, Spanyol">Toledo</a> di Spanyol pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Gagasan kota kembar (sister city) atau sister state berawal dari pencanangan program "People-to-People" oleh <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Presiden Amerika Serikat">Presiden</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> pada <a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a>. Setelah menghadiri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferensi_Tingkat_Tinggi_Geneva_(1955)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Geneva (1955) (halaman belum tersedia)">Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Geneva</a> tahun 1955 yang juga dihadiri <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, Eisenhower berkeinginan meningkatkan kunjungan warga sipil untuk mempelajari negara-negara asing. Sebuah program kemudian diusulkan kepada Eisenhower oleh Theodore Steinbert yang waktu itu menjabat Direktur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinas_Penerangan_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinas Penerangan Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Dinas Penerangan Amerika Serikat</a>. Program yang diajukan Steinbert menyediakan berbagai macam cara untuk meningkatkan arus manusia dan arus gagasan dengan menggunakan terbitan, siaran radio, pameran, presentasi budaya, pameran dagang, pertukaran tim olahraga, delegasi warga sipil.<a href="#cite_note-transnational-54">[54]</a> Sebagai hasil dari rapat di Gedung Putih, para peserta membentuk 42 komite "People-to-People". Pada tahun 1960 tercatat 36 komite yang masih bertahan, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=People_to_People_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People to People International (halaman belum tersedia)">People to People International</a>. Program kota kembar yang menurut visi Eisenhower merupakan "roda penggerak" <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomasi_warga_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplomasi warga negara (halaman belum tersedia)">diplomasi warga negara</a>, berkembang sepanjang dekade 1950-an dan 1960-an. Pada tahun 1967, organisasi bernama Town Affiliation Association of the U.S. (waktu itu sudah populer dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a>) didirikan untuk mengoordinasikan hubungan antara kota-kota kembar. Pada awal berdirinya Town Affiliation Association, <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_League_of_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National League of Cities (halaman belum tersedia)">National League of Cities</a> menyediakan ruang kantor berikut perabot dan fasilitas-fasilitas lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Jaringan Sister Cities International kini mencakup 1.200 kota di Amerika Serikat yang memiliki hubungan kota kembar dengan 2.000 kota di 127 negara. Pada <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> pasca-<a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> menjalin hubungan kota kembar pertama dengan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>, antara <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>. Pada <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>, Jepang memiliki 960 hubungan kota kembar, dan 316 di antaranya dengan kota-kota di Amerika Serikat.<a href="#cite_note-transnational-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214205739/http://www.id.indonesia.nl/content/view/334/185/">"Dutch - Indonesian sister cities"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Louis+Sister+Cities+Program%2C+Bogor%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=World+Trade+Center+St.+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtradecenter-stl.com%2FsisterCities%2Fbogor.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fwsistercities.org/city/bandung-indonesia">"Bandung, Indonesia"</a>. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bandung%2C++Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fwsistercities.org%2Fcity%2Fbandung-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-tribunnews-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tribunnews_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribunnews_21-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news">Harismanto (2010-09-25). Harismanto, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribunnews.com/2010/09/25/perwakilan-4-sister-city-hadiri-hut-bandung">"Perwakilan 4 Sister City Hadiri HUT Bandung"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tribunnews" title="Tribunnews">Tribunnews.com</a>. TribunNews.com. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribunnews.com&rft.atitle=Perwakilan+4+Sister+City+Hadiri+HUT+Bandung&rft.date=2010-09-25&rft.au=Harismanto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribunnews.com%2F2010%2F09%2F25%2Fperwakilan-4-sister-city-hadiri-hut-bandung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-kabar-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kabar_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kabar_22-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web">Koesworodjati, Yudhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://klik-galamedia.com/indexedisi.php?id=20090106&wartakode=20090106151339">"Apa Khabar Bandung Sister City?"</a>. Galamedia. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apa+Khabar+Bandung+Sister+City%3F&rft.pub=Galamedia&rft.aulast=Koesworodjati&rft.aufirst=Yudhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fklik-galamedia.com%2Findexedisi.php%3Fid%3D20090106%26wartakode%3D20090106151339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516170128/http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub/happy_suwon/happy_suwon_08.asp?menuCode=0108">"International Sisterhood & Friendship Cities"</a>. Suwon-City. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub/happy_suwon/happy_suwon_08.asp?menuCode=0108">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-05-16. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Sisterhood+%26+Friendship+Cities&rft.pub=Suwon-City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.suwon.ne.kr%2Fsub%2Fhappy_suwon%2Fhappy_suwon_08.asp%3FmenuCode%3D0108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jfadt/indonesia/report/chapter2.pdf">"Chapter 2: Government and Parliamentary links"</a> (PDF). Parliament of Australia House of Representatives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050719183856/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jfadt/indonesia/report/chapter2.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2005-07-19. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+2%3A+Government+and+Parliamentary+links&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fhouse%2Fcommittee%2Fjfadt%2Findonesia%2Freport%2Fchapter2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/economic-development/international-relations/semarang/index.htm">"Semarang"</a>. Brisbane City Council. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semarang&rft.pub=Brisbane+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbane.qld.gov.au%2Fabout-council%2Feconomic-development%2Finternational-relations%2Fsemarang%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430065348/http://www.kangguru.org/magazine/december2006.htm">"Kang GURU Magazine - December 2006"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kangguru.org/magazine/december2006.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-04-30. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kang+GURU+Magazine+-+December+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kangguru.org%2Fmagazine%2Fdecember2006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/apec/2010/venue/kyoto.html">"APEC Japan 2010 Venues"</a>. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APEC+Japan+2010+Venues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.jp%2Fpolicy%2Feconomy%2Fapec%2F2010%2Fvenue%2Fkyoto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.jogja.go.id/index/extra.detail/1638/dengan-kota-hefei--provinsi-anhui--republik-rakyat-china.html">"Kerjasama Daerah Dengan Kota Hefei, Provinsi Anhui, Republik Rakyat China"</a>. Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerjasama+Daerah+Dengan+Kota+Hefei%2C+Provinsi+Anhui%2C+Republik+Rakyat+China&rft.pub=Pemerintah+Kota+Yogyakarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jogja.go.id%2Findex%2Fextra.detail%2F1638%2Fdengan-kota-hefei--provinsi-anhui--republik-rakyat-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  line feed character di <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> pada posisi 17 (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#invisible_char" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jogjakota.go.id/index/extra.detail/2039/dprd-kabupaten-wonogiri-studi-banding-ke-pemkot-jogja.html">"Dprd Kabupaten Wonogiri Studi Banding Ke Pemkot Jogja"</a>. Pemkot Yogyakarta. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dprd+Kabupaten+Wonogiri+Studi+Banding+Ke+Pemkot+Jogja&rft.pub=Pemkot+Yogyakarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jogjakota.go.id%2Findex%2Fextra.detail%2F2039%2Fdprd-kabupaten-wonogiri-studi-banding-ke-pemkot-jogja.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118043051/http://tourism.jogja.go.id/index/extra.detail/2737">"Kota Jogja Jalin Kota Kembar"</a>. Pemkot Yogyakarta. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tourism.jogja.go.id/index/extra.detail/2737">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-01-18. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kota+Jogja+Jalin+Kota+Kembar&rft.pub=Pemkot+Yogyakarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftourism.jogja.go.id%2Findex%2Fextra.detail%2F2737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117012748/http://www.antarajatim.com/lihat/berita/62418/pemkot-surabaya-selektif-kerja-sama-sister-city">"Pemkot Surabaya Selektif Kerja Sama "Sister City""</a>. Antara News JawaTimur. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarajatim.com/lihat/berita/62418/pemkot-surabaya-selektif-kerja-sama-sister-city">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-01-17. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pemkot+Surabaya+Selektif+Kerja+Sama+%22Sister+City%22&rft.pub=Antara+News+JawaTimur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarajatim.com%2Flihat%2Fberita%2F62418%2Fpemkot-surabaya-selektif-kerja-sama-sister-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattle.gov/oir/sistercities/surabaya.htm">"Seattle International Sister City: Surabaya, Indonesia"</a>. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seattle+International+Sister+City%3A+Surabaya%2C+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattle.gov%2Foir%2Fsistercities%2Fsurabaya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  line feed character di <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> pada posisi 35 (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#invisible_char" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sbygoid-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sbygoid_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbygoid_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbygoid_33-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214214312/http://www.surabaya.go.id/eng/comunity.php?page=twin_city">"Face the Global Era with the Sister City Network"</a>. Pemerintah Kota Surabaya. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surabaya.go.id/eng/comunity.php?page=twin_city">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-12-14. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Face+the+Global+Era+with+the+Sister+City+Network.&rft.pub=Pemerintah+Kota+Surabaya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surabaya.go.id%2Feng%2Fcomunity.php%3Fpage%3Dtwin_city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112122237/http://english.xm.gov.cn/xmfao/international_exchanges/sister_cities/201108/t20110824_424032.html">"Surabaya of Indonesia"</a>. Foreign Affairs Office of Xiamen Municipal People's Government. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.xm.gov.cn/xmfao/international_exchanges/sister_cities/201108/t20110824_424032.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-01-12. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surabaya+of+Indonesia&rft.pub=Foreign+Affairs+Office+of+Xiamen+Municipal+People%27s+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.xm.gov.cn%2Fxmfao%2Finternational_exchanges%2Fsister_cities%2F201108%2Ft20110824_424032.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.sistercity.info/sister-cities/Marseille.html">"Sister cities of Marseille — sistercity.info"</a>. en.sistercity.info. Diakses tanggal 2020-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.sistercity.info&rft.atitle=Sister+cities+of+Marseille+%E2%80%94+sistercity.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.sistercity.info%2Fsister-cities%2FMarseille.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.detik.com/berita/d-1248713/surabaya-jalin-kerjasama-sister-city-dengan-varna-bulgaria">"Surabaya Jalin Kerjasama Sister City dengan Varna, Bulgaria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Detik.com" title="Detik.com">detikcom</a>. 2009-11-25. Diakses tanggal 2020-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=detikcom&rft.atitle=Surabaya+Jalin+Kerjasama+Sister+City+dengan+Varna%2C+Bulgaria&rft.date=2009-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.detik.com%2Fberita%2Fd-1248713%2Fsurabaya-jalin-kerjasama-sister-city-dengan-varna-bulgaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611005001/https://indonesianembassy.org.uk/penandatanganan-kerja-sama-kota-kembar-surabaya-liverpool">"Penandatanganan Kerja Sama Kota Kembar Surabaya-Liverpool – Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia"</a>. indonesianembassy.org.uk. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indonesianembassy.org.uk/penandatanganan-kerja-sama-kota-kembar-surabaya-liverpool">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-06-11. Diakses tanggal 2020-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indonesianembassy.org.uk&rft.atitle=Penandatanganan+Kerja+Sama+Kota+Kembar+Surabaya-Liverpool+%E2%80%93+Kedutaan+Besar+Republik+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findonesianembassy.org.uk%2Fpenandatanganan-kerja-sama-kota-kembar-surabaya-liverpool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lismore.nsw.gov.au/cp_themes/default/page.asp?p=DOC-VCR-53-16-71">"Sister Cities: Makassar, formerly Ujung Pandang"</a>. Lismore City Council. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities%3A+Makassar%2C+formerly+Ujung+Pandang&rft.pub=Lismore+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lismore.nsw.gov.au%2Fcp_themes%2Fdefault%2Fpage.asp%3Fp%3DDOC-VCR-53-16-71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/8136/manado-liverpool-jalin-kerja-sama-sister-city">"Manado-Liverpool Jalin Kerja Sama Sister City"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kunjungan+Delegasi+Bupati+Kepulauan+Aru+Dan+Penandatanganan+Loi+Sister+City+Aru+-+Urk&rft.pub=Kedutaan+Besar+Republik+Indonesia+untuk+Kerajaan+Belanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.id.indonesia.nl%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F334%2F185%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Trend-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Trend_45-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091114113411/http://en.trend.az/news/cis/georgia/1492690.html">"Tbilisi, Vilnius become brother cities"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trend_News_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trend News Agency (halaman belum tersedia)">Trend News Agency</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 2009-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghajnsielem.com+-+Twinning&rft.pub=www.ghajnsielem.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghajnsielem.com%2Ftwinning%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Twin_Towns-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Twin_Towns_52-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017104519/http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html">"Twin Towns"</a>. www.amazingdusseldorf.com. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-10-17. 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The Rotarian. 145 (6). 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Rotarian&rft.atitle=Exchanging+people+and+know-how+to+forge+friendly+ties+worldwide&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025052043/http://www.sister-cities.org/about/history.cfm">"History of Sister Cities International"</a>. Sister Cities international. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sister-cities.org/about/history.cfm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-10-25. Diakses tanggal 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Sister+Cities+International&rft.pub=Sister+Cities+international&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sister-cities.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKota+kembar" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/programme-actions/doc30_en.htm">Town-twinning</a> menurut <a href="/wiki/Komisi_Eropa" title="Komisi Eropa">Komisi Eropa</a></li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sister-cities.org/">Sister Cities International</a></li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asca.asn.au/">Australian Sister Cities Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004195336/http://www.asca.asn.au/">Diarsipkan</a> 2006-10-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1644_282/ai_97228022/print">Germany and the town twinning movement</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&oldid=25474383">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kota_kembar&oldid=25474383</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kota" title="Kategori:Kota">Kota</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif_permanen" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_karakter_tidak_terlihat" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: karakter tidak terlihat">Galat CS1: karakter tidak terlihat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_rujukan_dengan_accessdate_dan_tanpa_URL" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan rujukan dengan accessdate dan tanpa URL">Halaman yang menggunakan rujukan dengan accessdate dan tanpa URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 25 Maret 2024, pukul 04.21.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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