CINXE.COM

Category:Environment - Engineering and Technology History Wiki

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Category:Environment - Engineering and Technology History Wiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4209a91d4a4404feb360e37b","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"Category","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":14,"wgPageName":"Category:Environment","wgTitle":"Environment","wgCurRevisionId":193858,"wgRevisionId":193858,"wgArticleId":32771,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Category:Environment","wgRelevantArticleId":32771,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgPageFormsTargetName":null, "wgPageFormsAutocompleteValues":[],"wgPageFormsAutocompleteOnAllChars":false,"wgPageFormsFieldProperties":[],"wgPageFormsCargoFields":[],"wgPageFormsDependentFields":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarValues":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarParams":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarHTML":null,"wgPageFormsGridValues":[],"wgPageFormsGridParams":[],"wgPageFormsContLangYes":null,"wgPageFormsContLangNo":null,"wgPageFormsContLangMonths":[],"wgPageFormsHeightForMinimizingInstances":800,"wgPageFormsShowOnSelect":[],"wgPageFormsScriptPath":"/w/extensions/PageForms","edgValues":null,"wgPageFormsEDSettings":null,"wgAmericanDates":false,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"VEForAllToolbarNormal":[{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-paragraph-format","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-format-tooltip","type":"menu","include":{"group":"format"},"promote":["paragraph"],"demote":["preformatted","blockquote"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-text-style","title": "visualeditor-toolbar-style-tooltip","include":["bold","italic","moreTextStyle"]},{"include":["link"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-structure","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-structure","type":"list","icon":"listBullet","include":{"group":"structure"},"demote":["outdent","indent"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-insert","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-insert","type":"list","icon":"add","label":"","include":["insertTable","specialCharacter","warningblock","preformatted","infoblock","ideablock","dontblock","pinblock"]}],"VEForAllToolbarWide":[{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-paragraph-format","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-format-tooltip","type":"menu","include":{"group":"format"},"promote":["paragraph"],"demote":["preformatted","blockquote"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-text-style","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-style-tooltip","include":["bold","italic","moreTextStyle"]},{"include":["link"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-structure","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-structure","type": "list","icon":"listBullet","include":{"group":"structure"},"demote":["outdent","indent"]},{"header":"visualeditor-toolbar-insert","title":"visualeditor-toolbar-insert","type":"list","icon":"add","label":"","include":["media","insertTable","specialCharacter","warningblock","preformatted","infoblock","ideablock","dontblock","pinblock","media"]},{"name":"reference"}],"sdgDownArrowImage":"/w/extensions/SemanticDrilldown/skins/down-arrow.png","sdgRightArrowImage":"/w/extensions/SemanticDrilldown/skins/right-arrow.png","srfFilteredConfig":null,"egMapsScriptPath":"/w/extensions/Maps/","egMapsDebugJS":false,"egMapsAvailableServices":["leaflet","googlemaps3"],"egMapsLeafletLayersApiKeys":{"MapBox":"","MapQuestOpen":"","Thunderforest":"","GeoportailFrance":""},"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":[],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgSmjUseCdn":true,"wgSmjUseChem":true,"wgSmjDisplayMath":[],"wgSmjExtraInlineMath":[],"wgSmjScale":1,"wgSmjEnableMenu":true,"wgSmjDisplayAlign":"left","wgSurveyDebug":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":false,"VEForAll":{"VisualEditorEnable":1},"wgULSPosition":"personal","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":true};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.action.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","mediawiki.helplink":"ready","mediawiki.ui.button":"ready","skins.chameleon":"ready","zzz.ext.bootstrap.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.srf.styles":"ready","ext.smw.style":"ready","ext.smw.tooltip.styles":"ready","ext.uls.pt":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.SimpleMathJax","ext.survey.tag","smw.entityexaminer","ext.smw.style","ext.smw.tooltips","site","mediawiki.page.ready","ext.ethw","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.veforall.core.desktop","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface","ext.gadget.HotCat","ext.gadget.Datatable","ext.bootstrap.scripts"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.smw.style%7Cext.smw.tooltip.styles%7Cext.srf.styles%7Cext.uls.pt%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.action.styles%7Cmediawiki.helplink%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cskins.chameleon%7Czzz.ext.bootstrap.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=chameleon"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=chameleon"></script> <style>#mw-indicator-mw-helplink {display:none;}</style><style>#mw-indicator-mw-helplink {display:none;}</style> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=chameleon"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.8"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="Category:Environment" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:ExportRDF/Category:Environment&amp;xmlmime=rdf"/> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="ETHW (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://ethw.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Category:Environment"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="ETHW"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ethw.org/Category:Environment"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://ethw.org/w/logo.png"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-08-17T11:14:25Z"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2022-08-17T11:14:25Z"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"article","name":"Category:Environment - Engineering and Technology History Wiki","headline":"Category:Environment - Engineering and Technology History Wiki","mainEntityOfPage":"<span class=\"mw-page-title-namespace\">Category<\/span><span class=\"mw-page-title-separator\">:<\/span><span class=\"mw-page-title-main\">Environment<\/span>","identifier":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/Category:Environment","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/Category:Environment","dateModified":"2022-08-17T11:14:25Z","datePublished":"2022-08-17T11:14:25Z","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/w\/logo.png"},"author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"ETHW","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/w\/logo.png","caption":"ETHW"}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"ETHW","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/w\/logo.png","caption":"ETHW"}},"potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https:\/\/ethw.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:Search&search={search_term}","query-input":"required name=search_term"}}</script> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-14 ns-subject page-Category_Environment rootpage-Category_Environment layout-navhead_ethw skin-chameleon action-view"> <!-- navigation bar --> <nav class="p-navbar collapsible" role="navigation" id="mw-navigation"> <!-- logo and main page link --> <div id="p-logo" class="navbar-brand p-logo" role="banner"> <a href="/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"><img src="/w/logo.png" alt="ETHW"/></a> </div> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggler" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#hw0sxx6opn"></button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse hw0sxx6opn" id="hw0sxx6opn"> <div class="navbar-nav"> <!-- Explore --> <div class="nav-item dropdown p-Explore-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle p-Explore-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-boundary="viewport">Explore</a> <div class="dropdown-menu p-Explore" id="p-Explore"> <div id="n-Browse-by-Subject" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/ETHW:Subject_browse" class="nav-link n-Browse-by-Subject">Browse by Subject</a></div> <div id="n-Encyclopedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Encyclopedia" class="nav-link n-Encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</a></div> <div id="n-Oral-Histories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Oral-History:List_of_all_Oral_Histories" class="nav-link n-Oral-Histories">Oral Histories</a></div> <div id="n-First-Hand-Histories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/First-Hand:List_of_First_Hand_Histories" class="nav-link n-First-Hand-Histories">First Hand Histories</a></div> <div id="n-Landmarks/Milestones" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Landmarks" class="nav-link n-Landmarks/Milestones">Landmarks/Milestones</a></div> <div id="n-Archives" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Archives:Archival_Collections" class="nav-link n-Archives">Archives</a></div> <div id="n-Personal-Narratives" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Personal-Narrative:List_of_all_Personal_Narratives" class="nav-link n-Personal-Narratives">Personal Narratives</a></div> <div id="n-Museums" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/ETHW:Museums" class="nav-link n-Museums">Museums</a></div> <div id="n-Random-page" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:Random" class="nav-link n-Random-page">Random page</a></div> <div id="n-Special-pages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:SpecialPages" class="nav-link n-Special-pages">Special pages</a></div> <div id="n-Recent-changes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:RecentChanges" class="nav-link n-Recent-changes">Recent changes</a></div> <div id="n-New-pages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:NewPages" class="nav-link n-New-pages">New pages</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- Help --> <div class="nav-item dropdown p-Help-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle p-Help-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-boundary="viewport">Help</a> <div class="dropdown-menu p-Help" id="p-Help"> <div id="n-Contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Help:Contents" class="nav-link n-Contents">Contents</a></div> <div id="n-Contact-us" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:Contact" class="nav-link n-Contact-us">Contact us</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- toolbox --> <div class="nav-item p-tb-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle p-tb-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-boundary="viewport">Tools</a> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <div id="t-whatlinkshere" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:WhatLinksHere/Category:Environment" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j" class="nav-link t-whatlinkshere">What links here</a></div> <div id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Category:Environment" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k" class="nav-link t-recentchangeslinked">Related changes</a></div> <div id="t-specialpages" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q" class="nav-link t-specialpages">Special pages</a></div> <div id="t-print" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p" class="nav-link t-print">Printable version</a></div> <div id="t-permalink" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Environment&amp;oldid=193858" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page" class="nav-link t-permalink">Permanent link</a></div> <div id="t-info" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Environment&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page" class="nav-link t-info">Page information</a></div> <div id="t-smwbrowselink" class="nav-item mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:Browse/:Category:Environment" rel="search" class="nav-link t-smwbrowselink">Browse properties</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-nav right"> <!-- page tools --> <div class="navbar-tools navbar-nav flex-row"> <div class="navbar-tool dropdown"> <a data-toggle="dropdown" data-boundary="viewport" class="navbar-more-tools" href="#" title="Page tools"></a> <!-- Content navigation --> <div class="flex-row navbar-pagetools dropdown-menu p-contentnavigation" id="p-contentnavigation"> <!-- namespaces --> <div id="ca-talk" class="new mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category_talk:Environment&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t" class="new ca-talk">Talk</a></div> <!-- views --> <div id="ca-viewsource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Environment&amp;action=edit" title="This page is protected.&#10;You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e" class="ca-viewsource">View source</a></div> <div id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Environment&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h" class="ca-history">View history</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- search form --> <div id="p-search" class="p-search order-first order-cmln-0 navbar-form" role="search" > <form id="searchform" class="mw-search" action="/w/index.php" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value=" Special:Search" /> <div class="input-group"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search ETHW" aria-label="Search ETHW" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search ETHW [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" class="form-control"/> <div class="input-group-append"> <button value="Go" id="searchGoButton" name="go" type="submit" class="search-btn searchGoButton" aria-label="Go to page" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists"></button> </div> </div> </form> </div> <!-- personal tools --> <div class="navbar-tools navbar-nav" > <div class="navbar-tool dropdown"> <a class="navbar-usernotloggedin" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" data-boundary="viewport" title="You are not logged in."> </a> <div class="p-personal-tools dropdown-menu"> <div id="pt-uls" class="mw-list-item active"><a class="uls-trigger pt-uls" href="#">English</a></div> <div id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Category%3AEnvironment" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class="pt-login">Log in</a></div> <div id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:RequestAccount" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="pt-createaccount">Request account</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="flex-fill container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <!-- start the content area --> <div id="content" class="mw-body content"><a id="top" class="top"></a> <div id="mw-indicators" class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator mw-indicator-mw-helplink"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Categories" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink">Help</a></div> <div id="mw-indicator-smw-entity-examiner" class="mw-indicator mw-indicator-smw-entity-examiner"><div class="smw-entity-examiner smw-indicator-vertical-bar-loader" data-subject="Environment#14##" data-dir="ltr" data-uselang="" title="Running an examiner in the background"></div></div> </div> <div class="contentHeader"> <!-- title of the page --> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Category</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Environment</span></h1> <!-- tagline; usually goes something like "From WikiName" primary purpose of this seems to be for printing to identify the source of the content --> <div id="siteSub" class="siteSub">From ETHW</div><div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump jump-to-nav">Jump to:<a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="bodyContent"> <!-- body text --> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><span survey-data-id="2" survey-data-expiry="2592000" survey-data-min-pages="2" survey-data-ratio="75" class="surveytag" survey-data-token="+\"></span> </p><div class="mw-parser-output"><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:342px;"><a href="/File:Lakeview1Gusher.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/2/2a/Lakeview1Gusher.jpg/340px-Lakeview1Gusher.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="214" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/2/2a/Lakeview1Gusher.jpg/510px-Lakeview1Gusher.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/2/2a/Lakeview1Gusher.jpg/680px-Lakeview1Gusher.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:Lakeview1Gusher.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lakeview gusher, an early oil spill, 1910</div></div></div> <p>The relationship between humanity and the environment is a delicate balance. Since the industrial revolution, the world's population has increased exponentially, and with the population growth, the environment has been profoundly affected. Deforestation, pollution and global climate changes are amongst the adverse effects the population and technological expansion has introduced. Included in this category are both subjects dealing with attempts to reduce the negative impact on the environment, and subjects which aim to gain a greater understanding of the environment itself. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Subcategories">Subcategories</span></h2> <ul><li><b><a href="/Category:Air_emissions" title="Category:Air emissions">Air emissions</a></b> - Topics related to man made emissions released into the atmosphere</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Arctic_engineering_%26_offshore_technology" title="Category:Arctic engineering &amp; offshore technology">Arctic engineering &amp; offshore technology</a></b> - Topics pertaining to the challenges of engineering in the Artic and offshore environments</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Atmosphere" title="Category:Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></b> - Topics pertaining to Earth's atmosphere including the ionosphere and magnetosphere</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Biosphere" title="Category:Biosphere">Biosphere</a></b> - The Earth's biosphere encompasses all of its ecosystems and living beings</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Climate change</a></b> - Issues related to the changes to the Earth's climate caused by man-made emissions</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Coasts_%26_waterways" title="Category:Coasts &amp; waterways">Coasts &amp; waterways</a></b> - Engineering issues dealing with the coasts and waterways, including dams and locks</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Cyclones" title="Category:Cyclones">Cyclones</a></b> - Issues relating to different kinds of cyclones such as hurricanes, tropical storms and typhoons</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Disaster_%26_hazard_management" title="Category:Disaster &amp; hazard management">Disaster &amp; hazard management</a></b> - Attempts to minimize the damage by natural disasters and hazards</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Earth</a></b> - Topics which deal with the planet as a whole</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">Earthquakes</a></b> - Massive forces of destruction, earthquakes present unique engineering challenges for infrastructure stability</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Environmental_factors" title="Category:Environmental factors">Environmental factors</a></b> - Environmental concerns that impact our daily lives including global warming and pollution</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Environmental_management" title="Category:Environmental management">Environmental management</a></b> - Topics related to active management of the environment</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Geography" title="Category:Geography">Geography</a></b> - Concerns that apply to geographical areas such as cities, towns, rivers, forests</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Geology" title="Category:Geology">Geology</a></b> - Topics dealing with the earth's crust and composition</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Geophysics" title="Category:Geophysics">Geophysics</a></b> - The physics of the earth itself, including such topics like meteorology, seismology and tornadoes</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Green_engineering" title="Category:Green engineering">Green engineering</a></b> - Engineering processes which attempt to minimize the impact on the environment</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Hydrology_%26_hydraulics" title="Category:Hydrology &amp; hydraulics">Hydrology &amp; hydraulics</a></b> - Sciences related to the study of water</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Irrigation_%26_drainage" title="Category:Irrigation &amp; drainage">Irrigation &amp; drainage</a></b> - Topics related to the man made movement of bodies of water</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Levee" title="Category:Levee">Levee</a></b> - Dams which regulate the flow of water, sometimes used for hydroelectric power generation</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Life_cycle_analysis" title="Category:Life cycle analysis">Life cycle analysis</a></b> - The assessment of the environmental impact a product has during its life cycle from development to deployment</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Marine_technology" title="Category:Marine technology">Marine technology</a></b> - Underwater technology and devices including various forms of equipment and structures</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Naturally_occurring_radioactive_materials" title="Category:Naturally occurring radioactive materials">Naturally occurring radioactive materials</a></b> - Radioactive materials which occur naturally</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Oceans" title="Category:Oceans">Oceans</a></b> - Topics pertaining to all aspects of oceanic engineering</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Oil_and_chemical_spills" title="Category:Oil and chemical spills">Oil and chemical spills</a></b> - Accidental discharges of hazardous materials into the environment</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Pollution</a></b> - emissions that damage human health or the environment</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Recycling_and_secondary_recovery" title="Category:Recycling and secondary recovery">Recycling and secondary recovery</a></b> - The reusing of discarded materials in order to have minimal impact on the environment</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Remediation_and_land_reclamation" title="Category:Remediation and land reclamation">Remediation and land reclamation</a></b> - The processes of creating new land formations from previous bodies of water</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Sulfur_abatement" title="Category:Sulfur abatement">Sulfur abatement</a></b> - The reduction of sulfur emissions</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Sustainability</a></b> - The study of the long term lifecycle of biological systems</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Volcanoes" title="Category:Volcanoes">Volcanoes</a></b> - Topics relating to volcanic activity, ash and planetary volcanoes</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Waste_management" title="Category:Waste management">Waste management</a></b> - the system of managing the transportation and disposal of human or industrial waste</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Water" title="Category:Water">Water</a></b> - Topics relating to water and water resources</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Cached time: 20241126222748 Cache expiry: 86400 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] [SMW] In鈥恡ext annotation parser time: 0 seconds CPU time usage: 0.012 seconds Real time usage: 0.013 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6/1000000 Post鈥恊xpand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 2/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/100 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post鈥恊xpand size: 0/5000000 bytes --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key ethw:pcache:idhash:32771-0!canonical and timestamp 20241126222748 and revision id 193858. --> </div><div class="mw-category-generated" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-subcategories"> <h2>Subcategories</h2> <p>This category has the following 32 subcategories, out of 32 total. </p><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>A</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Air_emissions" title="Category:Air emissions">Air emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Arctic_engineering_%26_offshore_technology" title="Category:Arctic engineering &amp; offshore technology">Arctic engineering &amp; offshore technology</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Atmosphere" title="Category:Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>B</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Biosphere" title="Category:Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>C</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Coasts_%26_waterways" title="Category:Coasts &amp; waterways">Coasts &amp; waterways</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Cyclones" title="Category:Cyclones">Cyclones</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>D</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Disaster_%26_hazard_management" title="Category:Disaster &amp; hazard management">Disaster &amp; hazard management</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>E</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Environmental_factors" title="Category:Environmental factors">Environmental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Environmental_management" title="Category:Environmental management">Environmental management</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>G</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Geography" title="Category:Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Geology" title="Category:Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Geophysics" title="Category:Geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Green_engineering" title="Category:Green engineering">Green engineering</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>H</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Hydrology_%26_hydraulics" title="Category:Hydrology &amp; hydraulics">Hydrology &amp; hydraulics</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>I</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Irrigation_%26_drainage" title="Category:Irrigation &amp; drainage">Irrigation &amp; drainage</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>L</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Levee" title="Category:Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Life_cycle_analysis" title="Category:Life cycle analysis">Life cycle analysis</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>M</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Marine_technology" title="Category:Marine technology">Marine technology</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>N</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Naturally_occurring_radioactive_materials" title="Category:Naturally occurring radioactive materials">Naturally occurring radioactive materials</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>O</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Oceans" title="Category:Oceans">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Oil_and_chemical_spills" title="Category:Oil and chemical spills">Oil and chemical spills</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>P</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Pollution</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>R</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Recycling_and_secondary_recovery" title="Category:Recycling and secondary recovery">Recycling and secondary recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Remediation_and_land_reclamation" title="Category:Remediation and land reclamation">Remediation and land reclamation</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>S</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Sulfur_abatement" title="Category:Sulfur abatement">Sulfur abatement</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>V</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Volcanoes" title="Category:Volcanoes">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>W</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Waste_management" title="Category:Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Water" title="Category:Water">Water</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div><div id="mw-pages"> <h2>Pages in category "Environment"</h2> <p>The following 231 pages are in this category, out of 231 total. </p><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>A</h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Jesuit%27s_Forays_in_Astronomy_and_Seismology" title="First-Hand:A Jesuit&#039;s Forays in Astronomy and Seismology">First-Hand:A Jesuit&#039;s Forays in Astronomy and Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Air_Pollution_Control,_Where_we_are_and_Where_We%27re_Going" title="Archives:Air Pollution Control, Where we are and Where We&#039;re Going">Archives:Air Pollution Control, Where we are and Where We&#039;re Going</a></li> <li><a href="/Air_Traffic_Control_and_Radar" title="Air Traffic Control and Radar">Air Traffic Control and Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/Ernest_Galen_Andrews" title="Ernest Galen Andrews">Ernest Galen Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/Diogenes_J._Angelakos" title="Diogenes J. Angelakos">Diogenes J. Angelakos</a></li> <li><a href="/Edward_V._Appleton" title="Edward V. Appleton">Edward V. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:William_Aspray" title="Oral-History:William Aspray">Oral-History:William Aspray</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>B</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Robert_Baim" title="Oral-History:Robert Baim">Oral-History:Robert Baim</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Edythe_Baker" title="Oral-History:Edythe Baker">Oral-History:Edythe Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/Wilmer_Barrow" title="Wilmer Barrow">Wilmer Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Lionel_Barthold" title="Oral-History:Lionel Barthold">Oral-History:Lionel Barthold</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Leo_Beranek_(1996)" title="Oral-History:Leo Beranek (1996)">Oral-History:Leo Beranek (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/Lloyd_V._Berkner" title="Lloyd V. Berkner">Lloyd V. Berkner</a></li> <li><a href="/Bill_Jack_Scientific_Instruments" title="Bill Jack Scientific Instruments">Bill Jack Scientific Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Bill_Langer" title="Oral-History:Bill Langer">Oral-History:Bill Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/Marietta_Blau" title="Marietta Blau">Marietta Blau</a></li> <li><a href="/R._Hanbury_Brown" title="R. Hanbury Brown">R. Hanbury Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/Henri_Busignies" title="Henri Busignies">Henri Busignies</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>C</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Cavity_Magnetron" title="Cavity Magnetron">Cavity Magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/E._Leon_Chaffee" title="E. Leon Chaffee">E. Leon Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Milton_Chaffee" title="Oral-History:Milton Chaffee">Oral-History:Milton Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/Chain_Home" title="Chain Home">Chain Home</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Britton_Chance" title="Oral-History:Britton Chance">Oral-History:Britton Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_C._Chato" title="Oral-History:John C. Chato">Oral-History:John C. Chato</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_Coales" title="Oral-History:John Coales">Oral-History:John Coales</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Charles_Concordia" title="Oral-History:Charles Concordia">Oral-History:Charles Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Warren_Cooper" title="Oral-History:Warren Cooper">Oral-History:Warren Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Andrew_Corry" title="Oral-History:Andrew Corry">Oral-History:Andrew Corry</a></li> <li><a href="/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:C._Chapin_Cutler" title="Oral-History:C. Chapin Cutler">Oral-History:C. Chapin Cutler</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>D</h3> <ul><li><a href="/DATAR_-_First_Digital_Computer/Communications_System_for_Anti-Submarine_Warfare" title="DATAR - First Digital Computer/Communications System for Anti-Submarine Warfare">DATAR - First Digital Computer/Communications System for Anti-Submarine Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Lee_Davenport" title="Oral-History:Lee Davenport">Oral-History:Lee Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/Dealing_With_an_Ever-More-Crowded_Environment" title="Dealing With an Ever-More-Crowded Environment">Dealing With an Ever-More-Crowded Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Charles_Denton" title="Oral-History:Charles Denton">Oral-History:Charles Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Fiona_M._Doyle" title="Oral-History:Fiona M. Doyle">Oral-History:Fiona M. Doyle</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>E</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Ferial_El-Hawary" title="Ferial El-Hawary">Ferial El-Hawary</a></li> <li><a href="/Electromagnetic_Environmental_Effects_(E3)" title="Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3)">Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3)</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:The_Environment:_Its_Engineering_Challenges" title="Archives:The Environment: Its Engineering Challenges">Archives:The Environment: Its Engineering Challenges</a></li> <li><a href="/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>F</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Fathometer" title="Fathometer">Fathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Evolution_of_the_2-Person_Crew_Jet_Transport_Flight_Deck" title="First-Hand:Evolution of the 2-Person Crew Jet Transport Flight Deck">First-Hand:Evolution of the 2-Person Crew Jet Transport Flight Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Joseph_Fischer" title="Oral-History:Joseph Fischer">Oral-History:Joseph Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Steward_Flaschen" title="Oral-History:Steward Flaschen">Oral-History:Steward Flaschen</a></li> <li><a href="/Warren_Flock" title="Warren Flock">Warren Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Art_Fong" title="Oral-History:Art Fong">Oral-History:Art Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ted_Foster" title="Oral-History:Ted Foster">Oral-History:Ted Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Kathryn_and_Charles_Fowler" title="Oral-History:Kathryn and Charles Fowler">Oral-History:Kathryn and Charles Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/Fracturing_Fluids" title="Fracturing Fluids">Fracturing Fluids</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:From_Radio_Engineering_to_War-Time_Research" title="First-Hand:From Radio Engineering to War-Time Research">First-Hand:From Radio Engineering to War-Time Research</a></li> <li><a href="/Eugene_Fubini" title="Eugene Fubini">Eugene Fubini</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Tetsuo_Fujimura" title="Oral-History:Tetsuo Fujimura">Oral-History:Tetsuo Fujimura</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>G</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Paolo_Gazzana-Priaroggia" title="Oral-History:Paolo Gazzana-Priaroggia">Oral-History:Paolo Gazzana-Priaroggia</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Virginia_Gerdes" title="Oral-History:Virginia Gerdes">Oral-History:Virginia Gerdes</a></li> <li><a href="/IEEE_Geoscience_%26_Remote_Sensing_Society_History" title="IEEE Geoscience &amp; Remote Sensing Society History">IEEE Geoscience &amp; Remote Sensing Society History</a></li> <li><a href="/Karl_Gerlach" title="Karl Gerlach">Karl Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/Ivan_Getting" title="Ivan Getting">Ivan Getting</a></li> <li><a href="/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Frank_W._Godsey" title="Oral-History:Frank W. Godsey">Oral-History:Frank W. Godsey</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Thomas_Goldsmith" title="Oral-History:Thomas Goldsmith">Oral-History:Thomas Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Gene_Golub" title="Oral-History:Gene Golub">Oral-History:Gene Golub</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Wilson_Greatbatch" title="Oral-History:Wilson Greatbatch">Oral-History:Wilson Greatbatch</a></li> <li><a href="/Paul_E._Green_Jr." title="Paul E. Green Jr.">Paul E. Green Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Paul_Green" title="Oral-History:Paul Green">Oral-History:Paul Green</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_Gregory" title="Oral-History:John Gregory">Oral-History:John Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:William_Gretsch" title="Oral-History:William Gretsch">Oral-History:William Gretsch</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_Guarrera" title="Oral-History:John Guarrera">Oral-History:John Guarrera</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>H</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Geomagnetism_and_Edmond_Halley_(1656-1742)" title="Geomagnetism and Edmond Halley (1656-1742)">Geomagnetism and Edmond Halley (1656-1742)</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Charles_Harper" title="Oral-History:Charles Harper">Oral-History:Charles Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Peter_C._Hayes" title="Oral-History:Peter C. Hayes">Oral-History:Peter C. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Gwen_Hays" title="Oral-History:Gwen Hays">Oral-History:Gwen Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Fred_Heath" title="Oral-History:Fred Heath">Oral-History:Fred Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Fred_Heath_and_the_Invention_that_Changed_the_World" title="Archives:Fred Heath and the Invention that Changed the World">Archives:Fred Heath and the Invention that Changed the World</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Martin_Hellman" title="Oral-History:Martin Hellman">Oral-History:Martin Hellman</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:History_of_an_ASEE_Fellow_-_Richard_O._Mines,_Jr." title="First-Hand:History of an ASEE Fellow - Richard O. Mines, Jr.">First-Hand:History of an ASEE Fellow - Richard O. Mines, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Wallace_Hoff" title="Oral-History:Wallace Hoff">Oral-History:Wallace Hoff</a></li> <li><a href="/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Karl_Honaman" title="Oral-History:Karl Honaman">Oral-History:Karl Honaman</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Mel_Hotz" title="Oral-History:Mel Hotz">Oral-History:Mel Hotz</a></li> <li><a href="/Richard_R._Hough" title="Richard R. Hough">Richard R. Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/Lawrence_A._Hyland" title="Lawrence A. Hyland">Lawrence A. Hyland</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>I</h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Changes_In_IEEE_Are_Needed_To_Create_A_%22Self_Directed_Professional_Society%22" title="First-Hand:Changes In IEEE Are Needed To Create A &quot;Self Directed Professional Society&quot;">First-Hand:Changes In IEEE Are Needed To Create A &quot;Self Directed Professional Society&quot;</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ivan_A._Getting_(1995)" title="Oral-History:Ivan A. Getting (1995)">Oral-History:Ivan A. Getting (1995)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>J</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:F._Suzanne_Jenniches_(2010)" title="Oral-History:F. Suzanne Jenniches (2010)">Oral-History:F. Suzanne Jenniches (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Suzanne_Jenniches_(2003)" title="Oral-History:Suzanne Jenniches (2003)">Oral-History:Suzanne Jenniches (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Lawrence_Johnston" title="Oral-History:Lawrence Johnston">Oral-History:Lawrence Johnston</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>K</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:James_Kaiser" title="Oral-History:James Kaiser">Oral-History:James Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Walter_Karplus" title="Oral-History:Walter Karplus">Oral-History:Walter Karplus</a></li> <li><a href="/Arthur_E._Kennelly" title="Arthur E. Kennelly">Arthur E. Kennelly</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Papers_of_Arthur_Edwin_Kennelly" title="Archives:Papers of Arthur Edwin Kennelly">Archives:Papers of Arthur Edwin Kennelly</a></li> <li><a href="/Kennelly-Heaviside_Layer" title="Kennelly-Heaviside Layer">Kennelly-Heaviside Layer</a></li> <li><a href="/Daniel_S._Kimes" title="Daniel S. Kimes">Daniel S. Kimes</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Dieter_Kind" title="Oral-History:Dieter Kind">Oral-History:Dieter Kind</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Archie_King" title="Oral-History:Archie King">Oral-History:Archie King</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ron_Kline" title="Oral-History:Ron Kline">Oral-History:Ron Kline</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Robert_Kyhl" title="Oral-History:Robert Kyhl">Oral-History:Robert Kyhl</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>L</h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Lab_for_Agricultural_Remote_Sensing" title="First-Hand:Lab for Agricultural Remote Sensing">First-Hand:Lab for Agricultural Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Elizabeth_Laverick" title="Oral-History:Elizabeth Laverick">Oral-History:Elizabeth Laverick</a></li> <li><a href="/Elizabeth_Laverick" title="Elizabeth Laverick">Elizabeth Laverick</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Robert_Lawrence" title="Oral-History:Robert Lawrence">Oral-History:Robert Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Benjamin_Lax" title="Oral-History:Benjamin Lax">Oral-History:Benjamin Lax</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Peggy_Layne_and_Gail_Mattson" title="Oral-History:Peggy Layne and Gail Mattson">Oral-History:Peggy Layne and Gail Mattson</a></li> <li><a href="/Emmett_N._Leith" title="Emmett N. Leith">Emmett N. Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Leonard_Harris" title="Oral-History:Leonard Harris">Oral-History:Leonard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Frank_Lewis" title="Oral-History:Frank Lewis">Oral-History:Frank Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/Harold_Lipset" title="Harold Lipset">Harold Lipset</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:James_Lovell" title="Oral-History:James Lovell">Oral-History:James Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Raymond_L._Lowrie" title="Oral-History:Raymond L. Lowrie">Oral-History:Raymond L. Lowrie</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>M</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Carol_G._Maclennan" title="Oral-History:Carol G. Maclennan">Oral-History:Carol G. Maclennan</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Gail_Mattson_(2011)" title="Oral-History:Gail Mattson (2011)">Oral-History:Gail Mattson (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/Electrical_Excursions_of_Mathew_Fontaine_Maury_(1806-1873)" title="Electrical Excursions of Mathew Fontaine Maury (1806-1873)">Electrical Excursions of Mathew Fontaine Maury (1806-1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Naomi_McAfee" title="Oral-History:Naomi McAfee">Oral-History:Naomi McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/Ronald_McFarlan" title="Ronald McFarlan">Ronald McFarlan</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ronald_McFarlan" title="Oral-History:Ronald McFarlan">Oral-History:Ronald McFarlan</a></li> <li><a href="/Robert_E._McIntosh" title="Robert E. McIntosh">Robert E. McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/Alexander_A._McKenzie" title="Alexander A. McKenzie">Alexander A. McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/Edward_V._McMahon" title="Edward V. McMahon">Edward V. McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:James_McNaul" title="Oral-History:James McNaul">Oral-History:James McNaul</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Mary_Tsingou_Menzel" title="Oral-History:Mary Tsingou Menzel">Oral-History:Mary Tsingou Menzel</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Lou_Meren" title="Oral-History:Lou Meren">Oral-History:Lou Meren</a></li> <li><a href="/MIT_Rad_Lab" title="MIT Rad Lab">MIT Rad Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_Moll" title="Oral-History:John Moll">Oral-History:John Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Louis_F._Moose" title="Oral-History:Louis F. Moose">Oral-History:Louis F. Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Fusao_Mori" title="Oral-History:Fusao Mori">Oral-History:Fusao Mori</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>N</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Shigeru_Nakajima" title="Oral-History:Shigeru Nakajima">Oral-History:Shigeru Nakajima</a></li> <li><a href="/John_W._Mauchly" title="John W. Mauchly">John W. Mauchly</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_%22Jack%22_Nieberding" title="Oral-History:John &quot;Jack&quot; Nieberding">Oral-History:John &quot;Jack&quot; Nieberding</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Herb_Nunnally" title="Oral-History:Herb Nunnally">Oral-History:Herb Nunnally</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>O</h3> <ul><li><a href="/IEEE_Oceanic_Engineering_Society_History" title="IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society History">IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society History</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Russell_D._O%27Neal" title="Oral-History:Russell D. O&#039;Neal">Oral-History:Russell D. O&#039;Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Oral-History:Eugene O&#039;Neill">Oral-History:Eugene O&#039;Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Our_Environment_-_Options_on_the_Way_and_to_the_Future" title="Archives:Our Environment - Options on the Way and to the Future">Archives:Our Environment - Options on the Way and to the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/Ozone_Hole" title="Ozone Hole">Ozone Hole</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>P</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Brad_Parkinson" title="Oral-History:Brad Parkinson">Oral-History:Brad Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/Irene_Peden" title="Irene Peden">Irene Peden</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Peggy_Layne_(2010-2)" title="Oral-History:Peggy Layne (2010-2)">Oral-History:Peggy Layne (2010-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Arno Allan Penzias</a></li> <li><a href="/Joseph_M._Pettit" title="Joseph M. Pettit">Joseph M. Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Carolyn_Phillips" title="Oral-History:Carolyn Phillips">Oral-History:Carolyn Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Kenneth_Plante" title="Oral-History:Kenneth Plante">Oral-History:Kenneth Plante</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ernest_Pollard" title="Oral-History:Ernest Pollard">Oral-History:Ernest Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/James_H._Pomerene" title="James H. Pomerene">James H. Pomerene</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Robert_Pound" title="Oral-History:Robert Pound">Oral-History:Robert Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/Project_Diana" title="Project Diana">Project Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Emerson_W._Pugh" title="Oral-History:Emerson W. Pugh">Oral-History:Emerson W. Pugh</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Edward_Purcell" title="Oral-History:Edward Purcell">Oral-History:Edward Purcell</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>R</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/Invention_and_Initial_Development_of_Monopulse_Radar" title="Invention and Initial Development of Monopulse Radar">Invention and Initial Development of Monopulse Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/Milestones:Mount_Fuji_Radar_System,_1964" title="Milestones:Mount Fuji Radar System, 1964">Milestones:Mount Fuji Radar System, 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Tracking_the_History_of_Radar" title="Archives:Tracking the History of Radar">Archives:Tracking the History of Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S_Naval_Research_Lab_and_the_Development_of_Radar" title="U.S Naval Research Lab and the Development of Radar">U.S Naval Research Lab and the Development of Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/Radar_and_Weather_Forecasting" title="Radar and Weather Forecasting">Radar and Weather Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/Radar_during_World_War_II" title="Radar during World War II">Radar during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/Radar_tracking" title="Radar tracking">Radar tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Charles_Rader" title="Oral-History:Charles Rader">Oral-History:Charles Rader</a></li> <li><a href="/Milestones:NAIC/Arecibo_Radiotelescope,_1963" title="Milestones:NAIC/Arecibo Radiotelescope, 1963">Milestones:NAIC/Arecibo Radiotelescope, 1963</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:William_Rambo" title="Oral-History:William Rambo">Oral-History:William Rambo</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Norman_F._Ramsey_(1991)" title="Oral-History:Norman F. Ramsey (1991)">Oral-History:Norman F. Ramsey (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a></li> <li><a href="/RCA_Laboratories_at_Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="RCA Laboratories at Princeton, New Jersey">RCA Laboratories at Princeton, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Re-Establishing_IEEE_Members%27_Right_to_Ethical_Support_in_Employee-Employer_Professional/Ethical_Disputes" title="First-Hand:Re-Establishing IEEE Members&#039; Right to Ethical Support in Employee-Employer Professional/Ethical Disputes">First-Hand:Re-Establishing IEEE Members&#039; Right to Ethical Support in Employee-Employer Professional/Ethical Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/Wallace_Read" title="Wallace Read">Wallace Read</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Eberhardt_Rechtin" title="Oral-History:Eberhardt Rechtin">Oral-History:Eberhardt Rechtin</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_M._Reid" title="Oral-History:John M. Reid">Oral-History:John M. Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Carl_Rench" title="Oral-History:Carl Rench">Oral-History:Carl Rench</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Randal_Robertson" title="Oral-History:Randal Robertson">Oral-History:Randal Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Roland_Moreau" title="Oral-History:Roland Moreau">Oral-History:Roland Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ragnar_Rollefson" title="Oral-History:Ragnar Rollefson">Oral-History:Ragnar Rollefson</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Harold_Rosen" title="Oral-History:Harold Rosen">Oral-History:Harold Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Paul_Rosen" title="Oral-History:Paul Rosen">Oral-History:Paul Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Chandos_Rypinski" title="Oral-History:Chandos Rypinski">Oral-History:Chandos Rypinski</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>S</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Peter_Sandretto" title="Oral-History:Peter Sandretto">Oral-History:Peter Sandretto</a></li> <li><a href="/Mario_Roberto_Schaffner" title="Mario Roberto Schaffner">Mario Roberto Schaffner</a></li> <li><a href="/S._A._Schelkunoff" title="S. A. Schelkunoff">S. A. Schelkunoff</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Harold_Scherer" title="Oral-History:Harold Scherer">Oral-History:Harold Scherer</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Manfred_Schroeder" title="Oral-History:Manfred Schroeder">Oral-History:Manfred Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Catherine_Scott" title="Oral-History:Catherine Scott">Oral-History:Catherine Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/Tomy_Sebastian" title="Tomy Sebastian">Tomy Sebastian</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Samuel_Seely" title="Oral-History:Samuel Seely">Oral-History:Samuel Seely</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Trey_Shaffer" title="Oral-History:Trey Shaffer">Oral-History:Trey Shaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Edwin_Douglas_Ramsay_Shearman" title="Oral-History:Edwin Douglas Ramsay Shearman">Oral-History:Edwin Douglas Ramsay Shearman</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Chalmers_Sherwin" title="Oral-History:Chalmers Sherwin">Oral-History:Chalmers Sherwin</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ken%27ichi_Shinoda" title="Oral-History:Ken&#039;ichi Shinoda">Oral-History:Ken&#039;ichi Shinoda</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Sidelobe_Cancellers_and_the_Like" title="First-Hand:Sidelobe Cancellers and the Like">First-Hand:Sidelobe Cancellers and the Like</a></li> <li><a href="/S._Fred_Singer" title="S. Fred Singer">S. Fred Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Merrill_Skolnik" title="Oral-History:Merrill Skolnik">Oral-History:Merrill Skolnik</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Kenneth_F._Slater" title="Oral-History:Kenneth F. Slater">Oral-History:Kenneth F. Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:William_Smanko" title="Oral-History:William Smanko">Oral-History:William Smanko</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Philip_H._Smith" title="Oral-History:Philip H. Smith">Oral-History:Philip H. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/Philip_Smith" title="Philip Smith">Philip Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Jack_Spangler" title="Oral-History:Jack Spangler">Oral-History:Jack Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_Staehlin" title="Oral-History:John Staehlin">Oral-History:John Staehlin</a></li> <li><a href="/Chauncey_Starr" title="Chauncey Starr">Chauncey Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:H._Guyford_Stever" title="Oral-History:H. Guyford Stever">Oral-History:H. Guyford Stever</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Irving_Stokes" title="Oral-History:Irving Stokes">Oral-History:Irving Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/Archie_W._Straiton" title="Archie W. Straiton">Archie W. Straiton</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Virginia_Powell_Strong" title="Oral-History:Virginia Powell Strong">Oral-History:Virginia Powell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Guy_Suits" title="Oral-History:Guy Suits">Oral-History:Guy Suits</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Leo_Sullivan" title="Oral-History:Leo Sullivan">Oral-History:Leo Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/Antonin_Svoboda" title="Antonin Svoboda">Antonin Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/Synthetic_Aperture_Radar" title="Synthetic Aperture Radar">Synthetic Aperture Radar</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>T</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Gerald_F._Tape" title="Oral-History:Gerald F. Tape">Oral-History:Gerald F. Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Benjamin_R._Teare_Jr." title="Oral-History:Benjamin R. Teare Jr.">Oral-History:Benjamin R. Teare Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Telstar..._and_some_personal_recollections" title="First-Hand:Telstar... and some personal recollections">First-Hand:Telstar... and some personal recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Thaddeus_Massalski" title="Oral-History:Thaddeus Massalski">Oral-History:Thaddeus Massalski</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Helen_Thomas" title="Oral-History:Helen Thomas">Oral-History:Helen Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/Milestones:TIROS_I_Television_Infrared_Observation_Satellite,_1960" title="Milestones:TIROS I Television Infrared Observation Satellite, 1960">Milestones:TIROS I Television Infrared Observation Satellite, 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Charles_Townes_(1991)" title="Oral-History:Charles Townes (1991)">Oral-History:Charles Townes (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:From_Radar_Bombing_Systems_to_the_Maser:_Charles_Townes_as_Electrical_Engineer" title="Archives:From Radar Bombing Systems to the Maser: Charles Townes as Electrical Engineer">Archives:From Radar Bombing Systems to the Maser: Charles Townes as Electrical Engineer</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>U</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Fawwaz_T._Ulaby" title="Fawwaz T. Ulaby">Fawwaz T. Ulaby</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>V</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Gaspar_R._Valenzuela" title="Gaspar R. Valenzuela">Gaspar R. Valenzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:George_E._Valley" title="Oral-History:George E. Valley">Oral-History:George E. Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Gianmarco_Veruggio" title="Oral-History:Gianmarco Veruggio">Oral-History:Gianmarco Veruggio</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ben_Vester" title="Oral-History:Ben Vester">Oral-History:Ben Vester</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Oswald_Garrison_Villard" title="Oral-History:Oswald Garrison Villard">Oral-History:Oswald Garrison Villard</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>W</h3> <ul><li><a href="/James_R._Wait" title="James R. Wait">James R. Wait</a></li> <li><a href="/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/James_M._Watts" title="James M. Watts">James M. Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/Harold_D._Webb" title="Harold D. Webb">Harold D. Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ernst_Weber_(1988)" title="Oral-History:Ernst Weber (1988)">Oral-History:Ernst Weber (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ernst_Weber_(1991)" title="Oral-History:Ernst Weber (1991)">Oral-History:Ernst Weber (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Harold_Wheeler_(1991)" title="Oral-History:Harold Wheeler (1991)">Oral-History:Harold Wheeler (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_Whinnery" title="Oral-History:John Whinnery">Oral-History:John Whinnery</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Stanley_A._White" title="Oral-History:Stanley A. White">Oral-History:Stanley A. White</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Telle_Whitney" title="Oral-History:Telle Whitney">Oral-History:Telle Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/Jerome_B._Wiesner" title="Jerome B. Wiesner">Jerome B. Wiesner</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Jerome_Wiesner" title="Oral-History:Jerome Wiesner">Oral-History:Jerome Wiesner</a></li> <li><a href="/Robert_C._Winton" title="Robert C. Winton">Robert C. Winton</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Irving_Wolff" title="Oral-History:Irving Wolff">Oral-History:Irving Wolff</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div><div id="mw-category-media"> <h2>Media in category "Environment"</h2> <p>The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:40.5px auto;"><a href="/File:Environment_Yellow_Stone_National_Park_Environment_Preservation.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/f/f1/Environment_Yellow_Stone_National_Park_Environment_Preservation.jpg/120px-Environment_Yellow_Stone_National_Park_Environment_Preservation.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/f1/Environment_Yellow_Stone_National_Park_Environment_Preservation.jpg/180px-Environment_Yellow_Stone_National_Park_Environment_Preservation.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/f1/Environment_Yellow_Stone_National_Park_Environment_Preservation.jpg/240px-Environment_Yellow_Stone_National_Park_Environment_Preservation.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/File:Environment_Yellow_Stone_National_Park_Environment_Preservation.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Environment Yellow Stone National Park Environment Preservation.jpg">Environment Yellow Stone National Park Environment Preservation.jpg</a> 943 脳 545; 106 KB<br /> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/File:Nosich-cavmag2010.pdf" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-pdf.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/File:Nosich-cavmag2010.pdf" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Nosich-cavmag2010.pdf">Nosich-cavmag2010.pdf</a> ; 483 KB<br /> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:27px auto;"><a href="/File:SCR-268_radar_1113.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/6/6f/SCR-268_radar_1113.jpg/120px-SCR-268_radar_1113.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" srcset="/w/images/thumb/6/6f/SCR-268_radar_1113.jpg/180px-SCR-268_radar_1113.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/6/6f/SCR-268_radar_1113.jpg/240px-SCR-268_radar_1113.jpg 2x" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/File:SCR-268_radar_1113.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:SCR-268 radar 1113.jpg">SCR-268 radar 1113.jpg</a> 600 脳 480; 51 KB<br /> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div></div></div><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Environment&amp;oldid=193858">https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Environment&amp;oldid=193858</a>"</div> <!-- end body text --> <!-- data blocks which should go somewhere after the body text, but not before the catlinks block--> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <p><div id="banner-slideshow"><!-- --><a href="https://www.aiaa.org/SciTech" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-1" style="display: none;"></a><!-- --><a href="https://www.smeannualconference.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-2" style="display: none;"></a><!-- --><!-- --><a href="https://bit.ly/3GTH9SQ" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-3" style="display: none;"></a><!-- --><a href="https://bit.ly/45a0SIe" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-4" style="display: none;"></a><!-- --><a href="https://bit.ly/3Whz2Wf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-5" style="display: none;"></a> <!-- --><a href="https://bit.ly/3DCinEw" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-6" style="display: none;"></a> <!-- --><a href="https://2024.otcnet.org/register" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-7" style="display: none;"></a> <!-- --></div><!-- --><script> var slideshow = document.querySelector('#banner-slideshow'); var ads = slideshow.querySelectorAll('.banner-slideshow--ad'); var selectedAd = ads[Math.floor(Math.random()*ads.length)]; selectedAd.classList.add('banner-slideshow--ad--visible'); </script><!-- --><style> #banner-slideshow { margin: 25px auto; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-1 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/9/9e/Aiaa_banner.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 856px; height: 104px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-2 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/6/63/MX23_Reach_Local_728x90.png) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 728px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-3 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/b/be/ASME_ETHWbanner_728x90_1c.png) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 728px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-4 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/0/0b/ASME_ETHW_ad_720x90_May_1_V1.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 720px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-5 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/d/d1/ASME_ETHW_ad_720x90_May_2_V1.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 720px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-6 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/9/90/ASME_ETHW_Climate_Ad_01.png) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 720px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad-7 { background: url(https://ethw.org/w/images/1/18/8._2947_-_JPT_Digital_Adverts_-_970x90_-_150dpi.jpg) 0 0 no-repeat; width: 968px; height: 90px; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad { display: block; margin: 0 auto; } #banner-slideshow .banner-slideshow--ad--visible { display: block !important; } </style> </p> </div> </div> <!-- category links --> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-2 mt-4 container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <!-- navigation bar --> <nav class="p-navbar not-collapsible small mb-2" role="navigation" id="mw-navigation-hw0sxx6p5i"> <div class="navbar-nav"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <!-- footer links --> <div id="footer-info" class="footer-info"> <!-- info --> <div> This page was last edited on 17 August 2022, at 11:14.</div> </div> <!-- places --> <div id="footer-places" class="footer-places"> <div><a href="/ETHW:About">About ETHW</a></div> <div><a href="/ETHW:Policies">Policies and disclaimers</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="col"> <!-- footer icons --> <div id="footer-icons" class="justify-content-end footer-icons"> <!-- poweredby --> <div><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" target="_blank"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></div> <div><a href="https://www.semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/Semantic_MediaWiki" target="_blank"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Powered by Semantic MediaWiki" class="smw-footer" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-9873239KM5" async=""></script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-9873239KM5', {}); </script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.001","walltime":"0.001","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":151,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"timestamp":"20241127065642","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":141});});</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10