Derek Willis — ProPublica

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />  <meta name="parsely-title" content="Derek Willis" /> <meta name="parsely-link" content="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis" /> <meta name="parsely-type" content="index" /> <meta name="parsely-image-url" content="https://assets.propublica.org/2017-pp-open-graph-1200x630.jpg" /> <meta name="parsely-pub-date" content="2017-01-30T13:45:00-05:00" /> <meta name="parsely-section" content="National" /> <meta name="parsely-author" content="" /> <meta name="parsely-tags" content="lang:en" />  <script>(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'enhanced')})(document.documentElement)</script> <script>(function(win,undefined){win.PP=win.PP||{};win.PP.utils=win.PP.utils||{};var PP=win.PP;// loadJS: load a JS file asynchronously. Included from https://github.com/filamentgroup/loadJS/ function loadJS(src,cb){"use strict";var ref=window.document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];var script=window.document.createElement("script");script.src=src;script.async=true;ref.parentNode.insertBefore(script,ref);if(cb&&typeof cb==="function"){script.onload=cb}return script}PP.utils.loadJS=loadJS;// cookie function from https://github.com/filamentgroup/cookie/ function cookie(name,value,days){// if value is undefined, get the cookie value if(value===undefined){var cookiestring="; "+window.document.cookie;var cookies=cookiestring.split("; "+name+"=");if(cookies.length===2){return cookies.pop().split(";").shift()}return null}else{var expires;var domain;// if value is a false boolean, we'll treat that as a delete if(value===false){days=-1}if(days){var date=new Date;date.setTime(date.getTime()+days*24*60*60*1000);expires="; expires="+date.toGMTString()}else{expires=""}if(location.hostname.endsWith(".propublica.org")){// Cookie set on www.propublica.org can be read on // projects.propublica.org (and vice versa) domain="; domain=.propublica.org"}else{// Cookie limited to current hostname domain=""}window.document.cookie=name+"="+value+expires+domain+"; path=/"}}// expose it PP.utils.cookie=cookie;// basic logging function function log(logLine){const logOn=new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("__pp-debug");if(logOn!==null){console.log(logLine)}}// expose it PP.utils.log=log;// generic event throttler using requestAnimationFrame function rafEvent(type,name,obj){obj=obj||win;var running=false;var func=function(){if(running){return}running=true;requestAnimationFrame(function(){obj.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(name));running=false})};obj.addEventListener(type,func)}PP.utils.rafEvent=rafEvent;PP.utils.rafEvent("resize","rafResize");PP.utils.rafEvent("scroll","rafScroll");// Create a series of breakpoints corresponding to the ones in css/config/_column-settings.scss // // Usage: // // 1. Check if breakpoint condition matches // if (PP.utils.aboveBreakpoint("lg").matches) { console.log("Is Desktop"); } // if (PP.utils.belowBreakpoint("lg").matches) { console.log("Is Mobile"); } // // 2. Listener that triggers when breakpoint condition changes // aboveBreakpoint("lg").addEventListener("change", function () { console.log("Mobile/Desktop breakpoint changed."); }); const breakpoints={xs:0,sm:36,md:48,lg:60,xl:78,xxl:88};PP.utils.breakpoints=breakpoints;function aboveBreakpoint(value){return window.matchMedia(`(min-width: ${PP.utils.breakpoints[value]}em)`)}function belowBreakpoint(value){return window.matchMedia(`(max-width: ${PP.utils.breakpoints[value]}em)`)}PP.utils.aboveBreakpoint=aboveBreakpoint;PP.utils.belowBreakpoint=belowBreakpoint})(this);;(function(){var undefined;var VERSION="4.17.5";var FUNC_ERROR_TEXT="Expected a function";var NAN=0/0;var nullTag="[object Null]",symbolTag="[object Symbol]",undefinedTag="[object Undefined]";var reTrim=/^\s+|\s+$/g;var reIsBadHex=/^[-+]0x[0-9a-f]+$/i;var reIsBinary=/^0b[01]+$/i;var reIsOctal=/^0o[0-7]+$/i;var freeParseInt=parseInt;var freeGlobal=typeof global=="object"&&global&&global.Object===Object&&global;var freeSelf=typeof self=="object"&&self&&self.Object===Object&&self;var root=freeGlobal||freeSelf||Function("return this")();var freeExports=typeof exports=="object"&&exports&&!exports.nodeType&&exports;var freeModule=freeExports&&typeof module=="object"&&module&&!module.nodeType&&module;var objectProto=Object.prototype;var hasOwnProperty=objectProto.hasOwnProperty;var nativeObjectToString=objectProto.toString;var Symbol=root.Symbol,symToStringTag=Symbol?Symbol.toStringTag:undefined;var nativeMax=Math.max,nativeMin=Math.min;var realNames={};function lodash(){}function baseGetTag(value){if(value==null){return value===undefined?undefinedTag:nullTag}return symToStringTag&&symToStringTag in Object(value)?getRawTag(value):objectToString(value)}function getRawTag(value){var isOwn=hasOwnProperty.call(value,symToStringTag),tag=value[symToStringTag];try{value[symToStringTag]=undefined;var unmasked=true}catch(e){}var result=nativeObjectToString.call(value);if(unmasked){if(isOwn){value[symToStringTag]=tag}else{delete value[symToStringTag]}}return result}function objectToString(value){return nativeObjectToString.call(value)}var now=function(){return root.Date.now()};function debounce(func,wait,options){var lastArgs,lastThis,maxWait,result,timerId,lastCallTime,lastInvokeTime=0,leading=false,maxing=false,trailing=true;if(typeof func!="function"){throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT)}wait=toNumber(wait)||0;if(isObject(options)){leading=!!options.leading;maxing="maxWait"in options;maxWait=maxing?nativeMax(toNumber(options.maxWait)||0,wait):maxWait;trailing="trailing"in options?!!options.trailing:trailing}function invokeFunc(time){var args=lastArgs,thisArg=lastThis;lastArgs=lastThis=undefined;lastInvokeTime=time;result=func.apply(thisArg,args);return result}function leadingEdge(time){lastInvokeTime=time;timerId=setTimeout(timerExpired,wait);return leading?invokeFunc(time):result}function remainingWait(time){var timeSinceLastCall=time-lastCallTime,timeSinceLastInvoke=time-lastInvokeTime,timeWaiting=wait-timeSinceLastCall;return maxing?nativeMin(timeWaiting,maxWait-timeSinceLastInvoke):timeWaiting}function shouldInvoke(time){var timeSinceLastCall=time-lastCallTime,timeSinceLastInvoke=time-lastInvokeTime;return lastCallTime===undefined||timeSinceLastCall>=wait||timeSinceLastCall<0||maxing&&timeSinceLastInvoke>=maxWait}function timerExpired(){var time=now();if(shouldInvoke(time)){return trailingEdge(time)}timerId=setTimeout(timerExpired,remainingWait(time))}function trailingEdge(time){timerId=undefined;if(trailing&&lastArgs){return invokeFunc(time)}lastArgs=lastThis=undefined;return result}function cancel(){if(timerId!==undefined){clearTimeout(timerId)}lastInvokeTime=0;lastArgs=lastCallTime=lastThis=timerId=undefined}function flush(){return timerId===undefined?result:trailingEdge(now())}function debounced(){var time=now(),isInvoking=shouldInvoke(time);lastArgs=arguments;lastThis=this;lastCallTime=time;if(isInvoking){if(timerId===undefined){return leadingEdge(lastCallTime)}if(maxing){timerId=setTimeout(timerExpired,wait);return invokeFunc(lastCallTime)}}if(timerId===undefined){timerId=setTimeout(timerExpired,wait)}return result}debounced.cancel=cancel;debounced.flush=flush;return debounced}function throttle(func,wait,options){var leading=true,trailing=true;if(typeof func!="function"){throw new TypeError(FUNC_ERROR_TEXT)}if(isObject(options)){leading="leading"in options?!!options.leading:leading;trailing="trailing"in options?!!options.trailing:trailing}return debounce(func,wait,{leading:leading,maxWait:wait,trailing:trailing})}function isObject(value){var type=typeof value;return value!=null&&(type=="object"||type=="function")}function isObjectLike(value){return value!=null&&typeof value=="object"}function isSymbol(value){return typeof value=="symbol"||isObjectLike(value)&&baseGetTag(value)==symbolTag}function toNumber(value){if(typeof value=="number"){return value}if(isSymbol(value)){return NAN}if(isObject(value)){var other=typeof value.valueOf=="function"?value.valueOf():value;value=isObject(other)?other+"":other}if(typeof value!="string"){return value===0?value:+value}value=value.replace(reTrim,"");var isBinary=reIsBinary.test(value);return isBinary||reIsOctal.test(value)?freeParseInt(value.slice(2),isBinary?2:8):reIsBadHex.test(value)?NAN:+value}lodash.debounce=debounce;lodash.throttle=throttle;lodash.isObject=isObject;lodash.isObjectLike=isObjectLike;lodash.isSymbol=isSymbol;lodash.now=now;lodash.toNumber=toNumber;lodash.VERSION=VERSION;if(typeof define=="function"&&typeof define.amd=="object"&&define.amd){root._=lodash;define(function(){return lodash})}else if(freeModule){(freeModule.exports=lodash)._=lodash;freeExports._=lodash}else{root._=lodash}}).call(this);;/*! lazysizes - v5.3.2 */!function(e){var t=function(u,D,f){"use strict";var k,H;if(function(){var e;var t={lazyClass:"lazyload",loadedClass:"lazyloaded",loadingClass:"lazyloading",preloadClass:"lazypreload",errorClass:"lazyerror",autosizesClass:"lazyautosizes",fastLoadedClass:"ls-is-cached",iframeLoadMode:0,srcAttr:"data-src",srcsetAttr:"data-srcset",sizesAttr:"data-sizes",minSize:40,customMedia:{},init:true,expFactor:1.5,hFac:.8,loadMode:2,loadHidden:true,ricTimeout:0,throttleDelay:125};H=u.lazySizesConfig||u.lazysizesConfig||{};for(e in t){if(!(e in H)){H[e]=t[e]}}}(),!D||!D.getElementsByClassName){return{init:function(){},cfg:H,noSupport:true}}var O=D.documentElement,i=u.HTMLPictureElement,P="addEventListener",$="getAttribute",q=u[P].bind(u),I=u.setTimeout,U=u.requestAnimationFrame||I,o=u.requestIdleCallback,j=/^picture$/i,r=["load","error","lazyincluded","_lazyloaded"],a={},G=Array.prototype.forEach,J=function(e,t){if(!a[t]){a[t]=new RegExp("(\\s|^)"+t+"(\\s|$)")}return a[t].test(e[$]("class")||"")&&a[t]},K=function(e,t){if(!J(e,t)){e.setAttribute("class",(e[$]("class")||"").trim()+" "+t)}},Q=function(e,t){var a;if(a=J(e,t)){e.setAttribute("class",(e[$]("class")||"").replace(a," "))}},V=function(t,a,e){var i=e?P:"removeEventListener";if(e){V(t,a)}r.forEach(function(e){t[i](e,a)})},X=function(e,t,a,i,r){var n=D.createEvent("Event");if(!a){a={}}a.instance=k;n.initEvent(t,!i,!r);n.detail=a;e.dispatchEvent(n);return n},Y=function(e,t){var a;if(!i&&(a=u.picturefill||H.pf)){if(t&&t.src&&!e[$]("srcset")){e.setAttribute("srcset",t.src)}a({reevaluate:true,elements:[e]})}else if(t&&t.src){e.src=t.src}},Z=function(e,t){return(getComputedStyle(e,null)||{})[t]},s=function(e,t,a){a=a||e.offsetWidth;while(a<H.minSize&&t&&!e._lazysizesWidth){a=t.offsetWidth;t=t.parentNode}return a},ee=function(){var a,i;var t=[];var r=[];var n=t;var s=function(){var e=n;n=t.length?r:t;a=true;i=false;while(e.length){e.shift()()}a=false};var e=function(e,t){if(a&&!t){e.apply(this,arguments)}else{n.push(e);if(!i){i=true;(D.hidden?I:U)(s)}}};e._lsFlush=s;return e}(),te=function(a,e){return e?function(){ee(a)}:function(){var e=this;var t=arguments;ee(function(){a.apply(e,t)})}},ae=function(e){var a;var i=0;var r=H.throttleDelay;var n=H.ricTimeout;var t=function(){a=false;i=f.now();e()};var s=o&&n>49?function(){o(t,{timeout:n});if(n!==H.ricTimeout){n=H.ricTimeout}}:te(function(){I(t)},true);return function(e){var t;if(e=e===true){n=33}if(a){return}a=true;t=r-(f.now()-i);if(t<0){t=0}if(e||t<9){s()}else{I(s,t)}}},ie=function(e){var t,a;var i=99;var r=function(){t=null;e()};var n=function(){var e=f.now()-a;if(e<i){I(n,i-e)}else{(o||r)(r)}};return function(){a=f.now();if(!t){t=I(n,i)}}},e=function(){var v,m,c,h,e;var y,z,g,p,C,b,A;var n=/^img$/i;var d=/^iframe$/i;var E="onscroll"in u&&!/(gle|ing)bot/.test(navigator.userAgent);var _=0;var w=0;var M=0;var N=-1;var L=function(e){M--;if(!e||M<0||!e.target){M=0}};var x=function(e){if(A==null){A=Z(D.body,"visibility")=="hidden"}return A||!(Z(e.parentNode,"visibility")=="hidden"&&Z(e,"visibility")=="hidden")};var W=function(e,t){var a;var i=e;var r=x(e);g-=t;b+=t;p-=t;C+=t;while(r&&(i=i.offsetParent)&&i!=D.body&&i!=O){r=(Z(i,"opacity")||1)>0;if(r&&Z(i,"overflow")!="visible"){a=i.getBoundingClientRect();r=C>a.left&&p<a.right&&b>a.top-1&&g<a.bottom+1}}return r};var t=function(){var e,t,a,i,r,n,s,o,l,u,f,c;var d=k.elements;if((h=H.loadMode)&&M<8&&(e=d.length)){t=0;N++;for(;t<e;t++){if(!d[t]||d[t]._lazyRace){continue}if(!E||k.prematureUnveil&&k.prematureUnveil(d[t])){R(d[t]);continue}if(!(o=d[t][$]("data-expand"))||!(n=o*1)){n=w}if(!u){u=!H.expand||H.expand<1?O.clientHeight>500&&O.clientWidth>500?500:370:H.expand;k._defEx=u;f=u*H.expFactor;c=H.hFac;A=null;if(w<f&&M<1&&N>2&&h>2&&!D.hidden){w=f;N=0}else if(h>1&&N>1&&M<6){w=u}else{w=_}}if(l!==n){y=innerWidth+n*c;z=innerHeight+n;s=n*-1;l=n}a=d[t].getBoundingClientRect();if((b=a.bottom)>=s&&(g=a.top)<=z&&(C=a.right)>=s*c&&(p=a.left)<=y&&(b||C||p||g)&&(H.loadHidden||x(d[t]))&&(m&&M<3&&!o&&(h<3||N<4)||W(d[t],n))){R(d[t]);r=true;if(M>9){break}}else if(!r&&m&&!i&&M<4&&N<4&&h>2&&(v[0]||H.preloadAfterLoad)&&(v[0]||!o&&(b||C||p||g||d[t][$](H.sizesAttr)!="auto"))){i=v[0]||d[t]}}if(i&&!r){R(i)}}};var a=ae(t);var S=function(e){var t=e.target;if(t._lazyCache){delete t._lazyCache;return}L(e);K(t,H.loadedClass);Q(t,H.loadingClass);V(t,B);X(t,"lazyloaded")};var i=te(S);var B=function(e){i({target:e.target})};var T=function(e,t){var a=e.getAttribute("data-load-mode")||H.iframeLoadMode;if(a==0){e.contentWindow.location.replace(t)}else if(a==1){e.src=t}};var F=function(e){var t;var a=e[$](H.srcsetAttr);if(t=H.customMedia[e[$]("data-media")||e[$]("media")]){e.setAttribute("media",t)}if(a){e.setAttribute("srcset",a)}};var s=te(function(t,e,a,i,r){var n,s,o,l,u,f;if(!(u=X(t,"lazybeforeunveil",e)).defaultPrevented){if(i){if(a){K(t,H.autosizesClass)}else{t.setAttribute("sizes",i)}}s=t[$](H.srcsetAttr);n=t[$](H.srcAttr);if(r){o=t.parentNode;l=o&&j.test(o.nodeName||"")}f=e.firesLoad||"src"in t&&(s||n||l);u={target:t};K(t,H.loadingClass);if(f){clearTimeout(c);c=I(L,2500);V(t,B,true)}if(l){G.call(o.getElementsByTagName("source"),F)}if(s){t.setAttribute("srcset",s)}else if(n&&!l){if(d.test(t.nodeName)){T(t,n)}else{t.src=n}}if(r&&(s||l)){Y(t,{src:n})}}if(t._lazyRace){delete t._lazyRace}Q(t,H.lazyClass);ee(function(){var e=t.complete&&t.naturalWidth>1;if(!f||e){if(e){K(t,H.fastLoadedClass)}S(u);t._lazyCache=true;I(function(){if("_lazyCache"in t){delete t._lazyCache}},9)}if(t.loading=="lazy"){M--}},true)});var R=function(e){if(e._lazyRace){return}var t;var a=n.test(e.nodeName);var i=a&&(e[$](H.sizesAttr)||e[$]("sizes"));var r=i=="auto";if((r||!m)&&a&&(e[$]("src")||e.srcset)&&!e.complete&&!J(e,H.errorClass)&&J(e,H.lazyClass)){return}t=X(e,"lazyunveilread").detail;if(r){re.updateElem(e,true,e.offsetWidth)}e._lazyRace=true;M++;s(e,t,r,i,a)};var r=ie(function(){H.loadMode=3;a()});var o=function(){if(H.loadMode==3){H.loadMode=2}r()};var l=function(){if(m){return}if(f.now()-e<999){I(l,999);return}m=true;H.loadMode=3;a();q("scroll",o,true)};return{_:function(){e=f.now();k.elements=D.getElementsByClassName(H.lazyClass);v=D.getElementsByClassName(H.lazyClass+" "+H.preloadClass);q("scroll",a,true);q("resize",a,true);q("pageshow",function(e){if(e.persisted){var t=D.querySelectorAll("."+H.loadingClass);if(t.length&&t.forEach){U(function(){t.forEach(function(e){if(e.complete){R(e)}})})}}});if(u.MutationObserver){new MutationObserver(a).observe(O,{childList:true,subtree:true,attributes:true})}else{O[P]("DOMNodeInserted",a,true);O[P]("DOMAttrModified",a,true);setInterval(a,999)}q("hashchange",a,true);["focus","mouseover","click","load","transitionend","animationend"].forEach(function(e){D[P](e,a,true)});if(/d$|^c/.test(D.readyState)){l()}else{q("load",l);D[P]("DOMContentLoaded",a);I(l,2e4)}if(k.elements.length){t();ee._lsFlush()}else{a()}},checkElems:a,unveil:R,_aLSL:o}}(),re=function(){var a;var n=te(function(e,t,a,i){var r,n,s;e._lazysizesWidth=i;i+="px";e.setAttribute("sizes",i);if(j.test(t.nodeName||"")){r=t.getElementsByTagName("source");for(n=0,s=r.length;n<s;n++){r[n].setAttribute("sizes",i)}}if(!a.detail.dataAttr){Y(e,a.detail)}});var i=function(e,t,a){var i;var r=e.parentNode;if(r){a=s(e,r,a);i=X(e,"lazybeforesizes",{width:a,dataAttr:!!t});if(!i.defaultPrevented){a=i.detail.width;if(a&&a!==e._lazysizesWidth){n(e,r,i,a)}}}};var e=function(){var e;var t=a.length;if(t){e=0;for(;e<t;e++){i(a[e])}}};var t=ie(e);return{_:function(){a=D.getElementsByClassName(H.autosizesClass);q("resize",t)},checkElems:t,updateElem:i}}(),t=function(){if(!t.i&&D.getElementsByClassName){t.i=true;re._();e._()}};return I(function(){H.init&&t()}),k={cfg:H,autoSizer:re,loader:e,init:t,uP:Y,aC:K,rC:Q,hC:J,fire:X,gW:s,rAF:ee}}(e,e.document,Date);e.lazySizes=t,"object"==typeof module&&module.exports&&(module.exports=t)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:{});;/*! lazysizes - v5.3.2 */!function(e,t){var a=function(){t(e.lazySizes),e.removeEventListener("lazyunveilread",a,!0)};t=t.bind(null,e,e.document),"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?t(require("lazysizes")):"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(["lazysizes"],t):e.lazySizes?a():e.addEventListener("lazyunveilread",a,!0)}(window,function(e,i,o){"use strict";var l,d,u={};function s(e,t,a){var n,r;u[e]||(n=i.createElement(t?"link":"script"),r=i.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],t?(n.rel="stylesheet",n.href=e):(n.onload=function(){n.onerror=null,n.onload=null,a()},n.onerror=n.onload,n.src=e),u[e]=!0,u[n.src||n.href]=!0,r.parentNode.insertBefore(n,r))}i.addEventListener&&(l=function(e,t){var a=i.createElement("img");a.onload=function(){a.onload=null,a.onerror=null,a=null,t()},a.onerror=a.onload,a.src=e,a&&a.complete&&a.onload&&a.onload()},addEventListener("lazybeforeunveil",function(e){var t,a,n;if(e.detail.instance==o&&!e.defaultPrevented){var r=e.target;if("none"==r.preload&&(r.preload=r.getAttribute("data-preload")||"auto"),null!=r.getAttribute("data-autoplay"))if(r.getAttribute("data-expand")&&!r.autoplay)try{r.play()}catch(e){}else requestAnimationFrame(function(){r.setAttribute("data-expand","-10"),o.aC(r,o.cfg.lazyClass)});(t=r.getAttribute("data-link"))&&s(t,!0),(t=r.getAttribute("data-script"))&&(e.detail.firesLoad=!0,s(t,null,function(){e.detail.firesLoad=!1,o.fire(r,"_lazyloaded",{},!0,!0)})),(t=r.getAttribute("data-require"))&&(o.cfg.requireJs?o.cfg.requireJs([t]):s(t)),(a=r.getAttribute("data-bg"))&&(e.detail.firesLoad=!0,l(a,function(){r.style.backgroundImage="url("+(d.test(a)?JSON.stringify(a):a)+")",e.detail.firesLoad=!1,o.fire(r,"_lazyloaded",{},!0,!0)})),(n=r.getAttribute("data-poster"))&&(e.detail.firesLoad=!0,l(n,function(){r.poster=n,e.detail.firesLoad=!1,o.fire(r,"_lazyloaded",{},!0,!0)}))}},!(d=/$|$|\s|'/)))}); //# sourceMappingURL=initial.js.map </script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ 'contentType': 'Item', // updated taxonomy TK 'publicationDate': 'January 30, 2017 13:45:00', 'articleTopic': '', 'articleTitle': 'Derek Willis', 'authorName': '', 'seriesName': '', 'contentRegion': 'National', 'contentLanguage': 'en', 'craftId' : '146389', 'articleVersion' : '', 'contentLocation' : '', 'storyType': '', 'impact': "false" }); </script>  <link href="https://assets.propublica.org" rel="preconnect"> <link href="https://assets.propublica.org" rel="dns-prefetch"> <link href="https://img.assets-c3.propublica.org" rel="dns-prefetch"> <link href="https://img.assets-d.propublica.org" rel="dns-prefetch">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.propublica.org/static/prod/v5/css/main.b80cd9a9.css">  <link rel="icon" href="https://assets.propublica.org/static/prod/v5/images/favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" href="https://assets.propublica.org/static/prod/v5/images/icon.min.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.propublica.org/static/prod/v5/images/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png">  <link rel="me" href="https://newsie.social/@ProPublica" /> <meta name="fediverse:creator" content="@propublica@newsie.social" /> <title>Derek Willis — ProPublica</title><meta name="description" content="ProPublica is an independent, non-profit newsroom that produces investigative journalism in the public interest."> <meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer-when-downgrade"> <meta name="robots" content="all"> <meta content="13320939444" property="fb:profile_id"> <meta content="229862657130557" property="fb:app_id"> <meta content="en_US" property="og:locale"> <meta content="ProPublica" property="og:site_name"> <meta content="website" property="og:type"> <meta content="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis" property="og:url"> <meta content="Derek Willis" property="og:title"> <meta content="ProPublica is an independent, non-profit newsroom that produces investigative journalism in the public interest." property="og:description"> <meta content="https://assets.propublica.org/2017-pp-open-graph-1200x630.jpg" property="og:image"> <meta content="https://vimeo.com/propublica" property="og:see_also"> <meta content="https://www.pinterest.com/propublica" property="og:see_also"> <meta content="https://www.instagram.com/propublica" property="og:see_also"> <meta content="https://www.linkedin.com/company/propublica/" property="og:see_also"> <meta content="https://github.com/propublica" property="og:see_also"> <meta content="https://www.youtube.com/user/propublica" property="og:see_also"> <meta content="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica" property="og:see_also"> <meta content="https://www.facebook.com/propublica/" property="og:see_also"> <meta content="https://twitter.com/propublica" property="og:see_also"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@propublica"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@propublica"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Derek Willis"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="ProPublica is an independent, non-profit newsroom that produces investigative journalism in the public interest."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://assets.propublica.org/2017-pp-open-graph-1200x630.jpg"> <link href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis" rel="canonical"> <link href="https://www.propublica.org" rel="home"> <link type="text/plain" href="https://www.propublica.org/humans.txt" rel="author"> <link href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis/p2" rel="next"></head> <body id="www-propublica-org" class="entry-type-people-listing bg-white text-dark neutral-cool accent-blue" data-pp-location="v5 body"> <style> .site-header__banner { font-family: Graphik, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.2; position: relative; z-index: 100; } @media screen and (min-width: 40em) { .site-header__banner { font-size: 15px; } } a.site-header__banner-link { align-items: center; background: linear-gradient( to right, #e98406, #cf176d, #2074df ); color: white; display: flex; justify-content: center; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 1em; text-decoration: none; transition: unset; } .site-header__banner-link > * + * { margin-left: 8px; } .site-header__banner-cta { background: #da352b; border-radius: 0.2em; color: white; display: inline; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: 700; padding: 0.5em 1em; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; /* see here for smooth box-shadow calculation: https://shadows.brumm.af */ /* box-shadow: 0 1.3px 1.3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07), 0 4.5px 4.5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.042), 0 20px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.028) ; */ } /* .site-header__banner-copy { display: none; } @media screen and (min-width: 50em) { .site-header__banner-copy { display: block; } } */ /* .site-header__banner-link:focus .site-header__banner-cta, .site-header__banner-link:hover .site-header__banner-cta { background: #9b0000; color: white; } */ .site-header__banner-title { padding-right: 0.25em; } @media screen and (min-width: 60em) { .opener--grid { /* Tweak full height to account for promo bar height */ grid-template-rows: minmax(calc(100vh - 2.25rem), auto) auto auto; } } @media screen and (min-width: 60em) { .opener--grid .opener__art.opener__art--inset, .opener--grid .opener__art.opener__art--inset > img, .opener--grid .opener__art.opener__art--inset > video { /* Tweak full height to account for promo bar height */ max-height: calc( 100vh - 2.25rem - 2 * var(--opener-page-margins)); } } </style> <div class="site-header__banner" data-pp-location="promo-bar"> <a class="site-header__banner-link" href="https://give.propublica.org/give/346423/#!/donation/checkout?c_src=PB&c_src2=www"> <span class="site-header__banner-copy"> <strong class="site-header__banner-title">PROPUBLICA</strong> The news is chaos. The truth is not. Help ProPublica dig up the facts. </span> </br> <span class="site-header__banner-cta">DONATE</span> </a> </div>  <script type="application/json" class="svelte-config"> {"componentName":"SiteHeader","props":{"type":"compact","fixedNavScrollStart":".opener"},"contextArray":[]} </script> <a class="site-header-skip-link a11y a11y-focusable--absolute svelte-5qrmpy" href="#main" data-svelte-h="svelte-19fmzuu">Skip to content</a> <div class="site-header--compact svelte-5qrmpy" data-pp-location="svelte-siteheader"><div class="variant-compact__inner-wrap svelte-5qrmpy variant-compact__inner-wrap--has-border"><div class="variant-compact__section-menu svelte-5qrmpy"> <button class="button shape--round-rect button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-link="Menu" data-pp-skip="false" data-testid="compact-menu-button" style="--button-bg-color: transparent; --button-border: none; --button-color: var(--site-header-color-button-text, var(--color-neutral-80)); --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: 1em;"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Menu</title><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M2 12C2 11.4477 2.44772 11 3 11H21C21.5523 11 22 11.4477 22 12C22 12.5523 21.5523 13 21 13H3C2.44772 13 2 12.5523 2 12Z" fill="currentColor"></path><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M2 6C2 5.44772 2.44772 5 3 5H21C21.5523 5 22 5.44772 22 6C22 6.55228 21.5523 7 21 7H3C2.44772 7 2 6.55228 2 6Z" fill="currentColor"></path><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M2 18C2 17.4477 2.44772 17 3 17H21C21.5523 17 22 17.4477 22 18C22 18.5523 21.5523 19 21 19H3C2.44772 19 2 18.5523 2 18Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">Menu</span> </button></div> <a class="variant-compact__wordmark svelte-5qrmpy" href="https://www.propublica.org"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 574.24 75" fill="currentColor"><title>ProPublica</title><path d="M66.4,13.48,66,14.91l6.23,11.45,1.15.47L75,26.29V75H50.95A41.2,41.2,0,0,0,62.13,46.88a40.61,40.61,0,0,0-3.39-16.26,45.17,45.17,0,0,1,7.79-4.95l1.69-.2.14-.41L65,18.83H64.5l-.88,1.29c-2.91,1.9-4.67,2.3-8.54,3.79A41.35,41.35,0,0,0,20.46,5.42,39.87,39.87,0,0,0,0,10.91V0H75V8.81ZM57.32,47A37.54,37.54,0,0,1,44.65,75H0V16A37,37,0,0,1,57.32,47ZM43.7,37.06c0-8.13-6-12-17.75-12H7.18v3.66l4.2.95V62.2l-4.2.95v3.73H27.85V63.14l-7.18-.95V50.14h5.15C37.26,50.14,43.7,45.53,43.7,37.06Zm-9.76.27c0,5.15-2.78,8.33-7.25,8.33h-6V29.47H27C31.37,29.47,33.94,32.32,33.94,37.33Z"></path><path d="M116.53,60.07l9.15,1.08v4.2H99.39v-4.2l5.28-1.36v-44l-5.28-1.36V10.41H123c15.31,0,22.9,5.28,22.9,16.13,0,11.18-8.33,17.41-23.1,17.41h-6.3Zm0-21.14h6.84c6.44,0,10.5-4.61,10.5-12.06,0-7.18-3.73-11.45-10.09-11.45h-7.25Z"></path><path d="M200.74,61.15v4.2H185.9l-16-20.6h-2.51v15l5.28,1.36v4.2H150.27v-4.2l5.28-1.36V23.35l-5-1.36V17.93H175.2c10.5,0,17.55,5.08,17.55,12.67,0,8.4-5.76,12.2-11,13.55l13.48,15.79ZM167.41,39.74h4.47c5.76,0,8.81-3.18,8.81-8.88,0-5.35-2.85-7.93-8.81-7.93h-4.47Z"></path><path d="M199.59,41.64c0-14.77,9.82-24.73,25.68-24.73s25.68,10,25.68,24.73-9.82,24.73-25.68,24.73S199.59,56.48,199.59,41.64Zm38.89,0c0-9.69-3.25-19.17-13.21-19.17S212.05,32,212.05,41.64s3.25,19.17,13.21,19.17S238.48,51.33,238.48,41.64Z"></path><path d="M270.79,60.07l9.15,1.08v4.2H253.31v-4.2l5.62-1.36v-44l-5.62-1.36V10.41h24c15.31,0,22.9,5.28,22.9,16.13,0,11.18-8.33,17.41-23.1,17.41h-6.3Zm0-21.14h6.84c6.44,0,10.5-4.61,10.5-12.06,0-7.18-3.73-11.45-10.1-11.45h-7.25Z"></path><path d="M354.26,22l-4.95,1.36V47c0,12.87-7.79,19.38-20.05,19.38-13.62,0-20.73-7.86-20.73-20v-23L303.58,22V17.93h22V22l-5.08,1.36V47.74c0,7.25,4.34,12.06,11.45,12.06,6.84,0,11.25-4.47,11.25-11.31V23.35L338.14,22V17.93h16.12Z"></path><path d="M403.85,52.21c0,8.88-7.11,13.14-22,13.14H357.58v-4.2l5.56-1.36V23.35L358.26,22V17.93h23.92c12.6,0,19.51,3.79,19.51,11.72,0,6.17-4.06,9.08-10.91,9.89v.27C399.31,40.76,403.85,45.1,403.85,52.21ZM375,38.32h5.76c6.1,0,9-2.78,9-7.79,0-5.22-3.12-7.59-9-7.59H375Zm16.8,13.41c0-5.62-3.79-8.67-11.25-8.67H375V60.34h6.64C388.07,60.34,391.79,57.29,391.79,51.74Z"></path><path d="M451.07,48.62l-4.4,16.73H408v-4.2l5.28-1.36V23.35L407.65,22V17.93h22.76V22l-5.28,1.36v37l14.16-.81L447,47.26Z"></path><path d="M475.4,61.15v4.2H453v-4.2l5.28-1.36V23.35L453,22V17.93H475.4V22l-5.28,1.36V59.8Z"></path><path d="M478,41.78c0-15.85,12.13-24.86,27-24.86a35.6,35.6,0,0,1,18.29,5.15l-2,13.21h-4.2l-1.69-9.08a13.23,13.23,0,0,0-10.09-4.13c-9.15,0-14.7,6.57-14.7,18.22,0,13.21,6.84,19.31,15.24,19.31,6.17,0,10.23-3.39,13.41-9.55l4.27,2c-4.27,10-11.65,14.36-21.07,14.36C488.4,66.37,478,56.48,478,41.78Z"></path><path d="M574.24,61.15v4.2H551.48v-4.2L557,60l-2.85-8.13h-16.6l-3.12,8.2,5.42,1.15-.07,4.2-16.53-.07v-4.2l4.27-1.08,14.9-37.33-4-1.29V17.93h13.69L569.3,60Zm-27.57-31-.47-1.56-.47,1.56-6.23,16.73h12.94Z"></path></svg></a> <a data-pp-view="" href="https://give.propublica.org/give/346423/#!/donation/checkout?c_src=UpRed" class="button shape--round-rect svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--red-50); --button-border: none; --button-color: var(--white); --button-font-size: var(--scale-2); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale2); --icon-size: 1em;"> <span class="text font--serif svelte-1qpwxqa">Donate</span> </a></div></div> <div class="site-header-overlay svelte-5qrmpy" data-testid="overlay" data-pp-location="svelte-siteheader-overlay" style="opacity: 0; pointer-events: none;"><div class="variant-overlay__top-inner-wrap svelte-5qrmpy"><div class="variant-overlay__section-menu svelte-5qrmpy"> <button class="button shape--round-rect button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-link="Menu" data-pp-skip="false" data-testid="close-overlay-button" style="--button-bg-color: transparent; --button-border: none; --button-color: white; --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: var(--scale0);"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><title>Close</title><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"></line><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"></line></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">Close</span> </button></div> <a class="variant-overlay__wordmark svelte-5qrmpy" href="https://www.propublica.org"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 574.24 75" fill="currentColor"><title>ProPublica</title><path d="M66.4,13.48,66,14.91l6.23,11.45,1.15.47L75,26.29V75H50.95A41.2,41.2,0,0,0,62.13,46.88a40.61,40.61,0,0,0-3.39-16.26,45.17,45.17,0,0,1,7.79-4.95l1.69-.2.14-.41L65,18.83H64.5l-.88,1.29c-2.91,1.9-4.67,2.3-8.54,3.79A41.35,41.35,0,0,0,20.46,5.42,39.87,39.87,0,0,0,0,10.91V0H75V8.81ZM57.32,47A37.54,37.54,0,0,1,44.65,75H0V16A37,37,0,0,1,57.32,47ZM43.7,37.06c0-8.13-6-12-17.75-12H7.18v3.66l4.2.95V62.2l-4.2.95v3.73H27.85V63.14l-7.18-.95V50.14h5.15C37.26,50.14,43.7,45.53,43.7,37.06Zm-9.76.27c0,5.15-2.78,8.33-7.25,8.33h-6V29.47H27C31.37,29.47,33.94,32.32,33.94,37.33Z"></path><path d="M116.53,60.07l9.15,1.08v4.2H99.39v-4.2l5.28-1.36v-44l-5.28-1.36V10.41H123c15.31,0,22.9,5.28,22.9,16.13,0,11.18-8.33,17.41-23.1,17.41h-6.3Zm0-21.14h6.84c6.44,0,10.5-4.61,10.5-12.06,0-7.18-3.73-11.45-10.09-11.45h-7.25Z"></path><path d="M200.74,61.15v4.2H185.9l-16-20.6h-2.51v15l5.28,1.36v4.2H150.27v-4.2l5.28-1.36V23.35l-5-1.36V17.93H175.2c10.5,0,17.55,5.08,17.55,12.67,0,8.4-5.76,12.2-11,13.55l13.48,15.79ZM167.41,39.74h4.47c5.76,0,8.81-3.18,8.81-8.88,0-5.35-2.85-7.93-8.81-7.93h-4.47Z"></path><path d="M199.59,41.64c0-14.77,9.82-24.73,25.68-24.73s25.68,10,25.68,24.73-9.82,24.73-25.68,24.73S199.59,56.48,199.59,41.64Zm38.89,0c0-9.69-3.25-19.17-13.21-19.17S212.05,32,212.05,41.64s3.25,19.17,13.21,19.17S238.48,51.33,238.48,41.64Z"></path><path d="M270.79,60.07l9.15,1.08v4.2H253.31v-4.2l5.62-1.36v-44l-5.62-1.36V10.41h24c15.31,0,22.9,5.28,22.9,16.13,0,11.18-8.33,17.41-23.1,17.41h-6.3Zm0-21.14h6.84c6.44,0,10.5-4.61,10.5-12.06,0-7.18-3.73-11.45-10.1-11.45h-7.25Z"></path><path d="M354.26,22l-4.95,1.36V47c0,12.87-7.79,19.38-20.05,19.38-13.62,0-20.73-7.86-20.73-20v-23L303.58,22V17.93h22V22l-5.08,1.36V47.74c0,7.25,4.34,12.06,11.45,12.06,6.84,0,11.25-4.47,11.25-11.31V23.35L338.14,22V17.93h16.12Z"></path><path d="M403.85,52.21c0,8.88-7.11,13.14-22,13.14H357.58v-4.2l5.56-1.36V23.35L358.26,22V17.93h23.92c12.6,0,19.51,3.79,19.51,11.72,0,6.17-4.06,9.08-10.91,9.89v.27C399.31,40.76,403.85,45.1,403.85,52.21ZM375,38.32h5.76c6.1,0,9-2.78,9-7.79,0-5.22-3.12-7.59-9-7.59H375Zm16.8,13.41c0-5.62-3.79-8.67-11.25-8.67H375V60.34h6.64C388.07,60.34,391.79,57.29,391.79,51.74Z"></path><path d="M451.07,48.62l-4.4,16.73H408v-4.2l5.28-1.36V23.35L407.65,22V17.93h22.76V22l-5.28,1.36v37l14.16-.81L447,47.26Z"></path><path d="M475.4,61.15v4.2H453v-4.2l5.28-1.36V23.35L453,22V17.93H475.4V22l-5.28,1.36V59.8Z"></path><path d="M478,41.78c0-15.85,12.13-24.86,27-24.86a35.6,35.6,0,0,1,18.29,5.15l-2,13.21h-4.2l-1.69-9.08a13.23,13.23,0,0,0-10.09-4.13c-9.15,0-14.7,6.57-14.7,18.22,0,13.21,6.84,19.31,15.24,19.31,6.17,0,10.23-3.39,13.41-9.55l4.27,2c-4.27,10-11.65,14.36-21.07,14.36C488.4,66.37,478,56.48,478,41.78Z"></path><path d="M574.24,61.15v4.2H551.48v-4.2L557,60l-2.85-8.13h-16.6l-3.12,8.2,5.42,1.15-.07,4.2-16.53-.07v-4.2l4.27-1.08,14.9-37.33-4-1.29V17.93h13.69L569.3,60Zm-27.57-31-.47-1.56-.47,1.56-6.23,16.73h12.94Z"></path></svg></a> <a data-pp-view="" href="https://give.propublica.org/give/346423/#!/donation/checkout?c_src=UpRed" class="button shape--round-rect svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--red-50); --button-border: none; --button-color: var(--white); --button-font-size: var(--scale-2); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale2); --icon-size: 1em;"> <span class="text font--serif svelte-1qpwxqa">Donate</span> </a></div> <div class="site-header-overlay__wrap-expanded svelte-5qrmpy" data-pp-location="masthead wrap-expanded"> <div class="site-header__section-search svelte-5qrmpy"><form class="search-form svelte-5qrmpy" role="search" action="https://propublica.org/search" method="get"><label class="a11y hed-form hed-site-search" for="search-form__input-text" data-svelte-h="svelte-zdbb25">Search ProPublica:</label> <div class="search-form__input-wrap svelte-5qrmpy"><input placeholder="Search" id="search-form__input-text" class="search-form__input-text svelte-5qrmpy" type="search" value="" name="qss"> <button class="button shape--circle button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--cool-70); --button-border: none; --button-color: white; --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale4); --icon-size: var(--scale0);"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><title>Search</title><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle><line x1="21" y1="21" x2="16.65" y2="16.65"></line></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">Search</span> </button></div></form></div> <nav class="site-header__section-links-expanded svelte-5qrmpy" aria-label="Expanded Links" hidden><div class="site-header__links site-header__links-topics svelte-5qrmpy"><strong class="site-header__links-heading svelte-5qrmpy">Topics </strong> <ul class="site-header__links-list svelte-5qrmpy"><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"><span class="icon svelte-5qrmpy"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 15 15" fill="currentColor"><title>Racial Justice</title><path d="M15,12.23v0L14,4.55l.24.06.11,0a.38.38,0,0,0,.36-.27.38.38,0,0,0-.25-.47c-.19-.06-.39-.1-.59-.15a.38.38,0,0,0-.29-.26.37.37,0,0,0-.28.11c-.6-.15-1.21-.28-1.82-.39V1.29A1.29,1.29,0,0,0,10.17,0,1.32,1.32,0,0,0,9.11.57a1.37,1.37,0,0,0-2,.26A1.3,1.3,0,0,0,6.23.51a1.32,1.32,0,0,0-1.12.66A1.13,1.13,0,0,0,4.46,1,1.19,1.19,0,0,0,3.27,2.14V3.25c-.53.1-1,.21-1.57.34a.37.37,0,0,0-.28-.11.38.38,0,0,0-.29.26c-.19,0-.39.09-.58.15a.38.38,0,0,0-.25.47.38.38,0,0,0,.36.27l.11,0L1,4.55,0,12.21v0A2.67,2.67,0,0,0,2.6,15a2.67,2.67,0,0,0,2.57-2.73h0a.19.19,0,0,0,0-.07.13.13,0,0,0,0-.06h0L2,4.27c.41-.1.82-.18,1.24-.25v.37a4,4,0,0,0-.12,1A3.93,3.93,0,0,0,5.21,8.81v1.77a.38.38,0,1,0,.75,0v-2a.39.39,0,0,0-.21-.34A3.19,3.19,0,0,1,3.9,5.39a1.18,1.18,0,0,0,.56.16,1.2,1.2,0,0,0,.8-.32,1.35,1.35,0,0,0,1,.43,1.29,1.29,0,0,0,1-.44,1.29,1.29,0,0,0,.6.32,3.58,3.58,0,0,0-.89.85.37.37,0,0,0,.3.59.39.39,0,0,0,.31-.15A2.81,2.81,0,0,1,9.76,5.61a.38.38,0,0,0,0-.75H8.14a.59.59,0,0,1-.58-.59v-.5h2.82a.73.73,0,0,1,.75.71v.89A3.19,3.19,0,0,1,9.28,8.24a.39.39,0,0,0-.21.34v2a.38.38,0,1,0,.75,0V8.81a3.93,3.93,0,0,0,2.06-3.44V4.48A1.33,1.33,0,0,0,11.8,4c.4.07.79.15,1.18.24L9.87,12.11h0a.13.13,0,0,0,0,.06.25.25,0,0,0,0,.07h0A2.67,2.67,0,0,0,12.41,15,2.67,2.67,0,0,0,15,12.25ZM1.65,5.35l2.59,6.53H.83Zm1,8.9A1.88,1.88,0,0,1,.81,12.63H4.39A1.88,1.88,0,0,1,2.6,14.25ZM4.9,4.36a.44.44,0,0,1-.44.44A.44.44,0,0,1,4,4.36V2.14a.44.44,0,0,1,.44-.44.44.44,0,0,1,.44.44Zm1.91,0a.58.58,0,1,1-1.16,0V2.14a.7.7,0,0,0,0-.14.4.4,0,0,0,0-.15.58.58,0,1,1,1.16,0Zm.73-2.58a.43.43,0,0,0,0-.11.65.65,0,1,1,1.29,0V3H7.56V1.85S7.54,1.78,7.54,1.74ZM9.6,3V1.63s0,0,0-.06,0,0,0,0V1.29a.57.57,0,0,1,1.14,0V3.07a1.49,1.49,0,0,0-.36,0Zm4.58,8.86H10.77l2.59-6.53Zm-1.77,2.37a1.89,1.89,0,0,1-1.79-1.62H14.2A1.88,1.88,0,0,1,12.41,14.25Z"></path></svg> </span> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Racial Justice" href="https://www.propublica.org/topics/racial-justice">Racial Justice</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"><span class="icon svelte-5qrmpy"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 15 15" fill="currentColor"><title>Healthcare</title><path d="M6.77,4.81H6.28a10,10,0,0,1-4.19-.92L.44,3a.67.67,0,0,1-.36-.67.7.7,0,0,1,.49-.6L4.38.65a1.14,1.14,0,0,1,1,.19,1.08,1.08,0,0,1,.42.86.56.56,0,0,0,.54.56h.48a.37.37,0,0,1,.37.37A.38.38,0,0,1,6.77,3H6.29A1.3,1.3,0,0,1,5,1.7a.31.31,0,0,0-.13-.26.31.31,0,0,0-.29-.06L.92,2.43l1.5.79a9.35,9.35,0,0,0,3.86.84h.49a.38.38,0,0,1,0,.75Z"></path><path d="M8.76,4.81H8.29a.38.38,0,1,1,0-.75h.47a9.24,9.24,0,0,0,3.87-.85l1.5-.78L10.45,1.38a.3.3,0,0,0-.27.05.35.35,0,0,0-.13.27A1.3,1.3,0,0,1,8.77,3H8.29a.38.38,0,0,1-.38-.38.37.37,0,0,1,.38-.37h.47A.56.56,0,0,0,9.3,1.7,1.1,1.1,0,0,1,9.72.84a1.08,1.08,0,0,1,.93-.19l3.82,1.1A.7.7,0,0,1,14.61,3L13,3.88A9.92,9.92,0,0,1,8.76,4.81Z"></path><path d="M7.52,13.82a.34.34,0,0,1-.23-.08L6,12.76a1.72,1.72,0,0,1-.61-1.52,1.63,1.63,0,0,1,.77-1.33L9.61,8A.88.88,0,0,0,10,7.33a1.11,1.11,0,0,0-.28-.91l-.33-.29a.38.38,0,1,1,.51-.55l.32.29a1.8,1.8,0,0,1,.52,1.55A1.59,1.59,0,0,1,10,8.65L6.56,10.56a.89.89,0,0,0-.39.74,1,1,0,0,0,.32.87l1.26,1a.39.39,0,0,1,.07.53A.41.41,0,0,1,7.52,13.82Z"></path><path d="M7.53,13.82a.41.41,0,0,1-.3-.14.39.39,0,0,1,.07-.53l1.26-1a1,1,0,0,0,.32-.87.89.89,0,0,0-.39-.74L5.07,8.65a1.62,1.62,0,0,1-.76-1.24,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.51-1.54l.32-.29a.38.38,0,0,1,.51.55l-.33.3a1.08,1.08,0,0,0-.27.89A.92.92,0,0,0,5.44,8L8.86,9.91a1.63,1.63,0,0,1,.77,1.33A1.72,1.72,0,0,1,9,12.76l-1.26,1A.34.34,0,0,1,7.53,13.82Z"></path><path d="M7.52,15a.37.37,0,0,1-.37-.38V.44A.37.37,0,0,1,7.52.06.38.38,0,0,1,7.9.44V14.57A.38.38,0,0,1,7.52,15Z"></path></svg> </span> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Health Care" href="https://www.propublica.org/topics/health-care">Health Care</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"><span class="icon svelte-5qrmpy"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 15 15" fill="currentColor"><title>Politics</title><path d="M12.54,14.89h-10a.38.38,0,0,1-.38-.37V11a.38.38,0,0,1,.38-.38h10a.38.38,0,0,1,.38.38v3.55A.38.38,0,0,1,12.54,14.89Zm-9.66-.75h9.29v-2.8H2.88Z"></path><path d="M14.52,14.89H.53a.38.38,0,0,1,0-.75h14a.38.38,0,0,1,0,.75Z"></path><path d="M11.71,11.35H3.34A.37.37,0,0,1,3,11V8.7a.38.38,0,0,1,.37-.38h8.37a.37.37,0,0,1,.37.38V11A.36.36,0,0,1,11.71,11.35Zm-8-.75h7.61V9.07H3.72Z"></path><path d="M8.36,5.11A.38.38,0,0,1,8,4.73V3.42H7.07V4.73a.38.38,0,1,1-.75,0V3a.37.37,0,0,1,.37-.37H8.36A.37.37,0,0,1,8.73,3V4.73A.38.38,0,0,1,8.36,5.11Z"></path><path d="M3.84,13.79a.38.38,0,0,1-.38-.37V12.25a.38.38,0,0,1,.75,0v1.17A.38.38,0,0,1,3.84,13.79Z"></path><path d="M5.31,13.79a.38.38,0,0,1-.37-.37V12.25a.38.38,0,0,1,.75,0v1.17A.38.38,0,0,1,5.31,13.79Z"></path><path d="M6.79,13.79a.37.37,0,0,1-.37-.37V12.25a.36.36,0,0,1,.37-.37.37.37,0,0,1,.38.37v1.17A.38.38,0,0,1,6.79,13.79Z"></path><path d="M8.27,13.79a.38.38,0,0,1-.38-.37V12.25a.37.37,0,0,1,.38-.37.36.36,0,0,1,.37.37v1.17A.37.37,0,0,1,8.27,13.79Z"></path><path d="M9.75,13.79a.38.38,0,0,1-.38-.37V12.25a.38.38,0,0,1,.75,0v1.17A.38.38,0,0,1,9.75,13.79Z"></path><path d="M11.22,13.79a.38.38,0,0,1-.37-.37V12.25a.38.38,0,0,1,.75,0v1.17A.38.38,0,0,1,11.22,13.79Z"></path><path d="M7.53,3.42A.37.37,0,0,1,7.16,3V.48A.37.37,0,0,1,7.53.11a.38.38,0,0,1,.38.37V3A.38.38,0,0,1,7.53,3.42Z"></path><path d="M11.72,9.06a.38.38,0,0,1-.38-.37A3.74,3.74,0,0,0,7.53,5,3.74,3.74,0,0,0,3.72,8.69a.38.38,0,0,1-.75,0A4.49,4.49,0,0,1,7.53,4.28a4.49,4.49,0,0,1,4.56,4.41A.37.37,0,0,1,11.72,9.06Z"></path></svg> </span> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Politics" href="https://www.propublica.org/topics/politics">Politics</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"><span class="icon svelte-5qrmpy"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 15 15" fill="currentColor"><title>Criminal Justice</title><path d="M13.48,4h-.11A20.22,20.22,0,0,0,1.76,4a.38.38,0,0,1-.47-.26.37.37,0,0,1,.25-.46,21,21,0,0,1,12.05,0,.37.37,0,0,1-.11.73Z"></path><path d="M10.53,15h-6a.38.38,0,1,1,0-.75h6a.38.38,0,0,1,0,.75Z"></path><path d="M7.5,15a.37.37,0,0,1-.37-.38V.42A.37.37,0,0,1,7.5,0a.38.38,0,0,1,.38.38V14.6A.38.38,0,0,1,7.5,15Z"></path><path d="M5.39,9.89H.46a.37.37,0,0,1-.31-.16.36.36,0,0,1,0-.35L2.57,3.16a.38.38,0,0,1,.35-.24h0a.38.38,0,0,1,.35.23L5.74,9.38a.36.36,0,0,1,0,.35A.37.37,0,0,1,5.39,9.89ZM1,9.14H4.84L2.92,4.31Z"></path><path d="M14.6,9.89H9.67a.37.37,0,0,1-.31-.16.36.36,0,0,1,0-.35l2.46-6.22a.38.38,0,0,1,.35-.24h0a.37.37,0,0,1,.35.23L15,9.38a.36.36,0,0,1,0,.35A.37.37,0,0,1,14.6,9.89Zm-4.38-.75h3.83L12.13,4.31Z"></path><path d="M2.92,11.75A3,3,0,0,1,.1,9.62a.36.36,0,0,1,.06-.33.38.38,0,0,1,.3-.15H5.39a.38.38,0,0,1,.3.15.39.39,0,0,1,.06.33A3,3,0,0,1,2.92,11.75ZM1,9.89A2.21,2.21,0,0,0,2.92,11,2.22,2.22,0,0,0,4.83,9.89Z"></path><path d="M12.13,11.75A3,3,0,0,1,9.3,9.62a.39.39,0,0,1,.06-.33.38.38,0,0,1,.3-.15h4.93a.38.38,0,0,1,.3.15.36.36,0,0,1,.06.33A3,3,0,0,1,12.13,11.75ZM10.22,9.89a2.19,2.19,0,0,0,3.81,0Z"></path></svg> </span> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Criminal Justice" href="https://www.propublica.org/topics/criminal-justice">Criminal Justice</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="more…" href="https://www.propublica.org/topics/">more…</a> </li></ul> </div><div class="site-header__links site-header__links-region svelte-5qrmpy"><strong class="site-header__links-heading svelte-5qrmpy">Browse by Place </strong> <ul class="site-header__links-list svelte-5qrmpy"><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Midwest" href="https://www.propublica.org/midwest/">Midwest</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Northwest" href="https://www.propublica.org/northwest/">Northwest</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="South" href="https://www.propublica.org/south/">South</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Southwest" href="https://www.propublica.org/southwest/">Southwest</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Texas" href="https://www.propublica.org/texas/">Texas</a> </li></ul> </div><div class="site-header__links site-header__links-type svelte-5qrmpy"><strong class="site-header__links-heading svelte-5qrmpy">Type </strong> <ul class="site-header__links-list svelte-5qrmpy"><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Graphics & Data" href="https://www.propublica.org/newsapps/">Graphics & Data</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Newsletters" href="https://www.propublica.org/newsletters/">Newsletters</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Series" href="https://www.propublica.org/series/">Series</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Videos" href="https://www.propublica.org/video/">Videos</a> </li></ul> </div><div class="site-header__links site-header__links-special svelte-5qrmpy"> <ul class="site-header__links-list svelte-5qrmpy"><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Local Reporting Network" href="https://www.propublica.org/local-reporting-network/">Local Reporting Network</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Electionland" href="https://www.propublica.org/electionland/">Electionland</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Data Store" href="https://www.propublica.org/datastore/">Data Store</a> </li></ul> </div><div class="site-header__links site-header__links-info svelte-5qrmpy"><strong class="site-header__links-heading svelte-5qrmpy">Info </strong> <ul class="site-header__links-list svelte-5qrmpy"><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="About Us" href="https://www.propublica.org/about/">About Us</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Impact" href="https://www.propublica.org/impact/">Impact</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Jobs & Fellowships" href="https://www.propublica.org/jobs/">Jobs & Fellowships</a> </li><li class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a class="site-header__link svelte-5qrmpy" data-link="Contact Us" href="https://www.propublica.org/contact/">Contact Us</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="site-header__links site-header__links-follow svelte-5qrmpy"><strong class="site-header__links-heading svelte-5qrmpy" data-svelte-h="svelte-19sje8q">Follow ProPublica</strong> <ul class="site-header__links-list site-header__links-list-follow svelte-5qrmpy"><li data-link="Bluesky" class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/propublica.org" class="button shape--circle button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--cool-70); --button-border: none; --button-color: white; --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: 1em;"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><title>Bluesky</title><path d="M5.20079 2.42542C7.95442 4.48593 10.9155 8.67296 12 10.9221C13.0845 8.67768 16.0456 4.49064 18.7992 2.42542C20.7843 0.935439 24 -0.215052 24 3.45332C24 4.18416 23.5804 9.60656 23.3352 10.4883C22.477 13.5437 19.3556 14.3264 16.5784 13.8502C21.4303 14.6753 22.6656 17.4101 19.9969 20.1449C14.9328 25.3409 12.7214 18.8435 12.1556 17.179C12.0754 16.948 12.033 16.8113 12 16.8113C11.967 16.8113 11.9246 16.9527 11.8444 17.179C11.2786 18.8435 9.06248 25.3409 4.00314 20.1449C1.3391 17.4101 2.56974 14.6753 7.42161 13.8502C4.6444 14.3264 1.52299 13.5437 0.669548 10.4836C0.419646 9.60184 0 4.17945 0 3.4486C0 -0.219767 3.21572 0.930724 5.20079 2.4207V2.42542Z"></path></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">Bluesky</span> </a></li> <li data-link="Instagram" class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/propublica" class="button shape--circle button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--cool-70); --button-border: none; --button-color: white; --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: 1em;"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><title>Instagram</title><path d="M12,2.32c3.15,0,3.53,0,4.77.07a6.51,6.51,0,0,1,2.19.4,3.58,3.58,0,0,1,1.36.89A3.58,3.58,0,0,1,21.21,5a6.51,6.51,0,0,1,.4,2.19c.06,1.24.07,1.62.07,4.77s0,3.53-.07,4.77a6.51,6.51,0,0,1-.4,2.19A4,4,0,0,1,19,21.21a6.51,6.51,0,0,1-2.19.4c-1.24.06-1.62.07-4.77.07s-3.53,0-4.77-.07A6.51,6.51,0,0,1,5,21.21a3.58,3.58,0,0,1-1.36-.89A3.58,3.58,0,0,1,2.79,19a6.51,6.51,0,0,1-.4-2.19c-.06-1.24-.07-1.62-.07-4.77s0-3.53.07-4.77A6.51,6.51,0,0,1,2.79,5a3.58,3.58,0,0,1,.89-1.36A3.58,3.58,0,0,1,5,2.79a6.51,6.51,0,0,1,2.19-.4c1.24-.06,1.62-.07,4.77-.07M12,.19C8.79.19,8.39.2,7.13.26A8.84,8.84,0,0,0,4.26.81,6,6,0,0,0,.81,4.26,8.84,8.84,0,0,0,.26,7.13C.2,8.39.19,8.79.19,12s0,3.61.07,4.87a8.84,8.84,0,0,0,.55,2.87,6,6,0,0,0,3.45,3.45,8.84,8.84,0,0,0,2.87.55c1.26.06,1.66.07,4.87.07s3.61,0,4.87-.07a8.84,8.84,0,0,0,2.87-.55,6,6,0,0,0,3.45-3.45,8.84,8.84,0,0,0,.55-2.87c.06-1.26.07-1.66.07-4.87s0-3.61-.07-4.87a8.84,8.84,0,0,0-.55-2.87A6,6,0,0,0,19.74.81,8.84,8.84,0,0,0,16.87.26C15.61.2,15.21.19,12,.19Z"></path><path d="M12,5.94A6.06,6.06,0,1,0,18.06,12,6.06,6.06,0,0,0,12,5.94Zm0,10A3.94,3.94,0,1,1,15.94,12,3.95,3.95,0,0,1,12,15.94Z"></path><circle cx="18.3" cy="5.7" r="1.42"></circle></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">Instagram</span> </a></li> <li data-link="Facebook" class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/propublica/" class="button shape--circle button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--cool-70); --button-border: none; --button-color: white; --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: 1em;"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><title>Facebook</title><path d="M8.25 14.0297V24H13.6875V14.0297H17.7422L18.5859 9.44531H13.6875V7.82344C13.6875 5.4 14.6391 4.47188 17.0953 4.47188C17.8594 4.47188 18.4734 4.49062 18.8297 4.52812V0.370313C18.1594 0.1875 16.5187 0 15.5719 0C10.5609 0 8.25 2.36719 8.25 7.47187V9.44531H5.15625V14.0297H8.25Z"></path></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">Facebook</span> </a></li> <li data-link="Twitter" class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a href="https://x.com/propublica" class="button shape--circle button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--cool-70); --button-border: none; --button-color: white; --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: 1em;"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><title>X</title><path d="M18.2439 2.25H21.5532L14.3251 10.5094L22.8282 21.75H16.172L10.9548 14.9344L4.99229 21.75H1.67822L9.40791 12.9141L1.25635 2.25H8.08135L12.7923 8.47969L18.2439 2.25ZM17.0813 19.7719H18.9142L7.08291 4.125H5.11416L17.0813 19.7719Z"></path></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">(Twitter)</span> </a></li> <li data-link="YouTube" class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/propublica" class="button shape--circle button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--cool-70); --button-border: none; --button-color: white; --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: 1em;"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M24 12C24 20 24 20 12 20C0 20 0 20 0 12C0 4 0 4 12 4C24 4 24 4 24 12ZM16.5 12L9 7.76471V16.2353L16.5 12Z"></path></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">YouTube</span> </a></li> <li data-link="Threads" class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a href="https://www.threads.net/@propublica" class="button shape--circle button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--cool-70); --button-border: none; --button-color: white; --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: 1em;"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><title>Threads</title><path d="M17.0391 11.0484C17.1422 11.0906 17.2359 11.1375 17.3344 11.1797C18.7031 11.8406 19.7063 12.8297 20.2313 14.0578C20.9672 15.7687 21.0375 18.5484 18.8109 20.7703C17.1141 22.4672 15.0469 23.2313 12.1266 23.2547H12.1125C8.82187 23.2313 6.29531 22.125 4.59375 19.9641C3.07969 18.0422 2.30156 15.3656 2.27344 12.0141V12V11.9906C2.29688 8.63906 3.075 5.9625 4.58906 4.04062C6.29063 1.87969 8.82187 0.773438 12.1125 0.75H12.1266C15.4219 0.773438 17.9812 1.875 19.7344 4.02656C20.5969 5.09063 21.2344 6.37031 21.6375 7.85625L19.7438 8.3625C19.4109 7.15312 18.9094 6.12188 18.2344 5.29688C16.8656 3.61875 14.8125 2.75625 12.1172 2.7375C9.44531 2.76094 7.425 3.61875 6.10781 5.2875C4.87969 6.84844 4.24219 9.10781 4.21875 12C4.24219 14.8922 4.87969 17.1516 6.10781 18.7172C7.42031 20.3859 9.44531 21.2438 12.1172 21.2672C14.5266 21.2484 16.1203 20.6766 17.4469 19.35C18.9609 17.8406 18.9328 15.9844 18.45 14.8547C18.1641 14.1891 17.6484 13.6359 16.9547 13.2188C16.7813 14.4797 16.4016 15.4828 15.7969 16.2562C14.9953 17.2781 13.8563 17.8313 12.3891 17.9109C11.2828 17.9719 10.2187 17.7047 9.39375 17.1609C8.41875 16.5141 7.84688 15.5297 7.78594 14.3812C7.66875 12.1172 9.45938 10.4906 12.2484 10.3312C13.2375 10.275 14.1656 10.3172 15.0234 10.4625C14.9109 9.76875 14.6812 9.21563 14.3391 8.8125C13.8703 8.26406 13.1391 7.98281 12.1734 7.97812H12.1406C11.3625 7.97812 10.3125 8.19375 9.64219 9.21094L8.02969 8.10469C8.92969 6.74062 10.3875 5.99063 12.1453 5.99063H12.1828C15.1172 6.00938 16.8656 7.84219 17.0438 11.0391L17.0344 11.0484H17.0391ZM9.72656 14.2734C9.7875 15.45 11.0578 15.9984 12.2859 15.9281C13.4859 15.8625 14.8453 15.3938 15.075 12.4969C14.4563 12.3609 13.7719 12.2906 13.0406 12.2906C12.8156 12.2906 12.5906 12.2953 12.3656 12.3094C10.3547 12.4219 9.68438 13.3969 9.73125 14.2687L9.72656 14.2734Z"></path></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">Threads</span> </a></li> <li data-link="LinkedIn" class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/propublica/posts/" class="button shape--circle button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--cool-70); --button-border: none; --button-color: white; --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: 1em;"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>LinkedIn</title><path d="M6.65548 8.41229H2.64045C2.46226 8.41229 2.31787 8.55674 2.31787 8.73487V21.6335C2.31787 21.8116 2.46226 21.956 2.64045 21.956H6.65548C6.83368 21.956 6.97806 21.8116 6.97806 21.6335V8.73487C6.97806 8.55674 6.83368 8.41229 6.65548 8.41229Z"></path><path d="M4.64942 2C3.18852 2 2 3.18723 2 4.64652C2 6.10645 3.18852 7.29413 4.64942 7.29413C6.10916 7.29413 7.29671 6.10639 7.29671 4.64652C7.29677 3.18723 6.10916 2 4.64942 2Z"></path><path d="M16.868 8.09167C15.2554 8.09167 14.0634 8.7849 13.3403 9.57258V8.73484C13.3403 8.55671 13.1959 8.41226 13.0177 8.41226H9.17265C8.99445 8.41226 8.85007 8.55671 8.85007 8.73484V21.6334C8.85007 21.8116 8.99445 21.956 9.17265 21.956H13.1789C13.3571 21.956 13.5015 21.8116 13.5015 21.6334V15.2516C13.5015 13.1011 14.0856 12.2633 15.5847 12.2633C17.2174 12.2633 17.3471 13.6064 17.3471 15.3623V21.6335C17.3471 21.8117 17.4915 21.9561 17.6697 21.9561H21.6774C21.8556 21.9561 22 21.8117 22 21.6335V14.5584C22 11.3606 21.3903 8.09167 16.868 8.09167Z"></path></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">LinkedIn</span> </a></li> <li data-link="RSS" class="svelte-5qrmpy"> <a href="https://www.propublica.org/feeds/propublica/main" class="button shape--circle button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: var(--cool-70); --button-border: none; --button-color: white; --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: 1em;"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>RSS</title><path d="M20 19.6598C20 19.75 19.9642 19.8365 19.9004 19.9002C19.8367 19.964 19.7502 19.9998 19.66 19.9998H17.3401C17.2499 19.9998 17.1635 19.964 17.0997 19.9002C17.0359 19.8365 17.0001 19.75 17.0001 19.6598C17.0022 18.5247 16.8508 17.3945 16.5501 16.3C16.2604 15.2486 15.8334 14.2399 15.2802 13.3001C14.7244 12.3657 14.0524 11.5055 13.2803 10.7402C12.5149 9.96799 11.6548 9.29599 10.7204 8.74024C9.77847 8.19108 8.77037 7.76432 7.72047 7.47029C6.62038 7.16109 5.48333 7.00298 4.3406 7.00031C4.29566 7.00271 4.25076 6.99497 4.20921 6.97766C4.16767 6.96035 4.13055 6.93392 4.10061 6.90032C4.06701 6.87038 4.04058 6.83326 4.02327 6.79172C4.00596 6.75017 3.99822 6.70527 4.00062 6.66033V4.34041C3.99822 4.29547 4.00596 4.25057 4.02327 4.20902C4.04058 4.16748 4.06701 4.13036 4.10061 4.10042C4.13055 4.06682 4.16767 4.04039 4.20921 4.02308C4.25076 4.00577 4.29566 3.99803 4.3406 4.00043C5.746 4.00053 7.14505 4.18886 8.50044 4.56041C9.81129 4.91981 11.0688 5.45106 12.2403 6.14035C13.3965 6.81934 14.4616 7.64258 15.4102 8.59025C16.3578 9.53878 17.1811 10.6039 17.8601 11.7601C18.5494 12.9316 19.0806 14.1891 19.44 15.5C19.8116 16.8554 19.9999 18.2544 20 19.6598ZM15.0002 19.6598C15.0002 19.75 14.9644 19.8365 14.9006 19.9002C14.8369 19.964 14.7504 19.9998 14.6602 19.9998H12.3403C12.2501 19.9998 12.1636 19.964 12.0999 19.9002C12.0361 19.8365 12.0003 19.75 12.0003 19.6598C12.0074 18.6284 11.7997 17.6067 11.3903 16.6599C10.6228 14.8248 9.15935 13.3686 7.32049 12.6101C6.37989 12.2034 5.36534 11.9958 4.3406 12.0001C4.29566 12.0025 4.25076 11.9948 4.20921 11.9775C4.16767 11.9602 4.13055 11.9337 4.10061 11.9001C4.06701 11.8702 4.04058 11.8331 4.02327 11.7915C4.00596 11.75 3.99822 11.7051 4.00062 11.6601V9.34022C3.99822 9.29528 4.00596 9.25037 4.02327 9.20883C4.04058 9.16729 4.06701 9.13017 4.10061 9.10023C4.13055 9.06663 4.16767 9.04019 4.20921 9.02288C4.25076 9.00557 4.29566 8.99783 4.3406 9.00023C5.29329 9.00091 6.24162 9.1287 7.1605 9.38022C8.05554 9.62739 8.91568 9.98691 9.7204 10.4502C10.5061 10.9162 11.2315 11.4771 11.8803 12.1201C12.5233 12.769 13.0842 13.4944 13.5502 14.28C14.0135 15.0847 14.373 15.9449 14.6202 16.8399C14.8717 17.7588 14.9995 18.7071 15.0002 19.6598ZM9.00042 17.4999C9.0038 17.8288 8.94091 18.155 8.81549 18.4591C8.69008 18.7632 8.50471 19.0389 8.27045 19.2698C8.04096 19.506 7.7655 19.6926 7.46109 19.8181C7.15667 19.9437 6.82976 20.0055 6.50052 19.9998C6.17104 20.0073 5.84359 19.9463 5.53891 19.8207C5.23424 19.695 4.95899 19.5074 4.73059 19.2698C4.493 19.0414 4.30543 18.7662 4.17977 18.4615C4.05412 18.1568 3.99311 17.8294 4.00062 17.4999C3.99492 17.1707 4.05675 16.8438 4.1823 16.5393C4.30785 16.2349 4.49445 15.9595 4.73059 15.73C4.9615 15.4957 5.23721 15.3103 5.5413 15.1849C5.84538 15.0595 6.17161 14.9966 6.50052 15C6.82881 14.997 7.15425 15.061 7.45689 15.1883C7.75953 15.3155 8.03297 15.5033 8.26045 15.74C8.49717 15.9675 8.68491 16.2409 8.81215 16.5435C8.9394 16.8462 9.00346 17.1716 9.00042 17.4999Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">RSS</span> </a></li></ul></div> </nav> </div> </div>  <main class="content" id="main"> <div class="people-listing | stack stack--row stack--spacing-gutter stack--collapse-below-lg"> <div class="people-listing-sidebar"> <header class="people-listing-header | stack stack--col stack--spacing1 stack--align-center"> <img class="people-listing-header__portrait" alt="Photo of Derek Willis" width="400" height="400" src="https://img.assets-c3.propublica.org/images/bio/derek-willis-sized.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=800&q=75&w=800&s=e17ddb36fe3bf7207c12a803e83ebd0e" srcset="https://img.assets-c3.propublica.org/images/bio/derek-willis-sized.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=400&q=75&w=400&s=c674518ca942fe0551fca78cb1aa5084 400w, https://img.assets-c3.propublica.org/images/bio/derek-willis-sized.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=800&q=75&w=800&s=e17ddb36fe3bf7207c12a803e83ebd0e 800w, https://img.assets-c3.propublica.org/images/bio/derek-willis-sized.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1200&q=75&w=1200&s=a70d7da2d9dfe227d60707d3b2c66924 1200w, https://img.assets-c3.propublica.org/images/bio/derek-willis-sized.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1300&q=75&w=1300&s=832cd88e23c22886f1faea09b3ee083d 1300w, https://img.assets-c3.propublica.org/images/bio/derek-willis-sized.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1450&q=75&w=1450&s=10cee2968629a471fecf7f3771e7aa97 1450w, https://img.assets-c3.propublica.org/images/bio/derek-willis-sized.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1600&q=75&w=1600&s=d5f9e62845adbf4575e3330a600d09ff 1600w, https://img.assets-c3.propublica.org/images/bio/derek-willis-sized.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=2000&q=75&w=2000&s=1e7d8bd773b53a3c8795b64116eb27dd 2000w" /> <div class="stack stack--col stack--spacing-1 stack--align-center"> <h2 class="people-listing-header__hed">Derek Willis</h2> <p class="people-listing-header__bio-short">Derek Willis was a news applications developer at ProPublica, focusing on politics and elections.</p> </div> <ul class="people-listing-header__social | stack stack--row stack--spacing-2"> <li> <a class="btn btn--icon-only btn--circular" style="--button-color: var(--color-neutral-10); --button-text-color: var(--color-neutral-full);" title="X (Twitter)" href="https://twitter.com/derekwillis" > <span class="icon" style="--icon-size: 1.25em"> <svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"> <title>X</title> <path d="M18.2439 2.25H21.5532L14.3251 10.5094L22.8282 21.75H16.172L10.9548 14.9344L4.99229 21.75H1.67822L9.40791 12.9141L1.25635 2.25H8.08135L12.7923 8.47969L18.2439 2.25ZM17.0813 19.7719H18.9142L7.08291 4.125H5.11416L17.0813 19.7719Z"/> </svg> </span> </a> </li> </ul>  </header> <div class="people-listing-contact"> <div class="stack stack--row stack--justify-between stack--align-center"> <h3 class="people-listing-contact__hed"> Need to Get in Touch? </h3> <script type="application/json" class="svelte-config"> { "componentName": "ContactTools", "props": { "emailAddress": "Derek.Willis@propublica.org", "signalNumber": "202-904-1168", "signalUsername": "", "phoneNumber": "202-904-1168", "buttonText": "Contact Me", "buttonProps": {"bgColor":"var(--color-text-hed)","shape":"round-rect","textColor":"var(--color-bg)","textSize":"var(--scale-2)"} }, "contextArray": [] } </script> <div class="contact-tools" data-pp-click data-pp-location="contact tools"> <button class="button shape--pill svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" role="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" id="SQjgoPcapD" data-melt-popover-trigger="" data-popover-trigger="" style="--button-bg-color: var(--color-neutral-10); --button-border: none; --button-color: var(--color-neutral-70); --button-font-size: var(--scale-2); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: 1em;"> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa">Contact Me</span> </button> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="people-listing-bio">  <div class="people-listing-bio__text"> <p>Derek Willis was a news applications developer at ProPublica, focusing on politics and elections. He previously worked as a developer and reporter at The New York Times, a database editor at The Washington Post, and at the Center for Public Integrity and Congressional Quarterly. He began his journalism career at The Palm Beach Post. He is a co-founder of OpenElections, a project to collect and publish election results from all 50 states.</p> </div>  </div>  </div> <div class="people-listing-stories"> <div class="listing-river | stack stack--col"> <div class="story-card story-card--standard"> <div class="lead-art"> <a class="aspect-3-2" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/politwoops-deleted-tweets-twitter-politicians-musk"> <img alt="" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%273%27%20height%3D%272%27%20style%3D%27background%3Atransparent%27%2F%3E" srcset="https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20230222-politwoops1x1.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=267&q=75&w=400&s=9cbf8d4e005d4023b216da73c1dec41c 400w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20230222-politwoops1x1.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=533&q=75&w=800&s=039a298cbbe722a2c099b3f3fbb8df31 800w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20230222-politwoops1x1.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=800&q=75&w=1200&s=cced2e79d393e3d9cbf8d961918b83cd 1200w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20230222-politwoops1x1.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1067&q=75&w=1600&s=3b813c0249ae29d8788986d9964e7a85 1600w" width="400" height="267" loading="lazy" js-autosizes /> </a> </div> <div class="story-card__description"> <h3 class="story-card__hed" > <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/politwoops-deleted-tweets-twitter-politicians-musk"> After a Decade of Tracking Politicians’ Deleted Tweets, Politwoops Is No More </a> </h3> <p class="story-card__dek" > Whether officials were deleting an embarrassing post or just correcting a typo, Politwoops tracked them all. But service changes made after Elon Musk’s acquisition of Twitter have rendered it impossible for us to continue tracking these tweets. </p> <p class="story-card__byline"> <span class="story-card__byline-author"> by <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis">Derek Willis</a>, </span> <span class="story-card__byline-dateline"> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2023-02-24EST07:00">Feb. 24, 2023, 7 a.m. EST</time> </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="story-card story-card--standard"> <div class="lead-art"> <a class="aspect-3-2" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/they-promised-quick-and-easy-ppp-loans-often-they-only-delivered-hassle-and-heartache"> <img alt="" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%273%27%20height%3D%272%27%20style%3D%27background%3Atransparent%27%2F%3E" srcset="https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20220114-fin-tech-ppp.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.4958&fp-y=0.2363&h=267&q=75&w=400&s=780c08dc889d5b976e16408db947eb24 400w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20220114-fin-tech-ppp.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.4958&fp-y=0.2363&h=533&q=75&w=800&s=f160e39461757710c13c361c34ddf9e0 800w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20220114-fin-tech-ppp.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.4958&fp-y=0.2363&h=800&q=75&w=1200&s=c0948608222b8b005dbaccaa76d107ae 1200w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20220114-fin-tech-ppp.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.4958&fp-y=0.2363&h=1067&q=75&w=1600&s=2ce970507da4c7df24e72200dcaa6634 1600w" width="400" height="267" loading="lazy" js-autosizes /> </a> </div> <div class="story-card__description"> <a class="story-card__series" href="https://www.propublica.org/series/the-pandemic-economy">The Pandemic Economy</a> <h3 class="story-card__hed" > <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/they-promised-quick-and-easy-ppp-loans-often-they-only-delivered-hassle-and-heartache"> They Promised Quick and Easy PPP Loans. Often, They Only Delivered Hassle and Heartache. </a> </h3> <p class="story-card__dek" > More than a million government-approved loans ended up being canceled, including some that would have gone to people who needed the loans and applied just as they were told. </p> <p class="story-card__byline"> <span class="story-card__byline-author"> by <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/lydia-depillis">Lydia DePillis</a> and <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis">Derek Willis</a>, </span> <span class="story-card__byline-dateline"> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2022-01-14EST12:30">Jan. 14, 2022, 12:30 p.m. EST</time> </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="story-card story-card--standard"> <div class="lead-art"> <a class="aspect-3-2" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/campaign-spending-at-trump-properties-down-but-not-out"> <img alt="" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%273%27%20height%3D%272%27%20style%3D%27background%3Atransparent%27%2F%3E" srcset="https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210720-trump-spending-3x2-1.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=267&q=75&w=400&s=b90209ccee76e475b8c2524cefe31e6e 400w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210720-trump-spending-3x2-1.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=533&q=75&w=800&s=f9b37d70289f5b27eb4b3c1cbb92985e 800w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210720-trump-spending-3x2-1.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=800&q=75&w=1200&s=266aa973a6486326c9dcfc25710db8cf 1200w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210720-trump-spending-3x2-1.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1067&q=75&w=1600&s=a2c853c92660fc5ae6aad15187ecb35f 1600w" width="400" height="267" loading="lazy" js-autosizes /> </a> </div> <div class="story-card__description"> <h3 class="story-card__hed" > <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/campaign-spending-at-trump-properties-down-but-not-out"> Campaign Spending at Trump Properties Down, but Not Out </a> </h3> <p class="story-card__dek" > New filings show federal political committees significantly scaled back spending at Trump-owned hotels and restaurants, though some loyalist campaigns remain. </p> <p class="story-card__byline"> <span class="story-card__byline-author"> by <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis">Derek Willis</a>, </span> <span class="story-card__byline-dateline"> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2021-07-20EDT13:50">July 20, 2021, 1:50 p.m. EDT</time> </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="story-card story-card--standard"> <div class="lead-art"> <a class="aspect-3-2" href="https://projects.propublica.org/nypd-disciplinary-records"> <img alt="" src="https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/externals/_threeTwo400w/20210622-nypd-vacation-days-3x2.jpg" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/externals/_threeTwo400w/20210622-nypd-vacation-days-3x2.jpg 400w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/externals/_threeTwo800w/20210622-nypd-vacation-days-3x2.jpg 800w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/externals/_threeTwo1200w/20210622-nypd-vacation-days-3x2.jpg 1200w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/externals/_threeTwo1600w/20210622-nypd-vacation-days-3x2.jpg 1600w " loading="lazy" js-autosizes /> </a> </div> <div class="story-card__description"> <a class="story-card__series" href="https://www.propublica.org/series/the-nypd-files">The NYPD Files</a> <h3 class="story-card__hed" > <a href="https://projects.propublica.org/nypd-disciplinary-records"> New Records Show the NYPD’s Favored Punishment: Less Vacation Time </a> </h3> <p class="story-card__dek" > In some of the NYPD’s most severe misconduct cases, the only punishment officers faced was losing vacation days. </p> <p class="story-card__byline"> <span class="story-card__byline-author"> by <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/moiz-syed">Moiz Syed</a> and <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis">Derek Willis</a>, </span> <span class="story-card__byline-dateline"> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2021-06-22EDT13:15">June 22, 2021, 1:15 p.m. EDT</time> </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="story-card story-card--standard"> <div class="lead-art"> <a class="aspect-3-2" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/an-online-lender-gave-hundreds-of-ppp-loans-to-fake-farms-now-congress-is-investigating"> <img alt="" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%273%27%20height%3D%272%27%20style%3D%27background%3Atransparent%27%2F%3E" srcset="https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210528-capitol-kabbage-3x2.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=267&q=75&w=400&s=f995ae797ff72ff4fb2a020c0a6ab9c3 400w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210528-capitol-kabbage-3x2.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=533&q=75&w=800&s=4abf001e0c878b84023b7c04196da03e 800w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210528-capitol-kabbage-3x2.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=800&q=75&w=1200&s=cf4ffc34be91dc13166e20361f877faa 1200w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210528-capitol-kabbage-3x2.jpeg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1067&q=75&w=1600&s=ceef1f61708bbb48971e0c152f2232fd 1600w" width="400" height="267" loading="lazy" js-autosizes /> </a> </div> <div class="story-card__description"> <a class="story-card__series" href="https://www.propublica.org/series/the-pandemic-economy">The Pandemic Economy</a> <h3 class="story-card__hed" > <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/an-online-lender-gave-hundreds-of-ppp-loans-to-fake-farms-now-congress-is-investigating"> An Online Lender Gave Hundreds of PPP Loans to Fake Farms. Now Congress Is Investigating. </a> </h3> <p class="story-card__dek" > A House committee has opened a probe into loans by Kabbage and other fintech companies after ProPublica reported that millions had gone to businesses that do not exist. </p> <p class="story-card__byline"> <span class="story-card__byline-author"> by <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis">Derek Willis</a> and <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/lydia-depillis">Lydia DePillis</a>, </span> <span class="story-card__byline-dateline"> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2021-05-28EDT03:30">May 28, 2021, 3:30 a.m. EDT</time> </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="story-card story-card--standard"> <div class="lead-art"> <a class="aspect-3-2" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/ppp-farms"> <img alt="" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%273%27%20height%3D%272%27%20style%3D%27background%3Atransparent%27%2F%3E" srcset="https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210518-fake-farms-3x2.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=267&q=75&w=400&s=caaa83688e3b496d53ba88846981f5b9 400w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210518-fake-farms-3x2.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=533&q=75&w=800&s=2b418137e99bc5632f399672d39e2acf 800w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210518-fake-farms-3x2.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=800&q=75&w=1200&s=ffdd387942d481fbf471205e470709cd 1200w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210518-fake-farms-3x2.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1067&q=75&w=1600&s=75eb0e5d05f083bb195000e546eefa24 1600w" width="400" height="267" loading="lazy" js-autosizes /> </a> </div> <div class="story-card__description"> <a class="story-card__series" href="https://www.propublica.org/series/the-pandemic-economy">The Pandemic Economy</a> <h3 class="story-card__hed" > <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/ppp-farms"> Hundreds of PPP Loans Went to Fake Farms in Absurd Places </a> </h3> <p class="story-card__dek" > An online lending platform called Kabbage sent 378 pandemic loans worth $7 million to fake companies (mostly farms) with names like “Deely Nuts” and “Beefy King.” </p> <p class="story-card__byline"> <span class="story-card__byline-author"> by <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis">Derek Willis</a> and <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/lydia-depillis">Lydia DePillis</a>, </span> <span class="story-card__byline-dateline"> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2021-05-18EDT05:00">May 18, 2021, 5 a.m. EDT</time> </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="story-card story-card--standard"> <div class="lead-art"> <a class="aspect-3-2" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/how-josh-hawley-and-marjorie-taylor-greene-juiced-their-fundraising-numbers"> <img alt="" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%273%27%20height%3D%272%27%20style%3D%27background%3Atransparent%27%2F%3E" srcset="https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210421-hawley-greene-3x2.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=267&q=75&w=400&s=271f2fce7966350f01343fb421bf8707 400w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210421-hawley-greene-3x2.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=533&q=75&w=800&s=4c114facf59ea4656adfc511493fb5bd 800w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210421-hawley-greene-3x2.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=800&q=75&w=1200&s=15c87a09aa35751b530fc8ab787cf328 1200w, https://img.assets-d.propublica.org/v5/images/20210421-hawley-greene-3x2.jpg?crop=focalpoint&fit=crop&fm=webp&fp-x=0.5&fp-y=0.5&h=1067&q=75&w=1600&s=e8a71e1af30bd26f25817541da23ecae 1600w" width="400" height="267" loading="lazy" js-autosizes /> </a> </div> <div class="story-card__description"> <h3 class="story-card__hed" > <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/how-josh-hawley-and-marjorie-taylor-greene-juiced-their-fundraising-numbers"> How Josh Hawley and Marjorie Taylor Greene Juiced Their Fundraising Numbers </a> </h3> <p class="story-card__dek" > Politicians get the veneer of grassroots support, while shadowy consultants get rich. </p> <p class="story-card__byline"> <span class="story-card__byline-author"> by <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/isaac-arnsdorf">Isaac Arnsdorf</a> and <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis">Derek Willis</a>, </span> <span class="story-card__byline-dateline"> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2021-04-21EDT05:00">April 21, 2021, 5 a.m. EDT</time> </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="story-card story-card--standard"> <div class="lead-art"> <a class="aspect-3-2" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/electionland-de-propublica-el-estado-del-dia-de-las-elecciones-de-2020"> <img alt="" src="https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo400w/2020-1103-electionland-ledeall-0911-3x2.jpg" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo400w/2020-1103-electionland-ledeall-0911-3x2.jpg 400w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo800w/2020-1103-electionland-ledeall-0911-3x2.jpg 800w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo1200w/2020-1103-electionland-ledeall-0911-3x2.jpg 1200w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo1600w/2020-1103-electionland-ledeall-0911-3x2.jpg 1600w " loading="lazy" js-autosizes /> </a> </div> <div class="story-card__description"> <h3 class="story-card__hed" lang="es"> <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/electionland-de-propublica-el-estado-del-dia-de-las-elecciones-de-2020"> Electionland de ProPublica: El estado del Día de las Elecciones de 2020 </a> </h3> <p class="story-card__dek" lang="es"> En una elección histórica marcada por una pandemia, el voto por correo y la desinformación, los funcionarios electorales se esfuerzan por adaptarse. Esto es lo que los reporteros nacionales de ProPublica están viendo en todo el país. El artículo será actualizado a lo largo del día </p> <p class="story-card__byline"> <span class="story-card__byline-author"> por <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/caroline-chen">Caroline Chen</a>, <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/jack-gillum">Jack Gillum</a>, <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis">Derek Willis</a>, <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/isaac-arnsdorf">Isaac Arnsdorf</a>, <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/maryam-jameel">Maryam Jameel</a>, <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/jessica-huseman">Jessica Huseman</a> y <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/ryan-mccarthy">Ryan McCarthy</a>, </span> <span class="story-card__byline-dateline"> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2020-11-03EST13:58">Nov. 3, 2020, 1:58 p.m. EST</time> </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="story-card story-card--standard"> <div class="lead-art"> <a class="aspect-3-2" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/propublicas-electionland-the-state-of-election-day-2020"> <img alt="" src="https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo400w/2020-1103-electionland-ledeall-0911-3x2.jpg" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo400w/2020-1103-electionland-ledeall-0911-3x2.jpg 400w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo800w/2020-1103-electionland-ledeall-0911-3x2.jpg 800w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo1200w/2020-1103-electionland-ledeall-0911-3x2.jpg 1200w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo1600w/2020-1103-electionland-ledeall-0911-3x2.jpg 1600w " loading="lazy" js-autosizes /> </a> </div> <div class="story-card__description"> <h3 class="story-card__hed" > <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/propublicas-electionland-the-state-of-election-day-2020"> ProPublica’s Electionland: The State of Election Day 2020 </a> </h3> <p class="story-card__dek" > In a historic election shaped by a pandemic, mail-in voting and misinformation, election officials are scrambling to adapt. Here’s what ProPublica’s national reporters are seeing across the country. This post will be updated throughout the day. </p> <p class="story-card__byline"> <span class="story-card__byline-author"> by <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/caroline-chen">Caroline Chen</a>, <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/jack-gillum">Jack Gillum</a>, <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis">Derek Willis</a>, <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/isaac-arnsdorf">Isaac Arnsdorf</a>, <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/maryam-jameel">Maryam Jameel</a>, <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/jessica-huseman">Jessica Huseman</a> and <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/ryan-mccarthy">Ryan McCarthy</a>, </span> <span class="story-card__byline-dateline"> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2020-11-03EST09:28">Nov. 3, 2020, 9:28 a.m. EST</time> </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="story-card story-card--standard"> <div class="lead-art"> <a class="aspect-3-2" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/pennsylvanias-rejection-of-372-000-ballot-applications-bewilders-voters-and-strains-election-staff"> <img alt="" src="https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo400w/20201015-ballot-3x2.jpg" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo400w/20201015-ballot-3x2.jpg 400w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo800w/20201015-ballot-3x2.jpg 800w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo1200w/20201015-ballot-3x2.jpg 1200w, https://assets-c3.propublica.org/images/articles/_threeTwo1600w/20201015-ballot-3x2.jpg 1600w " loading="lazy" js-autosizes /> </a> </div> <div class="story-card__description"> <h3 class="story-card__hed" > <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/pennsylvanias-rejection-of-372-000-ballot-applications-bewilders-voters-and-strains-election-staff"> Pennsylvania’s Rejection of 372,000 Ballot Applications Bewilders Voters and Strains Election Staff </a> </h3> <p class="story-card__dek" > Most rejected applications were deemed duplicates because voters had unwittingly checked a request box during the primary. The administrative nightmare highlights the difficulty of ramping up mail-in voting on the fly. </p> <p class="story-card__byline"> <span class="story-card__byline-author"> by <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/ryan-mccarthy">Ryan McCarthy</a> and <a class="name" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis">Derek Willis</a>, ProPublica, and <span class="name">Jonathan Lai</span>, <a href="http://www.philly.com/inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a>, </span> <span class="story-card__byline-dateline"> <time class="timestamp" datetime="2020-10-16EDT05:30">Oct. 16, 2020, 5:30 a.m. EDT</time> </span> </p> </div> </div> <nav class="pagination | stack stack--row stack--spacing-2 stack--align-center stack--justify-center"> <span class="pagination__number pagination__number--current">1</span> <a class="pagination__number" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis/p2">2</a> <a class="pagination__number" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis/p3">3</a> <span class="pagination__truncation">…</span> <a class="pagination__number" href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis/p11">11</a> <a href="https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis/p2" class="pagination__arrow | btn btn--circular btn--icon-only" style="--button-color: var(--color-neutral-10); --button-text-color: var(--color-light-none)" > <span class="a11y">Next</span> <div class="btn__icon"> <svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"> <title>Arrow Right</title> <line x1="5" y1="12" x2="19" y2="12"></line> <polyline points="12 5 19 12 12 19"></polyline> </svg> </div> </a> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </main> <style> /* re-assert som CSS Custom Properties from v5 */ .admin-shortcuts { --fonts-sans: "Graphik", sans-serif; --scale0: 1rem; --scale-1: 13px; --scale-2: 11px; --scale-3: 9px; --spacing-2: 4px; --spacing-1: 8px; --spacing0: 16px; --spacing1: 24px; --spacing2: 32px; --spacing3: 64px; } .admin-shortcuts { position: fixed; z-index: 10000; bottom: 0; right: var(--spacing0); width: auto; display: flex; flex-direction: row; justify-content: center; align-content: center; gap: var(--spacing0); padding: var(--spacing-1) var(--spacing0); background-color: black; color: white; font-size: var(--scale-1); font-family: var(--fonts-sans); border-radius: 0.25rem 0.25rem 0 0; } .admin-shortcuts__link { display: inline-block; text-decoration: none; color: inherit; display: flex; gap: 0.33em; } .admin-shortcuts__user:before { content: ""; width: 0.66em; height: 0.66em; border-radius: 100%; background-color: #14b84f; /* green 50 */ } .admin-shortcuts__user { padding-right: calc(var(--spacing-2) * 4); border-right: 1px solid hsla(0, 0%, 100%, 0.2); } .admin-shortcuts__user:before, .admin-shortcuts__icon { align-self: center; } .admin-shortcuts__icon { width: 1.1em; height: 1.1em; } </style> <script type="application/json" class="svelte-config"> {"componentName":"SiteFooter","props":{"newsletterSignupProps":{"source":"https://www.propublica.org/","region":"national"}},"contextArray":[]} </script> <footer class="site-footer hide-print svelte-m9jkvx" id="site-footer" data-pp-location="footer"><div class="site-footer__section-newsletter svelte-m9jkvx"><div class="site-footer__newsletter-wrap svelte-m9jkvx"><strong class="site-footer__newsletter-heading svelte-m9jkvx" data-svelte-h="svelte-1f8pah3">Stay informed with the Daily Digest.</strong> <div class="newsletter-signup__input-wrap svelte-m9jkvx"><form class="newsletter-signup" action="https://signup.propublica.org/newsletter/turing" method="post" name="newsletterSignup"><div role="region" aria-live="polite" class="newsletter-signup__feedback" data-svelte-h="svelte-2nawdb"><p class="newsletter-signup__error-message"></p></div> <div class="newsletter-signup__input-wrap newsletter-signup__input-wrap--null svelte-10wydf7"><span class="icon"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><title>Mail</title><path d="M4 4h16c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2v12c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2H4c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V6c0-1.1.9-2 2-2z"></path><polyline points="22,6 12,13 2,6"></polyline></svg></span> <label for="site-footer-signup" class="a11y">Email Address:</label> <input class="newsletter-signup__input-text svelte-10wydf7" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email" id="site-footer-signup" name="email" onfocus="recaptchaInit()" required> <div class="newsletter-signup__submit-btn-wrapper svelte-10wydf7"> <button class="button shape--circle button-is-icon-only svelte-1qpwxqa" data-pp-skip="false" style="--button-bg-color: transparent; --button-border: none; --button-color: var(--color-light-none); --button-font-size: var(--scale-1); --button-horizontal-spacing: var(--scale-1); --button-size: var(--scale3); --icon-size: fill;"><span class="icon-before svelte-1qpwxqa"><svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Arrow Right</title><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M22 12C22 17.5228 17.5228 22 12 22C6.47715 22 2 17.5228 2 12C2 6.47715 6.47715 2 12 2C17.5228 2 22 6.47715 22 12ZM16.7064 11.2922L12.7071 7.29289C12.3166 6.90237 11.6834 6.90237 11.2929 7.29289C10.9024 7.68342 10.9024 8.31658 11.2929 8.70711L13.5858 11H8C7.44772 11 7 11.4477 7 12C7 12.5523 7.44772 13 8 13H13.5858L11.2929 15.2929C10.9024 15.6834 10.9024 16.3166 11.2929 16.7071C11.6834 17.0976 12.3166 17.0976 12.7071 16.7071L16.7064 12.7078L16.7136 12.7005C16.8901 12.5208 16.9992 12.2746 17 12.003L17 12L17 11.997C16.9996 11.8625 16.9727 11.7343 16.9241 11.6172C16.8764 11.502 16.8063 11.3938 16.7136 11.2995L16.7064 11.2922Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span> <span class="text font--sans svelte-1qpwxqa a11y">Sign Up</span> </button></div> <input type="hidden" name="stlist" value="The Daily Digest"> <input type="hidden" name="success_location" value="https://www.propublica.org/forms/thankyou"> <input type="hidden" name="error_location" value="https://www.propublica.org/forms/error"> <input type="hidden" name="placement" value="site-footer"> <input type="hidden" name="region" value="national"> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://www.propublica.org/"></div> <div class="newsletter-signup__post-signup-prompt" role="region" aria-live="polite" data-svelte-h="svelte-1uvtbcq"></div></form> </div></div> </div> <div class="site-footer__wrap-outer svelte-m9jkvx"><div class="site-footer__wrap-inner svelte-m9jkvx"> <div class="site-footer__section-logo svelte-m9jkvx"><a class="site-footer__wordmark svelte-m9jkvx" href="https://www.propublica.org/"><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 574.24 75" fill="currentColor"><title>ProPublica</title><path d="M66.4,13.48,66,14.91l6.23,11.45,1.15.47L75,26.29V75H50.95A41.2,41.2,0,0,0,62.13,46.88a40.61,40.61,0,0,0-3.39-16.26,45.17,45.17,0,0,1,7.79-4.95l1.69-.2.14-.41L65,18.83H64.5l-.88,1.29c-2.91,1.9-4.67,2.3-8.54,3.79A41.35,41.35,0,0,0,20.46,5.42,39.87,39.87,0,0,0,0,10.91V0H75V8.81ZM57.32,47A37.54,37.54,0,0,1,44.65,75H0V16A37,37,0,0,1,57.32,47ZM43.7,37.06c0-8.13-6-12-17.75-12H7.18v3.66l4.2.95V62.2l-4.2.95v3.73H27.85V63.14l-7.18-.95V50.14h5.15C37.26,50.14,43.7,45.53,43.7,37.06Zm-9.76.27c0,5.15-2.78,8.33-7.25,8.33h-6V29.47H27C31.37,29.47,33.94,32.32,33.94,37.33Z"></path><path d="M116.53,60.07l9.15,1.08v4.2H99.39v-4.2l5.28-1.36v-44l-5.28-1.36V10.41H123c15.31,0,22.9,5.28,22.9,16.13,0,11.18-8.33,17.41-23.1,17.41h-6.3Zm0-21.14h6.84c6.44,0,10.5-4.61,10.5-12.06,0-7.18-3.73-11.45-10.09-11.45h-7.25Z"></path><path d="M200.74,61.15v4.2H185.9l-16-20.6h-2.51v15l5.28,1.36v4.2H150.27v-4.2l5.28-1.36V23.35l-5-1.36V17.93H175.2c10.5,0,17.55,5.08,17.55,12.67,0,8.4-5.76,12.2-11,13.55l13.48,15.79ZM167.41,39.74h4.47c5.76,0,8.81-3.18,8.81-8.88,0-5.35-2.85-7.93-8.81-7.93h-4.47Z"></path><path d="M199.59,41.64c0-14.77,9.82-24.73,25.68-24.73s25.68,10,25.68,24.73-9.82,24.73-25.68,24.73S199.59,56.48,199.59,41.64Zm38.89,0c0-9.69-3.25-19.17-13.21-19.17S212.05,32,212.05,41.64s3.25,19.17,13.21,19.17S238.48,51.33,238.48,41.64Z"></path><path d="M270.79,60.07l9.15,1.08v4.2H253.31v-4.2l5.62-1.36v-44l-5.62-1.36V10.41h24c15.31,0,22.9,5.28,22.9,16.13,0,11.18-8.33,17.41-23.1,17.41h-6.3Zm0-21.14h6.84c6.44,0,10.5-4.61,10.5-12.06,0-7.18-3.73-11.45-10.1-11.45h-7.25Z"></path><path d="M354.26,22l-4.95,1.36V47c0,12.87-7.79,19.38-20.05,19.38-13.62,0-20.73-7.86-20.73-20v-23L303.58,22V17.93h22V22l-5.08,1.36V47.74c0,7.25,4.34,12.06,11.45,12.06,6.84,0,11.25-4.47,11.25-11.31V23.35L338.14,22V17.93h16.12Z"></path><path d="M403.85,52.21c0,8.88-7.11,13.14-22,13.14H357.58v-4.2l5.56-1.36V23.35L358.26,22V17.93h23.92c12.6,0,19.51,3.79,19.51,11.72,0,6.17-4.06,9.08-10.91,9.89v.27C399.31,40.76,403.85,45.1,403.85,52.21ZM375,38.32h5.76c6.1,0,9-2.78,9-7.79,0-5.22-3.12-7.59-9-7.59H375Zm16.8,13.41c0-5.62-3.79-8.67-11.25-8.67H375V60.34h6.64C388.07,60.34,391.79,57.29,391.79,51.74Z"></path><path d="M451.07,48.62l-4.4,16.73H408v-4.2l5.28-1.36V23.35L407.65,22V17.93h22.76V22l-5.28,1.36v37l14.16-.81L447,47.26Z"></path><path d="M475.4,61.15v4.2H453v-4.2l5.28-1.36V23.35L453,22V17.93H475.4V22l-5.28,1.36V59.8Z"></path><path d="M478,41.78c0-15.85,12.13-24.86,27-24.86a35.6,35.6,0,0,1,18.29,5.15l-2,13.21h-4.2l-1.69-9.08a13.23,13.23,0,0,0-10.09-4.13c-9.15,0-14.7,6.57-14.7,18.22,0,13.21,6.84,19.31,15.24,19.31,6.17,0,10.23-3.39,13.41-9.55l4.27,2c-4.27,10-11.65,14.36-21.07,14.36C488.4,66.37,478,56.48,478,41.78Z"></path><path d="M574.24,61.15v4.2H551.48v-4.2L557,60l-2.85-8.13h-16.6l-3.12,8.2,5.42,1.15-.07,4.2-16.53-.07v-4.2l4.27-1.08,14.9-37.33-4-1.29V17.93h13.69L569.3,60Zm-27.57-31-.47-1.56-.47,1.56-6.23,16.73h12.94Z"></path></svg></a> <strong class="site-footer__tagline svelte-m9jkvx" data-svelte-h="svelte-1xxi0b1">Investigative Journalism in the Public Interest</strong> <p class="site-footer__copyright svelte-m9jkvx">© Copyright 2025 Pro Publica Inc.</p></div> <nav class="site-footer__section-links svelte-m9jkvx"> <div class="site-footer__links-sites svelte-m9jkvx"> <strong class="site-footer__links-heading svelte-m9jkvx">Sites</strong> <ul class="site-footer__links-list svelte-m9jkvx hide-below-sm" id="site-footer__links-list-sites"><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">ProPublica</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/local-reporting-network/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Local Reporting Network</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/texas/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Texas Tribune Partnership</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/datastore/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">The Data Store</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/electionland/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Electionland</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="site-footer__links-sections svelte-m9jkvx"> <strong class="site-footer__links-heading svelte-m9jkvx">Sections</strong> <ul class="site-footer__links-list svelte-m9jkvx hide-below-sm" id="site-footer__links-list-sections"><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/topics/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Topics</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/series/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Series</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/video/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Videos</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/newsapps/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">News Apps</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/getinvolved/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Get Involved</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/nerds/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">The Nerd Blog</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/atpropublica/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">@ProPublica</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/events/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Events</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="site-footer__links-info svelte-m9jkvx"> <strong class="site-footer__links-heading svelte-m9jkvx">Info</strong> <ul class="site-footer__links-list svelte-m9jkvx hide-below-sm" id="site-footer__links-list-info"><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/about/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">About</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/leadership/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Board and Advisors</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/staff/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Officers and Staff</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/diversity/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Diversity</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/jobs/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Jobs</a> and <a href="https://www.propublica.org/fellowships/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Fellowships</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/media-center/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Media Center</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/reports/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Reports</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/impact/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Impact</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/awards/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Awards</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/corrections/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Corrections</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="site-footer__links-policies svelte-m9jkvx"> <strong class="site-footer__links-heading svelte-m9jkvx">Policies</strong> <ul class="site-footer__links-list svelte-m9jkvx hide-below-sm" id="site-footer__links-list-policies"><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/code-of-ethics/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Code of Ethics</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/advertising/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Advertising Policy</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/legal/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Privacy Policy</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="site-footer__links-follow svelte-m9jkvx"> <strong class="site-footer__links-heading svelte-m9jkvx">Follow</strong> <ul class="site-footer__links-list svelte-m9jkvx hide-below-sm" id="site-footer__links-list-follow"><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/newsletters/" data-pp-view="" data-pp-action="visit" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Newsletters</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/propublica/id355298887?mt=8" class="svelte-m9jkvx">iOS</a> and <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.propublica&amp;hl=en" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Android</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/feeds/propublica/main" class="svelte-m9jkvx">RSS Feed</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="site-footer__links-more svelte-m9jkvx"> <strong class="site-footer__links-heading svelte-m9jkvx">More</strong> <ul class="site-footer__links-list svelte-m9jkvx hide-below-sm" id="site-footer__links-list-more"><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/tips/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Send Us Tips</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/steal-our-stories/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Steal Our Stories</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="http://p53lf57qovyuvwsc6xnrppyply3vtqm7l6pcobkmyqsiofyeznfu5uqd.onion/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Browse via Tor</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/contact/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Contact Us</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/donate/" data-pp-view="" data-pp-action="visit classy" class="svelte-m9jkvx">Donate</a> </li><li class="site-footer__link"><a href="https://www.propublica.org/support/other-ways-to-give/" class="svelte-m9jkvx">More Ways to Give</a> </li></ul> </div></nav> </div> </div> </footer>  <script type="application/json" class="svelte-config"> {"componentName":"BottomPanelCta","props":{"contentUrl":"https://www.propublica.org//api_components/modal-default.json"},"contextArray":[]} </script> <div data-pp-location="modal" data-pp-view data-pp-category="newsletter_signup" id="cta" class="cta cta-type-panel cta-fixed cta-closed svelte-rz6ji1" aria-hidden="true"><button id="cta-close" class="cta-close svelte-rz6ji1" data-svelte-h="svelte-12f7hfy"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svelte-rz6ji1"><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"></line><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"></line></svg></button> <div class="cta-container cta-undefined svelte-rz6ji1"><div class="cta-message svelte-rz6ji1"><h2 class="cta-heading svelte-rz6ji1">undefined</h2> <p class="cta-text svelte-rz6ji1">undefined</p></div> </div></div> <div id="cta-toast" class="cta-toast svelte-rz6ji1" role="alert" style="background-color: var(--blue-70);"><div id="cta-toast-text" class="cta-toast-text svelte-rz6ji1"></div> <button id="cta-toast-button" class="cta-toast-button svelte-rz6ji1" data-svelte-h="svelte-8kx5h6"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svelte-rz6ji1"><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"></line><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"></line></svg></button> </div>  <script src="https://assets.propublica.org/static/prod/v5/js/main.341eb5fd.js"></script> <script> // Google Tag Manager (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K8BNLGX'); // End Google Tag Manager PP.utils.loadJS('https://ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js',function() { while(!window.hasOwnProperty("Sailthru")) { setTimeout(Function.prototype(), 500); } Sailthru.init({ "customerId" : "c1d320b4976cc13366759531bf948c3a" }); }); // Parse.ly PP.utils.loadJS('//cdn.parsely.com/keys/propublica.org/p.js'); </script>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K8BNLGX" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>PP.utils.loadJS('https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?onload=grecaptchaLoaded&render=6LcC1roqAAAAAK9equRCqsCagWPYzf79SKrxGFGY');</script> <script> const noAds = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get('__no-ads'); let adTimeout = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get('__ad-timeout'); if( noAds === null ) { if( adTimeout === null ) { adTimeout = 0; } setTimeout(function() { PP.utils.loadJS('https://htlbid.com/v3/propublica.org/htlbid.js',function() { window.htlbid = window.htlbid || {}; htlbid.cmd = htlbid.cmd || []; htlbid.cmd.push(function() { htlbid.layout("universal"); // Leave as "universal" or add custom layout htlbid.setTargeting("is_testing", "no"); htlbid.setTargeting("is_home", "no"); // Set to "yes" on the homepage htlbid.setTargeting("post_tags", ""); }); }); }, adTimeout); } </script>  <script> // This variable prevents Convert from creating an overlay that can cover the page. Because we use deferred loading, we never want this overlay. // https://support.convert.com/hc/en-us/articles/205160025-Disable-Body-Hiding-in-Convert-Experiences var _conv_prevent_bodyhide = true; </script> <script defer src="//cdn-4.convertexperiments.com/js/1004759-1004714.js"></script>   <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:3261149,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script>   <style> .iterate__container { font-family: var(--fonts-sans, "graphik") !important; } </style> <script> // Iterate setup script window.iterateSettings = { apiKey: 'eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJjb21wYW55X2lkIjoiNjJmM2M2ZGNjYmVhNDQwMDAxNDZmMjRjIiwiaWF0IjoxNjYwMTQzMzI1fQ.HJYYZWnRLo7nKQHPteT9eeNeXePWXpYAyhaNyFAES-Y', }; (function(i,t,e,r,a){if(t.getElementById(r)){return} i.IterateObjectName=a;var z=function(){z.c(arguments)};z.q=[]; z.c=function(args){z.q.push(args)};i[a]=z; function l() {var js,fjs=t.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];js=t.createElement(e);js.id=r;js.async=1;js.src="https://platform.iteratehq.com/loader.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs)}; if(t.readyState==="complete") {l();} else if(i.attachEvent) {i.attachEvent('onload', l);} else{i.addEventListener('load', l, false);} }(window, document,'script','iterate-js','Iterate')); // Start Iterate: this will check the server to see if a survey should be displayed Iterate('install') // Pass custom properties to Iterate: the 2nd parameter is user-level data, the 3rd parameter is response-level data var url = new URL(window.location.href); Iterate('identify', null, { canonical: 'https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis', utm_campaign: url.searchParams.get("utm_campaign"), utm_medium: url.searchParams.get("utm_medium"), utm_source: url.searchParams.get("utm_source") }) </script>  <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","author":{"@id":"https://www.propublica.org#identity"},"copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https://www.propublica.org#identity"},"copyrightYear":"2017","creator":{"@id":"#creator"},"dateCreated":"2019-12-17T13:54:28-05:00","dateModified":"2021-08-23T16:51:23-04:00","datePublished":"2017-01-30T13:45:00-05:00","description":"ProPublica is an independent, non-profit newsroom that produces investigative journalism in the public interest.","headline":"Derek Willis","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://assets.propublica.org/2017-pp-open-graph-1200x630.jpg"},"inLanguage":"en-us","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis","name":"Derek Willis","publisher":{"@id":"#creator"},"url":"https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis"},{"@id":"https://www.propublica.org#identity","@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","addressCountry":"US","addressLocality":"New York","addressRegion":"NY","postalCode":"10013","streetAddress":"155 Avenue of the Americas, 13th Floor"},"description":"ProPublica is an independent, non-profit newsroom that produces investigative journalism in the public interest.","email":"info@propublica.org","name":"ProPublica","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/propublica","https://www.facebook.com/propublica/","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica","https://www.youtube.com/user/propublica","https://github.com/propublica","https://www.linkedin.com/company/propublica/","https://www.instagram.com/propublica","https://www.pinterest.com/propublica","https://vimeo.com/propublica"],"telephone":"1-212-514-5250","url":"https://www.propublica.org"},{"@id":"#creator","@type":"Organization"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","description":"Breadcrumbs list","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","item":"https://www.propublica.org","name":"Homepage","position":1},{"@type":"ListItem","item":"https://www.propublica.org/people/derek-willis","name":"Derek Willis","position":2}],"name":"Breadcrumbs"}]}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Derek Willis — ProPublica