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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">David Livingstone</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:David_Livingstone" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named David Livingstone, see <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="David Livingstone (disambiguation)">David Livingstone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> David Livingstone <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society">FRGS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɪvɪŋstən/</a>; 19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish physician, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a>, pioneer Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/List_of_explorers" title="List of explorers">explorer</a> in Africa. Livingstone was married to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Moffat_Livingstone" title="Mary Moffat Livingstone">Mary Moffat Livingstone</a>, from the prominent 18th-century Moffat missionary family.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Livingstone came to have a mythic status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> missionary martyr, working-class "<a href="/wiki/Rags-to-riches" class="mw-redirect" title="Rags-to-riches">rags-to-riches</a>" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of British commercial and colonial expansion. As a result, Livingstone became one of the most popular British heroes of the late 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>. <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">David Livingstone</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society">FRGS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg/330px-David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg/440px-David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2347"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Livingstone in 1864</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1813-03-19)19 March 1813 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Blantyre, South Lanarkshire">Blantyre, South Lanarkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1873(1873-05-01) (aged 60)<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2014-1">[1]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Memorial" title="Livingstone Memorial">Chief Chitambo's Village</a>, Kingdom of Kazembe (today <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Zambia" title="Northern Province, Zambia">Northern Province, Zambia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=David_Livingstone&params=51.499444_N_0.1275_W_">51°29′58″N 0°07′39″W / 51.499444°N 0.1275°W / 51.499444; -0.1275</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Proselytizing Christianity, exploration of Africa, and meeting with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Stanley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Moffat_Livingstone" title="Mary Moffat Livingstone">Mary Moffat</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1845; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1862)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstone,_signature2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/David_Livingstone%2C_signature2.jpg/150px-David_Livingstone%2C_signature2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/David_Livingstone%2C_signature2.jpg/225px-David_Livingstone%2C_signature2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/David_Livingstone%2C_signature2.jpg/300px-David_Livingstone%2C_signature2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="143"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Livingstone's fame as an explorer and his obsession with learning the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> was founded on the belief that if he could solve that age-old mystery, his fame would give him the influence to end the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">East African Arab–Swahili slave trade</a>. "The Nile sources", he told a friend, "are valuable only as a means of opening my mouth with power among men. It is this power [with] which I hope to remedy an immense evil."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal2013289-4">[4]</a> His subsequent exploration of the central African watershed was the culmination of the classic period of European geographical <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">discovery and colonial penetration of Africa</a>. At the same time, his missionary travels, "disappearance", and eventual death in Africa‍—‌and subsequent glorification as a posthumous national hero in 1874‍—‌led to the founding of several major central African Christian missionary initiatives carried forward in the era of the European "<a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Education">2 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Vision_for_Africa">3 Vision for Africa</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mission_stations">3.1 Mission stations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Exploration_of_southern_and_central_Africa">4 Exploration of southern and central Africa</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Author_and_campaigner">4.1 Author and campaigner</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Zambezi_expedition">4.2 Zambezi expedition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_Nile">4.3 The Nile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geographical_discoveries">4.4 Geographical discoveries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Stanley_meeting">5 Stanley meeting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Christianity_and_Sechele">6 Christianity and Sechele</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Death">7 Death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Livingstone_and_slavery">8 Livingstone and slavery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Legacy">9 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Family_life">10 Family life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Archives">11 Archives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Place_names_and_other_memorials">12 Place names and other memorials</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Africa">12.1 Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Asia">12.2 Asia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Europe">12.3 Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#North_America">12.4 North America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#South_America">12.5 South America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Banknotes">12.6 Banknotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Science">12.7 Science</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Portrayal_in_film_and_books">13 Portrayal in film and books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#In_popular_culture">14 In popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#See_also">15 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References">16 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Notes">16.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Citations">16.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Sources_and_further_reading">16.3 Sources and further reading</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birthplace_of_david_livingstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Birthplace_of_david_livingstone.jpg/220px-Birthplace_of_david_livingstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Birthplace_of_david_livingstone.jpg/220px-Birthplace_of_david_livingstone.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Birthplace_of_david_livingstone.jpg/330px-Birthplace_of_david_livingstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Birthplace_of_david_livingstone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Livingstone's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Blantyre, South Lanarkshire">Blantyre, South Lanarkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a>, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstones_birthplace_(geograph_4530192).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/David_Livingstones_birthplace_%28geograph_4530192%29.jpg/220px-David_Livingstones_birthplace_%28geograph_4530192%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/David_Livingstones_birthplace_%28geograph_4530192%29.jpg/220px-David_Livingstones_birthplace_%28geograph_4530192%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/David_Livingstones_birthplace_%28geograph_4530192%29.jpg/330px-David_Livingstones_birthplace_%28geograph_4530192%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/David_Livingstones_birthplace_%28geograph_4530192%29.jpg/440px-David_Livingstones_birthplace_%28geograph_4530192%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>David Livingstone's birthplace, with period furnishings</figcaption></figure> Livingstone was born on 19 March 1813 in the mill town of <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Blantyre, South Lanarkshire">Blantyre</a>, Scotland, in a <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenement</a> building for the workers of a cotton factory on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">River Clyde</a> under the bridge crossing into <a href="/wiki/Bothwell" title="Bothwell">Bothwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He was the second of seven children born to Neil Livingstone (1788–1856) and his wife Agnes (<a href="/wiki/Maiden_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiden name">née</a> Hunter; 1782–1865). David was employed at the age of ten in the cotton mill of Henry Monteith & Co. in <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Blantyre, South Lanarkshire">Blantyre Works</a>. He and his brother John worked 14-hour days as <a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule#Duties_of_the_operatives" title="Spinning mule">piecers</a>, tying broken cotton threads on the spinning machines. Neil Livingstone was a <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a> teacher and <a href="/wiki/Teetotaller" class="mw-redirect" title="Teetotaller">teetotaller</a> who handed out Christian tracts on his travels as a door-to-door tea salesman. He read books on theology, travel, and missionary enterprises extensively. This rubbed off on the young David, who became an avid reader, but he also loved scouring the countryside for animal, plant, and geological specimens in local limestone quarries. Neil feared that science books were undermining Christianity and attempted to force his son to read nothing but theology, but David's deep interest in nature and science led him to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">relationship between religion and science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss20026-7">[7]</a> In 1832, he read Philosophy of a Future State, written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dick_(scientist)" title="Thomas Dick (scientist)">Thomas Dick</a>, and he found the rationale that he needed to reconcile faith and science and, apart from the Bible, this book was perhaps his greatest philosophical influence.<a href="#cite_note-Blaikie-8">[8]</a> Other significant influences in his early life were Thomas Burke, a Blantyre <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelist</a>, and David Hogg, his Sunday school teacher.<a href="#cite_note-Blaikie-8">[8]</a> At age fifteen, David left the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> for a local <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational church</a>, influenced by preachers like <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wardlaw" title="Ralph Wardlaw">Ralph Wardlaw</a>, who denied <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestinarian</a> limitations on salvation. Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revivalistic</a> teachings in the United States, Livingstone entirely accepted the proposition put by Charles Finney, Professor of Theology at Oberlin College, Ohio, that "the Holy Spirit is open to all who ask it". For Livingstone, this meant a release from the fear of eternal damnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal201313-9">[9]</a> Livingstone's reading of missionary <a href="/wiki/Karl_G%C3%BCtzlaff" title="Karl Gützlaff">Karl Gützlaff</a>'s Appeal to the Churches of Britain and America on behalf of China enabled him to persuade his father that medical study could advance religious ends.<a href="#cite_note-Vetch-10">[10]</a> Livingstone's experiences in H. Monteith's Blantyre cotton mill were also important from ages 10 to 26, first as a piecer and later as a <a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule#Duties_of_the_operatives" title="Spinning mule">spinner</a>. This monotonous work was necessary to support his impoverished family, but it taught him persistence, endurance, and a natural empathy with all who labour, as expressed by lines that he used to hum from the egalitarian <a href="/wiki/A_Man%27s_A_Man_for_A%27_That" class="mw-redirect" title="A Man's A Man for A' That">Robert Burns song</a>: "When man to man, the world o'er/Shall brothers be for a' that".<a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Livingstone attended Blantyre village school, along with the few other mill children with the endurance to do so despite their 14-hour workday (6 am–8 pm). Having a family with a strong, continuing commitment to study reinforced his education. At the age of 21, he was excited by a pamphlet his father got from the church setting out <a href="/wiki/Karl_G%C3%BCtzlaff" title="Karl Gützlaff">Gützlaff's</a> call for missionaries to China, with the new concept that missionaries should be trained as medical doctors. His father was persuaded and, like many other students in Scotland, Livingstone was to support himself, with the agreement of the mill management, by working at his old job from Easter to October, outwith term time. He joined <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Anderson's University</a>, Glasgow, in 1836, studying medicine and chemistry, as well as attending theology lectures by the anti-slavery campaigner Richard Wardlaw at the Congregational Church College, where he may also have studied <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss20029%E2%80%9312-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> To enter medical school, he needed some knowledge of Latin, and was tutored by a local Roman Catholic man, Daniel Gallagher (later a priest, founder of St Simon's, <a href="/wiki/Partick" title="Partick">Partick</a>).<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Livingstone worked hard, got a good grounding in science and medicine, and made lifelong friends including <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Buchanan_(surgeon)" title="Andrew Buchanan (surgeon)">Andrew Buchanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Young_(chemist)" title="James Young (chemist)">James Young</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200213%E2%80%9314-16">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> (LMS) was at the time the major organisation in the country for missionary work, and unlike others was open to <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>. He applied to the LMS in October 1837, and in January was sent questions which he answered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200216-17">[16]</a> He got no reply until invited to two interviews in August 1838. He was then accepted as a probationary candidate, and given initial training at <a href="/wiki/Ongar,_Essex" title="Ongar, Essex">Ongar, Essex</a>, as the introduction to studies to become a minister within the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Union_of_England_and_Wales" title="Congregational Union of England and Wales">Congregational Union</a> serving under the LMS, rather than the more basic course for an <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a> missionary. At Ongar, he and six other students had tuition in Greek, Latin, Hebrew and theology from the Reverend Richard Cecil, who in January 1839 assessed that, despite "heaviness of manner" and "rusticity", Livingstone had "sense and quiet vigour", good temper and substantial character "so I do not like the thought of him being rejected." A month later, he still thought Livingstone "hardly ready" to go on to theological studies at <a href="/wiki/Cheshunt_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheshunt College">Cheshunt College</a>, and "worthy but remote from brilliant".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal2013%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidHcDR7nTiVAYCpgPA18_18%E2%80%9319%5D-18">[17]</a> In June 1839 the LMS directors accepted Livingstone, and agreed to his request to continue studying with Cecil at Ongar until the end of the year, then have LMS support for medical studies in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200219%E2%80%9320-19">[18]</a> To gain necessary clinical training he continued his medical studies at the <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Hospital_Medical_School" title="Charing Cross Hospital Medical School">Charing Cross Hospital Medical School</a>, with his courses covering medical practice, midwifery, and botany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200219%E2%80%9320-19">[18]</a> He qualified as a licentiate of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow">Faculty (now Royal College) of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow</a> on 16 November 1840 (in 1857 he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Faculty).<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> On 20 November 1840 Livingstone was <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> a <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a> of the church, as was another missionary to South Africa, William Ross, in a service at the <a href="/wiki/Albion_Chapel" title="Albion Chapel">Albion Chapel</a>, Finsbury. The ordination service was conducted by Cecil and J. J. Freeman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200220-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Vision_for_Africa">Vision for Africa</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vision for Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_of_Landeens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dance_of_Landeens.jpg/220px-Dance_of_Landeens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="758"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dance_of_Landeens.jpg/220px-Dance_of_Landeens.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dance_of_Landeens.jpg/330px-Dance_of_Landeens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dance_of_Landeens.jpg/440px-Dance_of_Landeens.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> dance, at <a href="/wiki/Chupanga" title="Chupanga">Shupanga</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Zambesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambesi">Zambesi</a>, to collect tribute from Portuguese merchants</figcaption></figure> Though Livingstone had responded to <a href="/wiki/Karl_G%C3%BCtzlaff" title="Karl Gützlaff">Gützlaff's</a> call for missionaries to China, the looming <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> made the LMS directors cautious about sending recruits there. When he asked to extend his probationary training at Ongar, Cecil told him of their wish that he should be employed in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> "in preference to South Africa". On 2 July 1839 he wrote to the LMS directors that the West Indies was by then well served by doctors, and he had always been attracted to other parts of the world rather than a settled <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastorate</a>. With LMS agreement, he continued to get theological tuition from Cecil until the end of the year, then resumed medical studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200219%E2%80%9320-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> On beginning his clinical training in January 1840, he returned to Mrs. Sewell's missionary <a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">boarding house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aldersgate" title="Aldersgate">Aldersgate</a>, where he had stayed previously when in London.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200219%E2%80%9320-19">[18]</a> Others staying there were visited occasionally by the missionary <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moffat_(missionary)" title="Robert Moffat (missionary)">Robert Moffat</a>, who was then in England with his family to publicise the work of his LMS mission at <a href="/wiki/Kuruman" title="Kuruman">Kuruman</a> in South Africa. Livingstone questioned him repeatedly about Africa, and as Moffat later recalled; "By and by he asked me whether I thought he would do for Africa. I said I believed he would, if he would not go to an old station, but would advance to unoccupied ground, specifying the vast plain to the north, where I had sometimes seen, in the morning sun, the smoke of a thousand villages, where no missionary had ever been."<a href="#cite_note-Blaikie-8">[8]</a> He was excited by Moffat's vision of expanding missionary work to the north of <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechuanaland">Bechuanaland</a>, and by the hotly debated topic of Christianity and commerce. The LMS missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_(missionary)" title="John Philip (missionary)">John Philip</a>, after discussion with the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fowell_Buxton" title="Fowell Buxton">Fowell Buxton</a>, published Researches in South Africa in 1828, proposing that Christianity would always bring "civilisation" including <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free-produce_movement" title="Free-produce movement">free labour</a>. This argument was reinforced for Livingstone when he attended the <a href="/wiki/Niger_expedition_of_1841#Meeting_of_1_June_1840" title="Niger expedition of 1841">Exeter Hall meeting of 1 June 1840</a> where Buxton powerfully made the case that the African slave trade would be ended if chiefs, instead of having to sell slaves, could obtain desired European goods through "legitimate trade", its effect augmented by Christian missions preaching the gospel and introducing school education.<a href="#cite_note-Vetch-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200224%E2%80%9325-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_stations">Mission stations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mission stations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Livingstone left London on 17 November 1840, passenger on a sailing <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> bound for the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, along with two other LMS missionaries: Ross, who had been <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> at the same service as him, and Ross's wife. During the long voyage he studied Dutch and <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana language</a>, and the captain gave him extensive tuition in navigation. At <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, unlike the other two, he ventured ashore and was impressed by <a href="/wiki/Candel%C3%A1ria_Church" title="Candelária Church">the cathedral</a> and scenery, but not by drunkenness of British and American sailors so he gave them <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">tracts</a> in a dockside bar. On 15 March 1841 the ship arrived at <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simon's Bay</a>, and for a month while it unloaded and loaded, the three stayed at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> with Mr and Mrs <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_(missionary)" title="John Philip (missionary)">Philip</a>. As resident director of the LMS, Philip had continued their policy that all people were equal before God and in law, leading to disputes with <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">British settlers</a> as Philip held that <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa people</a> were not to blame for the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> over extending the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>. Missionary factions disagreed over this, and over his emphasis on missionary work among <a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griqua people</a> of the colony, while others like Moffatt wanted more focus on new areas. There were also tensions between <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a> missionaries engaged for lay expertise, and ordained missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200225,_33%E2%80%9336,_37%E2%80%9340-25">[24]</a> The ship took Livingstone and the Rosses on to <a href="/wiki/Algoa_Bay" title="Algoa Bay">Algoa Bay</a>, from 19 May to 31 July they were on the long trek by <a href="/wiki/Ox-wagon" title="Ox-wagon">ox-cart</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kuruman_Moffat_Mission" title="Kuruman Moffat Mission">Kuruman Mission</a>. The Moffats had not yet returned from Britain, and he immersed himself in Tswana life. From September to late December he trekked 750 miles (1,210 km) with the artisan missionary Roger Edwards, who had been at Kuruman since 1830 and had been told by Moffat to investigate potential for a new station. They visited and discussed the area called Mabotsa, Botswana,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200239%E2%80%9343-26">[25]</a> near <a href="/wiki/Zeerust" title="Zeerust">Zeerust</a>, North West Province, South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In 1842 Livingstone went on two treks with African companions, the principals were mission members Paul and Mebalwe, a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>. In June 1843, Edwards got LMS approval to set up a mission station with his wife at Mabotsa. Livingstone moved there by agreement, and joined them in the physical work of building facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200243%E2%80%9345-28">[27]</a> He wrote to tell LMS secretary Arthur Tidman, saying he would be delighted to call Mabotsa "the centre of the sphere of my labours", but would try to hold himself "in readiness to go anywhere, provided it be forward".<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The Moffats, accompanied by two new missionary families, reached the <a href="/wiki/Vaal_River" title="Vaal River">Vaal River</a> in January 1844, Livingstone rode out to meet them there, then sat in the Moffats' ox-cart talking with Robert for hours during the seventeen or eighteen days it took to get home to Kuruman. For the first time, he met their daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_Moffat_Livingstone" title="Mary Moffat Livingstone">Mary</a>, who had been born and brought up in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200244%E2%80%9346,_49-30">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg/290px-David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="2340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg/290px-David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg/435px-David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg/580px-David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deacon Mebalwe shooting, distracting the lion which had overpowered Livingstone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingstone_and_the_Lion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Livingstone_and_the_Lion.jpg/290px-Livingstone_and_the_Lion.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3706" data-file-height="1855"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Livingstone_and_the_Lion.jpg/290px-Livingstone_and_the_Lion.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Livingstone_and_the_Lion.jpg/435px-Livingstone_and_the_Lion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Livingstone_and_the_Lion.jpg/580px-Livingstone_and_the_Lion.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Livingstone Memorial Sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Blantyre, South Lanarkshire">Blantyre</a>, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lions</a> often attacked the herds of the Mabotsa villagers, and on 16 February, Mebalwe and Livingstone joined them defending sheep.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Livingstone got a clear shot at a large lion, but while he was re-loading it attacked, crushing his left arm, and forced him to the ground. His life was saved by Mebalwe diverting its attention by trying to shoot the lion. He too got bitten. A man who tried spearing it was attacked just before it dropped dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1857%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201533342pagen28_11%E2%80%9313%5D-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Livingstone's broken bone, even though inexpertly set by himself and Edwards, bonded strongly. He went for recuperation to Kuruman, where he was tended by Moffat's daughter Mary, and they became engaged. His arm healed, enabling him to shoot and lift heavy weights, though it remained a source of much suffering for the rest of his life, and he was not able to lift the arm higher than his shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-Blaikie-8">[8]</a> Livingstone and Mary were married on 9 January 1845.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Livingstone was obliged to leave his first mission at Mabotsa in Botswana in 1845 after irreconcilable differences emerged between him and his fellow missionary, Rogers Edwards, and because the Bakgatla were proving indifferent to the Gospel. He abandoned Chonuane, his next mission, in 1847 because of drought and the proximity of the Boers and his desire "to move on to the regions beyond".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal201365,_73%E2%80%9374-35">[34]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Kolobeng_Mission" title="Kolobeng Mission">Kolobeng Mission</a> Livingstone converted <a href="/wiki/Sechele_I" title="Sechele I">Chief Sechele</a> in 1849 after two years of patient persuasion. Only a few months later Sechele lapsed.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Exploration_of_southern_and_central_Africa">Exploration of southern and central Africa</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exploration of southern and central Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_livingstone_travels_africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_livingstone_travels_africa.jpg/330px-Map_livingstone_travels_africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="2271"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_livingstone_travels_africa.jpg/330px-Map_livingstone_travels_africa.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_livingstone_travels_africa.jpg/495px-Map_livingstone_travels_africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_livingstone_travels_africa.jpg/660px-Map_livingstone_travels_africa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The journeys of Livingstone in Africa between 1851 and 1873</figcaption></figure> To improve his <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana language</a> skills and find locations to set up mission stations, Livingstone made journeys far to the north of Kolobeng with <a href="/wiki/William_Cotton_Oswell" title="William Cotton Oswell">William Cotton Oswell</a>. In 1849 they crossed the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a> and reached <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ngami" title="Lake Ngami">Lake Ngami</a>. In 1850, he was recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> which presented him a <a href="/wiki/Chronometer_watch" title="Chronometer watch">chronometer watch</a> for 'his journey to the great lake of Ngami'.<a href="#cite_note-RGS-37">[36]</a> He heard of a river which could potentially become a "Highway" to the coast, and in August 1851 they reached the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> which he hoped would be a "key to the Interior".<a href="#cite_note-Wisnicki_2015-38">[37]</a> In 1852, after sending his family to Britain, Livingstone travelled north to the village of Linyanti on the Zambezi river, located roughly midway between the east and west coast of the continent, where <a href="/wiki/Sekeletu" title="Sekeletu">Sekeletu</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Kololo_people" title="Kololo people">Kololo</a>, granted Livingstone authority as a <a href="/wiki/InDuna" title="InDuna">nduna</a> to lead a joint investigation of trade routes to the coast, with 27 Kololo warriors acting as interpreters and guides. They reached the Portuguese city of <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> on the Atlantic in May 1854 after profound difficulties and the near-death of Livingstone from fever. Livingstone realized the route would be too difficult for future traders, so he retraced the journey back to Linyanti. Then with 114 Kololo men, loaned by the same chief, he set off east down the Zambezi. On this leg he became the first European to see the Mosi-oa-Tunya ("the smoke that thunders") waterfall, which he named <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Falls, Zambia">Victoria Falls</a> after <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a>. Eventually he successfully reached <a href="/wiki/Quelimane" title="Quelimane">Quelimane</a> on the Indian Ocean, having mapped most of the course of the Zambezi river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal2013126,_147%E2%80%93148-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wisnicki_2015-38">[37]</a> For this, Livingstone became famous as the first European to cross south-central Africa at that <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and was hailed as having "opened up" Africa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal2013126,_147%E2%80%938-40">[39]</a> but there was already a long-established trans-regional network of trade routes.<a href="#cite_note-Wisnicki_2015-38">[37]</a> Portuguese traders had penetrated to the middle of the continent from both sides, in 1853–1854 two Arab traders crossed the continent from <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Benguela" title="Benguela">Benguela</a>, and around 1800 two native traders crossed from Angola to Mozambique.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal1973b159-41">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preaching_from_a_Waggon_(David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/260px-Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/260px-Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/390px-Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/520px-Preaching_from_a_Waggon_%28David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Livingstone preaching the gospel to unconverted Africans. Like other missionaries of the era he had a low success rate and is credited with a single conversion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal1973b-42">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> Livingstone advocated the establishment of trade and religious missions in central Africa, but abolition of the <a href="/wiki/African_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="African slave trade">African slave trade</a>, as carried out by the Portuguese of <a href="/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique" title="Tete, Mozambique">Tete</a> and the Arab Swahili of <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa</a>, became his primary goal. His motto—now inscribed on his statue at Victoria Falls—was "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Christianity, Commerce and Civilization", a combination that he hoped would form an alternative to the slave trade, and impart dignity to the Africans in the eyes of Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Tomkins_2013a-43">[42]</a> He believed that the key to achieving these goals was the navigation of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a> as a Christian commercial highway into the interior.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author_and_campaigner">Author and campaigner</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Author and campaigner" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> He returned to Britain in December 1856. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> awarded him their <a href="/wiki/Patron%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron's Medal">Patron's Medal</a> in 1855 for his explorations in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-RGS-37">[36]</a> Encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>, he wrote up his journal, but unconventionally had his Missionary Travels published in 1857 by <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>, making it a bestselling travelogue. The book included his field science and exceptionally sympathetic descriptions of African people. He proposed that missions and "legitimate commerce" by river into central Africa would end slave trading.<a href="#cite_note-Wisnicki_2015-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1857%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201533342pagen122_92%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201533342pagen740_679%E2%80%93680,_683%5D-45">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gang_of_Captives_at_Mbame%E2%80%99s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gang_of_Captives_at_Mbame%E2%80%99s.jpg/290px-Gang_of_Captives_at_Mbame%E2%80%99s.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="745"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gang_of_Captives_at_Mbame%E2%80%99s.jpg/290px-Gang_of_Captives_at_Mbame%E2%80%99s.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gang_of_Captives_at_Mbame%E2%80%99s.jpg/435px-Gang_of_Captives_at_Mbame%E2%80%99s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gang_of_Captives_at_Mbame%E2%80%99s.jpg/580px-Gang_of_Captives_at_Mbame%E2%80%99s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Slave traders and their captives bound in chains and collared with 'taming sticks'. From Livingstone's Narrative</figcaption></figure> Livingstone was encouraged by the response in Britain to his discoveries and support for future expeditions. He proposed to do more exploration, primarily to find routes for commercial trade which he believed would displace slave trade routes, more so than for solely missionary work. The London Missionary Society (LMS) on learning of his plans sent a letter which Livingstone received at Quelimane, congratulating him on his journey but said that the directors were "restricted in their power of aiding plans connected only remotely with the spread of the Gospel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal2013156-46">[45]</a> This brusque rejection for new mission stations north of the Zambezi and his wider object of opening the interior for trade via the Zambezi, was not enough to make him resign from the LMS at once. When <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a>, president of the Royal Geographical Society, put him in touch with the foreign secretary, Livingstone said nothing to the LMS directors, even when his leadership of a government expedition to the Zambezi seemed increasingly likely to be funded by the exchequer. "I am not yet fairly on with the Government," he told a friend, "but am nearly quite off with the Society (LMS)." Livingstone resigned from the London Missionary Society in 1857, and in May of that year he was appointed as her majesty's consul with a roving commission, extending through Mozambique to the areas west of it.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In February 1858 his area of jurisdiction was stipulated to be "the Eastern Coast of Africa and the independent districts in the interior".<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> While he negotiated with the government for his new position as consul, the LMS thought that he would return to Africa with their mission to the Kololo in <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a>, which Livingstone had promoted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal2013169%E2%80%93171,_189-49">[48]</a> That mission eventually suffered deaths from malaria of a missionary, his wife, a second missionary's wife, and three children. Livingstone had suffered over thirty attacks during his previous journey but had understated his suffering and overstated the quality of the land they would find, and the missionaries set out for the marshy region with wholly inadequate supplies of quinine. Biographer Tim Jeal considered this episode a major failing for Livingstone, and indicative of a pattern of putting his goals and career above the lives of those around him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal2013159,_176%E2%80%93185-50">[49]</a> Livingstone was now a celebrity, in great demand as a public speaker, and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. He gained public backing for his plans, and raised finances for his next expedition by public subscription, as well as £5,000 from the government to investigate the potential for British trade via the Zambezi.<a href="#cite_note-Wisnicki_2015-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zambezi_expedition">Zambezi expedition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zambezi expedition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In December 1857 the <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a> proposed a huge expedition. Livingstone had envisaged another solo journey with African helpers, in January 1858 he agreed to lead a <a href="/wiki/Second_Zambezi_expedition" title="Second Zambezi expedition">second Zambezi expedition</a> with six specialist officers, hurriedly recruited in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Wisnicki_2015-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2002126%E2%80%93132-51">[50]</a> The prefabricated iron river steamer Ma Robert was quickly built in portable sections, and loaded onto the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> steamer Pearl, which took them out on its way to Ceylon. They left on 10 March, at <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> collected twelve <a href="/wiki/Krumen_people#Seafaring" title="Krumen people">Kru seafarers</a> to man the river steamer, and reached the Zambezi on 14 May. The plan was for both ships to take them up the river to establish bases, but it turned out to be completely impassable to boats past the <a href="/wiki/Cahora_Bassa" title="Cahora Bassa">Cahora Bassa</a> rapids, a series of <a href="/wiki/Waterfall#Types_of_waterfalls" title="Waterfall">cataracts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a> that Livingstone had failed to explore on his earlier travels. Pearl offloaded their supplies on an island about 40 miles (64 km) upstream. From there, Ma Robert had to make repeated slow journeys, getting hauled across shoals. The riverbanks were a war zone, with Portuguese soldiers and their slaves fighting the <a href="/wiki/Chikunda#The_Zambezi_wars" title="Chikunda">Chikunda</a> slave-hunters of Matakenya (Mariano), but both sides accepted the expedition as friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2002129%E2%80%93138-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG/290px-MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG/290px-MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG" data-width="290" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG/435px-MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG/580px-MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The grave of Livingstone’s wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Moffat_Livingstone" title="Mary Moffat Livingstone">Mary Moffat Livingstone</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Chupanga" title="Chupanga">Chupanga</a>, Mozambique. She died in 1862.</figcaption></figure> The experts, stuck at Shupanga, could not make the intended progress, and there were disagreements. Artist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baines" title="Thomas Baines">Thomas Baines</a> was dismissed from the expedition. Others on the expedition became the first to reach <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Nyasa</a> and they explored it in a four-oared <a href="/wiki/Captain%27s_gig" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain's gig">gig</a>. In 1861 the Colonial Office provided a new wooden paddle survey vessel, Pioneer, which took the <a href="/wiki/Universities%27_Mission_to_Central_Africa" title="Universities' Mission to Central Africa">Universities' Mission to Central Africa</a> (UMCA) led by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackenzie_(bishop)" title="Charles Mackenzie (bishop)">Charles MacKenzie</a> up the Shire river to found a new mission. Livingstone raised funds for a replacement river steamer, Lady Nyasa, specially designed to sail on Lake Nyasa. It was shipped out in sections, contrary to his request, with a mission party including Mary Livingstone, and arrived in 1862. The Pioneer was delayed getting down to the coast to meet them, and there were further delays after it was found that the bishop had died. Mary Livingstone died on 27 April 1862 from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. Livingstone took Pioneer up the coast and investigated the <a href="/wiki/Ruvuma_River" title="Ruvuma River">Ruvuma River</a>, and the physician <a href="/wiki/John_Kirk_(explorer)" title="John Kirk (explorer)">John Kirk</a> wrote "I can come to no other conclusion than that Dr Livingstone is out of his mind and a most unsafe leader". When Pioneer returned to Shupanga in December 1862, they paid (in cloth) their "Mazaro men" who left and engaged replacements. On 10 January 1863 they set off, towing Lady Nyasa, and went up the Shire river past scenes of devastation as Mariano's Chikunda slave-hunts caused famine, and they frequently had to clear the paddle wheels of corpses left floating downstream. They reached <a href="/wiki/Chikwawa" title="Chikwawa">Chibisa's</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kapachira_Falls" title="Kapachira Falls">Murchison Cataracts</a> in April, then began dismantling Lady Nyasa and building a road to take its sections past the cataracts, while explorations continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneLivingstone1866%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnarrativeanexpe03livigoogpagen509mode2up_472%E2%80%93475%5D-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2002180%E2%80%93182-55">[54]</a> He brought the ships downriver in 1864 after the government ordered the recall of the expedition. The Zambezi Expedition was castigated as a failure in many newspapers of the time, and Livingstone experienced great difficulty in raising funds to further explore Africa. John Kirk, Charles Meller, and Richard Thornton, scientists appointed to work under Livingstone, contributed large collections of botanical, ecological, geological, and ethnographic material to scientific Institutions in the United Kingdom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nile">The Nile</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Nile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In January 1866, Livingstone returned to Africa, this time to <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, and from there he set out to seek the source of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a> had identified either <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Lake Albert</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> as the source (which was partially correct, as the Nile "bubbles from the ground high in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> halfway between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDugard2012384-56">[55]</a>), but there was still serious debate on the matter. Livingstone believed that the source was farther south and assembled a team to find it consisting of freed slaves, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> Islanders, twelve <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoys</a>, and two servants from his previous expedition, <a href="/wiki/Chuma_and_Susi" title="Chuma and Susi">Chuma and Susi</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingstone_House,_Mikindani,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/290px-Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/290px-Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG" data-width="290" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/435px-Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/580px-Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>This house in Mikindani in southern Tanzania was the starting point for Livingstone's last expedition. He stayed here from 24 March to 7 April 1866.</figcaption></figure> Livingstone set out from the mouth of the Ruvuma river, but his assistants gradually began deserting him. The Comoros Islanders had returned to Zanzibar and (falsely) informed authorities that Livingstone had died. He reached <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> on 6 August, by which time most of his supplies had been stolen, including all his medicines. Livingstone then travelled through swamps in the direction of Lake Tanganyika, with his health declining. He sent a message to Zanzibar requesting that supplies be sent to <a href="/wiki/Ujiji" title="Ujiji">Ujiji</a> and he then headed west, forced by ill health to travel with slave traders. He arrived at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mweru" title="Lake Mweru">Lake Mweru</a> on 8 November 1867 and continued on, travelling south to become the first European to see <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bangweulu" title="Lake Bangweulu">Lake Bangweulu</a>. Upon finding the <a href="/wiki/Lualaba_River" title="Lualaba River">Lualaba River</a>, Livingstone theorised that it could have been the high part of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>; but realised that it in fact flowed into the <a href="/wiki/River_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="River Congo">River Congo</a> at <a href="/wiki/River_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="River Congo">Upper Congo Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The year 1869 began with Livingstone finding himself extremely ill while in the jungle. He was saved by Arab traders who gave him medicines and carried him to an Arab outpost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1874-58">[57]</a> In March 1869, Livingstone suffered from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and arrived in Ujiji to find his supplies stolen. He was coming down with <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and had <a href="/wiki/Tropical_ulcer" title="Tropical ulcer">tropical ulcers</a> on his feet, so he was again forced to rely on slave traders to get him as far as Bambara—where he was caught by the wet season. With no supplies, Livingstone had to eat his meals in a roped-off enclosure for the entertainment of the locals in return for food.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 15 July 1871,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Livingstone recorded in his field diary his immediate impressions as he witnessed around 400 Africans being massacred by Arab slavers at the <a href="/wiki/Nyangwe" title="Nyangwe">Nyangwe</a> market on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Lualaba_River" title="Lualaba River">Lualaba River</a>, while he was watching next to the leading Arab trader Dugumbe who had given him assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal1973331%E2%80%93335-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wisnicki_2011-61">[60]</a> The cause behind this attack is stated to be retaliation for actions of Manilla, the head slave who had sacked villages of Mohombo people at the instigation of the Wagenya chieftain Kimburu. The Arabs attacked the shoppers and Kimburu's people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal1973331%E2%80%93335-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wisnicki_2011-61">[60]</a> Researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana University of Pennsylvania">Indiana University of Pennsylvania</a> who scanned Livingstone's diary suggest that in putting his fragmentary notes about the massacre into the narrative of his journal, he left out his concerns about some of his followers, slaves owned by <a href="/wiki/Banyan_merchants" title="Banyan merchants">Banyan merchants</a> who had been hired by <a href="/wiki/John_Kirk_(explorer)" title="John Kirk (explorer)">John Kirk</a>, acting consul at Zanzibar, and sent to get Livingstone to safety. These slaves had been liberated and added to his party, but had shown violent conduct against local people contrary to his instructions, and he feared they might have been involved in starting the massacre. His diary noted "Dugumbe's men murdering Kimburu and another for slaves" and implied that the slave Manilla played a leading part, but looking back at the events, he says Dugumbé's people bore responsibility, and started it to make an example of Manilla. In the diary he described his sending his men with protection of a flag to assist Manilla's brother. In his journal version it was to assist villagers. The version edited by Waller in the "Last Journals", published in 1874, left out the context of Livingstone's earlier comments about Kirk and bad behaviour of the hired Banyan men, and omitted the villagers' earlier violent resistance to Arab slavers, so it portrayed the villagers as passive victims. The section on the massacre itself had only minor grammatical corrections. Further research into diary notes continues.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wisnicki_2011-61">[60]</a> The massacre horrified Livingstone, leaving him too shattered to continue his mission to find the source of the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1874-58">[57]</a> Following the end of the wet season, he travelled 240 miles (390 km) from Nyangwe back to Ujiji, an Arab settlement on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika—violently ill most of the way—arriving on 23 October 1871.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_discoveries">Geographical discoveries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geographical discoveries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Livingstone was wrong about the Nile, but he identified numerous geographical features for Western science, such as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ngami" title="Lake Ngami">Lake Ngami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bangweulu" title="Lake Bangweulu">Lake Bangweulu</a>, in addition to Victoria Falls mentioned above.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He filled in details of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mweru" title="Lake Mweru">Lake Mweru</a>, and the course of many rivers, especially the upper Zambezi, and his observations enabled large regions to be mapped which previously had been blank. Even so, the farthest north he reached was the north end of Lake Tanganyika—still south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>—and he did not penetrate the rainforest of the <a href="/wiki/River_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="River Congo">River Congo</a> any farther downstream than Ntangwe near <a href="/wiki/Misisi" title="Misisi">Misisi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] Livingstone was awarded the gold medal of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> of London and was made a Fellow of the society, with which he had a strong association for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Blaikie-8">[8]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Stanley_meeting">Stanley meeting</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stanley meeting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omani_Empire_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Omani_Empire_2.png/220px-Omani_Empire_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4645" data-file-height="4399"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Omani_Empire_2.png/220px-Omani_Empire_2.png" data-width="220" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Omani_Empire_2.png/330px-Omani_Empire_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Omani_Empire_2.png/440px-Omani_Empire_2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Livingstone's meeting with Stanley took place at <a href="/wiki/Ujiji" title="Ujiji">Ujiji</a>, an Arab trading post under the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a>, marked in pink at the bottom left of this map.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Morton_Stanley_meeting_David_Livingstone_at_Ujiji,_in_Wellcome_V0006855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Henry_Morton_Stanley_meeting_David_Livingstone_at_Ujiji%2C_in_Wellcome_V0006855.jpg/220px-Henry_Morton_Stanley_meeting_David_Livingstone_at_Ujiji%2C_in_Wellcome_V0006855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3110" data-file-height="2261"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Henry_Morton_Stanley_meeting_David_Livingstone_at_Ujiji%2C_in_Wellcome_V0006855.jpg/220px-Henry_Morton_Stanley_meeting_David_Livingstone_at_Ujiji%2C_in_Wellcome_V0006855.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Henry_Morton_Stanley_meeting_David_Livingstone_at_Ujiji%2C_in_Wellcome_V0006855.jpg/330px-Henry_Morton_Stanley_meeting_David_Livingstone_at_Ujiji%2C_in_Wellcome_V0006855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Henry_Morton_Stanley_meeting_David_Livingstone_at_Ujiji%2C_in_Wellcome_V0006855.jpg/440px-Henry_Morton_Stanley_meeting_David_Livingstone_at_Ujiji%2C_in_Wellcome_V0006855.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Henry Morton Stanley meets David Livingstone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingstone_Memorial,_Tanzania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Livingstone_Memorial%2C_Tanzania.jpg/220px-Livingstone_Memorial%2C_Tanzania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="851"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Livingstone_Memorial%2C_Tanzania.jpg/220px-Livingstone_Memorial%2C_Tanzania.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Livingstone_Memorial%2C_Tanzania.jpg/330px-Livingstone_Memorial%2C_Tanzania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Livingstone_Memorial%2C_Tanzania.jpg/440px-Livingstone_Memorial%2C_Tanzania.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Livingstone Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Ujiji" title="Ujiji">Ujiji</a>, Tanzania</figcaption></figure> Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world for six years and was ill for most of the last four years of his life. Only one of his 44 letter dispatches made it to <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>. One surviving letter to <a href="/wiki/Horace_Waller_(activist)" title="Horace Waller (activist)">Horace Waller</a> was made available to the public in 2010 by its owner Peter Beard. It reads: "I am terribly knocked up but this is for your own eye only... Doubtful if I live to see you again..."<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> had been sent to find him by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a> newspaper in 1869. He found Livingstone in the town of <a href="/wiki/Ujiji" title="Ujiji">Ujiji</a> on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> on 10 November 1871,<a href="#cite_note-Stanley-67">[66]</a> apparently greeting him with the now famous words "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Livingstone responded, "Yes", and then, "I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you." These famous words may have been a fabrication, as Stanley later tore out the pages of this encounter in his diary.<a href="#cite_note-Jeal-68">[67]</a> Even Livingstone's account of this encounter does not mention these words. However, the phrase appears in a New York Herald editorial dated 10 August 1872, and the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography both quote it without questioning its veracity. The words are famous because of their perceived humour, Livingstone being the only other white person for hundreds of miles, along with Stanley's clumsy attempt at appearing dignified in the bush of Africa by making a formal greeting one might expect to hear in the confines of an upper-class London club. However, readers of the Herald immediately saw through Stanley's pretensions.<a href="#cite_note-Jeal-68">[67]</a> As noted by his biographer Tim Jeal, Stanley struggled his whole life with a self-perceived weakness of being from a humble background, and manufactured events to make up for this supposed deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-Jeal-68">[67]</a> Stanley's book suggests that this greeting was truly motivated by embarrassment, because he did not dare to embrace Livingstone. Despite Stanley's urgings, Livingstone was determined not to leave Africa until his mission was complete. His illness made him confused and he had judgment difficulties at the end of his life. He explored the Lualaba and, failing to find connections to the Nile, returned to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bangweulu" title="Lake Bangweulu">Lake Bangweulu</a> and its swamps to explore possible rivers flowing out northwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1874-58">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Christianity_and_Sechele">Christianity and Sechele</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christianity and Sechele" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Livingstone is known as "Africa's greatest missionary," yet he is recorded as having converted only one African: <a href="/wiki/Sechele_I" title="Sechele I">Sechele</a>, who was the chief of the <a href="/wiki/Koena_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Koena tribe">Kwena people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> (Kwena are one of the main Sotho-Tswana clans, found in South Africa, Lesotho, and Botswana<a href="#cite_note-Tomkins_2013b-69">[68]</a> in all three Sotho-Tswana language groupings). Sechele was born in 1812. His father died when Sechele was 10, and two of his uncles divided the tribe, which forced Sechele to leave his home for nine years. When Sechele returned, he took over one of his uncle's tribes; at that point, he met Livingstone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2002-70">[69]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">pages needed</a>] Livingstone immediately became interested in Sechele, and especially his ability to read. Being a quick learner, Sechele learned the alphabet in two days and soon called English a second language. After teaching his wives the skill, he wrote the Bible in his native tongue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1857%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201533342pagen34_16%5D-71">[70]</a> Livingstone was known through a large part of Africa for treating the natives with respect, and the tribes that he visited returned his respect with faith and loyalty. He could never permanently convert the tribesmen to Christianity, however. Among other reasons, Sechele, by then the leader of the African tribe, did not like the way that Livingstone could not demand rain of his God like his rainmakers, who said that they could. After long hesitation from Livingstone, he baptised Sechele and had the church completely embrace him. Sechele was now a part of the church, but he continued to act according to his African culture, which went against Livingstone's teachings.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a>: 20 Sechele was no different from any other man of his tribe in believing in <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>. He had five wives, including MmaKgari (SeTswana for "mother of Kgari"), Mokgokong<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> and Masebele<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> When Livingstone told him to get rid of four of them, it shook the foundations of the Kwena tribe. After he finally divorced the women, Livingstone baptised them all and everything went well. However, one year later one of his ex-wives became pregnant and Sechele was the father. Sechele begged Livingstone not to give up on him because his faith was still strong, but Livingstone left the country and went north to continue his Christianizing attempts.<a href="#cite_note-Tomkins_2013a-43">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">pages needed</a>] After Livingstone left the Kwena tribe, Sechele remained faithful to Christianity and led missionaries to surrounding tribes as well as converting nearly his entire Kwena people. In the estimation of Neil Parsons of the University of Botswana, Sechele "did more to propagate Christianity in 19th-century southern Africa than virtually any single European missionary". Although Sechele was a self-proclaimed Christian, many European missionaries disagreed. The Kwena tribe leader kept <a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">rainmaking</a> a part of his life as well as polygamy.<a href="#cite_note-Tomkins_2013b-69">[68]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstone_Medal_(p.60)_-_Copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/David_Livingstone_Medal_%28p.60%29_-_Copy.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_Medal_%28p.60%29_-_Copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="458"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 103px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/David_Livingstone_Medal_%28p.60%29_-_Copy.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_Medal_%28p.60%29_-_Copy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/David_Livingstone_Medal_%28p.60%29_-_Copy.jpg/330px-David_Livingstone_Medal_%28p.60%29_-_Copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/David_Livingstone_Medal_%28p.60%29_-_Copy.jpg/440px-David_Livingstone_Medal_%28p.60%29_-_Copy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>David Livingstone Medal<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> Livingstone died on 1 May 1873 at the age of 60 in Chief Chitambo's village at <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Memorial" title="Livingstone Memorial">Chipundu</a>, southeast of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bangweulu" title="Lake Bangweulu">Lake Bangweulu</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and internal bleeding due to <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>. Led by his loyal attendants <a href="/wiki/Chuma_and_Susi" title="Chuma and Susi">Chuma and Susi</a>, his expedition arranged funeral ceremonies. They removed his heart and buried it under a tree near the spot where he died, which has been identified variously as a <a href="/wiki/Milicia_excelsa" title="Milicia excelsa">mvula tree</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Adansonia" title="Adansonia">baobab tree</a> but is more likely to be a <a href="/wiki/Parinari_curatellifolia" title="Parinari curatellifolia">mpundu tree</a>, as baobabs are found at lower altitudes and in more arid regions.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDugard2014147-77">[76]</a> That site, now known as the Livingstone Memorial,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> lists his date of death as 4 May, the date reported (and carved into the tree's trunk) by Chuma and Susi; but most sources consider 1 May—the date of Livingstone's final journal entry—as the correct one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1874242%E2%80%93244-79">[78]</a> The expedition led by Chuma and Susi then carried the rest of his remains, together with his last journal and belongings, on a journey that took 63 days to the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a>, a distance exceeding 1,000 miles (1,600 km). The caravan encountered the expedition of English explorer <a href="/wiki/Verney_Lovett_Cameron" title="Verney Lovett Cameron">Verney Lovett Cameron</a>, who continued his march and reached Ujiji in February 1874, where he found and sent to England Livingstone's papers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-80">[79]</a> Seventy-nine followers completed the journey, the men were paid their due wages, and Livingstone's remains were returned by ship to Britain for burial. In London, his body lay in repose at No.1 <a href="/wiki/Savile_Row" title="Savile Row">Savile Row</a>, then the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>, prior to interment at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blaikie-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Livingstone_and_slavery">Livingstone and slavery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Livingstone and slavery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Slave_Gang_(relates_to_David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Slave_Gang_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/220px-The_Slave_Gang_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2139"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 285px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Slave_Gang_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/220px-The_Slave_Gang_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Slave_Gang_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/330px-The_Slave_Gang_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Slave_Gang_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg/440px-The_Slave_Gang_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Arab slave traders and their captives</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">And if my disclosures regarding the terrible Ujijian slavery should lead to the suppression of the East Coast slave trade, I shall regard that as a greater matter by far than the discovery of all the Nile sources together.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Livingstone in a letter to the editor of the New York Herald<a href="#cite_note-Stanley-67">[66]</a></cite></div></blockquote> While talking about the slave trade in East Africa in his journals: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To overdraw its evil is a simple impossibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1874442-83">[82]</a> </blockquote> Livingstone wrote about a group of slaves forced to march by <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_traders" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab slave traders">Arab slave traders</a> in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region when he was travelling there in 1866: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path: a group of men stood about a hundred yards off on one side, and another of the women on the other side, looking on; they said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer. 27th June 1866 – To-day we came upon a man dead from starvation, as he was very thin. One of our men wandered and found many slaves with slave-sticks on, abandoned by their masters from want of food; they were too weak to be able to speak or say where they had come from; some were quite young.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFLivingstone1874">Livingstone 1874</a>, p. 62</cite></div></blockquote> He also described: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems really to be broken-heartedness, and it attacks free men who have been captured and made slaves... Twenty one were unchained, as now safe; however all ran away at once; but eight with many others still in chains, died in three days after the crossing. They described their only pain in the heart, and placed the hand correctly on the spot, though many think the organ stands high up in the breast-bone.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFLivingstone1874">Livingstone 1874</a>, p. 352</cite></div></blockquote> Often cited is Livingstone's estimate of the number of slaves that made it to market versus those who died because of the slave trade: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Flight, starvation, and death ensue; and we must again record our conviction that the mortality after these slave wars, in addition to the losses on the journey to the Coast and during the middle passage, makes it certain that not more than one in five ever reach the "kind masters" in Cuba and elsewhere, whom, according to slave-owners' interpretation of Scripture, Providence intended for them.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Livingstone, 1865<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Livingstone's letters, books, and journals<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1874-58">[57]</a> did stir up public support for the abolition of slavery;<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2014-1">[1]</a> however, he became dependent for assistance on the very slave-traders whom he wished to put out of business. He was a poor leader of his peers, and he ended up on his last expedition as an individualist explorer with servants and porters but no expert support around him. At the same time, he did not use the brutal methods of maverick explorers such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Stanley</a> to keep his retinue of porters in line and his supplies secure. For these reasons, he accepted help and hospitality from 1867 onwards from Mohamad Bogharib and Mohamad bin Saleh (also known as "Mpamari"), traders who kept and traded in <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>, as he recounts in his journals. They, in turn, benefited from Livingstone's influence with local people, which facilitated Mpamari's release from bondage to <a href="/wiki/Kazembe" title="Kazembe">Mwata Kazembe</a>. Livingstone was furious to discover that some of the replacement porters sent at his request from Ujiji were slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone1874-58">[57]</a> Livingstone's figures on slaves have however been criticised as highly exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> By the late 1860s Livingstone's reputation in Europe had suffered owing to the failure of the missions he set up, and of the Zambezi Expedition; and his ideas about the source of the Nile were not supported. His expeditions were hardly models of order and organisation. His reputation was rehabilitated by Stanley and his newspaper,<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-44">[43]</a> and by the loyalty of Livingstone's servants whose long journey with his body inspired wonder. The publication of his last journal revealed stubborn determination in the face of suffering.<a href="#cite_note-Blaikie-8">[8]</a> In 1860, the <a href="/wiki/Universities%27_Mission_to_Central_Africa" title="Universities' Mission to Central Africa">Universities' Mission to Central Africa</a> was founded at his request. Many important missionaries, such as <a href="/wiki/Leader_Stirling" title="Leader Stirling">Leader Stirling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miss_Annie_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Miss Annie Allen">Miss Annie Allen</a>, would later work for this group. This group and the medical missionaries it sponsored came to have major, positive impact on the people of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Livingstone made geographical discoveries for European knowledge. He inspired abolitionists of the slave trade, explorers, and missionaries. He opened up Central Africa to missionaries who initiated the education and healthcare for Africans, and trade by the <a href="/wiki/African_Lakes_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="African Lakes Company">African Lakes Company</a>. He was held in some esteem by many African chiefs and local people and his name facilitated relations between them and the British.<a href="#cite_note-Blaikie-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstone_statue,_Princes_Street_Gardens,_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Princes_Street_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Princes_Street_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Princes_Street_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Princes_Street_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Princes_Street_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Princes_Street_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Princes_Street_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Princes_Street_Gardens%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Livingstone,_Edinburgh" title="Statue of David Livingstone, Edinburgh">Livingstone statue</a>, Edinburgh by <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Robertson_Hill" title="Amelia Robertson Hill">Amelia Robertson Hill</a></figcaption></figure> Partly as a result, within 50 years of his death, colonial rule was established in Africa, and white settlement was encouraged to extend further into the interior. However, what Livingstone envisaged for "colonies" was not what we now know as colonial rule, but rather settlements of dedicated Christian Europeans who would live among the people to help them work out ways of living that did not involve slavery.<a href="#cite_note-Tomkins_2013a-43">[42]</a> Livingstone was part of an evangelical and nonconformist movement in Britain which during the 19th century helped change the national mindset from the notion of a divine right to rule 'lesser races', to more modernly ethical ideas in foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="David Livingstone Centre">David Livingstone Centre</a> in Blantyre celebrates his life and is based in the house in which he was born, on the site of the mill in which he started his working life. His Christian faith is evident in his journal, in which one entry reads: "I place no value on anything I have or may possess, except in relation to the kingdom of Christ. If anything will advance the interests of the kingdom, it shall be given away or kept, only as by giving or keeping it I shall promote the glory of Him to whom I owe all my hopes in time and eternity."<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> According to Alvyn Austin in 1997:<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <blockquote>During the anti-colonial 1960s, Livingstone was debunked: he made only one certified convert, who later backslid; he explored few areas not already traveled by others; he freed few slaves; he treated his colleagues horribly; he traveled with Arab slave traders; his family life was in shambles—in short, to many he embodied the "White Man's Burden" mentality. Nonetheless, at a time when countries are being renamed and statues are being toppled, Livingstone has not fallen. Despite modern Africans' animosity toward other Europeans, such as Cecil Rhodes, Livingstone endures as a heroic legend. Rhodesia has long since purged its name, but the cities of Livingstone (Zambia) and Livingstonia (Malawi) keep the explorer's appellation with pride.</blockquote> In 2002, David Livingstone was named among the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a> following a UK-wide vote.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Family_life">Family life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstone_by_Frederick_Havill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/David_Livingstone_by_Frederick_Havill.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_by_Frederick_Havill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3236"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 297px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/David_Livingstone_by_Frederick_Havill.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_by_Frederick_Havill.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="297" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/David_Livingstone_by_Frederick_Havill.jpg/330px-David_Livingstone_by_Frederick_Havill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/David_Livingstone_by_Frederick_Havill.jpg/440px-David_Livingstone_by_Frederick_Havill.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Posthumous portrait of David Livingstone by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Havill" title="Frederick Havill">Frederick Havill</a></figcaption></figure> While Livingstone had a great impact on the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, he did so at a tremendous cost to his family. In his absences, his children grew up missing their father, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Mary_Livingstone_(nee_Moffat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Livingstone (nee Moffat)">Mary</a> (daughter of Mary and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moffat_(missionary)" title="Robert Moffat (missionary)">Robert Moffat</a>), whom he married in 1845, endured very poor health, and died of malaria on 27 April 1862.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> He had six children: <ol><li>Robert died while serving in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>;<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> He took the name Rupert Vincent and was the substitute for Horace Heath, and took his place in Company H of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_New_Hampshire_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry">3rd New Hampshire Volunteers</a>. Robert ended up being captured by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> and died at the <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_National_Cemetery" title="Salisbury National Cemetery">Salisbury prison camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rowan_County,_North_Carolina" title="Rowan County, North Carolina">Rowan County, North Carolina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> which has since been termed, "North Carolina's <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_Prison" title="Andersonville Prison">Andersonville</a>."<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></li> <li>Agnes (born 1847 or 1857, died 1912; married A.L. Bruce, a wealthy Scottish brewery executive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDugard2012384-56">[55]</a>)</li> <li>Thomas, died in Egypt in 1876 at the age of 27 from <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">bilharzia</a>, a disease he contracted as a child living in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDugard2012-96">[95]</a></li> <li>Elizabeth (who died at two months)</li> <li>William Oswell (nicknamed Zouga because of the river along which he was born, in 1851; died in 1892 in Trinidad where he practiced medicine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDugard2012-96">[95]</a>)</li> <li>Anna Mary (born 1858, died 1939)</li></ol> Only Agnes, William Oswell and Anna Mary married and had children.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> His one regret in later life was that he did not spend enough time with his children.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Archives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> On 11 November 2011, Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary, as well as other original works, was published online for the first time by the David Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Papers relating to Livingstone's time as a London Missionary Society missionary (including hand-annotated maps of South East Africa) are held by the Archives of the School of Oriental and African Studies.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Digital archives unifying these and other sources are made publicly available by the Livingstone Online project at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska-Lincoln">University of Nebraska-Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Place_names_and_other_memorials">Place names and other memorials</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Place names and other memorials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_David_Livingstone_(4671614).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Portrait_of_David_Livingstone_%284671614%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_David_Livingstone_%284671614%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1353"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Portrait_of_David_Livingstone_%284671614%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_David_Livingstone_%284671614%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Portrait_of_David_Livingstone_%284671614%29.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_David_Livingstone_%284671614%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Portrait_of_David_Livingstone_%284671614%29.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_David_Livingstone_%284671614%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Photograph of Livingstone in later life</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Botswana <ul><li>Scottish Livingstone Hospital in Molepolole 50 km west of <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone, Botswana</a></li> <li>There is a memorial to Livingstone at the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Kolobeng_Mission" title="Kolobeng Mission">Kolobeng Mission</a>, 40 km west of Gaborone, Botswana.</li> <li>Livingstone Kolobeng College, a private secondary school in Gaborone, Botswana.</li></ul> Burundi The <a href="/wiki/Livingstone%E2%80%93Stanley_Monument" title="Livingstone–Stanley Monument">Livingstone–Stanley Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mugere,_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugere, Burundi">Mugere</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>) marks a spot that Livingstone and Stanley visited on their exploration of Lake Tanganyika, mistaken by some as the first meeting place of the two explorers. Congo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Falls" title="Livingstone Falls">Livingstone Falls</a> on the River Congo, named by Stanley.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Inland_Mission" title="Livingstone Inland Mission">Livingstone Inland Mission</a>, a Baptist mission to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> 1877–1884, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.</li></ul> Ghana <ul><li>Livingstone House, Achimota School, Ghana (boys' boarding house).</li></ul> Kenya <ul><li>Dr Livingstone Primary School in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.</li> <li>Livingstone house, Alliance Highschool in <a href="/wiki/Kiambu" title="Kiambu">Kiambu</a>, Kenya.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstone_memorial_at_Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/David_Livingstone_memorial_at_Victoria_Falls%2C_Zimbabwe.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_memorial_at_Victoria_Falls%2C_Zimbabwe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 329px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/David_Livingstone_memorial_at_Victoria_Falls%2C_Zimbabwe.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_memorial_at_Victoria_Falls%2C_Zimbabwe.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="329" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/David_Livingstone_memorial_at_Victoria_Falls%2C_Zimbabwe.jpg/330px-David_Livingstone_memorial_at_Victoria_Falls%2C_Zimbabwe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/David_Livingstone_memorial_at_Victoria_Falls%2C_Zimbabwe.jpg/440px-David_Livingstone_memorial_at_Victoria_Falls%2C_Zimbabwe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Livingstone,_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of David Livingstone, Zimbabwe">David Livingstone statue</a> at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a>, the first statue on the Zimbabwean side</figcaption></figure>Malawi <ul><li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Livingstonia,_Malawi" title="Livingstonia, Malawi">Livingstonia, Malawi</a>.</li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Blantyre, Malawi">Blantyre, Malawi</a> is named after Livingstone's birthplace in Scotland, and includes a memorial.</li> <li>The David Livingstone Scholarships for students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malawi" title="University of Malawi">University of Malawi</a>, funded through <a href="/wiki/Strathclyde_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathclyde University">Strathclyde University</a>, Scotland.</li> <li>The David Livingstone Clinic was founded by the University of Strathclyde's Millennium Project in <a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a>, Malawi.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kipengere_Range" title="Kipengere Range">Kipengere Range</a> in south-west Tanzania at the north-eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> is also called the Livingstone Mountains.</li></ul> Namibia <ul><li>David Livingstone Museum in <a href="/wiki/Sangwali" title="Sangwali">Sangwali</a>, north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. Livingstone stayed at Sangwali in the 1850s before travelling further north.</li></ul> South Africa <ul><li>David Livingstone Senior Secondary School in Schauderville, <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>, South Africa.</li> <li>Livingstone Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.</li></ul> Tanzania <ul><li>A memorial in <a href="/wiki/Ujiji" title="Ujiji">Ujiji</a> commemorates his meeting with Stanley.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></li> <li>The church tower of the Holy Ghost Mission (Roman Catholic) in <a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a>, Tanzania, is sometimes called "Livingstone Tower" as Livingstone's body was laid down there for one night before it was shipped to London. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Livingstone House in <a href="/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town">Stone Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, provided by the <a href="/wiki/Majid_bin_Said_of_Zanzibar" title="Majid bin Said of Zanzibar">Sultan</a> for Livingstone's use, January to March 1866, to prepare his last expedition; the house was purchased by the Zanzibar government in 1947. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Plaque commemorating his departure from <a href="/wiki/Mikindani" title="Mikindani">Mikindani</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>) on his final expedition on the wall of the house that has been built over the house he reputedly stayed in.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tz.geoview.info/livingstone_street,25108633w">Livingstone Street</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020221743/http://tz.geoview.info/livingstone_street,25108633w">Archived</a> 20 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, Tanzania.</li></ul> Uganda <ul><li>Livingstone Hall, Men's Hall of residence at <a href="/wiki/Makerere_University" title="Makerere University">Makerere University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampala,_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampala, Uganda">Kampala, Uganda</a>.</li></ul> Zambia <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Memorial" title="Livingstone Memorial">Livingstone Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Ilala, Zambia</a> marks where David Livingstone died</li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone, Zambia</a>, which includes a memorial in front of the <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Museum" title="Livingstone Museum">Livingstone Museum</a> and a new statue erected in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-times.co.zm-105">[104]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rhodes-Livingstone_Institute" title="Rhodes-Livingstone Institute">Rhodes-Livingstone Institute</a>, located a few miles outside <a href="/wiki/Lusaka,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusaka, Zambia">Lusaka, Zambia</a>, 1937 to 1964, was a pioneering research institution in anthropology.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></li> <li>David Livingstone Teachers' Training College, Livingstone, Zambia.</li> <li>A new statue of David Livingstone was erected in November 2005 on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls.<a href="#cite_note-times.co.zm-105">[104]</a></li></ul> Zimbabwe <ul><li>The David Livingstone Memorial statue at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe" title="Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe">Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe</a>, erected in 1934<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> on the western bank of the falls.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichler2007">Michler 2007</a> quoted 1954 which is wrong. The statue was unveiled on 5 August 1934<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></li> <li>A plaque was unveiled in November 2005 at Livingstone Island on the lip of Victoria Falls marking where Livingstone stood to get his first view of the falls.<a href="#cite_note-times.co.zm-105">[104]</a></li> <li>David Livingstone Primary School in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury, Rhodesia (present-day Harare, Zimbabwe)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></li> <li>David Livingstone Secondary School in Ntabazinduna about 40 km from <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>, Zimbabwe.</li> <li>Livingstone House in Harare, Zimbabwe, designed by Leonora Granger.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> New Zealand <ul><li>Livingstone Street in Westmere, Auckland</li> <li>Livingstone Road in Flaxmere, Hastings</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Scotland <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstone_statue,_Glasgow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Glasgow.JPG/220px-David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Glasgow.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="2508"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 289px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Glasgow.JPG/220px-David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Glasgow.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="289" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Glasgow.JPG/330px-David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Glasgow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Glasgow.JPG/440px-David_Livingstone_statue%2C_Glasgow.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Livingstone statue, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="David Livingstone Centre">David Livingstone Birthplace Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Blantyre, South Lanarkshire">Blantyre, South Lanarkshire</a>, is a museum in his honour, operated by the David Livingstone Trust.</li> <li>David Livingstone Memorial Primary School in Blantyre.</li> <li>David Livingstone Memorial Church of the Church of Scotland in Blantyre.</li> <li>A statue of Livingstone in <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Square,_Glasgow" title="Cathedral Square, Glasgow">Cathedral Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Livingstone,_Edinburgh" title="Statue of David Livingstone, Edinburgh">statue</a> of Livingstone in <a href="/wiki/Princes_Street_Gardens" title="Princes Street Gardens">Princes Street Gardens</a>, Edinburgh.</li> <li>A bust of Livingstone is among those of famous Scotsmen in the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Monument" title="Wallace Monument">Wallace Monument</a> near <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathclyde_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathclyde University">Strathclyde University</a>, Glasgow (which evolved from Anderson's University, later the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Royal College of Science and Technology">Royal College of Science and Technology</a>), commemorates him in the David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Tower" title="Livingstone Tower">Livingstone Tower</a> where there is a statue of him in the building's foyer.</li> <li>The David Livingstone Room in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow">Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> A portrait of Livingstone by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Annan" title="Thomas Annan">Thomas Annan</a> (a photograph painted over in oils) hangs outside the room.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></li> <li>The David Livingstone (Anderson College) Memorial Prize in Physiology commemorates him at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>.</li> <li>Livingstone Place, a street in the <a href="/wiki/Sciennes" title="Sciennes">Sciennes</a> neighbourhood of Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li> <li>Livingstone Street in <a href="/wiki/Addiewell" title="Addiewell">Addiewell</a>.</li> <li>A memorial plaque commemorating the centenary of Livingstone's birth was dedicated in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_United_Reformed_Church" title="Hamilton United Reformed Church">St. James's Congregational Church in Hamilton</a>, the church he attended as a boy.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></li> <li>Livingstone lived at 17 Burnbank Road in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Hamilton, South Lanarkshire">Hamilton, South Lanarkshire</a>, for a short time in 1862. The house still stands and has a memorial plaque outside. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the Town</a> of Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li></ul> England <ul><li>A statue of David Livingstone stands in a niche on the outer wall of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> on Kensington Gore, London, looking out across Kensington Gardens. It was unveiled in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></li> <li>Livingstone is one of the four houses at <a href="/wiki/Eltham_College" title="Eltham College">Eltham College</a>.</li> <li>David Livingstone Primary School in Thornton Heath, South London.</li> <li>There is a room named after Livingstone in <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford" title="Corpus Christi College, Oxford">Corpus Christi College, Oxford</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: North America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Canada <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Range_(Canada)" title="Livingstone Range (Canada)">Livingstone Range</a> of mountains in southern <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.</li> <li>David Livingstone Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>.</li> <li>David Livingstone Community School, <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>.</li> <li>Bronze bust in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a>, Nova Scotia.</li> <li>Gold bust in the city of Borden, Ontario.</li> <li>Livingstone Avenue in Barrie, Ontario.</li> <li>Livingstone Street, St. John's, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, Canada.</li></ul> United States <ul><li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_California" title="Livingston, California">Livingston, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_College" title="Livingstone College">Livingstone College</a>, Salisbury, North Carolina.</li> <li>Livingstone Adventist Academy, <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem, Oregon</a>.</li> <li>Livingston Falls, Busch Gardens, Tampa Bay</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: South America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>The Livingstone Healthservice in Jardín América, Misiones, Argentina is named in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banknotes">Banknotes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Banknotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1971–1998 Livingstone's image was portrayed on <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">£10 notes</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Clydesdale_Bank" title="Clydesdale Bank">Clydesdale Bank</a>. He was originally shown surrounded by palm tree leaves with an illustration of African <a href="/wiki/Tribesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribesmen">tribesmen</a> on the back.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition, showing the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">River Zambezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Falls, Zambia">Victoria Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Nyasa">Lake Nyasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Blantyre, Malawi">Blantyre, Malawi</a>; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Blantyre, South Lanarkshire">Blantyre</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Science" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following species have been named in honour of David Livingstone: <ul><li>Livingston's cichlid, <a href="/wiki/Nimbochromis_livingstonii" title="Nimbochromis livingstonii">Nimbochromis livingstonii</a></li> <li>Livingstone's eland, <a href="/wiki/Taurotragus_oryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurotragus oryx">Taurotragus oryx</a> livingstonii</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone%27s_fruit_bat" title="Livingstone's fruit bat">Livingstone's fruit bat</a>, Pteropus livingstonii</li></ul> The mineral <a href="/wiki/Livingstonite" title="Livingstonite">livingstonite</a> is named in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> It was described in 1874 from Mexico. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Portrayal_in_film_and_books">Portrayal in film and books</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Portrayal in film and books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li>Livingstone has been portrayed by <a href="/wiki/M.A._Wetherell" class="mw-redirect" title="M.A. Wetherell">M.A. Wetherell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_(film)" title="Livingstone (film)">Livingstone</a> (1925), <a href="/wiki/Percy_Marmont" title="Percy Marmont">Percy Marmont</a> in <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone_(film)" title="David Livingstone (film)">David Livingstone</a> (1936), Sir <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke" title="Cedric Hardwicke">Cedric Hardwicke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_and_Livingstone" title="Stanley and Livingstone">Stanley and Livingstone</a> (1939), <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Hill" title="Bernard Hill">Bernard Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_the_Moon_(film)" title="Mountains of the Moon (film)">Mountains of the Moon</a> (1990) and Sir <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Hawthorne" title="Nigel Hawthorne">Nigel Hawthorne</a> in the TV movie Forbidden Territory (1997).<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>' <a href="/wiki/Young_Allies_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Young Allies (Marvel Comics)">The Young Allies</a> #2 featured an explorer named "Martin Livingstone" who discovered a new territory he dubbed "New America" and claimed it for the United States. <a href="/wiki/Bucky_Barnes" title="Bucky Barnes">Bucky Barnes</a> greets him with the famous, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" The story was at least partially drawn by <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Hart" title="Ernie Hart">Ernie Hart</a>, but the writer is unknown—<a href="/wiki/Otto_Binder" title="Otto Binder">Otto Binder</a> had written the preceding issue and <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> the following one.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></li> <li>The 1949 <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy film</a> <a href="/wiki/Africa_Screams" title="Africa Screams">Africa Screams</a> is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington (played by <a href="/wiki/Lou_Costello" title="Lou Costello">Lou Costello</a>), who is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt. The character's name appears to be a play on Stanley and Livingstone.</li> <li>Stanley Livingston, played by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mort_Marshall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mort Marshall (page does not exist)">Mort Marshall</a>, whose name invokes both Stanley and David Livingtone, was the zoo director on <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Tuxedo_and_His_Tales" title="Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales">Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales</a>, a 1963-66 animated series.</li> <li>Out of Darkness, Shining Light (2019) by <a href="/wiki/Petina_Gappah" title="Petina Gappah">Petina Gappah</a> is a fictionalized account of how Livingstone's body, papers, and maps traveled 1,500 miles across the continent of Africa, so his remains could be returned to England and his work preserved there.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> In the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> <a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a> cartoon "<a href="/wiki/Africa_Squeaks" title="Africa Squeaks">Africa Squeaks</a>", a caricature of <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a> as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> erroneously presumes Porky Pig to be Livingstone in the heart of "Darkest Africa". The <a href="/wiki/Moody_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody Blues">Moody Blues</a> 1968 single <a href="/wiki/Dr._Livingstone,_I_Presume_(song)" title="Dr. Livingstone, I Presume (song)">"Dr. Livingstone, I Presume"</a> paints the adventures of Livingstone, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Scott">Captain Scott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a> with the refrain "What did you find there? Did you stand awhile and stare? Did you meet anyone?", followed by a repeated chorus of "We're all looking for someone". The ABBA song "<a href="/wiki/What_About_Livingstone%3F" title="What About Livingstone?">What about Livingstone?</a>"<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> mentions Livingstone "traveling up the Nile". Livingstone made 4 great journeys into Africa, three of them starting in Cape Town, South Africa and the last at Zanzibar. None of the routes traveled on the Nile which lay far to the north. He may have crossed sections of the headwaters of Nile on his final expedition but he would not have known so as these areas were not considered in the Nile watershed until much later. A song from American <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Alcatrazz" title="Alcatrazz">Alcatrazz</a> called Jet to Jet from 1983's <a href="/wiki/No_Parole_from_Rock_%27n%27_Roll" title="No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll">No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll</a> contains the lyrics "Dr. Livingstone where are you, when We need you the most" which is in reference to the famed doctor and his expedition to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Stanley's search for and discovery of Livingstone is the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Masekela" title="Hugh Masekela">Hugh Masekela</a> song "Witch Doctor" that appears on his 1976 album, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Man" title="Colonial Man">Colonial Man</a>. <a href="/wiki/Civilization_V:_Brave_New_World" title="Civilization V: Brave New World">Civilization V: Brave New World</a> includes an achievement called "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" The achievement requires playing as Belgium, moving H. M. Stanley within a space of Dr. Livingstone.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_McKendree_Springer" title="John McKendree Springer">John McKendree Springer</a> – pioneer missionary in central Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baines" title="Thomas Baines">Thomas Baines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kirk_(explorer)" title="John Kirk (explorer)">John Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Inland_Mission" title="Livingstone Inland Mission">Livingstone Inland Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Zambia">History of Christianity in Zambia</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> This sentiment today would be expressed along the lines of: "all people, worldwide, are brothers and sisters, despite everything."<a href="#cite_note-Blaikie-8">[8]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2014-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2014_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2014_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/livingstone_david.shtml">"David Livingstone (1813–1873)"</a>. BBC – History – Historic Figures. 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Historic+Figures&rft.atitle=David+Livingstone+%281813%E2%80%931873%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Flivingstone_david.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston2017" class="citation web cs1">Easton, Mark (3 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-41083374">"Why don't many British tourists visit Victoria Falls?"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+don%27t+many+British+tourists+visit+Victoria+Falls%3F&rft.date=2017-09-03&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-41083374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2013" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853507173">David Livingstone, Africa's greatest explorer : the man, the missionary and the myth</a>. Stroud. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-333-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-333-6"><bdi>978-1-78155-333-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/853507173">853507173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Livingstone%2C+Africa%27s+greatest+explorer+%3A+the+man%2C+the+missionary+and+the+myth&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F853507173&rft.isbn=978-1-78155-333-6&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F853507173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal2013289-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeal2013289_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeal2013">Jeal 2013</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1990" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, John M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OpZnAAAAMAAJ">"David Livingstone: The Construction of the Myth"</a>. In Walker, Graham; Gallagher, Tom (eds.). Sermons and battle hymns: Protestant popular culture in modern Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0217-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0217-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-0217-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=David+Livingstone%3A+The+Construction+of+the+Myth&rft.btitle=Sermons+and+battle+hymns%3A+Protestant+popular+culture+in+modern+Scotland&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0217-9&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpZnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212012712/https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/">"David Livingstone Centre: Birthplace Of Famous Scot"</a>. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Livingstone+Centre%3A+Birthplace+Of+Famous+Scot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nts.org.uk%2FProperty%2F23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss20026-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss20026_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2002">Ross 2002</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blaikie-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blaikie_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaikie_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaikie_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaikie_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaikie_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaikie_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaikie_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaikie_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaikie_8-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaikie1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Garden_Blaikie" title="William Garden Blaikie">Blaikie, William Garden</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13262">The Personal Life of David Livingstone... Chiefly from His Unpublished Journals and Correspondence in the Possession of His Family</a>. London: John Murray – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Personal+Life+of+David+Livingstone...+Chiefly+from+His+Unpublished+Journals+and+Correspondence+in+the+Possession+of+His+Family&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Blaikie&rft.aufirst=William+Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F13262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeal201313-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeal201313_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeal2013">Jeal 2013</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vetch-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vetch_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vetch_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetch1893" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_Vetch" title="Robert Hamilton Vetch">Vetch, Robert Hamilton</a> (1893). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Livingstone,_David">"Livingstone, David" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 33. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 385.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Livingstone%2C+David&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Vetch&rft.aufirst=Robert+Hamilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss20029–12-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss20029%E2%80%9312_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2002">Ross 2002</a>, pp. 9–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2015" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence, Christopher (2015). Wisnicki, Adrian S.; Ward, Megan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstones-medical-education">"Livingstone's Medical Education"</a>. Livingstone Online. 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Bruce Boyer (Summer 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817001808/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,626,00.html">"On Savile Row"</a>. Cigar Aficionado. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,626,00.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2010. 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CODESRIA. pp. 47–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86978-680-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86978-680-6"><bdi>978-2-86978-680-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transition+from+Slavery+in+Zanzibar+and+Mauritius&rft.pages=47-&rft.pub=CODESRIA&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-86978-680-6&rft.aulast=Teelock&rft.aufirst=Vijayalakshmi&rft.au=Peerthum%2C+Satyendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iXUDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijpma2015" class="citation book cs1">Rijpma, Sjoerd (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Jj8CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161">David Livingstone and the Myth of African Poverty and Disease: A Close Examination of his Writing on the Pre-colonial Era</a>. Brill. pp. 161–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29373-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29373-1"><bdi>978-90-04-29373-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Livingstone+and+the+Myth+of+African+Poverty+and+Disease%3A+A+Close+Examination+of+his+Writing+on+the+Pre-colonial+Era&rft.pages=161-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29373-1&rft.aulast=Rijpma&rft.aufirst=Sjoerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Jj8CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStirling1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leader_Stirling" title="Leader Stirling">Stirling, Leader</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNevAwAAQBAJ">Tanzanian Doctor</a>. 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Steve Savage Publishers. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904246-06-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-904246-06-0"><bdi>1-904246-06-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+Names+of+Edinburgh%3A+Their+Origins+and+History&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Steve+Savage+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-904246-06-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144458/http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/">"David Livingstone – a brief history"</a>. Hamilton.urc.org.uk. 13 January 2012. 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Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Personal+Life+of+David+Livingstone&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Blaikie%2C+William+Garden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F13262%2F13262-h%2F13262-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Unveiling of the Livingstone Statue". The Geographical Journal. 120 (1): 15–20. 1954. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954GeogJ.120...15.">1954GeogJ.120...15.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1791984">10.2307/1791984</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1791984">1791984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Unveiling+of+the+Livingstone+Statue&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-20&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1791984&rft.issn=0016-7398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1791984%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954GeogJ.120...15.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104452/http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html">"Livingstone Healthservice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livingstone+Healthservice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accc-ja.com%2F0000009f7f0a5e705%2F0000009ff00e61617%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212133/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg">"Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1982"</a>. Ron Wise's Banknoteworld. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg">the original</a> on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clydesdale+10+Pounds%2C+1982&rft.pub=Ron+Wise%27s+Banknoteworld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faes.iupui.edu%2Frwise%2Fbanknotes%2Fscotland%2FScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212114/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg">"Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1990"</a>. Ron Wise's Banknoteworld. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg">the original</a> on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clydesdale+10+Pounds%2C+1990&rft.pub=Ron+Wise%27s+Banknoteworld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faes.iupui.edu%2Frwise%2Fbanknotes%2Fscotland%2FScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarcena1874" class="citation journal cs1">Barcena, M (1874). "On livingstonite, a new mineral". American Journal of Science. 108: 145–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+livingstonite%2C+a+new+mineral&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=145-146&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Barcena&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0132972/">Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone (1997)</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123536796#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Stan Lee, Otto Binder, et al. <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Masterworks" title="Marvel Masterworks">Marvel Masterworks</a>: Young Allies. New York: Marvel Publishing, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan2012" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Simon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glQ4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT69">The Complete ABBA</a> (40th Anniversary ed.). Titan Books. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857687241" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857687241"><bdi>978-0857687241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+ABBA&rft.pages=69&rft.edition=40th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Titan+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0857687241&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglQ4CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaiborne2013" class="citation web cs1">Claiborne, Samuel (10 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/wikis/sid-meiers-civilization-5-brave-new-world/Achievements">"Achievements"</a>. IGN.com. IGN. Retrieved 27 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN.com&rft.atitle=Achievements&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft.aulast=Claiborne&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Fwikis%2Fsid-meiers-civilization-5-brave-new-world%2FAchievements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Austin, Alvyn. "Discovering Livingstone" Christian History (1997) 16#4 pp. 10–19.</li> <li>Dritsas, Lawrence. Zambesi: David Livingstone and expeditionary science in Africa (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugard2012" class="citation book cs1">Dugard, Martin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5xM29LaRZQC&pg=PA384">Into Africa: The Epic Adventures Of Stanley And Livingstone</a>. Transworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-3720-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-3720-9"><bdi>978-1-4464-3720-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+Africa%3A+The+Epic+Adventures+Of+Stanley+And+Livingstone&rft.pub=Transworld&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4464-3720-9&rft.aulast=Dugard&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX5xM29LaRZQC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugard2014" class="citation book cs1">Dugard, Martin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_HumAwAAQBAJ">The Explorers: A Story of Fearless Outcasts, Blundering Geniuses, and Impossible Success</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-7757-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-7757-7"><bdi>978-1-4516-7757-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Explorers%3A+A+Story+of+Fearless+Outcasts%2C+Blundering+Geniuses%2C+and+Impossible+Success&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-7757-7&rft.aulast=Dugard&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_HumAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gooding, Philip. "David Livingstone, UNESCO, and Nation-Building in 19th-21st-Century Scotland and East and Central Africa." Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 5.2 (2021): 243–269. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jiows.mcgill.ca/article/view/117/72">online</a></li> <li>Groop, Kim Stefan. "Exploring Africa in the Nordic Press: David Livingstone, Henry Stanley and the Popular Fascination with Exploration and Adventure in Africa in the Late 19th Century." in Modernity, Frontiers and Revolutions: Proceedings of the 4th International Multidisciplinary Congress (CRC Press, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/57545041/Grooop_-_Exploring_Africa.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Holmes, Timothy (1993). Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-402-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-402-3">978-0-86241-402-3</a>; scholarly biography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeal1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Jeal" title="Tim Jeal">Jeal, Tim</a> (1973). Livingstone. London: <a href="/wiki/Heinemann_(book_publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinemann (book publisher)">Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-37208-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-37208-9"><bdi>978-0-434-37208-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livingstone&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-434-37208-9&rft.aulast=Jeal&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988">, scholarly biography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeal1973b" class="citation book cs1">Jeal, Tim (1973b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingstone00jeal">Livingstone</a>. New York: G. P. Putnum's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399112157" title="Special:BookSources/9780399112157"><bdi>9780399112157</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73-82030">73-82030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livingstone&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnum%27s+Sons&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73-82030&rft.isbn=9780399112157&rft.aulast=Jeal&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivingstone00jeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988">, first American edition</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeal2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Jeal" title="Tim Jeal">Jeal, Tim</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HcDR7nTiVAYC">Livingstone: Revised and Expanded Edition</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19100-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19100-4"><bdi>978-0-300-19100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livingstone%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19100-4&rft.aulast=Jeal&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHcDR7nTiVAYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kilbride, Daniel. "The Old South Confronts the Dilemma of David Livingstone." Journal of Southern History (2016) 82#4 pp. 789–822; how he was seen in the American South.</li> <li>Lewis, Joanna. Empire of sentiment: the death of Livingstone and the myth of Victorian imperialism (Cambridge University Press, 2018) .</li> <li>Liebenberg, Elri. "‘I Will Open a Path into the Interior (of Africa), or Perish’: David Livingstone and the Mapping of Africa." Cartographic Journal 58.1 (2021): 29–49.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone1857" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, David (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n3">Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa: Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior of Africa</a>. London: Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342">Contents</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Travels+and+Researches+in+South+Africa%3A+Including+a+Sketch+of+Sixteen+Years%27+Residence+in+the+Interior+of+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Contents&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.33342%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstoneLivingstone1866" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, D.; Livingstone, C. (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe03livigoog">Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries: And of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858–1864</a>. Harper & Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+an+Expedition+to+the+Zambesi+and+Its+Tributaries%3A+And+of+the+Discovery+of+the+Lakes+Shirwa+and+Nyassa.+1858%E2%80%931864&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativeanexpe03livigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone1874" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, David (1874). <a href="/wiki/Horace_Waller_(activist)" title="Horace Waller (activist)">Waller, Horace</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav00livigoog">The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi; in Two Volumes</a>. J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Journals+of+David+Livingstone%2C+in+Central+Africa%2C+from+1865+to+His+Death%3A+Continued+by+a+Narrative+of+His+Last+Moments+and+Sufferings%2C+Obtained+from+His+Faithful+Servants+Chuma+and+Susi%3B+in+Two+Volumes&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastjournalsdav00livigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Livingstone, David and James I. Macnair (eds) (1954). Livingstone's Travels. London: J.M. Dent.</li> <li>Livingstone, David (1999) [1875]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214512/http://www.arlea.fr/article.php3?id_article=493&var_recherche=livingstone%2F">Dernier Journal</a>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/Arl%C3%A9a" title="Arléa">Arléa</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86959-215-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-86959-215-9">2-86959-215-9</a> (in French)</li> <li>Livingstone, David; I. Schapera (ed.) David Livingstone: Family Letters 1841–1856. London: Chatto & Windus (1959) in two volumes.</li> <li>Livingstone, Justin D. "Livingstone’s Life & Expeditions." in Adrian S. Wisnicki and Megan Ward, eds. Livingstone Online (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livingstoneonline.org/uuid/node/76ab1aa0-2bf4-4c42-adf7-c8c4ee960236">online</a>.</li> <li>MacKenzie, John M. "David Livingstone, the Scottish cultural and political revival and the end of empire in Africa." in Scotland, empire and decolonisation in the twentieth century (Manchester University Press, 2017) pp. 180–199.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Banks_Maclachlan" title="Thomas Banks Maclachlan">Maclachlan, T. Banks.</a> David Livingstone, Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Oliphant,_Anderson_and_Ferrier" title="Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier">Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier</a>, 1901, (<a href="/wiki/List_of_books_for_the_%22Famous_Scots_Series%22" title='List of books for the "Famous Scots Series"'>"Famous Scots Series"</a>).</li> <li>Martelli, George (1970). Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition, 1858–1864. London: Chatto & Windus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1527-2">978-0-7011-1527-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilbrandt2014" class="citation book cs1">Milbrandt, Jay (2014). The Daring Heart of David Livingstone: Exile, African Slavery, and the Publicity Stunt that Saved Millions. Nashville, TN: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Nelson_(book_publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Nelson (book publisher) (page does not exist)">Thomas Nelson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59555-592-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59555-592-2"><bdi>978-1-59555-592-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daring+Heart+of+David+Livingstone%3A+Exile%2C+African+Slavery%2C+and+the+Publicity+Stunt+that+Saved+Millions&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59555-592-2&rft.aulast=Milbrandt&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> scholarly biography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Joseph_Mathews" title="Basil Joseph Mathews">Mathews, Basil Joseph</a>, Livingstone, the Pathfinder, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Prater" title="Ernest Prater">Ernest Prater</a> (Oxford and London: Henry Frowde Oxford University Press, 1913)</li> <li>Mkenda, Festo. "A Protestant Verdict on the Jesuit Missionary Approach in Africa: David Livingstone and Memories of the Early Jesuit Presence in South Central Africa." in Encounters between Jesuits and Protestants in Africa (Brill, 2017). 59–79 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004347151/B9789004347151_006.xml">online</a>.</li> <li>Morrill, Leslie, and Madge Haines (1959). Livingstone, Trail Blazer for God. Mountain View: Pacific Press Publication Association.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._NourbeSe_Philip" title="M. NourbeSe Philip">Philip, M. NourbeSe</a> (1991). Looking for Livingstone: An Odyssey of Silence. Stratford: The Mercury Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920544-88-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920544-88-4">978-0-920544-88-4</a></li> <li>Rea, W. F. "Livingstone's Rhodesian Legacy." History Today (Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp. 633–639 online.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2002" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Andrew (2002). David Livingstone : Mission and Empire. London: Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-285-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-285-6"><bdi>978-1-85285-285-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Livingstone+%3A+Mission+and+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-285-6&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rotberg, Robert I. "His Brother’s Keeper: Charles Livingstone and the ‘Failure’ of David Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 47.1 (2019): 76–99.</li> <li>Seaver, George. David Livingston: His Life and Letters (1957), a standard biography</li> <li>Shepperson, George. "David Livingstone 1813–1873: a centenary assessment." Geographical Journal (1973): 205–219. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1796089">10.2307/1796089</a></li> <li>Stanley, Henry M. How I Found Livingstone (1872) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howifoundliving00stangoog">famous primary source</a>.</li> <li>Stuart, John. "David Livingstone, British Protestant missions, memory and empire." in Dominik Geppert, ed., Sites of imperial memory (Manchester University Press, 2016).</li> <li>Waters, John (1996). David Livingstone: Trail Blazer. Leicester: Inter-Varsity; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-170-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-170-4">978-0-85111-170-4</a></li> <li>Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Interstitial Cartographer: David Livingstone and the Invention of South Central Africa". Victorian Literature and Culture 37.1 (Mar.): 255–271.</li></ul> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cameron,_Verney_Lovett" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cameron, Verney Lovett">Cameron, Verney Lovett</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cameron%2C+Verney+Lovett&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=109&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:David_Livingstone" class="extiw" title="s:Author:David Livingstone">Taavetti eläväkivi</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/David_Livingstone" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingstoneonline.org/">Livingstone Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/">Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715215339/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/">Archived</a> 15 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Many of Livingstone's original papers spectrally imaged.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217151257/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/index.html">Livingstone Online – Explore the manuscripts of David Livingstone</a> Images of original documents alongside transcribed, critically edited versions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=0192">David Livingstone (c. 1956)</a>. Archive film from the National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/519">Works by David Livingstone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <ul><li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1039" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:1039">Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/etext/2519">A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/etext/13262">The Personal Life of David Livingstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Livingstone%2C%20David%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22David%20Livingstone%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Livingstone%2C%20David%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22David%20Livingstone%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Livingstone%2C%20D%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22David%20Livingstone%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Livingstone%2C%20David%22%20OR%20description%3A%22David%20Livingstone%22%29%20OR%20%28%221813-1873%22%20AND%20Livingstone%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about David Livingstone</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CMYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA225">"Dr. Livingston (obituary, Wed., 28 Jan. 1874)"</a>. Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from The Times. Vol. 1–6. D. Vol. I, 1870–1875. Macmillan & Co.: 225–236 1892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eminent+Persons%3A+Biographies+Reprinted+from+The+Times.+Vol.+1%E2%80%936.+D.+Vol.+I%2C+1870%E2%80%931875&rft.atitle=Dr.+Livingston+%28obituary%2C+Wed.%2C+28+Jan.+1874%29&rft.pages=225-236&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0CMYAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Livingstone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-lost-diary-of-dr-livingstone-watch-the-full-episode/1157/">The Lost Diary of Dr. Livingstone</a> – Documentary produced by the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> series <a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Dead" title="Secrets of the Dead">Secrets of the Dead</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063629/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm">"Victoria Falls: How Livingstone discovered the Falls". by J. Desmond Clark M.A. PH.D. F.S.A. Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. 1955</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu#">Interactive map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235642/http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu">Archived</a> 13 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&oldid=1258378131">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&oldid=1258378131</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 November 2024, at 10:52 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B4%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%8A%E1%89%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ዴቪድ ሊቪንግስተን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዴቪድ ሊቪንግስተን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ديفيد ليفينغستون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد ليفينغستون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devid_Livinqston" title="Devid Livinqston – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Devid Livinqston" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="ডেভিড লিভিংস্টোন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেভিড লিভিংস্টোন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Давід Лівінгстан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Давід Лівінгстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дэйвід Лівінгстан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэйвід Лівінгстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Дейвид Ливингстън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дейвид Ливингстън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ντέιβιντ Λίβινγκστον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντέιβιντ Λίβινγκστον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81)" title="دیوید لیوینگستون (کاشف) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید لیوینگستون (کاشف)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daibhidh_MacDh%C3%B9nleibh" title="Daibhidh MacDhùnleibh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daibhidh MacDhùnleibh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daibhidh_MacDh%C3%B9nleibh" title="Daibhidh MacDhùnleibh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Daibhidh MacDhùnleibh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%99%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4" title="데이비드 리빙스턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 리빙스턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Դավիդ Լիվինգսթոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դավիդ Լիվինգսթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="डेविड लिविंग्स्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेविड लिविंग्स्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="דייוויד ליווינגסטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דייוויד ליווינגסטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დეივიდ ლივინგსტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეივიდ ლივინგსტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Давид Ливингстон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Давид Ливингстон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deivids_Livingstons" title="Deivids Livingstons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deivids Livingstons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дејвид Ливингстон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дејвид Ливингстон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BA" title="ഡേവിഡ് ലിവിങ്സ്റ്റൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡേവിഡ് ലിവിങ്സ്റ്റൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="डेव्हिड लिव्हिंगस्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डेव्हिड लिव्हिंगस्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ديفيد ليفينجستين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد ليفينجستين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Давид Ливингстон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Давид Ливингстон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဒေးဗစ် လစ်ဗင်းစတုန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒေးဗစ် လစ်ဗင်းစတုန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="デイヴィッド・リヴィングストン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デイヴィッド・リヴィングストン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingston" title="David Livingston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="David Livingston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڈیوڈ لونگ اسٹون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈیوڈ لونگ اسٹون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Ливингстон, Давид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ливингстон, Давид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дејвид Ливингстон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дејвид Ливингстон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="டேவிட் லிவிங்ஸ்ட்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டேவிட் லிவிங்ஸ்ட்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99" title="เดวิด ลิฟวิงสโตน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดวิด ลิฟวิงสโตน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Девід Лівінгстон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Девід Лівінгстон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڈیوڈ لونگ اسٹون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈیوڈ لونگ اسٹون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="David Livingstone" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="戴维·利文斯通 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="戴维·利文斯通" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="戴維利文斯通 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="戴維利文斯通" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="戴维·利文斯通 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戴维·利文斯通" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 10:52 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-wtn6b","wgBackendResponseTime":212,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.683","walltime":"2.072","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16940,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":256513,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23940,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":373026,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1844.229 1 -total"," 30.94% 570.599 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.37% 283.411 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 12.42% 229.062 40 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