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class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Netpbm" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-File_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>File formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-File_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle File formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-File_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PBM_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PBM_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>PBM example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PBM_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PGM_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PGM_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>PGM example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PGM_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PPM_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PPM_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>PPM example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PPM_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-16-bit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16-bit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>16-bit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16-bit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-32-bit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#32-bit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>32-bit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-32-bit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAM_graphics_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAM_graphics_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>PAM graphics format</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-PAM_graphics_format-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle PAM graphics format subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-PAM_graphics_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_from_the_older_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_the_older_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Differences from the older formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_the_older_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transparency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Netpbm</span></h1> <div 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Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netpbm" title="Netpbm – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Netpbm" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netpbm" title="Netpbm – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Netpbm" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netpbm" title="Netpbm – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Netpbm" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netpbm" title="Netpbm – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Netpbm" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1890836#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Netpbm" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Netpbm" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Netpbm"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Netpbm"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Netpbm" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Netpbm" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&oldid=1255363283" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Netpbm&id=1255363283&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNetpbm"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNetpbm"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Netpbm&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Created_with_Netpbm" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1890836" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Toolkit for manipulation of images</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Netpbm</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jef_Poskanzer" title="Jef Poskanzer">Jef Poskanzer</a>, Bryan Henderson, Akira F Urushibata<sup id="cite_ref-netpbmhistory_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netpbmhistory-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1988<span class="noprint">; 36 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">11.02.07<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-78440f89345d1937c7732d922d280b67e1c88746-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-78440f89345d1937c7732d922d280b67e1c88746-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1890836?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> / 26 December 2023<span class="noprint">; 10 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">26 December 2023</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.code.sf.net/p/netpbm/code/">svn<wbr />.code<wbr />.sf<wbr />.net<wbr />/p<wbr />/netpbm<wbr />/code<wbr />/</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1890836#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Unix Shell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various, see <a href="#Licensing">below</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/">netpbm<wbr />.sourceforge<wbr />.net</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1890836#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Netpbm</b> (formerly Pbmplus) is an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> package of graphics programs and a programming library. It is used mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> world, where one can find it included in all major open-source <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> distributions, but also works on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and other operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_formats">File formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: File formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Portable pixmap</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .pbm, .pgm, .ppm, .pnm</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> image/x-portable-bitmap,<sup id="cite_ref-P1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> image/x-portable-graymap,<sup id="cite_ref-P2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> image/x-portable-pixmap,<sup id="cite_ref-P3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> image/x-portable-anymap<sup id="cite_ref-Pn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">public.pbm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Jef_Poskanzer" title="Jef Poskanzer">Jef Poskanzer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format">Image file format</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="#PAM_graphics_format">Portable Arbitrary Map (PAM)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several graphics formats are used and defined by the Netpbm project: </p> <ul><li>portable bitmap format (<b>PBM</b>)</li> <li>portable graymap format (<b>PGM</b>)</li> <li>portable pixmap format (<b>PPM</b>)</li></ul> <p>are <a href="/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format">image file formats</a> designed to be easily exchanged between platforms. They are also sometimes referred to collectively as the <b>portable anymap format</b> (<b>PNM</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-Pn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-book_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not to be confused with the related <a href="#PAM_graphics_format">portable arbitrary map</a> format (PAM). The "magic number" (Px) at the beginning of a file determines the type, not the file extension, although it is best practice to use the correct extension if possible. </p><p>The PBM format was invented by <a href="/wiki/Jef_Poskanzer" title="Jef Poskanzer">Jef Poskanzer</a> in the 1980s as a format that allowed monochrome bitmaps to be transmitted within an email message as plain ASCII text, allowing it to survive any changes in text formatting.<sup id="cite_ref-book_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poskanzer developed the first library of tools to handle the PBM format, Pbmplus, released in 1988. It mainly contained tools to convert between PBM and other graphics formats. By the end of 1988, Poskanzer had developed the PGM and PPM formats along with their associated tools and added them to Pbmplus. The final release of Pbmplus was December 10, 1991. </p><p>In 1993, the Netpbm library was developed to replace the unmaintained Pbmplus. It was simply a repackaging of Pbmplus with additions and fixes submitted by people all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-netpbmhistory_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netpbmhistory-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each file starts with a two-byte <a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)" title="Magic number (programming)">magic number</a> (in ASCII) that identifies the type of file it is (PBM, PGM, and PPM) and its encoding (<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>/"plain" or binary/"raw"). The magic number is a capital P followed by a single-digit number. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Type </th> <th colspan="2">Magic number </th> <th rowspan="2">Extension </th> <th rowspan="2">Colors </th></tr> <tr> <th>ASCII (plain) </th> <th>Binary (raw) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Portable BitMap </td> <td><code>P1</code> </td> <td><code>P4</code> </td> <td><code>.pbm</code></td> <td>2, the values 0 and 1 (white & black) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portable GrayMap </td> <td><code>P2</code> </td> <td><code>P5</code> </td> <td><code>.pgm</code></td> <td>maximum 65535 gray levels, typically in the range 0-255 or 0-65535, black-to-white range </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portable PixMap </td> <td><code>P3</code> </td> <td><code>P6</code> </td> <td><code>.ppm</code></td> <td>maximum 65535 color levels for each <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_(digital_image)" title="Channel (digital image)">channel</a>, typically in the range 0-255 or 0-65535 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A value of <code>P7</code> refers to the <a href="#PAM_graphics_format">PAM</a> file format that is covered as well by the netpbm library.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ASCII ("plain") formats allow for human readability and easy transfer to other platforms; the binary ("raw") formats are easier to parse by programs and more efficient in file size. </p><p>In the binary formats, PBM uses 1 bit per pixel, PGM uses 8 or 16 bits per pixel, and PPM uses 24 or 48 bits per pixel: 8/16 for red, 8/16 for green, 8/16 for blue. Application support for the 16 bit variants is still rare. </p><p>PGM and PPM documentation defines that gray and color values use the <a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">BT.709</a> color space and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a> transfer function. However, depending on the application, the used color space may be <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a>, linear or some other <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a>. There is no metadata in the file to indicate which color space is being used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PBM_example">PBM example</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: PBM example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A simple example of the PBM format is as follows. (Not shown are the newline character(s) at the end of each line.): </p> <pre>P1 # This is an example bitmap of the letter "J" 6 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 </pre> <p>The string <i>P1</i> identifies the file format. The <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a> introduces a comment. The next two numbers give the width and the height. Then follows the matrix with the pixel values (in the monochrome case here, only zeros and ones). </p><p>It is not required that pixels are nicely lined up, the format ignores whitespaces and linefeeds in the data section, although it's recommended that no line is longer than 76 characters. The following displays the same image: </p> <pre>P1 # This is an example bitmap of the letter "J" 6 10 000010000010000010000010000010000010100010011100000000000000 </pre> <p>Here is the resulting image: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_ASCII-art_turned_into_a_bitmap.pbm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Example_of_ASCII-art_turned_into_a_bitmap.pbm.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6" data-file-height="10" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>Here it is again magnified 20 times: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_ASCII-art_turned_into_a_bitmap_scale20.pbm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Example_of_ASCII-art_turned_into_a_bitmap_scale20.pbm.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>A value of 0 signifies a white pixel, and a 1 signifies a black pixel. This differs from the other formats, where higher values signify brighter pixels. </p><p>The P4 binary format of the same image represents each pixel with a single bit. A row is width pixels wide packed to the length of 8 pixels or a byte. The first pixel in a row is the most significant bit. The extra bits used to make the length equal to a byte are ignored. The following formula can be used to calculate the number of required bytes <span class="texhtml">⌈<i>width</i> / 8⌉ * height</span>. If we use the example above a <span class="texhtml">⌈6 / 8⌉ * 10</span> would be 10 bytes. </p> <pre>P4 # This is an example binary format of the letter "J" with each byte in decimal notation 6 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 136 112 0 0 </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PGM_example">PGM example</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: PGM example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PGM and PPM formats (both ASCII and binary versions) have an additional parameter for the maximum value (numbers of grey between black and white) after the X and Y dimensions and before the actual pixel data. Black is 0 and max value is white. (Not shown are the newline character(s) at the end of each line.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feep_netbpm_p2_pgm_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Feep_netbpm_p2_pgm_example.png/220px-Feep_netbpm_p2_pgm_example.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Feep_netbpm_p2_pgm_example.png/330px-Feep_netbpm_p2_pgm_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Feep_netbpm_p2_pgm_example.png/440px-Feep_netbpm_p2_pgm_example.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Example (magnified)</figcaption></figure> <pre>P2 # Shows the word "FEEP" 24 7 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 7 7 7 7 0 0 11 11 11 11 0 0 15 15 15 15 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 15 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 7 7 7 0 0 0 11 11 11 0 0 0 15 15 15 15 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 7 0 0 11 11 11 11 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PPM_example">PPM example</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: PPM example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is an example of a color RGB image stored in PPM format. (Not shown are the newline character(s) at the end of each line.) </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiny6pixel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tiny6pixel.png/120px-Tiny6pixel.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tiny6pixel.png/180px-Tiny6pixel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Tiny6pixel.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption>Image (magnified)</figcaption></figure> <pre>P3 # "P3" means this is a RGB color image in ASCII # "3 2" is the width and height of the image in pixels # "255" is the maximum value for each color # This, up through the "255" line below are the header. # Everything after that is the image data: RGB triplets. # In order: red, green, blue, yellow, white, and black. 3 2 255 255 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 255 255 255 0 255 255 255 0 0 0 </pre> <p>The P6 binary format of the same image represents each color component of each pixel with one byte (thus three bytes per pixel) in the order red, green, then blue. The file is smaller, but the color information is more difficult to read by humans. The header remains in ASCII and the arguments are still separated by a whitespace. The binary image information comes after the header (which ends with a whitespace). </p><p>In the binary format, last headerline must be like "255\n", with data immediately following it; any comment added after 255 will be taken as the start of image data, and the image will be skewed to the right (at least when opened by the image-manipulation program GIMP (December 2022)). </p><p>The PPM format is not compressed, and thus requires more space and bandwidth than a compressed format would. For example, the above 192×128 PNG (<a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">Portable Network Graphics</a>) image has a file size of 166 bytes. When converted to a 192×128 PPM image, the file size is 73,848 bytes. Filesize reduction factor 100 or so when converting to png is typical if the image is a line drawing; if the image is a photo, it is best converted to jpeg, which yields a greater filesize reduction. </p><p>The PPM format is generally an intermediate format used for image work before converting to a more efficient format, for example the PNG format, without any loss of information in the intermediate step. </p><p> The image shown above using only <b>0</b> or the maximal value for the <b>r</b>ed-<b>g</b>reen-<b>b</b>lue channels can be also encoded as:</p><pre>P3 # The same image with width 3 and height 2, # using 0 or 1 per color (red, green, blue) 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 </pre><p> White space including line ends and comment lines is syntactically equivalent to a single space within the PNM headers. For the plain formats P1...P3 this also affects the pixmap lines; in fact lines should be limited to 70 characters:</p><pre>P3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensions">Extensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16-bit">16-bit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 16-bit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original definition of the PGM and the PPM binary formats (the P5 and P6 formats) did not allow bit depths greater than 8 bits. While the ASCII format can accommodate greater bit depths, it increases file size and thus slows read and write operations. Accordingly, many programmers extended the format to allow higher bit depths. Using higher bit depths encounters the problem of having to decide on the <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">endianness</a> of the file. The various implementations did not agree on which byte order to use, and some connected the 16-bit endianness to the pixel packing order.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current documentation of PGM and PPM says that the most significant byte is first and the Netpbm implementation also uses the big-endian byte order.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="32-bit">32-bit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 32-bit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PFM (Portable Floatmap) is the unofficial four byte IEEE 754 single precision floating point extension.<sup id="cite_ref-pfmnet_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfmnet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The first line is either the ASCII text "PF", for a color file, or "Pf", for a grey-scale file.</li> <li>The next ASCII text line contains the width and height, separated by the space character hex 20 or sometimes with hex 0A (resulting in four lines). After each line a white space character hex 0A is written and not the Windows/DOS CR/LF combination.</li> <li>The third ASCII text line holds a nonzero decimal number that indicates little-endian floats for the pixel data when negative and big-endian floats when positive. The absolute value of the number indicates the range. So the third line containing -1.0 indicates little-endian format in range zero to one. (No comments may follow.)</li></ol> <p>After the header the file proceeds with floating point numbers for each pixel, specified in left-to-right, bottom-to-top order. Some programs suggest PF4 as an additional extension for the RGBA format.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PFM is supported by the programs <a href="/wiki/Photoshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshop">Photoshop</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ImageMagick" title="ImageMagick">ImageMagick</a>. It is supported by the <i>de facto</i> reference implementation netpbm.<sup id="cite_ref-pfmnet_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfmnet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programs">Programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Netpbm package contains over 350 programs,<sup id="cite_ref-netpbmhomepage_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netpbmhomepage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which have "pbm", "pgm", "ppm", "pam", or "pnm" in their names. For example, one might use <code>pamscale</code> to shrink an image by 10%, <code>pamcomp</code> to overlay one image on top of another, <code>pbmtext</code> to create an image of text, or reduce the number of colors in an image with <code>pnmquant</code>. </p><p>The programs are designed to be minimal building blocks that can be used in various combinations to do other things. The Netpbm package can, for example, use two successive conversion programs to turn a color picture in the GIF format into a <a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">.bmp</a> file: </p> <pre>giftopnm somepic.gif > somepic.ppm ppmtobmp somepic.ppm > somepic.bmp </pre> <p>This is more commonly done as a <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">pipeline</a>, to save execution time and to avoid leaving a temporary <i>somepic.ppm</i> file around: </p> <pre>giftopnm somepic.gif | ppmtobmp > somepic.bmp </pre> <p>The Netpbm programs are frequently used as intermediates to convert between obscure formats. For instance, there may be no tool to convert an X11 window dump (<a href="/wiki/XWD" class="mw-redirect" title="XWD">XWD</a> format) directly to a Macintosh <a href="/wiki/PICT" title="PICT">PICT</a> file, but one can do this by running <code>xwdtopnm</code>, then <code>ppmtopict</code>. (Tools which say that they output PNM output either PBM, PGM, or PPM. Tools importing PNM will read any of the three formats.) As a more complex example, Netpbm tools can convert 48×48 <a href="/wiki/X_BitMap" title="X BitMap">XBM</a> to <i>Ikon</i> and eventually <a href="/wiki/X-Face" title="X-Face">X-Face</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PBM (black and white) format was invented by <a href="/wiki/Jef_Poskanzer" title="Jef Poskanzer">Jef Poskanzer</a> in the mid-1980s. At the time, there was no standard, reliable way to send binary files in email, and attempting to send anything other than 7-bit <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> in email often resulted in <a href="/wiki/Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">data corruption</a>. PBM was designed to allow images to be sent via email without being corrupted. Poskanzer released the forerunner of Netpbm, called <b>Pbmplus</b> in 1988. By the end of 1988, Poskanzer had developed the PGM (greyscale) and PPM (color) formats and released them with Pbmplus. </p><p>The last release of Pbmplus was on December 10, 1991. Poskanzer never released any further updates, and in 1993, Netpbm was developed to replace it. At first, it was nothing more than a renamed release of Pbmplus, but updates continued to occur until 1995 when the package again became abandoned. In 1999, the Netpbm package was picked up by its present maintainer, Bryan Henderson. </p><p>In 2000, PAM was added to the file formats of the Netpbm library allowing an alpha channel.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Netpbm came from the program developers collaborating over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, which was notable at the time; the <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> operating system and <a href="/wiki/NetHack" title="NetHack">NetHack</a> game got their names similarly. (Unlike with the later, more widespread <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">Portable Network Graphics</a> (PNG) format, the "net" in the name is not actually in reference to the image itself being optimized for transfer over a network.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PAM_graphics_format">PAM graphics format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: PAM graphics format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Portable Arbitrary Map</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> <code>.pam</code></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> image/x-portable-arbitrarymap<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/">Bryan Henderson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format">Image file format</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Portable aNy Map (PNM)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Portable Arbitrary Map</b> (<b>PAM</b>) is an extension of the older binary <a href="/wiki/Netpbm_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Netpbm format">P4...P6</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics file format">graphics formats</a>, introduced with netpbm version 9.7 (August 2000). PAM generalises all features of PBM, PGM, and PPM, and provides for extensions. PAM defines two new attributes; <i>depth</i> and <i>tuple</i> type: </p> <ol><li>The <i>depth</i> attribute defines the number of channels in the image, such as 1 for greyscale images and 3 for RGB images.</li> <li>The <i>tuple type</i> attribute specifies what kind of image the PAM file represents, thus enabling it to stand for the older Netpbm formats, as well as to be extended to new uses, e.g., <a href="#Transparency">transparency</a>.</li></ol> <p>PAM is supported by <a href="/wiki/XnView" title="XnView">XnView</a> and <a href="/wiki/FFmpeg#PGMYUV" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As specified the <code>TUPLTYPE</code> is optional; however, FFmpeg requires it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_the_older_formats">Differences from the older formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Differences from the older formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The header for the PAM file format begins with P7, and (unlike in the other formats) ends in an explicit close: "ENDHDR" followed by a whitespace. Line ends in a PAM header are significant; for PNM, line ends are whitespace. </p><p>There is no plain (human-readable, <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>-based) version of PAM. PAM files are always binary, and attempts to use the switch <code>-plain</code> with Netpbm programs that produce PAM output results in an error message. </p><p>For the black-and-white version of PAM (depth 1, tuple type BLACKANDWHITE), corresponding to PBM, PAM uses one byte per pixel, instead of PBM's use of one bit per pixel (packing eight pixels in one byte). Also, the value 1 in such a PAM image stands for white ("light on"), as opposed to black in PBM ("ink on"). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>PAM tuple types </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>TUPLTYPE </th> <th>MAXVAL </th> <th>DEPTH </th> <th>comment </th></tr> <tr> <td>BLACKANDWHITE </td> <td>1 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td>special case of GRAYSCALE </td></tr> <tr> <td>GRAYSCALE </td> <td>2...65535 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td>2 bytes per pixel for MAXVAL > 255 </td></tr> <tr> <td>RGB </td> <td>1...65535 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>6 bytes per pixel for MAXVAL > 255 </td></tr> <tr> <td>BLACKANDWHITE_ALPHA </td> <td>1 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>2 bytes per pixel </td></tr> <tr> <td>GRAYSCALE_ALPHA </td> <td>2...65535 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>4 bytes per pixel for MAXVAL > 255 </td></tr> <tr> <td>RGB_ALPHA </td> <td>1...65535 </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td>8 bytes per pixel for MAXVAL > 255 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency">Transparency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transparency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the basic tuple types (BLACKANDWHITE, GRAYSCALE, and RGB) have a variant with an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">opacity channel</a>. The tuple type is created by appending "_ALPHA" as a suffix to the base tuple type. </p><p> For example, an image with a tuple type of GRAYSCALE is equivalent to PGM (portable graymap). GRAYSCALE_ALPHA with transparency is not directly possible in PGM. The specification permits MAXVAL 1 for GRAYSCALE, but it would have the same effect as BLACKANDWHITE.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format#Example_2" title="BMP file format">example</a> in the <a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">BMP</a> article shows an <a href="/wiki/RGBA" class="mw-redirect" title="RGBA">RGBA</a> image with 4×2=8 blue, green, red, and white pixels; half transparent (0x7F) in the first lower row, opaque (0xFF) in the second upper row; hex. <code>FF00007F 00FF007F 0000FF7F FFFFFF7F FF0000FF 00FF00FF 0000FFFF FFFFFFFF</code> in <b>BGRA</b> order. For PAM, this bitmap has to be given in <b>RGBA</b> order, swapping the 1st and 3rd byte in each pixel. BMP rows are typically arranged bottom-up, for PAM and PNM rows are given top-down (i.e. for this example <code>0000FFFF 00FF00FF FF0000FF FFFFFFFF 0000FF7F 00FF007F FF00007F FFFFFF7F</code>). The PAM header for this example could be: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-top-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format#Example_2" title="BMP file format#Example 2"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bmp_format2.svg/220px-Bmp_format2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bmp_format2.svg/330px-Bmp_format2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bmp_format2.svg/440px-Bmp_format2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="160" usemap="#ImageMap_73c7cc03518cc64a" resource="/wiki/File:Bmp_format2.svg" /></a><map name="ImageMap_73c7cc03518cc64a"><area href="#Transparency" shape="rect" coords="42,42,85,85" alt="0,0: blue 0000FF FF" title="0,0: blue 0000FF FF" /><area href="#Transparency" shape="rect" coords="85,42,127,85" alt="0,1: green 00FF00 FF" title="0,1: green 00FF00 FF" /><area href="#Transparency" shape="rect" coords="127,42,169,85" alt="0,2: red FF0000 FF" title="0,2: red FF0000 FF" /><area href="#Transparency" shape="rect" coords="169,42,211,85" alt="0,3: white FFFFFF FF" title="0,3: white FFFFFF FF" /><area href="#Transparency" shape="rect" coords="42,85,85,127" alt="1,0: blue 0000FF 7F, half transparent" title="1,0: blue 0000FF 7F, half transparent" /><area href="#Transparency" shape="rect" coords="85,85,127,127" alt="1,1: green 00FF00 7F, half transparent" title="1,1: green 00FF00 7F, half transparent" /><area href="#Transparency" shape="rect" coords="127,85,169,127" alt="1,2: red FF0000 7F, half transparent" title="1,2: red FF0000 7F, half transparent" /><area href="#Transparency" shape="rect" coords="169,85,211,127" alt="1,3: white FFFFFF 7F, half transparent" title="1,3: white FFFFFF 7F, half transparent" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <pre>P7 WIDTH 4 HEIGHT 2 DEPTH 4 MAXVAL 255 TUPLTYPE RGB_ALPHA ENDHDR </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensions_2">Extensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PAM's tuple-type mechanism allows for many extensions. In theory, PAM can be extended to represent color models such as CMYK. </p><p>The format is not even limited to graphics, its definition allows it to be used for arbitrary three-dimensional matrices of unsigned integers. Some programs of the Netpbm package, for example <b>pamsummcol</b>, function as crude matrix arithmetic processors and use the PAM format this way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Netpbm consists of hundreds of different tools, each offered with a public copyright license of its own. An analysis by <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> developer Steve McIntyre from 2001 suggests mostly free software licenses, one non-commercial license (non-free) and a dozen without any license offered (thus also non-free). As mentioned in the analysis, it obviously doesn't cover changes since.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Created_with_Netpbm" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Created with Netpbm">Created with Netpbm</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GD_Graphics_Library" title="GD Graphics Library">GD Graphics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GraphicsMagick" title="GraphicsMagick">GraphicsMagick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ImageMagick" title="ImageMagick">ImageMagick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unix commands">List of Unix commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_PixMap" title="X PixMap">X PixMap</a> (comparison of PBM and XPM)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-netpbmhistory-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-netpbmhistory_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-netpbmhistory_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/history.html">"Netpbm history"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netpbm+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetpbm.sourceforge.net%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-78440f89345d1937c7732d922d280b67e1c88746-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-78440f89345d1937c7732d922d280b67e1c88746-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.code.sf.net/p/netpbm/code/stable/doc/HISTORY">"CHANGE HISTORY"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHANGE+HISTORY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvn.code.sf.net%2Fp%2Fnetpbm%2Fcode%2Fstable%2Fdoc%2FHISTORY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2013" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Bryan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/getting_netpbm.php">"Getting Netpbm"</a>. <i>Sourceforge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sourceforge&rft.atitle=Getting+Netpbm&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetpbm.sourceforge.net%2Fgetting_netpbm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pbm.html">.pbm</a> <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> type not <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml#image">registered</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pgm.html">.pgm</a> <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> type not <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml#image">registered</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P3_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/ppm.html">.ppm</a> <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> type not <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml#image">registered</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pn_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pn_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pnm.html">.pnm</a> <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> type not <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml#image">registered</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayvan_Ryper1996" class="citation book cs1">Murray, James D.; van Ryper, William (April 1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mac_Graphics_File_Formats_Second_Edition_1996"><i>Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats, Second Edition</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-161-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-161-5"><bdi>1-56592-161-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Graphics+File+Formats%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=1996-04&rft.isbn=1-56592-161-5&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.au=van+Ryper%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmac_Graphics_File_Formats_Second_Edition_1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pam.html#layout">"Layout of the PAM file format"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Layout+of+the+PAM+file+format&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetpbm.sourceforge.net%2Fdoc%2Fpam.html%23layout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pnmtotiff.html">"Pnmtotiff User Manual"</a>. <i>netpbm doc at SourceForge</i>. 27 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=netpbm+doc+at+SourceForge&rft.atitle=Pnmtotiff+User+Manual&rft.date=2005-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetpbm.sourceforge.net%2Fdoc%2Fpnmtotiff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pamendian.html">"pamendian man page"</a>. <i>netpbm doc at SourceForge</i>. 10 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=netpbm+doc+at+SourceForge&rft.atitle=pamendian+man+page&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetpbm.sourceforge.net%2Fdoc%2Fpamendian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pfmnet-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pfmnet_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pfmnet_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pfm.html">"PFM Format Description"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PFM+Format+Description&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetpbm.sourceforge.net%2Fdoc%2Fpfm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fileformats.archiveteam.org/wiki/PFM_(Portable_Float_Map)">"PFM (Portable Float Map) - Just Solve the File Format Problem"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PFM+%28Portable+Float+Map%29+-+Just+Solve+the+File+Format+Problem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffileformats.archiveteam.org%2Fwiki%2FPFM_%28Portable_Float_Map%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pauldebevec.com/Research/HDR/PFM/">"PFM Format Documentation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231144617/http://www.pauldebevec.com/Research/HDR/PFM/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PFM+Format+Documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pauldebevec.com%2FResearch%2FHDR%2FPFM%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~ttwong/data/hdrfire/hdrfire.html">"Synthetic HDR Fire Sequences"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synthetic+HDR+Fire+Sequences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cse.cuhk.edu.hk%2F~ttwong%2Fdata%2Fhdrfire%2Fhdrfire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/file-formats.html">"File formats in Adobe Photoshop"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=File+formats+in+Adobe+Photoshop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelpx.adobe.com%2Fphotoshop%2Fusing%2Ffile-formats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-netpbmhomepage-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-netpbmhomepage_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/">"Netpbm home page"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netpbm+home+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetpbm.sourceforge.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDairiki" class="citation web cs1">Dairiki, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dairiki.org/xface/">"Online X-Face Converter"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+X-Face+Converter&rft.aulast=Dairiki&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dairiki.org%2Fxface%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pam.html">"PAM format specification"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PAM+format+specification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetpbm.sourceforge.net%2Fdoc%2Fpam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> type not registered at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pam.html">PAM format specification</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGougelet2015" class="citation web cs1">Gougelet, Pierre-Emmanuel (2015-02-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsgroup.xnview.com/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=31313">"XnView 2.30"</a>. <a href="/wiki/XnView" title="XnView">XnView</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-20</span></span>. <q>PAM format added</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XnView+2.30&rft.pub=XnView&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.aulast=Gougelet&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsgroup.xnview.com%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D35%26t%3D31313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ffmpeg.org/general.html#Image-Formats">"Image Formats"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FFmpeg" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a> General Documentation</i>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FFmpeg+General+Documentation&rft.atitle=Image+Formats&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ffmpeg.org%2Fgeneral.html%23Image-Formats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.code.sourceforge.net/p/netpbm/code/trunk/doc/copyright_summary">"2001 analysis of Netpbm copyrights done by Steve McIntyre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+analysis+of+Netpbm+copyrights+done+by+Steve+McIntyre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvn.code.sourceforge.net%2Fp%2Fnetpbm%2Fcode%2Ftrunk%2Fdoc%2Fcopyright_summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetpbm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netpbm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1890836#P856" title="Edit this at 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">Raster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANI_(file_format)" title="ANI (file format)"> ANI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANIM" title="ANIM">ANIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ART_image_file_format" title="ART image file format"> ART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format"> BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics"> BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAVE" title="BSAVE"> BSAVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALS_Raster_file_format" title="CALS Raster file format"> CAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineon" title="Cineon"> CIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Perceptual_Compression" title="Cartesian Perceptual Compression"> CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPT_(file_format)" title="CPT (file format)"> CPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectDraw_Surface" title="DirectDraw Surface"> DDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Picture_Exchange" title="Digital Picture Exchange"> DPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECW_(file_format)" title="ECW (file format)"> ECW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR"> EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FITS" title="FITS">FITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLIC_(file_format)" title="FLIC (file format)"> FLIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format"> FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlashPix" title="FlashPix"> FPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDRi_(data_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="HDRi (data format)"> HDRi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding"> HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format"> ICNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICO_(file_format)" title="ICO (file format)"> ICO / CUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Cytometry_Standard" title="Image Cytometry Standard"> ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILBM" title="ILBM">ILBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_Network_Graphics" title="JPEG Network Graphics"> JNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_JPEG#JPEG-LS" title="Lossless JPEG"> JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-HDR" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-HDR">JPEG-HDR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krita" title="Krita"> KRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics"> MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magick_Image_File_Format" title="Magick Image File Format"> MIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearly_raw_raster_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearly raw raster data"> NRRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRaster" title="OpenRaster"> ORA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#PAM_graphics_format"> PAM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCX" title="PCX">PCX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File"> PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICtor_PIC_image_format" title="PICtor PIC image format"> PICtor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNG" title="PNG">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop#PSD" title="Adobe Photoshop"> PSD / PSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaintShop_Pro" title="PaintShop Pro"> PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)"> QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR"> QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Raster" title="Sun Raster"> RAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGBE_image_format" title="RGBE image format"> RGBE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logluv_TIFF" title="Logluv TIFF">Logluv TIFF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics_Image" title="Silicon Graphics Image"> SGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truevision_TGA" title="Truevision TGA"> TGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format"> TIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format#TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format"> TIFF/IT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulead_PhotoImpact" title="Ulead PhotoImpact"> UFO / UFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format"> WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_BitMap" title="X BitMap"> XBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCF_(file_format)" title="XCF (file format)"> XCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_PixMap" title="X PixMap"> XPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xwd" title="Xwd"> XWD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">Raw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format" title="Camera Image File Format"> CIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative"> DNG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator_Artwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Illustrator Artwork"> AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW#CDR_file_format" title="CorelDRAW"> CDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile"> CGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoCAD_DXF" title="AutoCAD DXF"> DXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Metafile"> EMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMF%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="EMF+">EMF+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerber_format" title="Gerber format"> Gerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku_Vector_Icon_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiku Vector Icon Format"> HVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGES" title="IGES">IGES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language"> PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics"> SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language"> VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Metafile" title="Windows Metafile"> WMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar_(graphics)" title="Xar (graphics)"> Xar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format#Compound_formats" title="Image file format">Compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computable_Document_Format" title="Computable Document Format"> CDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encapsulated_PostScript" title="Encapsulated PostScript"> EPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MODCA" title="MODCA">MODCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICT" title="PICT">PICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript"> PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language"> XAML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exchangeable image file format (Exif)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Press_Telecommunications_Council#Photo_metadata" title="International Press Telecommunications Council">International Press Telecommunications Council § Photo metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF#Metadata" title="GIF">GIF § Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Graphics_file_formats" title="Category:Graphics file formats">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" 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