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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverse effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physiological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Physiological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crack_lung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crack_lung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Crack lung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crack_lung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Psychological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy_and_nursing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy_and_nursing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pregnancy and nursing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy_and_nursing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reinforcement_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinforcement_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Reinforcement disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinforcement_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Tolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Addiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Overdose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_combinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_combinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Drug combinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_combinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_scandals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_scandals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Political scandals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_scandals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crack cocaine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack" title="Crack – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Crack" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_(%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="كراك (كوكايين) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كراك (كوكايين)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krek" title="Krek – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac" title="Crac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(droga)" title="Crack (droga) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Crack (droga)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac_coc%C3%AAn" title="Crac cocên – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crac cocên" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(kokain)" title="Crack (kokain) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Crack (kokain)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(Droge)" title="Crack (Droge) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Crack (Droge)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A4kk" title="Kräkk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kräkk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA_(%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C)" title="Κρακ (ναρκωτικό) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρακ (ναρκωτικό)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(droga)" title="Crack (droga) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crack (droga)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakkokaino" title="Krakkokaino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krakkokaino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(droga)" title="Crack (droga) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Crack (droga)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کراک کوکائین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کراک کوکائین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(stup%C3%A9fiant)" title="Crack (stupéfiant) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crack (stupéfiant)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnagch%C3%B3caon" title="Cnagchócaon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cnagchócaon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(droga)" title="Crack (droga) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crack (droga)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%99_%EC%BD%94%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="크랙 코카인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크랙 코카인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%AF-%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Կռեկ-կոկաին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կռեկ-կոկաին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(kokain)" title="Crack (kokain) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crack (kokain)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak-kokaino" title="Krak-kokaino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krak-kokaino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakk" title="Krakk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krakk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(droga)" title="Crack (droga) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crack (droga)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="קראק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreks" title="Kreks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kreks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krekas" title="Krekas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krekas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(drug)" title="Crack (drug) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Crack (drug)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="クラック・コカイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラック・コカイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack-kokain" title="Crack-kokain – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Crack-kokain" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack" title="Crack – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crack" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Крэк-кокаин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крэк-кокаин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crack cocaine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_(koka%C3%ADn)" title="Krak (kokaín) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krak (kokaín)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack" title="Crack – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Crack" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="کراک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کراک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack" title="Crack – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crack" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack" title="Crack – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Crack" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack-kokain" title="Crack-kokain – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Crack-kokain" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(uyu%C5%9Fturucu)" title="Crack (uyuşturucu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Crack (uyuşturucu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD)" title="Крек 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of the drug cocaine</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crack Rock" redirects here. For the Frank Ocean song, see <a href="/wiki/Channel_Orange" title="Channel Orange">Channel Orange</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crack-cocaine-2-grams.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Crack-cocaine-2-grams.jpeg/220px-Crack-cocaine-2-grams.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Crack-cocaine-2-grams.jpeg/330px-Crack-cocaine-2-grams.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Crack-cocaine-2-grams.jpeg/440px-Crack-cocaine-2-grams.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>Two grams of crack cocaine</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Crack cocaine</b>, commonly known simply as <b>crack</b>, and also known as <b>rock</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Free_base" title="Free base">free base</a> form of the stimulant <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> that can be <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoked</a>. Crack offers a short, intense <a href="/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoria (emotion)">high</a> to smokers. The <i>Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment</i> calls it the most <a href="/wiki/Addictive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Addictive drug">addictive</a> form of cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-MASAT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MASAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crack cocaine first saw widespread use as a <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drug</a> in primarily <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">impoverished</a> neighborhoods in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> in late 1984 and 1985; this rapid increase in use and availability was named the "<a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">crack epidemic</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which began to wane in the 1990s. The use of another highly addictive stimulant drug, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_meth" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal meth">crystal meth</a>, ballooned between 1994 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_and_chemical_properties">Physical and chemical properties</h2></div> <p>Purer forms of crack resemble off-white, jagged-edged "rocks" of a hard, brittle plastic, with a slightly higher density than candle wax.<sup id="cite_ref-AMCcrac_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMCcrac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> in other forms, crack rock acts as a <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">local anesthetic</a>, numbing the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> only where directly placed. Purer forms of crack will sink in water and melt at the edges when near a flame (crack vaporizes at 90 °C, 194 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-MASAT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MASAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crack cocaine sold on the streets may be <a href="/wiki/Adulterants" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulterants">adulterated</a> (or "cut") with other substances mimicking the appearance of crack to increase bulk. Use of <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> adulterants such as <a href="/wiki/Levamisole" title="Levamisole">levamisole</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a drug used to treat <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">parasitic worm</a> infections, has been documented.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crack_Ingredients.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Crack_Ingredients.JPG/170px-Crack_Ingredients.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Crack_Ingredients.JPG/255px-Crack_Ingredients.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Crack_Ingredients.JPG/340px-Crack_Ingredients.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>For cocaine (in a plastic bag at bottom) to be converted to crack, several supplies are needed. Pictured here are <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a>, a commonly used base in making crack, a metal spoon, a <a href="/wiki/Tealight" title="Tealight">tealight</a>, and a cigarette lighter. The spoon is held over the heat source to "cook" the cocaine into crack.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</a> (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, common baking soda) is a base used in the preparation of crack, although other <a href="/wiki/Weak_base" title="Weak base">weak bases</a> may substitute for it.<sup id="cite_ref-Treadwell2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadwell2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYCCocaineAbuse_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCCocaineAbuse-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The net reaction when using sodium bicarbonate is </p> <dl><dd>Coc-H<sup>+</sup>Cl<sup>−</sup> + NaHCO<sub>3</sub> → Coc + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> + NaCl</dd></dl> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bicarbonate" title="Ammonium bicarbonate">ammonium bicarbonate</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Coc-H<sup>+</sup>Cl<sup>−</sup> + NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub> → Coc + <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">NH<sub>4</sub>Cl</a> + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">ammonium carbonate</a>: </p> <dl><dd>2(Coc-H<sup>+</sup>Cl<sup>−</sup>) + (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → 2 Coc + 2 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form,<sup id="cite_ref-AMCcrac_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMCcrac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is not uncommon for some users to "wash up" or "cook" powder cocaine into crack themselves. This process is frequently done with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">baking soda</a> (sodium bicarbonate), water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming <a href="/wiki/Free_base" title="Free base">free base</a> cocaine and <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) and water. Loss of CO<sub>2</sub> prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. <a href="/wiki/Free_base" title="Free base">Free base</a> cocaine separates as an oily layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooking_Crack.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cooking_Crack.JPG/220px-Cooking_Crack.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cooking_Crack.JPG/330px-Cooking_Crack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cooking_Crack.JPG/440px-Cooking_Crack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A close up of the "cooking" process that creates crack</figcaption></figure> <p>Crack vaporizes near temperature 90 °C (194 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-MASAT_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MASAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> much lower than the cocaine hydrochloride melting point of 190 °C (374 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-MASAT_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MASAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas cocaine hydrochloride cannot be smoked (burns with no effect),<sup id="cite_ref-MASAT_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MASAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crack cocaine when smoked allows for quick absorption into the blood stream, and reaches the brain in eight seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-MASAT_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MASAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crack cocaine can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as powder cocaine. However, whereas powder cocaine dissolves in water, crack must be dissolved in an acidic solution such as lemon juice (containing <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a>) or white vinegar (containing <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>), a process that effectively reverses the original conversion of powder cocaine to crack.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> agencies may distribute packets of citric acid or <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> (vitamin C) for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreational_use">Recreational use</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoking_Crack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Smoking_Crack.jpg/220px-Smoking_Crack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Smoking_Crack.jpg/330px-Smoking_Crack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Smoking_Crack.jpg/440px-Smoking_Crack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A woman smoking crack cocaine in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, in December 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. Effects of crack cocaine include <a href="/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoria (emotion)">euphoria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supreme confidence,<sup id="cite_ref-Hwiz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hwiz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> loss of appetite,<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased energy,<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a craving for more cocaine,<sup id="cite_ref-Hwiz_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hwiz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and potential paranoia (ending after use).<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cr90_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cr90-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its initial effect is to release a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AMCcrac_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMCcrac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a brain chemical inducing feelings of euphoria. The high usually lasts from five to ten minutes,<sup id="cite_ref-AMCcrac_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMCcrac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which time dopamine levels in the brain plummet, leaving the user feeling <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressed</a> and low.<sup id="cite_ref-AMCcrac_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMCcrac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When (powder) cocaine is dissolved and <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injected</a>, the absorption into the bloodstream is at least as rapid as the absorption of the drug which occurs when crack cocaine is smoked,<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similar euphoria may be experienced. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Health_issues"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiological">Physiological</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physiological_effects_of_Crack_cocaine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Physiological_effects_of_Crack_cocaine.png/220px-Physiological_effects_of_Crack_cocaine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Physiological_effects_of_Crack_cocaine.png/330px-Physiological_effects_of_Crack_cocaine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Physiological_effects_of_Crack_cocaine.png/440px-Physiological_effects_of_Crack_cocaine.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="2071" /></a><figcaption>Main physiological effects of crack cocaine</figcaption></figure> <p>The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constricted blood vessels, <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">dilated pupils</a>, and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. In rare instances, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or unexpectedly thereafter. Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> or seizures followed by respiratory arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other forms of cocaine, smoking crack can increase heart rate<sup id="cite_ref-PP_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and blood pressure, leading to long-term cardiovascular problems. Some research suggests that smoking crack or free base cocaine has additional health risks compared to other methods of taking cocaine. Many of these issues relate specifically to the release of <a href="/wiki/Methylecgonidine" title="Methylecgonidine">methylecgonidine</a> and its effect on the heart,<sup id="cite_ref-PP_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lungs,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and liver.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Toxic <a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">adulterants</a>: Many substances may have been added to expand the weight and volume of a batch, while still appearing to be pure crack. Occasionally, highly toxic substances are used, with a range of corresponding short and long-term health risks. Adulterants used with crack and cocaine include <a href="/wiki/Milk_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk powder">milk powder</a>, sugars such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">benzocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">scopolamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">strychnine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smoking problems: Any <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">route of administration</a> poses its own set of health risks; in the case of crack cocaine, smoking tends to be more harmful than other routes. Crack users tend to smoke the drug because that has a higher <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> than other routes typically used for drugs of abuse, such as <a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">insufflation</a>. Crack has a melting point of around <span class="nowrap">90 °C</span> <span class="nowrap">(194 °F)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-MASAT_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MASAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the smoke does not remain potent for long. Therefore, crack pipes are generally very short, to minimize the time between evaporating and ingestion (thereby minimizing loss of potency).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having a very hot pipe pressed against the lips often causes cracked and blistered lips, colloquially known as "crack lip". The use of "convenience store crack pipes"<sup id="cite_ref-WP_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—glass tubes which originally contained small <a href="/wiki/Love_rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Love rose">artificial roses</a>—may contribute to this condition. These 4-inch (10-cm) pipes<sup id="cite_ref-WP_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are not durable and will quickly develop breaks; users may continue to use the pipe even though it has been broken to a shorter length. The hot pipe might burn the lips, tongue, or fingers, especially when passed between people who take hits in rapid succession, causing the short pipe to reach higher temperatures than if used by one person alone.</li> <li>Pure or large doses: Because the quality of crack can vary greatly, some people might smoke larger amounts of diluted crack, unaware that a similar amount of a new batch of purer crack could cause an overdose. This can trigger heart problems or cause unconsciousness.</li> <li>Pathogens on pipes: When pipes are shared, bacteria or viruses can be transferred from person to person.</li></ul> <p>Crack cocaine causes <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a> in multiple organs of rats<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mice.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crack_lung">Crack lung</h4></div> <p>In crack users, acute respiratory symptoms have been reported, sometimes termed "crack lung". Symptoms include fever, <a href="/wiki/Hemoptysis" title="Hemoptysis">coughing up blood</a> and difficulty breathing.<sup id="cite_ref-Chem-Bio_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chem-Bio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 48-hour period after use, people with these symptoms have also had associated radiographic findings on chest X-ray of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial pneumonia">interstitial pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_alveolar_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage">diffuse alveolar hemorrhage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">eosinophil</a> infiltration.<sup id="cite_ref-Chem-Bio_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chem-Bio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological">Psychological</h3></div> <p>Stimulant drug abuse (particularly <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> and cocaine) can lead to <a href="/wiki/Delusional_parasitosis" title="Delusional parasitosis">delusional parasitosis</a> (aka Ekbom's Syndrome: a mistaken belief they are infested with parasites).<sup id="cite_ref-UCDpar_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDpar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, excessive cocaine use can lead to <a href="/wiki/Formication" title="Formication">formication</a>, nicknamed "cocaine bugs" or "coke bugs", where the affected people believe they have, or feel, parasites crawling under their skin<sup id="cite_ref-UCDpar_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDpar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (similar delusions may also be associated with high fever or in connection with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">alcohol withdrawal</a>, sometimes accompanied by visual hallucinations of insects—see <i><a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">delirium tremens</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-UCDpar_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDpar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People experiencing these hallucinations might scratch themselves to the extent of serious skin damage and bleeding, especially when they are delirious.<sup id="cite_ref-Cr90_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cr90-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCDpar_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDpar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paranoia and anxiety are among the most common psychological symptoms of crack cocaine use. Psychosis is more closely associated with smoking crack cocaine than intranasal and intravenous use.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy_and_nursing">Pregnancy and nursing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" title="Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a></div> <p><i>Crack baby</i> is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> poses to the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> is now considered exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies show that prenatal cocaine exposure (independent of other effects such as, for example, alcohol, tobacco, or physical environment) has no appreciable effect on childhood growth and development.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the official opinion of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a> of the United States warns about health risks while cautioning against stereotyping: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Many recall that "crack babies", or babies born to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off by many as a lost generation. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There are also warnings about the threat of <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>: The <a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a> said "it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk," and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor (labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy) or cause the baby to grow poorly. As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birth weight (less than 5.5 lb or 2.5 kg). Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-mod_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mod-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinforcement_disorders">Reinforcement disorders</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tolerance">Tolerance</h4></div> <p>An appreciable tolerance to cocaine's high may develop, with many addicts reporting that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first experience.<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some users will frequently increase their doses to intensify and prolong the euphoric effects. While tolerance to the high can occur, users might also become more sensitive (<a href="/wiki/Drug_sensitization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug sensitization">drug sensitization</a>) to cocaine's local anesthetic (painkilling) and convulsant (seizure-inducing) effects, without increasing the dose taken; this increased sensitivity <i>may</i> explain some deaths occurring after apparent low doses of cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Addiction">Addiction</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></div> <p>Crack cocaine is popularly thought to be the most addictive form of cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-MASAT_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MASAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this claim has been contested: Morgan and Zimmer wrote that available data indicated that "smoking cocaine by itself does not increase markedly the likelihood of dependence ... The claim that cocaine is much more addictive when smoked must be reexamined."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argued that cocaine users who are already prone to abuse are most likely to "move toward a more efficient mode of ingestion" (that is, smoking). </p><p>The intense desire to recapture the initial high is what is so addictive for many users.<sup id="cite_ref-AMCcrac_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMCcrac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Reinarman et al. wrote that the nature of crack addiction depends on the social context in which it is used and the psychological characteristics of users, pointing out that many heavy crack users can go for days or weeks without using the drug.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2></div> <p>A typical response among users is to have another hit of the drug; however, the levels of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> in the brain take a long time to replenish themselves, and each hit taken in rapid succession leads to progressively less intense highs.<sup id="cite_ref-AMCcrac_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMCcrac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, a person might binge for 3 or more days without sleep, while inhaling hits from a pipe.<sup id="cite_ref-Cr90_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cr90-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of cocaine in a binge, during which the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, leads to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may result in total <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">paranoid psychosis</a>, in which the individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations.<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large amounts of crack cocaine (several hundred milligrams or more) intensify the user's high, but may also lead to bizarre, erratic, and violent behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large amounts can induce tremors, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)">vertigo</a>, muscle twitches, <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>, or, with repeated doses, a toxic reaction closely resembling <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-DEAC_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h3></div> <p>Synonyms used to refer to crack cocaine include <i>atari</i>; <i>base</i>; <i>bazooka</i>; <i>beamers</i>; <i>beemers</i>; <i>bebe</i>; <i>bee-bee</i>; <i>berry</i>; <i>bing</i>; <i>bolo</i>; <i>bomb</i>; <i>boulder</i>; <i>boulders</i>; <i>butter</i>; <i>caine</i>; <i>cane</i>; <i>Casper</i>; <i>Casper the ghost</i>; <i>cavvy</i>; <i>chemical</i>; <i>chewies</i>; <i>cloud</i>; <i>cloud nine</i>; <i>crills</i>; <i>crunch and munch</i>; <i>dip</i>; <i>famous dimes</i>; <i>fan</i>; <i>fish scale</i>; <i>fries</i>; <i>fry</i>; <i>glo</i>; <i>golfball</i>; <i>gravel</i>; <i>grit</i>; <i>hail</i>; <i>hamburger helper</i>; <i>hard</i>; <i>hubba</i>; <i>ice cube</i>; <i>kangaroo</i>; <i>kibbles and bits</i>; <i>kibbles</i>; <i>krills</i>; <i>lightem</i>; <i>paste</i>; <i>patico</i>; <i>pebbles</i>; <i>pee wee</i>; <i>pony</i>; <i>raw</i>; <i>ready</i>; <i>ready rocks</i>; <i>redi rocks</i>; <i>roca</i>; <i>rock</i>; <i>rooster</i>; <i>rox</i>; <i>Roxanne</i>; <i>scud</i>; <i>Scotty</i>; <i>scramble</i>; <i>scruples</i>; <i>seven-up</i>; <i>sleet</i>; <i>snowballs</i>; <i>stones</i>; <i>teeth</i>; <i>tension</i>; <i>top gun</i>; <i>tweak</i>; <i>ultimate</i>; <i>wash</i>; <i>white cloud</i>; <i>work</i>; <i>yahoo</i>; <i>yale</i>; <i>yay</i>; <i>yayoo</i>; <i>yeah-O</i>; <i>yeyo</i>; <i>yeo</i>; and <i>yuck</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_combinations">Drug combinations</h3></div> <p>Crack cocaine may be <a href="/wiki/Polydrug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydrug use">combined with</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> ("croak"); <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> ("coolie"); <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> ("buddha"; "caviar"; "chronic"; "cocoa puffs"; "fry daddy"; "gimmie"; "gremmie"; "juice"; "primo"; "torpedo"; "turbo"; "woolie"; "woola"); <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> ("moon rock"); and <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a> ("clicker"; "p-funk"; "spacebase").<sup id="cite_ref-a_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pizzo_(pipe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizzo (pipe)">Pizzo (pipe)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Love_rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Love rose">Love rose</a></div> <p>Crack smoking ("hitting the pipe"; "puffing"; "beaming up (to Scotty)") is commonly performed with utensils such as pipes ("bowl"; "devil's dick"; "glass dick"; "horn"; "Uzi"); improvised pipes made from a plastic bottle ("Masarati"); water pipes ("bong"; "hubbly-bubbly"); and laboratory pipettes ("demo").<sup id="cite_ref-a_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Publicizing_Dangers_of_Crack_Cocaine_(078)_(7395870920).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Publicizing_Dangers_of_Crack_Cocaine_%28078%29_%287395870920%29.jpg/170px-Publicizing_Dangers_of_Crack_Cocaine_%28078%29_%287395870920%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Publicizing_Dangers_of_Crack_Cocaine_%28078%29_%287395870920%29.jpg/255px-Publicizing_Dangers_of_Crack_Cocaine_%28078%29_%287395870920%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Publicizing_Dangers_of_Crack_Cocaine_%28078%29_%287395870920%29.jpg/340px-Publicizing_Dangers_of_Crack_Cocaine_%28078%29_%287395870920%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6507" data-file-height="10072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> anti-crack poster</figcaption></figure> <p>Cocaine is listed as a <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs#Schedules_of_drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Schedule I</a> drug in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> 1961 <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a>, making it illegal for non-state-sanctioned production, manufacture, export, import, distribution, trade, use and possession.<sup id="cite_ref-incb_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most states (except in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) crack falls under the same category as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> <p>In Australia, crack falls under the same category as cocaine, which is listed as a <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">Schedule 8 controlled drug</a>, indicating that any substances and preparations for therapeutic use under this category have a high potential for abuse and addiction. It is permitted for some medical use but is otherwise outlawed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_I" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Schedule I substance</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Controlled Drugs and Substances Act</a>, crack is not differentiated from cocaine and other <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> products. However, the court may weigh the socio-economic factors of crack usage in sentencing. As a guideline, Schedule I drugs carry a maximum seven-year prison sentence for possession for an <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Indictable offense">indictable offense</a> and up to life imprisonment for trafficking and production. A <a href="/wiki/Summary_conviction" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary conviction">summary conviction</a> on possession carries a $1000–2000 fine and/or six months to a year imprisonment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <p>In the United States, cocaine is a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_II_controlled_substances" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule II</a> drug under the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a>, indicating that it has a high abuse potential but also carries a medicinal purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-DEA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Controlled Substances Act, crack and cocaine are considered the same drug. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1986" title="Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986">Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986</a> increased penalties for crack cocaine possession and usage. It mandated a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_minimum_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory minimum sentence">mandatory minimum sentence</a> of five years without <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a> for possession of five grams of crack; to receive the same sentence with powder cocaine one had to have 500 grams.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sentencing disparity was reduced from <span class="nowrap">100-to-1</span> to <span class="nowrap">18-to-1</span> by the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Sentencing_Act" title="Fair Sentencing Act">Fair Sentencing Act</a> of 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, crack is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_controlled_drugs_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of controlled drugs in the United Kingdom">Class A drug</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> it is a List 1 drug of the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Law" title="Opium Law">Opium Law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_scandals">Political scandals</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rob_Ford" title="Rob Ford">Rob Ford</a>, the 64th mayor of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rob_Ford_video_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Rob Ford video scandal">filmed smoking crack</a> while he was in office. <a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a>, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, was filmed smoking crack in 1990 in a sting operation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calixcoca" title="Calixcoca">Calixcoca</a>, an experimental vaccine against the effect of crack cocaine being developed by <a href="/wiki/UFMG" class="mw-redirect" title="UFMG">UFMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_Contras_cocaine_trafficking_in_the_US" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA and Contras cocaine trafficking in the US">CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_paste" title="Cocaine paste">Cocaine paste</a> ("paco")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MASAT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MASAT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MASAT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MASAT_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MASAT_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MASAT_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MASAT_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MASAT_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MASAT_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEstroff2008" class="citation book cs1">Estroff, Todd Wilk (2008). <i>Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychiatric Publishing">American Psychiatric Publishing</a>. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585627929" title="Special:BookSources/9781585627929"><bdi>9781585627929</bdi></a>. <q>It is the most addictive form of cocaine</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Adolescent+Substance+Abuse+Treatment&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781585627929&rft.aulast=Estroff&rft.aufirst=Todd+Wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrack+cocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinarmanLevine1997" class="citation book cs1">Reinarman, Craig; Levine, Harry G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEA%2C+Title+21%2C+Section+812&rft.pub=Usdoj.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Fdea%2Fpubs%2Fcsa%2F812.htm%23a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrack+cocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_21_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 21 of the United States Code">21 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/812#b_2">§ 812(b)(2)</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 2008-05-01<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling" class="citation web cs1">Sterling, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/snitch/primer/">"Drug Laws and Snitching: A Primer"</a>. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drug+Laws+and+Snitching%3A+A+Primer&rft.pub=PBS&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsnitch%2Fprimer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrack+cocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFraniere1990" class="citation news cs1">LaFraniere, Sharon (January 19, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/tours/scandal/barry.htm">"Barry Arrested on Cocaine Charges in Undercover FBI, Police Operation"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Barry+Arrested+on+Cocaine+Charges+in+Undercover+FBI%2C+Police+Operation&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1990-01-19&rft.aulast=LaFraniere&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Flocal%2Flongterm%2Ftours%2Fscandal%2Fbarry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrack+cocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2002" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Edith Fairman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzbPwayMLsEC"><i>The Emergence of Crack Cocaine Abuse</i></a>. New York: Novinka Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590335123" title="Special:BookSources/9781590335123"><bdi>9781590335123</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50684137">50684137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Crack+Cocaine+Abuse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Novinka+Books&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50684137&rft.isbn=9781590335123&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Edith+Fairman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzbPwayMLsEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrack+cocaine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey2023" class="citation book cs1">Ramsey, Donovan X. (2023). <a href="/wiki/When_Crack_Was_King" title="When Crack Was King"><i>When Crack Was King: A People's History of a Misunderstood Era</i></a>. New York: One World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525511809" title="Special:BookSources/9780525511809"><bdi>9780525511809</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1385420783">1385420783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Crack+Was+King%3A+A+People%27s+History+of+a+Misunderstood+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=One+World&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1385420783&rft.isbn=9780525511809&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=Donovan+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrack+cocaine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/crack_cocaine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/crack cocaine"><i>crack cocaine</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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class="mw-redirect" title="LY-503,430">LY-503,430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooglutyl" title="Nooglutyl">Nooglutyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Org_26576" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 26576">Org 26576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEPA_(drug)" title="PEPA (drug)">PEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-18986" title="S-18986">S-18986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunifiram" title="Sunifiram">Sunifiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifiram" title="Unifiram">Unifiram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benocyclidine" title="Benocyclidine">Benocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phencyclamine">Phencyclamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzazepine" title="Benzazepine">Benzazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Br-APB" title="6-Br-APB">6-Br-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-77434" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-77434">SKF-77434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-81297" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-81297">SKF-81297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82958" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-82958">SKF-82958</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_cathinone" title="Substituted cathinone">Cathinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-FMC" class="mw-redirect" title="3-FMC">3-FMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MMC" class="mw-redirect" title="3-MMC">3-MMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone" title="3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone">3,4-DMMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Bromomethcathinone" title="4-Bromomethcathinone">4-BMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chloromethcathinone" title="4-Chloromethcathinone">4-CMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylbuphedrone" title="4-Methylbuphedrone">4-Methylbuphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylcathinone" title="4-Methylcathinone">4-Methylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1-ethylaminopentiophenone" title="4-Methyl-α-ethylaminopentiophenone">4-MEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylpentedrone" title="4-Methylpentedrone">4-Methylpentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzedrone" title="Benzedrone">Benzedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphedrone" title="Buphedrone">Buphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcathinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethylcathinone">Dimethylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethcathinone" title="Ethcathinone">Ethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">Flephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexedrone" title="Hexedrone">Hexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoethcathinone" title="Isoethcathinone">Isoethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxycathinone" title="Methylenedioxycathinone">Methylenedioxycathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexedrone" title="Mexedrone">Mexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylbuphedrone" title="N-Ethylbuphedrone">N-Ethylbuphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylhexedrone" title="N-Ethylhexedrone">N-Ethylhexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentedrone" title="Pentedrone">Pentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylone" title="Pentylone">Pentylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthalimidopropiophenone" title="Phthalimidopropiophenone">Phthalimidopropiophenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Cholinergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-84,543" title="A-84,543">A-84,543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-366,833" title="A-366,833">A-366,833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-202" title="ABT-202">ABT-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-418" title="ABT-418">ABT-418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-R17779" title="AR-R17779">AR-R17779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altinicline" title="Altinicline">Altinicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabasine" title="Anabasine">Anabasine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradanicline" title="Bradanicline">Bradanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianicline" title="Dianicline">Dianicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiboxidine" title="Epiboxidine">Epiboxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTS-21" title="GTS-21">GTS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispronicline" title="Ispronicline">Ispronicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHA-543,613" title="PHA-543,613">PHA-543,613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-120,596" title="PNU-120,596">PNU-120,596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozanicline" title="Pozanicline">Pozanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivanicline" title="Rivanicline">Rivanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazetidine_A" title="Sazetidine A">Sazetidine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1553A" title="SIB-1553A">SIB-1553A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSR-180,711" title="SSR-180,711">SSR-180,711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1698" title="TC-1698">TC-1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1827" title="TC-1827">TC-1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-2216" title="TC-2216">TC-2216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebanicline" title="Tebanicline">Tebanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-165" title="UB-165">UB-165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-317,538" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-317,538">WAY-317,538</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">Convulsants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMCM" title="DMCM">DMCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurothyl" title="Flurothyl">Flurothyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentetrazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujone" title="Thujone">Thujone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eugeroic" title="Eugeroic">Eugeroics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRL-40,940" class="mw-redirect" title="CRL-40,940">CRL-40,940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRL-40,941" class="mw-redirect" title="CRL-40,941">CRL-40,941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorenol" title="Fluorenol">Fluorenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxazoline" title="Oxazoline">Oxazolines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-Methylaminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clominorex" title="Clominorex">Clominorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazodone" title="Cyclazodone">Cyclazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenozolone" title="Fenozolone">Fenozolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminorex" title="Fluminorex">Fluminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">Pemoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thozalinone" title="Thozalinone">Thozalinone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylphenylisobutylamine" title="4-Methylphenylisobutylamine">1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane" title="1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane">1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Fluoroamphetamine" title="2-Fluoroamphetamine">2-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-FMA" class="mw-redirect" title="2-FMA">2-Fluoromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="2-Hydroxyphenethylamine">2-OH-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane" title="2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane">2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">2,3-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-FA" class="mw-redirect" title="3-FA">3-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluoroethamphetamine" title="3-Fluoroethamphetamine">3-Fluoroethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxyamphetamine" title="3-Methoxyamphetamine">3-Methoxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methylamphetamine" title="3-Methylamphetamine">3-Methylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-FA" class="mw-redirect" title="4-FA">4-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-FMA" class="mw-redirect" title="4-FMA">4-Fluoromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine">4-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylthioamphetamine" title="4-Methylthioamphetamine">4-MTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AL-1095" title="AL-1095">AL-1095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfetamine" title="Alfetamine">Alfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethylphenethylamine">a-Ethylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene" title="2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene">2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoindane" title="2-Aminoindane">2-Aminoindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole" class="mw-redirect" title="5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole">5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminotetralin" title="2-Aminotetralin">2-Aminotetralin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acridorex" title="Acridorex">Acridorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutamine" title="Arbutamine">Arbutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Phenylmethamphetamine" title="Β-Phenylmethamphetamine">β-Phenylmethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfluorex" title="Benfluorex">Benfluorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Benzhydrylmorpholine" title="3-Benzhydrylmorpholine">3-Benzhydrylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane" title="Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane">BPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfetamine" title="Camfetamine">Camfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">Chlorphentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilobamine" title="Cilobamine">Cilobamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamedrine" title="Cinnamedrine">Cinnamedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">Cloforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl"><small>D</small>-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denopamine" title="Denopamine">Denopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">Dimethoxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine" title="Dimethylamphetamine">Dimethylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">DOPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/D-DOPA" title="D-DOPA">Dextrodopa</a>, <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">Levodopa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="L-DOPS">Droxidopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinine">Epinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamine" title="Fencamine">Fencamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">Dexfenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feprosidnine" title="Feprosidnine">Feprosidnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetorex" title="Formetorex">Formetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepefrine" title="Gepefrine">Gepefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapradol" title="Hexapradol">Hexapradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine">HMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-IAI" title="5-IAI">5-Iodo-2-aminoindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Indanylaminopropane">Indanylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iofetamine">Iofetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline"><small>L</small>-Deprenyl</a> (Selegiline)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxybutylamphetamine" title="Methylenedioxybutylamphetamine">MDBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypropylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxypropylamphetamine">MDPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephentermine" title="Mephentermine">Mephentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanephrine" title="Metanephrine">Metanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarb" title="Mesocarb">Mesocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine">MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxymethamphetamine" title="3-Methoxymethamphetamine">MMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine">N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine" title="N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine">N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoxetine" title="Nisoxetine">Nisoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenefrine" title="Norfenefrine">Norfenefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normetanephrine" title="Normetanephrine">Normetanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Norpseudoephedrine" title="L-Norpseudoephedrine"><small>L</small>-Norpseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortetamine" title="Ortetamine">Ortetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxifentorex" title="Oxifentorex">Oxifentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilofrine" title="Oxilofrine">Oxilofrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">PBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloromethamphetamine" title="Para-Chloromethamphetamine">PCMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpholedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norpholedrine">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentorex" title="Pentorex">Pentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenatine" title="Phenatine">Phenatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenpromethamine" title="Phenpromethamine">Phenpromethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">PIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxyamphetamine">PMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine">PMEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxymethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxymethamphetamine">PMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropylaminopentane" title="Phenylpropylaminopentane">PPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylamphetamine" title="Propylamphetamine">Propylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodrenaline" title="Theodrenaline">Theodrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiflorex" title="Tiflorex">Tiflorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenylmorpholine" title="Substituted phenylmorpholine">Phenylmorpholines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluorophenmetrazine" title="3-Fluorophenmetrazine">3-Fluorophenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbutrazate" title="Fenbutrazate">Fenbutrazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetramide" title="Fenmetramide">Fenmetramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-130" title="G-130">G-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazone" title="Morazone">Morazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-128,907" title="PD-128,907">PD-128,907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendimetrazine" title="Phendimetrazine">Phendimetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenmetrazine" title="Phenmetrazine">Phenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine" title="2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine">2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudophenmetrazine" title="Pseudophenmetrazine">Pseudophenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B-BZP" title="2C-B-BZP">2C-B-BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine" class="mw-redirect" title="1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine">3C-PEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM156" title="CM156">CM156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBL-583" title="DBL-583">DBL-583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12783" title="GBR-12783">GBR-12783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13069" title="GBR-13069">GBR-13069</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13098" title="GBR-13098">GBR-13098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13119" title="GBR-13119">GBR-13119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJC8-088" title="JJC8-088">JJC8-088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine" title="Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine">MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine" title="Methylbenzylpiperazine">MBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine" title="Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine">oMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piperidine" title="Piperidine">Piperidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine" title="1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine">1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Benzylpiperidine" title="2-Benzylpiperidine">2-Benzylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine" title="2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine">2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate" title="3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate">3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Benzylpiperidine" title="4-Benzylpiperidine">4-Benzylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethylphenidate" title="4-Fluoromethylphenidate">4-Fluoromethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethylphenidate" title="4-Methylmethylphenidate">4-Methylmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxypipradrol" title="Desoxypipradrol">Desoxypipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemetorex" title="Difemetorex">Difemetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylpyraline" title="Diphenylpyraline">Diphenylpyraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDEP-28" title="HDEP-28">Ethylnaphthidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphenidate" title="Ethylphenidate">Ethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">Methylnaphthidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropylphenidate" title="Isopropylphenidate">Isopropylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/(%2B)-CPCA" title="(+)-CPCA">Nocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Phacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylphenidate" title="Propylphenidate">Propylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-5472" title="SCH-5472">SCH-5472</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrolidine" title="Pyrrolidine">Pyrrolidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine" title="2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine">2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone">4-Cl-PVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-DBFPV" title="5-DBFPV">5-DBFPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone">α-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone">α-PBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-PCYP" title="Α-PCYP">α-PCYP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-PHiP" title="Α-PHiP">α-PHiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone">α-PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pyrrolidinoheptaphenone" title="Α-Pyrrolidinoheptaphenone">α-PHPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">α-PVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone">α-PVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylprolinol" title="Diphenylprolinol">Diphenylprolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Dimethoxy-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="3',4'-Dimethoxy-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">DMPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluoro-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinooctanophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluoro-α-Pyrrolidinooctanophenone">FPOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluoro-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluoro-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">FPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MDPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MDPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-a-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Methyl-a-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone">MPHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Methoxy-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">MOPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MOPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indapyrophenidone" title="Indapyrophenidone">Indapyrophenidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylpyrrolidine" title="Phenylethylpyrrolidine">PEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picilorex" title="Picilorex">Picilorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racetam" title="Racetam">Racetams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam" title="Phenylpiracetam">Phenylpiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam_hydrazide" title="Phenylpiracetam hydrazide">Phenylpiracetam hydrazide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-fluorotropacocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-fluorotropacocaine">4-fluorotropacocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluorococaine" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluorococaine">4'-Fluorococaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altropane" title="Altropane">Altropane (IACFT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_35428" class="mw-redirect" title="WIN 35428">CFT (WIN 35,428)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">β-CIT (RTI-55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaethylene" title="Cocaethylene">Cocaethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloropane" title="Dichloropane">Dichloropane (RTI-111)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluoropine" title="Difluoropine">Difluoropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FE-β-CPPIT">FE-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FP-β-CPPIT">FP-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioflupane_(123I)" title="Ioflupane (123I)">Ioflupane (<sup>123</sup>I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norcocaine" title="Norcocaine">Norcocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane" title="2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane">PIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(4-tolyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane">PTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-31" title="RTI-31">RTI-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-32" title="RTI-32">RTI-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-51" title="RTI-51">RTI-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-112" title="RTI-112">RTI-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-113" title="RTI-113">RTI-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-120" title="RTI-120">RTI-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-121" title="RTI-121">RTI-121 (IPCIT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-126" title="RTI-126">RTI-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-150" title="RTI-150">RTI-150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-177" title="RTI-177">RTI-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-229" title="RTI-229">RTI-229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(-)-2%CE%B2-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3%CE%B2-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-2β-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane">RTI-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-354" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI-354">RTI-354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-371" title="RTI-371">RTI-371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-386" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI-386">RTI-386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylmethylecgonine" title="Salicylmethylecgonine">Salicylmethylecgonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparil" title="Troparil">Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropoxane" title="Tropoxane">Tropoxane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(2-naphthyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane">WF-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B1-(Propanoyl)-3%CE%B2-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane" title="2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane">WF-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-%CE%B1MT" title="4-HO-αMT">4-HO-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-αET">4-Methyl-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-αMT">4-Methyl-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT" title="5-Chloro-αMT">5-Chloro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Fluoro-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Fluoro-αMT">5-Fluoro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-αET">5-MeO-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-αMT">5-MeO-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine">5-MeO-DIPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoro-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="6-Fluoro-αMT">6-Fluoro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Methyl-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="7-Methyl-αET">7-Methyl-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Ethyltryptamine" title="Α-Ethyltryptamine">αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Methyltryptamine" title="Α-Methyltryptamine">αMT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfonelic_acid" title="Amfonelic acid">Amfonelic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiphenazole" title="Amiphenazole">Amiphenazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atipamezole" title="Atipamezole">Atipamezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemegride" title="Bemegride">Bemegride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyltolylquinuclidine" title="Butyltolylquinuclidine">BTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_74,398" title="BTS 74,398">BTS 74,398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenciclan" title="Clofenciclan">Clofenciclan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cropropamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cropropamide">Cropropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotetamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotetamide">Crotetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-161" title="D-161">D-161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efaroxan" title="Efaroxan">Efaroxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamivan" title="Etamivan">Etamivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenisorex" title="Fenisorex">Fenisorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpentadiol" title="Fenpentadiol">Fenpentadiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamfexine" title="Gamfexine">Gamfexine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilutensin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilutensin">Gilutensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1360707F" title="GSK1360707F">GSK1360707F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52895" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52895">GYKI-52895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexacyclonate" title="Hexacyclonate">Hexacyclonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazoxan" title="Idazoxan">Idazoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanorex" title="Indanorex">Indanorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazabemide" title="Lazabemide">Lazabemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptacline" title="Leptacline">Leptacline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomevactone" title="Lomevactone">Lomevactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefexamide" title="Mefexamide">Mefexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamnetamine" title="Methamnetamine">Methamnetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methastyridone" title="Methastyridone">Methastyridone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiopropamine" title="Methiopropamine">Methiopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikethamide" title="Nikethamide">Nikethamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprotiline" title="Oxaprotiline">Oxaprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-99,194" title="PNU-99,194">PNU-99,194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasagiline" title="Rasagiline">Rasagiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_chloride" title="Rubidium chloride">Rubidium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setazindol" title="Setazindol">Setazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tametraline" title="Tametraline">Tametraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandamine" title="Tandamine">Tandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiopropamine" title="Thiopropamine">Thiopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothinone" title="Thiothinone">Thiothinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazium" title="Trazium">Trazium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-232" title="UH-232">UH-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-style:italic"><div><a href="/wiki/ATC_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code">ATC code</a>: <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06B" title="ATC code N06">N06B</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330694#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87000392">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="crack (droga)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph534690&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536637905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636927">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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