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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Project_RAND" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_RAND"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Project RAND </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_RAND-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RAND_Corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RAND_Corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 RAND Corporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RAND_Corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defense_and_National_Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_and_National_Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Defense and National Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_and_National_Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_and_Public_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_and_Public_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Healthcare and Public Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_and_Public_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_Social_Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_Social_Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Education and Social Policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_Social_Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_Technologies_and_Innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_Technologies_and_Innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Emerging Technologies and Innovation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_Technologies_and_Innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_participants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_participants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notable participants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_participants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary_films_and_broadcast_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_films_and_broadcast_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Documentary films and broadcast programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_films_and_broadcast_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">RAND Corporation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_(organitzaci%C3%B3)" title="RAND (organització) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="RAND (organització)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND" title="RAND – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="RAND" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="رند کورپوریشن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رند کورپوریشن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="랜드 연구소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랜드 연구소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="מכון ראנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכון ראנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="റാൻഡ് കോർപ്പറേഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റാൻഡ് കോർപ്പറേഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="ランド研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランド研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="RAND (корпорация) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="RAND (корпорация)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Corporation" title="Rand Corporation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rand Corporation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND" title="RAND – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="RAND" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="رینڈ کارپوریشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رینڈ کارپوریشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="RAND Corporation" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="蘭德公司 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘭德公司" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="兰德公司 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兰德公司" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAND_Corporation&params=34.009599_N_118.49067_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA">34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American global policy think tank founded in 1948</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/American_Research_and_Development_Corporation" title="American Research and Development Corporation">American Research and Development Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand" title="Ingersoll Rand">Ingersoll Rand</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"RAND" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rand_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rand (disambiguation)">Rand (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">RAND Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Rand_Corporation_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rand_Corporation_logo.svg/200px-Rand_Corporation_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rand_Corporation_logo.svg/300px-Rand_Corporation_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rand_Corporation_logo.svg/400px-Rand_Corporation_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Randcorporationsantamonica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Randcorporationsantamonica.JPG/200px-Randcorporationsantamonica.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Randcorporationsantamonica.JPG/300px-Randcorporationsantamonica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Randcorporationsantamonica.JPG/400px-Randcorporationsantamonica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2692" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in Santa Monica</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Spin-off of Project RAND, a former partnership between <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> until incorporation as a nonprofit and gaining independence from both.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">May 14, 1948; 76 years ago (1948-05-14)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_R._Collbohm" title="Franklin R. Collbohm">Franklin R. Collbohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. "Hap" Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.">Donald Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Global policy <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_sector_consulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector consulting">public sector consulting</a> firm<a href="#cite_note-Medvetz-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">95-1958142</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_corporation" title="Nonprofit corporation">Nonprofit corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Policy_analysis" title="Policy analysis">Policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAND_Corporation&params=34.009599_N_118.49067_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA">34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President and CEO</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Gaverick_Matheny" title="Jason Gaverick Matheny">Jason Gaverick Matheny</a><a href="#cite_note-RANDleadership-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">RAND Leadership</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Jennifer Gould</li> <li>Andrew R. Hoehn</li> <li>Mike Januzik</li> <li>Eric Peltz</li> <li>Melissa Rowe</li> <li>Robert M. Case<a href="#cite_note-RANDleadership-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President, RAND Europe</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Hans Pung<a href="#cite_note-RANDleadership-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Leiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. Leiter">Michael E. Leiter</a> (Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Wynn_Roseborough" title="Teresa Wynn Roseborough">Teresa Wynn Roseborough</a> (Vice Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Z._Hyatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Z. Hyatt">Joel Z. Hyatt</a></li> <li>Peter Lowy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynton" title="Michael Lynton">Michael Lynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Peters" title="Mary E. Peters">Mary E. Peters</a></li> <li>David L. Porges</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald B. Rice">Donald B. Rice</a> (Emeritus)</li> <li>Leonard D. Schaeffer<a href="#cite_note-RANDBoT-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data">RAND Europe <a href="/wiki/Frederick_S._Pardee_RAND_Graduate_School" title="Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School">Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Secessions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data">Independent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revenue </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>390 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Disbursements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html#us-government-">Numerous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>427 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$288.7 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">1,900 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/">www.rand.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861141#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The RAND Corporation is an American <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit">nonprofit</a> global policy <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Medvetz-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_sector_consulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector consulting">public sector consulting firm</a>. RAND Corporation engages in <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> (R&D) in a number of fields and industries. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, and national health care. The RAND Corporation originated as "Project RAND" (from the phrase "research and development") in the postwar period immediately after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abella_Page_13-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> established Project RAND with the objective of investigating long-range planning of future weapons.<a href="#cite_note-SBJohnson-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a> was granted a contract to research intercontinental warfare.<a href="#cite_note-SBJohnson-10">[10]</a> Project RAND later evolved into the RAND Corporation, and expanded its research into civilian fields such as education and international affairs.<a href="#cite_note-:12-11">[11]</a> It was the first think tank to be regularly referred to as a "think tank".<a href="#cite_note-Medvetz-1">[1]</a> RAND receives both public and private funding. Its funding sources include the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a>, private <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowments</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RANDAnnualReport-12">[12]</a> corporations,<a href="#cite_note-RANDfunding-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RANDfunding-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charitable_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitable foundation">charitable foundations</a>, U.S. <a href="/wiki/U.S._state_government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. state government">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">local</a> governments, <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>, and to a small extent, foreign governments.<a href="#cite_note-RANDfunding-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> RAND has approximately 1,850 employees. Its American locations include: <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a> (headquarters); <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RANDloc-usa-15">[15]</a> The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. RAND Europe is located in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RANDEurope-16">[16]</a> RAND Australia is located in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RANDAussie-17">[17]</a> RAND is home to the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_S._Pardee_RAND_Graduate_School" title="Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School">Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School</a>, one of eight original graduate programs in <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> and the first to offer a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>. The program aims to provide practical experience for students, who work with RAND analysts on addressing real-world problems. The campus is at RAND's Santa Monica research facility. The Pardee RAND School is the world's largest PhD-granting program in policy analysis.<a href="#cite_note-PardeeRAND-18">[18]</a> Unlike many other programs, all Pardee RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships to cover their education costs. This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them with on-the-job training.<a href="#cite_note-PardeeRAND-18">[18]</a> RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and others to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these are short-term independent projects mentored by a RAND staff member.<a href="#cite_note-RANDglance-19">[19]</a> RAND publishes the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Journal_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND Journal of Economics">RAND Journal of Economics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> journal of economics.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Thirty-two recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>, primarily in the fields of economics and physics, have been associated with RAND at some point in their career.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_RAND">Project RAND</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Project RAND">edit</a>]</div> RAND was created after individuals in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_Research_and_Development" title="Office of Scientific Research and Development">Office of Scientific Research and Development</a>, and industry began to discuss the need for a private organization to connect <a href="/wiki/Operational_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational research">operational research</a> with <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> decisions.<a href="#cite_note-RANDglance-19">[19]</a> The immediate impetus for the creation of RAND was a conversation in September 1945 between General <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. "Hap" Arnold</a> and Douglas executive <a href="/wiki/Franklin_R._Collbohm" title="Franklin R. Collbohm">Franklin R. Collbohm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abella_Page_11-23">[23]</a> Both men were deeply worried that <a href="/wiki/Demobilization_of_United_States_armed_forces_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Demobilization of United States armed forces after World War II">ongoing demobilization</a> meant the federal government was about to lose direct control of the vast amount of American scientific brainpower assembled to fight World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Abella_Page_11-23">[23]</a> As soon as Arnold realized Collbohm had been thinking along similar lines, he said, "I know just what you're going to tell me. It's the most important thing we can do."<a href="#cite_note-Abella_Page_12-24">[24]</a> With Arnold's blessing, Collbohm quickly pulled in additional people from Douglas to help, and together with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas_Sr." title="Donald Wills Douglas Sr.">Donald Douglas</a>, they convened with Arnold two days later at <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Army_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Army Airfield">Hamilton Army Airfield</a> to sketch out a general outline for Collbohm's proposed project.<a href="#cite_note-Abella_Page_12-24">[24]</a> Douglas engineer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Emmons_Raymond" title="Arthur Emmons Raymond">Arthur Emmons Raymond</a> came up with the name Project RAND, from "research and development".<a href="#cite_note-Abella_Page_13-8">[8]</a> Collbohm suggested that he himself should serve as the project's first director, which he thought would be a temporary position while he searched for a permanent replacement for himself.<a href="#cite_note-Abella_Page_13-8">[8]</a> He later became RAND's first president and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Oliver-25">[25]</a> On 1 October 1945, Project RAND was set up under special contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company and began operations in December 1945.<a href="#cite_note-RANDglance-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In May 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_Design_of_an_Experimental_World-Circling_Spaceship" title="Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship">Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship</a> was released. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RAND_Corporation">RAND Corporation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: RAND Corporation">edit</a>]</div> By late 1947, Douglas Aircraft executives had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> problems on future hardware contracts. In February 1948, the chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_corporation" title="Nonprofit corporation">nonprofit corporation</a>, independent of Douglas.<a href="#cite_note-RANDglance-19">[19]</a> On 14 May 1948, RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to the RAND Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-RANDglance-19">[19]</a> Initial capital for the spin-off was provided by the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong_Motivation_and_Morale_Project" title="Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Project">Vietnam War</a>, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the 1970s the Rand Corporation adjusted computer models it was using to recommend closures of fire stations in New York City so that fire stations were closed in the most fire-prone areas, home to Black and Puerto Rican residents, rather than in wealthier, more affluent neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> RAND contributed to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrence">nuclear deterrence</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually assured destruction">mutually assured destruction</a> (MAD), developed under the guidance of then-Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> and based upon their work with <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Chief strategist <a href="/wiki/Herman_Kahn" title="Herman Kahn">Herman Kahn</a> also posited the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book <a href="/wiki/On_Thermonuclear_War" title="On Thermonuclear War">On Thermonuclear War</a>. This led to Kahn's being one of the models for the titular character of the film <a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove_or:_How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_the_Bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb">Dr. Strangelove</a>, in which RAND is spoofed as the "BLAND Corporation".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Even in the late 1940s and early 1950s, long before Sputnik, the RAND project was secretly recommending to the US government a major effort to design a human-made satellite that would take photographs from space and the rockets to put such a satellite in orbit.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> RAND was not the first think tank, but during the 1960s, it was the first to be regularly referred to as a "think tank".<a href="#cite_note-Medvetz-1">[1]</a> Accordingly, RAND served as the "prototype" for the modern definition of that term.<a href="#cite_note-Medvetz-1">[1]</a> In the early 1990s, RAND established a European branch to serve clients across the public, private, and third sectors, including governments, charities, and corporations. RAND Europe is the European arm of the RAND Corporation, and like its main branch, it is a not-for-profit policy research organization dedicated to improving decision-making through evidence-based research and analysis. RAND Europe's stated mission is to improve policy and decision-making through rigorous, independent research. RAND Europe is incorporated in, and has offices in, Cambridge, Rotterdam, and Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RANDPittsburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/RANDPittsburgh.jpg/220px-RANDPittsburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/RANDPittsburgh.jpg/330px-RANDPittsburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/RANDPittsburgh.jpg/440px-RANDPittsburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>RAND Corporation, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> The research of RAND stems from its development of <a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">systems analysis</a>. Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States' <a href="/wiki/Space_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Space program">space program</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RANDspacebook-35">[35]</a> in computing and in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> RAND also contributed to the development and use of <a href="/wiki/Wargaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargaming">wargaming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Current areas of expertise include: child policy, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil justice">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>), international policy/<a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor market">labor markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">defense policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">corporate governance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_studies" title="Intelligence studies">intelligence policy</a>, long-range planning, <a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">emergency management-disaster preparation</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">population studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional studies">regional studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">comparative studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">science and technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a>, terrorism and <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">cultural policy, arts policy</a>, and transportation.<a href="#cite_note-RANDpolicyexperts-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_and_National_Security">Defense and National Security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Defense and National Security">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, RAND researchers contributed to the development of nuclear strategy concepts such as deterrence theory and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">mutually assured destruction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In recent years, RAND has analyzed military readiness, force modernization, and <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a> strategies. For example, one study examined the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> operations in <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_and_Public_Health">Healthcare and Public Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Healthcare and Public Health">edit</a>]</div> RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The <a href="/wiki/RAND_Health_Insurance_Experiment" title="RAND Health Insurance Experiment">RAND Health Insurance Experiment</a>, funded by the then–U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health,_Education_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health, Education and Welfare">Department of Health, Education and Welfare</a>, established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient.<a href="#cite_note-RANDhie-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 2018, RAND began its Gun Policy in America initiative,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> which resulted in comprehensive reviews of the evidence of the effects of gun policies in the United States. The second expanded review in 2020<a href="#cite_note-RANDStudy-45">[45]</a> analyzed almost 13,000 relevant studies on guns and gun violence since 1995 and selected 123 as having sufficient methodological rigor for inclusion. These studies were used to evaluate scientific support for eighteen classes of gun policy. The review found supportive evidence that child-access prevention laws reduce firearm self-injuries (including suicides), firearm homicides or assault injuries, and unintentional firearm injuries and deaths among youth. Conversely, it identified that stand-your-ground laws increase firearm homicides and shall-issue concealed carry laws increase total and firearm homicides. RAND also emphasized that the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Both proponents and opponents of various <a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun control in the United States">gun control</a> measures have cited the RAND initiative.<a href="#cite_note-best_available_2018_03_02_washpost-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-do_studies_2022_03_31_reason_com-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-gun_violence_research_2021_03_27_nytimes_com-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Additionally, RAND has researched the opioid epidemic, and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alcoholism_1976_08_04_nytimes-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_Social_Policy">Education and Social Policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education and Social Policy">edit</a>]</div> The RAND analysis of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_Partnerships_for_Effective_Teaching&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching (page does not exist)">Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching</a>, a $575 million initiative from the <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a> to increase teacher effectiveness, found that the interventions had no effect on student achievement.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_Technologies_and_Innovation">Emerging Technologies and Innovation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emerging Technologies and Innovation">edit</a>]</div> RAND has examined the implications of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity threats, and autonomous systems. It was accused of working too closely with <a href="/wiki/Open_Philanthropy" title="Open Philanthropy">Open Philanthropy</a> in its work on AI, at the risk of losing its independence.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> RAND employees have expressed concerns to Politico about the organization's objectivity after it was revealed that RAND helped draft the Executive Order on AI, following over $15 million in funding from a Facebook founder-backed Open Philanthropy.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In December 2023, the <a href="/wiki/House_Science_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Science Committee">House Science Committee</a> sent a bipartisan letter to the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> raising concerns over RAND's "research that has failed to go through robust review processes, such as academic peer review."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> On Septiembre 13, 2024, the ranking member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a> sent a letter to the RAND Corporation to better understand it's "involvement in the AI Executive Order and the administration’s other actions related to online speech."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto insurance">Auto insurance</a><a href="#cite_note-no_fault_laws_2000_consumerwatchdog_org-60">[60]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_government" class="mw-redirect" title="City government">City government</a><a href="#cite_note-men_who_tell_the_city_1970_07_08_nytimes-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-urban_govt_1972_07_policy_sciences_jstor-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-data_in_the_fire_serivce_2015_nfpa_org-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-the_fires_2011_joe_flood_riverhead-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and potential <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear conflict">nuclear conflict</a><a href="#cite_note-rand_and_policymakers_1963_09_the_atlantic-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-wohlstetter_dies_1997_01_14_nytimes_com-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-the_other_legacy_2016_06_warontherocks_com-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-new_world_order_2018_07_24_washingtonpost_com-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a><a href="#cite_note-real_men_of_genius_2008_09_21_washpost-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-occupation_plan_2008_06_29_nyimes-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a><a href="#cite_note-the_real_health_issue_1974_06_25_nytimes-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a><a href="#cite_note-real_men_of_genius_2008_09_21_washpost-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-the_insider_2001_07_22_washpost-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-inside_job_2002_11_03_washpost-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-rand_in_southeast_asia_2010_rand_jstor-74">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_in_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency in government">Transparency in government</a><a href="#cite_note-federal_warrant_1971_06_26_nytimes-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-the_insider_2001_07_22_washpost-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-inside_job_2002_11_03_washpost-73">[73]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_participants">Notable participants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable participants">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif/220px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif/330px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif/440px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, consultant to the RAND Corporation<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. "Hap" Arnold</a>: <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Air_Force" title="General of the Air Force">General of the Air Force</a>, United States Air Force</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a>: economist, won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economics</a>, developed the <a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">impossibility theorem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Augenstein" title="Bruno Augenstein">Bruno Augenstein</a>: V.P., <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and space scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert Aumann</a>: mathematician, <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theorist</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Austin" title="J. Paul Austin">J. Paul Austin</a>: Chairman of the Board, 1972–1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a>: one of the developers of <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> which was used in <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networks</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Bellman">Richard Bellman</a>: Mathematician known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming" title="Dynamic programming">dynamic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Ben-Porat" title="Yoram Ben-Porat">Yoram Ben-Porat</a>: economist and President of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Barry Boehm</a>: worked in interactive computer graphics with the RAND Corporation in the 1960s and had helped define the ARPANET in the early phases of that program<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Brode" title="Harold L. Brode">Harold L. Brode</a>: physicist, leading nuclear weapons effects expert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(military_strategist)" title="Bernard Brodie (military strategist)">Bernard Brodie</a>: Military strategist and nuclear architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Cohen" title="Samuel T. Cohen">Samuel Cohen</a>: inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_bomb" title="Neutron bomb">neutron bomb</a> in 1958<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_R._Collbohm" title="Franklin R. Collbohm">Franklin R. Collbohm</a>: Aviation engineer, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a>, RAND founder and former director and trustee.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Walter Cunningham</a>: astronaut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a>: mathematician, creator of the <a href="/wiki/Simplex_algorithm" title="Simplex algorithm">simplex algorithm</a> for <a href="/wiki/Linear_programming" title="Linear programming">linear programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Darling-Hammond" title="Linda Darling-Hammond">Linda Darling-Hammond</a>: educational researcher, co-director, School Redesign Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton Davies">Merton Davies</a>: mathematician, pioneering planetary scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_H._Decker" title="Michael H. Decker">Michael H. Decker</a>: Senior International Defense Research Analyst<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>Stephen H. Dole: Author of the book <a href="/wiki/Habitable_Planets_for_Man" title="Habitable Planets for Man">Habitable Planets for Man</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and head of Rand's Human Engineering Group<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.">Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.</a>: President, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a>, RAND founder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a>: philosopher and critic of artificial intelligence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Elliott_House" title="Karen Elliott House">Karen Elliott House</a>: Chairman of the Board, 2009–present, former publisher, The <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>; Former Senior Vice President, <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company" title="Dow Jones & Company">Dow Jones & Company</a>, Inc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a>: economist and leaker of the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Enthoven" title="Alain Enthoven">Alain Enthoven</a>: economist, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1965, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Systems Analysis from 1965 to 1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Flanagan" title="Stephen J. Flanagan">Stephen J. Flanagan</a>, political scientist, <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> senior director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>: academic and author of <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Rowan_Gaither" title="Horace Rowan Gaither">Horace Rowan Gaither</a>: Chairman of the Board, 1949–1959, 1960–1961; known for the <a href="/wiki/Gaither_Report" title="Gaither Report">Gaither Report</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Galula" title="David Galula">David Galula</a>, French officer and scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Gillogly" class="mw-redirect" title="James J. Gillogly">James J. Gillogly</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cryptographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographer">cryptographer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Y._Hammond" title="Paul Y. Hammond">Paul Y. Hammond</a>: political scientist and national security scholar, affiliated 1964–79, program director 1973–76<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_C._Hearn" title="Anthony C. Hearn">Anthony C. Hearn</a>: developed the <a href="/wiki/Reduce_(computer_algebra_system)" title="Reduce (computer algebra system)">REDUCE</a> computer algebra system, the oldest such system still in active use;<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> co-founded the <a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">CSNET</a> computer network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Ikl%C3%A9" title="Fred Iklé">Fred Iklé</a>: US nuclear policy researcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Michael_Jenkins" title="Brian Michael Jenkins">Brian Michael Jenkins</a>: terrorism expert, Senior Advisor to the President of the RAND Corporation, and author of <a href="/wiki/Unconquerable_Nation" title="Unconquerable Nation">Unconquerable Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Kahn" title="Herman Kahn">Herman Kahn</a>: theorist on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a> and one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Scenario_planning" title="Scenario planning">scenario planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrom_Harry_Katz" title="Amrom Harry Katz">Amrom Harry Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Kellen" title="Konrad Kellen">Konrad Kellen</a>: research analyst and author, co-wrote open letter to U.S. government in 1969 recommending withdrawal from Vietnam war<a href="#cite_note-LaTimes20070412-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad" title="Zalmay Khalilzad">Zalmay Khalilzad</a>: U.S. ambassador to United Nations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1973–1977); <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> (1969–1975); <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> Winner (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McLaughlin_Korologos" title="Ann McLaughlin Korologos">Ann McLaughlin Korologos</a>: Chairman of the Board, April 2004 – 2009; Chairman Emeritus, The Aspen Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Libby" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Libby">Lewis "Scooter" Libby</a>: United States Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>'s former Chief of Staff</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Mabus" title="Ray Mabus">Ray Mabus</a>: Former ambassador, governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry Markowitz</a>: economist, greatly advanced financial portfolio theory by devising mean variance analysis, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew W. Marshall">Andrew W. Marshall</a>: military strategist, director of the U.S. DoD Office of Net Assessment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Gaverick_Matheny" title="Jason Gaverick Matheny">Jason Gaverick Matheny</a>: selected as president and CEO of The RAND Corporation in 2022<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a>: U.S. anthropologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Merrill" title="Douglas Merrill">Douglas Merrill</a>: former Google CIO & President of EMI's digital music division</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_N._Minow" title="Newton N. Minow">Newton N. Minow</a>: Chairman of the board, 1970–1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a>: mathematician, known for his work in differential topology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Missler" title="Chuck Missler">Chuck Missler</a>: Bible Teacher, Engineer, chairman and CEO Western Digital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Morrisett" title="Lloyd Morrisett">Lloyd Morrisett</a>: Chairman of the board, 1986–1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash" class="mw-redirect" title="John Forbes Nash">John Forbes Nash, Jr.</a>: mathematician, won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>: mathematician, pioneer of the modern <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>: artificial intelligence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_O%27Neill_(cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul O'Neill (cabinet member)">Paul O'Neill</a>: Chairman of the board, 1997–2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a>: winner of the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur E. Raymond">Arthur E. Raymond</a>: Chief engineer, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a>, RAND founder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>: former intern, former trustee (1991–1997), and former Secretary of State for the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Rich" title="Michael D. Rich">Michael D. Rich</a>: RAND President and chief executive officer, 1 November 2011 – 5 July 2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Rosten" title="Leo Rosten">Leo Rosten</a>: academic and humorist, helped set up the social sciences division of RAND<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Ruddy" title="Albert S. Ruddy">Albert S. Ruddy</a>: programmer trainee, Oscar-winning producer of <a href="/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">The Godfather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Million_Dollar_Baby" title="Million Dollar Baby">Million Dollar Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>: Chairman of board from 1981 to 1986; 1995–1996 and secretary of defense for the United States from 1975 to 1977 and 2001 to 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Salter" title="Robert M. Salter">Robert M. Salter</a>: advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">vactrain</a> <a href="/wiki/Maglev_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev train">maglev train</a> concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a>: economist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Schelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas C. Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a>: economist, won the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Schlesinger" class="mw-redirect" title="James Schlesinger">James Schlesinger</a>: former secretary of defense and former secretary of energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dov_Seidman" title="Dov Seidman">Dov Seidman</a>: lawyer, businessman and CEO of LRN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Shapiro" title="Norman Shapiro">Norman Shapiro</a>: mathematician, co-author of the <a href="/wiki/Rice%E2%80%93Shapiro_theorem" title="Rice–Shapiro theorem">Rice–Shapiro theorem</a>, <a href="/wiki/MH_Message_Handling_System" title="MH Message Handling System">MH Email</a> and RAND-Abel co-designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd Shapley</a>: mathematician and game theorist, won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a>: inventor of the linked list and co-author of the first artificial intelligence program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Shulsky" title="Abram Shulsky">Abram Shulsky</a>: former Director of the Pentagon's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans" title="Office of Special Plans">Office of Special Plans</a><a href="#cite_note-Hersh-89">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert Simon</a>: Political scientist, psychologist, won the 1978 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Steinberg" title="James Steinberg">James Steinberg</a>: Deputy National Security Advisor to Bill Clinton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Tata" title="Ratan Tata">Ratan Tata</a>: Chairman Emeritus of <a href="/wiki/Tata_Sons" title="Tata Sons">Tata Sons</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._James_Thomson_(CEO,_RAND_Corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. James Thomson (CEO, RAND Corporation)">James Thomson</a>: RAND president and CEO, 1989 – 31 October 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Ware" title="Willis Ware">Willis Ware</a>: <a href="/wiki/JOHNNIAC" title="JOHNNIAC">JOHNNIAC</a> co-designer, and early computer privacy pioneer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a>: Chairman of the Board, 1959–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Williamson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Williamson">Oliver Williamson</a>: economist, won the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Wohlstetter" title="Albert Wohlstetter">Albert Wohlstetter</a>: mathematician and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> strategist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Wohlstetter" title="Roberta Wohlstetter">Roberta Wohlstetter</a>: policy analyst and military historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Tabatabai" title="Ariane Tabatabai">Ariane Tabatabai</a>: former researcher<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Million_Random_Digits_with_100,000_Normal_Deviates" title="A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates">A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates</a> (published by RAND)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Decay_(book)" title="Truth Decay (book)">Truth Decay</a> (also published by RAND)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Medvetz-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medvetz_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medvetz_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medvetz_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medvetz_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medvetz_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMedvetz2012" class="citation book cs1">Medvetz, Thomas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kuh_VuW1WisC&pg=PA26">Think Tanks in America</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51729-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51729-2"><bdi>978-0-226-51729-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050844/https://books.google.com/books?id=kuh_VuW1WisC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+Tanks+in+America&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-51729-2&rft.aulast=Medvetz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkuh_VuW1WisC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDleadership-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RANDleadership_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RANDleadership_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RANDleadership_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html">"RAND Leadership"</a>. RAND Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607194337/https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAND+Leadership&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fnews%2Fpress%2F2022%2F06%2F07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDBoT-3"><a href="#cite_ref-RANDBoT_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/organization/randtrustees.html">"RAND Corporation Board of Trustees"</a>. RAND Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331070226/https://www.rand.org/about/organization/randtrustees.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAND+Corporation+Board+of+Trustees&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Forganization%2Frandtrustees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html">"RAND Annual Report 2023, p. 39"</a>. RAND Corporation. 10 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135608/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation&rft.atitle=RAND+Annual+Report+2023%2C+p.+39&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fcorporate_pubs%2FCPA1065-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> As of September 20, 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html">RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022</a> (Report). RAND. 8 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135438/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=RAND+Consolidated+Financial+Statements+Fiscal+Years+Ended+September+30%2C+2023+and+2022&rft.pub=RAND&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fcorporate_pubs%2FCPA1263.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html">RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (As of September 20, 2023)</a> (Report). RAND. 8 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135438/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=RAND+Consolidated+Financial+Statements+Fiscal+Years+Ended+September+30%2C+2023+and+2022+%28As+of+September+20%2C+2023%29&rft.pub=RAND&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fcorporate_pubs%2FCPA1263.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html">2023 RAND Annual Report</a> (Report). RAND. 10 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529052420/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2023+RAND+Annual+Report&rft.pub=RAND&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fcorporate_pubs%2FCPA1065-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abella_Page_13-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abella_Page_13_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abella_Page_13_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abella_Page_13_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbella2009" class="citation book cs1">Abella, Alex (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA13">Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire</a>. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603344-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603344-2"><bdi>978-0-15-603344-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423025436/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+Reason%3A+The+RAND+Corporation+and+the+Rise+of+the+American+Empire&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-15-603344-2&rft.aulast=Abella&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERKGMraIfZIC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/history/">RAND History and Mission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817064548/http://www.rand.org/about/history/">Archived</a> 17 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 13 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-SBJohnson-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBJohnson_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBJohnson_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2002" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Stephen B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3HgQp6f9yGQC&pg=PA32">The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965</a>. Diane Publishing Co. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9027-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9027-2"><bdi>978-1-4289-9027-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050853/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HgQp6f9yGQC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Air+Force+and+the+culture+of+innovation+1945-1965&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-9027-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3HgQp6f9yGQC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidestar.org/profile/95-1958142">"RAND Corporation - GuideStar Profile"</a>. www.guidestar.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310220855/https://www.guidestar.org/profile/95-1958142">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.guidestar.org&rft.atitle=RAND+Corporation+-+GuideStar+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guidestar.org%2Fprofile%2F95-1958142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDAnnualReport-12"><a href="#cite_ref-RANDAnnualReport_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html">"2023 RAND Annual Report"</a>. RAND Corporation. 10 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135611/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation&rft.atitle=2023+RAND+Annual+Report&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fcorporate_pubs%2FCPA1065-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDfunding-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RANDfunding_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RANDfunding_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RANDfunding_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html#industry">"How We're Funded"</a>. RAND Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805113019/http://www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html#industry">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corp&rft.atitle=How+We%27re+Funded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fclients_grantors.html%23industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonicaCalifornia_90401-3208" class="citation web cs1">Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/how-we-are-funded.html">"How We Are Funded: Major Clients and Grantmakers of RAND Research"</a>. www.rand.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223121128/https://www.rand.org/about/how-we-are-funded.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rand.org&rft.atitle=How+We+Are+Funded%3A+Major+Clients+and+Grantmakers+of+RAND+Research&rft.aulast=Monica&rft.aufirst=1776+Main+Street+Santa&rft.au=California+90401-3208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fhow-we-are-funded.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDloc-usa-15"><a href="#cite_ref-RANDloc-usa_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/locations.html">"RAND Locations"</a>. RAND Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228031048/http://www.rand.org/about/locations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corp&rft.atitle=RAND+Locations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Flocations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDEurope-16"><a href="#cite_ref-RANDEurope_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/randeurope/about/contact.html">"RAND Europe Contact Information"</a>. RAND Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119235757/http://www.rand.org/randeurope/about/contact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corp&rft.atitle=RAND+Europe+Contact+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Frandeurope%2Fabout%2Fcontact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDAussie-17"><a href="#cite_ref-RANDAussie_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/locations/canberra.html">"RAND Locations: Canberra Office"</a>. RAND Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612232426/https://www.rand.org/about/locations/canberra.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corp&rft.atitle=RAND+Locations%3A+Canberra+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Flocations%2Fcanberra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PardeeRAND-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PardeeRAND_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PardeeRAND_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prgs.edu/about/at-a-glance.html">"Pardee RAND History"</a>. Pardee RAND Graduate School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130064143/http://www.prgs.edu/about/at-a-glance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pardee+RAND+Graduate+School&rft.atitle=Pardee+RAND+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prgs.edu%2Fabout%2Fat-a-glance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDglance-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RANDglance_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RANDglance_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RANDglance_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RANDglance_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RANDglance_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/glance.html">"RAND at a Glance"</a>. RAND Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830085542/https://www.rand.org/about/glance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corp&rft.atitle=RAND+at+a+Glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fglance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rje.org/">"The RAND Journal of Economics"</a>. www.rje.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130044/https://www.rje.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rje.org&rft.atitle=The+RAND+Journal+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rje.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarabi2005" class="citation web cs1">Sarabi, Brigette (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150118215449/http://www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available">"Oregon: The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available"</a>. Partnership for Safety and Justice (PSJ). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available">the original</a> on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partnership+for+Safety+and+Justice+%28PSJ%29&rft.atitle=Oregon%3A+The+Rand+Report+on+Measure+11+is+Finally+Available&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.aulast=Sarabi&rft.aufirst=Brigette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safetyandjustice.org%2Fstory%2Foregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvard_University_Institute_of_Politics" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> Institute of Politics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/iop/students_internships_db.php?action=id&id=551">"Guide for Political Internships"</a>. Harvard University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220013409/http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/iop/students_internships_db.php?action=id&id=551">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+for+Political+Internships&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.au=Harvard+University+Institute+of+Politics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fiop%2Fstudents_internships_db.php%3Faction%3Did%26id%3D551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abella_Page_11-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abella_Page_11_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abella_Page_11_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbella2009" class="citation book cs1">Abella, Alex (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA11">Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire</a>. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603344-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603344-2"><bdi>978-0-15-603344-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423023932/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+Reason%3A+The+RAND+Corporation+and+the+Rise+of+the+American+Empire&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-15-603344-2&rft.aulast=Abella&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERKGMraIfZIC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abella_Page_12-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abella_Page_12_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abella_Page_12_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbella2009" class="citation book cs1">Abella, Alex (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA12">Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire</a>. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603344-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603344-2"><bdi>978-0-15-603344-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130045/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+Reason%3A+The+RAND+Corporation+and+the+Rise+of+the+American+Empire&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-15-603344-2&rft.aulast=Abella&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERKGMraIfZIC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1990" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Myrna (14 February 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-14-mn-573-story.html">"Franklin Collbohm Dies; Founder of RAND Corp"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117133312/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-14-mn-573-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Franklin+Collbohm+Dies%3B+Founder+of+RAND+Corp.&rft.date=1990-02-14&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Myrna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-02-14-mn-573-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2002" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Stephen B (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123160934/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf">The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation 1945-1965</a> (PDF). Diane Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9027-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9027-2"><bdi>978-1-4289-9027-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Air+Force+and+the+Culture+of+Innovation+1945-1965&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-9027-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhso.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-100526-019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJardini2013" class="citation book cs1">Jardini, David R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/352765">Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945-1975</a>. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130046/https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/352765">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Through+the+Cold+War%3A+RAND%2C+National+Security+and+Domestic+Policy%2C+1945-1975&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Jardini&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smashwords.com%2Fbooks%2Fview%2F352765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2011" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Joe (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joe-flood.com/about-the-fires/">The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City--and Determined the Future of Cities</a>. p. 205. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213221717/https://www.joe-flood.com/about-the-fires/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fires%3A+How+a+Computer+Formula%2C+Big+Ideas%2C+and+the+Best+of+Intentions+Burned+Down+New+York+City--and+Determined+the+Future+of+Cities&rft.pages=205&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joe-flood.com%2Fabout-the-fires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwing1998" class="citation book cs1">Twing, Steven W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wS4A2jJph_cC&pg=PA163">Myths, models & U.S. foreign policy</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-766-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55587-766-4"><bdi>1-55587-766-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050845/https://books.google.com/books?id=wS4A2jJph_cC&pg=PA163#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths%2C+models+%26+U.S.+foreign+policy&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55587-766-4&rft.aulast=Twing&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwS4A2jJph_cC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanks2007" class="citation news cs1">Hanks, Robert (19 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/the-week-in-radio-the-think-tank-for-unthinkable-thoughts-765975.html">"The Week In Radio: The think tank for unthinkable thoughts"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916183217/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/the-week-in-radio-the-think-tank-for-unthinkable-thoughts-765975.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Week+In+Radio%3A+The+think+tank+for+unthinkable+thoughts&rft.date=2007-12-19&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftv%2Freviews%2Fthe-week-in-radio-the-think-tank-for-unthinkable-thoughts-765975.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Kaplan_(journalist)" title="Fred Kaplan (journalist)">Kaplan, Fred</a> (10 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/10/movies/10kapl.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1">"Truth Stranger Than 'Strangelove'"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511170700/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/10/movies/10kapl.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Truth+Stranger+Than+%27Strangelove%27&rft.date=2004-10-10&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F10%2F10%2Fmovies%2F10kapl.html%3F_r%3D1%26pagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespacereview.com/article/396/1">"The Space Review: LBJ's Space Race: What we didn't know then (Part 1)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830085536/https://www.thespacereview.com/article/396/1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Space+Review%3A+LBJ%27s+Space+Race%3A+What+we+didn%27t+know+then+%28Part+1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F396%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://securitydelta.nl/partners/overview-partners/rand-europe">"RAND Europe"</a>. securitydelta.nl. Retrieved 5 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=securitydelta.nl&rft.atitle=RAND+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecuritydelta.nl%2Fpartners%2Foverview-partners%2Frand-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/randeurope/about.html">"About RAND Europe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+RAND+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Frandeurope%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDspacebook-35"><a href="#cite_ref-RANDspacebook_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesHams1988" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Merton E.; Hams, William R. (September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf">RAND's Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U.S. Space Technology</a> (PDF). RAND Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002423/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RAND%27s+Role+in+the+Evolution+of+Balloon+and+Satellite+Observation+Systems+and+Related+U.S.+Space+Technology&rft.pub=RAND+Corp&rft.date=1988-09&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Merton+E.&rft.au=Hams%2C+William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa216963.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/paul-baran">"Paul Baran - Posthumous Recipient"</a>. Internet Hall of Fame. Internet Society. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220092629/http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/paul-baran">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran+-+Posthumous+Recipient&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternethalloffame.org%2Finductees%2Fpaul-baran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerla1990" class="citation book cs1">Perla, Peter P. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_sjPhgaEzwC&q=RAND+contribution+to+wargaming&pg=PA116">The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists</a>. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 114–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-050-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-050-5"><bdi>0-87021-050-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050846/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_sjPhgaEzwC&q=RAND+contribution+to+wargaming&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Wargaming%3A+A+Guide+for+Professionals+and+Hobbyists&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.pages=114-118&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87021-050-5&rft.aulast=Perla&rft.aufirst=Peter+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC_sjPhgaEzwC%26q%3DRAND%2Bcontribution%2Bto%2Bwargaming%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryPirnieGordon1999" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Walter L.; Pirnie, Bruce R.; Gordon, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1023.html">Issues Raised During the 1998 Army After Next Spring Wargame</a>. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-2688-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8330-2688-7"><bdi>0-8330-2688-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018023849/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1023.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Issues+Raised+During+the+1998+Army+After+Next+Spring+Wargame&rft.place=Santa+Monica%2C+CA&rft.pub=RAND&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8330-2688-7&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rft.au=Pirnie%2C+Bruce+R.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fmonograph_reports%2FMR1023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDpolicyexperts-39"><a href="#cite_ref-RANDpolicyexperts_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/people.html">"Policy Experts"</a>. RAND Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130047/https://www.rand.org/about/people.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corp&rft.atitle=Policy+Experts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fpeople.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2008" class="citation book cs1">Long, Austin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg636osd-af">Deterrence—From Cold War to Long War: Lessons from Six Decades of RAND Research</a> (1 ed.). RAND Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4482-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4482-2"><bdi>978-0-8330-4482-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg636osd-af">10.7249/mg636osd-af</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deterrence%E2%80%94From+Cold+War+to+Long+War%3A+Lessons+from+Six+Decades+of+RAND+Research&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7249%2Fmg636osd-af%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-4482-2&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7249%2Fmg636osd-af&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/SSQ/Book-Reviews/Article/1194470/">"Rethinking Counterinsurgency: RAND Counterinsurgency Study, vol. 5"</a>. Air University (AU). 13 October 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+University+%28AU%29&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Counterinsurgency%3A+RAND+Counterinsurgency+Study%2C+vol.+5&rft.date=2010-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airuniversity.af.edu%2FSSQ%2FBook-Reviews%2FArticle%2F1194470%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDhie-42"><a href="#cite_ref-RANDhie_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/health/projects/hie.html">"RAND's Health Insurance Experiment (HIE)"</a>. RAND Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230041126/http://www.rand.org/health/projects/hie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corp&rft.atitle=RAND%27s+Health+Insurance+Experiment+%28HIE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fhealth%2Fprojects%2Fhie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerdmanBehney1993" class="citation journal cs1">Herdman, Roger C.; Behney, Clyde J. 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Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gun+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Ftopics%2Fgun-policy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RANDStudy-45"><a href="#cite_ref-RANDStudy_45-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2088-1.html">The Science of Gun Policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019184255/https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2088-1.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States, Second Edition </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/key-findings/what-science-tells-us-about-the-effects-of-gun-policies.html">"What Science Tells Us About the Effects of Gun Policies"</a>. www.rand.org. 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Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303021929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/02/the-best-available-evidence-suggests-nra-backed-gun-policies-are-making-crime-worse/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. 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No"</a>. reason.com. Reason Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331211301/https://reason.com/video/2022/03/31/do-studies-show-gun-control-works-no/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. 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Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+SBF+Faces+Prison%2C+but+%27Effective+Altruism%27+Lives+On&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsbf-faces-prison-but-effective-altruism-lives-on-philanthropy-biden-administration-827d03f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordelon2023" class="citation news cs1">Bordelon, Brendan (16 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/15/billionaire-backed-think-tank-played-key-role-in-bidens-ai-order-00132128">"Think tank tied to tech billionaires played key role in Biden's AI order"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Think+tank+tied+to+tech+billionaires+played+key+role+in+Biden%27s+AI+order&rft.date=2023-12-16&rft.aulast=Bordelon&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F12%2F15%2Fbillionaire-backed-think-tank-played-key-role-in-bidens-ai-order-00132128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://democrats-science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/2023-12-14_AISI%20scientific%20merit_final-signed.pdf">"House Science Committee letter to NIST"</a> (PDF). 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href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (newsletter of the Economics section of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32, retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-rand_and_policymakers_1963_09_the_atlantic-65"><a href="#cite_ref-rand_and_policymakers_1963_09_the_atlantic_65-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedman" title="Saul Friedman">Saul Friedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nieman_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieman Fellow">Nieman Fellow</a>): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1963/09/the-rand-corporation-and-our-policy-makers/658922/">"The Rand Corporation and Our Policy Makers,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125133517/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1963/09/the-rand-corporation-and-our-policy-makers/658922/">Archived</a> 25 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> September 1963, <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, retrieved November 25, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-wohlstetter_dies_1997_01_14_nytimes_com-66"><a href="#cite_ref-wohlstetter_dies_1997_01_14_nytimes_com_66-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/14/world/albert-wohlstetter-83-expert-on-us-nuclear-strategy-dies.html">"Albert Wohlstetter, 83, Expert On U.S. Nuclear Strategy, Dies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209065836/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/14/world/albert-wohlstetter-83-expert-on-us-nuclear-strategy-dies.html">Archived</a> 9 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, January 14, 1997, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-the_other_legacy_2016_06_warontherocks_com-67"><a href="#cite_ref-the_other_legacy_2016_06_warontherocks_com_67-0">^</a> Rej, Abhijnan: Commentary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warontherocks.com/2016/06/the-other-legacy-of-robert-mcnamara/">The Other Legacy of Robert McNamara,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529052423/https://warontherocks.com/2016/06/the-other-legacy-of-robert-mcnamara/">Archived</a> 29 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> June 10, 2016, War on the Rocks, -- reviewed by Matthew Fay in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niskanencenter.org/rationalizing-mcnamaras-legacy/">"Rationalizing McNamara's Legacy,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125110930/https://www.niskanencenter.org/rationalizing-mcnamaras-legacy/">Archived</a> 25 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> August 5, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Niskanen_Center" title="Niskanen Center">Niskanen Center</a>; Fay rebutted by RAND representatives John Speed Meyers and Jonathan P. Wong, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/blog/2016/09/in-defense-of-defense-analysis.html">"In Defense of Defense Analysis,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125145606/https://www.rand.org/blog/2016/09/in-defense-of-defense-analysis.html">Archived</a> 25 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> September 2, 2016, The RAND Blog, RAND Corporation; retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-new_world_order_2018_07_24_washingtonpost_com-68"><a href="#cite_ref-new_world_order_2018_07_24_washingtonpost_com_68-0">^</a> Wyne, Ali (RAND Corporation) opinion essay: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/07/24/new-world-order/">"A new world order will likely arise only from calamity,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030204017/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/07/24/new-world-order/">Archived</a> 30 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> July 24, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-real_men_of_genius_2008_09_21_washpost-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-real_men_of_genius_2008_09_21_washpost_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-real_men_of_genius_2008_09_21_washpost_69-1">b</a> Heilbrunn, Jacob: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/07/22/the-insider/3c7f182c-3ea2-4beb-8127-0fb574388ffb/">"Real Men of Genius"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827104036/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/07/22/the-insider/3c7f182c-3ea2-4beb-8127-0fb574388ffb/">Archived</a> 27 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (book review of Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corp and Rise of the American Empire by Alex Abella, 2008, Harcourt), September 21, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-occupation_plan_2008_06_29_nyimes-70"><a href="#cite_ref-occupation_plan_2008_06_29_nyimes_70-0">^</a> Gordon, Michael R.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/washington/29army.html">"Occupation Plan for Iraq Faulted in Army History,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124105743/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/washington/29army.html">Archived</a> 24 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> June 29, 2008, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-the_real_health_issue_1974_06_25_nytimes-71"><a href="#cite_ref-the_real_health_issue_1974_06_25_nytimes_71-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/25/archives/the-real-health-issue.html">"The Real Health Issue,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124105745/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/25/archives/the-real-health-issue.html">Archived</a> 24 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> June 25, 1974, Page 36, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-the_insider_2001_07_22_washpost-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_insider_2001_07_22_washpost_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_insider_2001_07_22_washpost_72-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/07/22/the-insider/3c7f182c-3ea2-4beb-8127-0fb574388ffb/">"The Insider"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827104036/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/07/22/the-insider/3c7f182c-3ea2-4beb-8127-0fb574388ffb/">Archived</a> 27 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (book review of Wild Man -- biography of Daniel Ellsberg -- by Tom Wells, 2001, Palgrave), July 22, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>,; also reviewed by Michael Young at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2002/06/01/the-devil-and-daniel-ellsberg-2/">"The Devil and Daniel Ellsberg,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529052422/https://reason.com/2002/06/01/the-devil-and-daniel-ellsberg-2/">Archived</a> 29 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> June 2000, <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-inside_job_2002_11_03_washpost-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inside_job_2002_11_03_washpost_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inside_job_2002_11_03_washpost_73-1">b</a> Kazin, Michael, reviewer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2002/11/03/inside-job/d43bacd9-a949-440b-b90a-837e5bc92bd2/">"Inside Job"</a> (book review of Secrets -- autobiography of Daniel Ellsberg, 2002, Viking), November 3, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-rand_in_southeast_asia_2010_rand_jstor-74"><a href="#cite_ref-rand_in_southeast_asia_2010_rand_jstor_74-0">^</a> Elliot, Mai (Foreword by James A. Thomson, RAND president): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/cp564rc">RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125113251/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/cp564rc">Archived</a> 25 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2010, RAND Corporation / <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4754-0">978-0-8330-4754-0</a>; reviewed by James M. Carter at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-american-studies/article/abs/mai-elliott-rand-in-southeast-asia-a-history-of-the-vietnam-war-era-santa-monica-ca-rand-corporation-2010-2867-pp-694-isbn978-0-8330-4754-0/164EB18B0B5C8E677E6613BA6A1118FF">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125113305/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-american-studies/article/abs/mai-elliott-rand-in-southeast-asia-a-history-of-the-vietnam-war-era-santa-monica-ca-rand-corporation-2010-2867-pp-694-isbn978-0-8330-4754-0/164EB18B0B5C8E677E6613BA6A1118FF">Archived</a> 25 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> August 2011, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Studies" title="Journal of American Studies">Journal of American Studies</a>, Volume 45, Issue 3, pp. 631 - 633, reproduced at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>. Retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-federal_warrant_1971_06_26_nytimes-75"><a href="#cite_ref-federal_warrant_1971_06_26_nytimes_75-0">^</a> Naughton, James M.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/26/archives/arguments-to-be-heard-today-federal-warrant-is-issued-for-the.html">"Federal Warrant Is Issued For the Arrest of Ellsberg,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124105743/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/26/archives/arguments-to-be-heard-today-federal-warrant-is-issued-for-the.html">Archived</a> 24 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> June 26, 1971, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, retrieved November 24, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Life Magazine, 25 February 1957, "Passing of a Great Mind", by Clay Bair JR. pages 89–104 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Alex Roland and Philip Shiman, Strategic Computing: DARPA and the Quest for Machine Intelligence, 1983–1993, The MIT Press, 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eD4taFgeTUYC&pg=PA302">p. 302</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Nina Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oTOzgJbf9KkC&pg=PA138">p. 138-139</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/14/obituaries/f-r-collbohm-83-ex-head-of-rand-dies.html">"F. R. Collbohm, 83, Ex-Head of Rand, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. 14 February 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511130334/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/14/obituaries/f-r-collbohm-83-ex-head-of-rand-dies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=F.+R.+Collbohm%2C+83%2C+Ex-Head+of+Rand%2C+Dies&rft.date=1990-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F02%2F14%2Fobituaries%2Ff-r-collbohm-83-ex-head-of-rand-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/people/d/decker_michael_h.html//">"Michael H. Decker - Profile"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926215431/https://www.rand.org/about/people/d/decker_michael_h.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+H.+Decker+-+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fpeople%2Fd%2Fdecker_michael_h.html%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDole2007" class="citation book cs1">Dole, Stephen H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPkHgAACAAJ">Habitable Planets for Man</a> (New RAND ed.). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4227-9"><bdi>978-0-8330-4227-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529051351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPkHgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. 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Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713083049/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/12/local/me-kellen12">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2013. 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Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rand.org&rft.atitle=Jason+Matheny+Named+President+and+CEO+of+RAND+Corporation&rft.aulast=Monica&rft.aufirst=1776+Main+Street+Santa&rft.au=California+90401-3208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fnews%2Fpress%2F2022%2F06%2F07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1991" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Fred (August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJXu7kMSc44C&q=%22leo+rosten%22+%22rand%22&pg=PA69">The Wizards of Armageddon - Fred M. Kaplan - Google Boeken</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1884-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1884-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-1884-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529051904/https://books.google.com/books?id=yJXu7kMSc44C&q=%22leo+rosten%22+%22rand%22&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wizards+of+Armageddon+-+Fred+M.+Kaplan+-+Google+Boeken&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1991-08&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1884-4&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJXu7kMSc44C%26q%3D%2522leo%2Brosten%2522%2B%2522rand%2522%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hersh-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Hersh_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour_M._Hersh2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_M._Hersh" class="mw-redirect" title="Seymour M. Hersh">Seymour M. Hersh</a> (12 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact">"Selective Intelligence — Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717100914/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Selective+Intelligence+%E2%80%94+Donald+Rumsfeld+has+his+own+special+sources.+Are+they+reliable%3F&rft.date=2003-05-12&rft.au=Seymour+M.+Hersh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2003%2F05%2F12%2F030512fa_fact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/news/press/2006/11/02.html">"Bruce Karatz and Ratan N. Tata Join Rand Board of Trustees"</a>. rand.org. 2 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429134014/https://www.rand.org/news/press/2006/11/02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rand.org&rft.atitle=Bruce+Karatz+and+Ratan+N.+Tata+Join+Rand+Board+of+Trustees&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fnews%2Fpress%2F2006%2F11%2F02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/t/tabatabai_ariane_m.html">"Ariane M. Tabatabai - Publications"</a>. 24 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223014211/https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/t/tabatabai_ariane_m.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ariane+M.+Tabatabai+-+Publications&rft.date=2024-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fauthors%2Ft%2Ftabatabai_ariane_m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARAND+Corporation" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Abella" title="Alex Abella">Alex Abella</a>. Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire (2008, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a> hardcover; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-101081-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-101081-1">0-15-101081-1</a> / 2009, <a href="/wiki/Mariner_Books" title="Mariner Books">Mariner Books</a> paperback reprint edition; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-603344-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-603344-5">0-15-603344-5</a>).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S.M._Amadae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.M. Amadae (page does not exist)">S.M. Amadae</a>. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (2003, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> paperback; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-01654-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-01654-4">0-226-01654-4</a> / hardcover; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-01653-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-01653-6">0-226-01653-6</a>).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_J._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin J. Collins (page does not exist)">Martin J. Collins</a>. Cold War Laboratory: RAND, the Air Force, and the American State, 1945–1950 (2002, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> Scholarly Press hardcover, part of the Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58834-086-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58834-086-4">1-58834-086-4</a>)</li> <li>Joe Flood. The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2010, Riverhead Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59448-898-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59448-898-3">1-59448-898-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594488986" title="Special:BookSources/9781594488986">9781594488986</a>—summarized at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7906964-the-fires">GoodReads.com</a>, and reviewed at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/review/show/1101610139">GoodReads.com</a> (by Rob Kitchin), and at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/media/volume_xy_issue_2_spring_2016.pdf">Accounts,</a> (newsletter of the Economics section of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharon_Ghamari-Tabrizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi (page does not exist)">Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi</a>. The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War (2005, Harvard University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01714-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01714-6">978-0-674-01714-6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agatha_C._Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agatha C. Hughes (page does not exist)">Agatha C. Hughes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Hughes" title="Thomas P. Hughes">Thomas P. Hughes</a> (editors). Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After (2000, <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a> hardcover, part of the Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and Technology; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-08285-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-08285-3">0-262-08285-3</a> / 2011, paperback reprint edition; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-51604-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-51604-7">0-262-51604-7</a>).</li> <li>David Jardini. Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945–1975 (2013, Smashwords; Amazon Kindle; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-301-15851-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-301-15851-5">978-1-301-15851-5</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Kaplan_(journalist)" title="Fred Kaplan (journalist)">Fred Kaplan</a>. The Wizards of Armageddon (1983, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> hardcover, first printing; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-42444-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-42444-0">0-671-42444-0</a> / 1991, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a> paperback, part of the Stanford Nuclear Age Series; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1884-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1884-9">0-8047-1884-9</a>).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_S._Quade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward S. Quade (page does not exist)">Edward S. Quade</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayne_I._Boucher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne I. Boucher (page does not exist)">Wayne I. Boucher</a> (editors), Systems Analysis and Policy Planning: Applications in Defense (1968, <a href="/wiki/American_Elsevier" class="mw-redirect" title="American Elsevier">American Elsevier</a> hardcover).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_L.R._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce L.R. Smith (page does not exist)">Bruce L.R. Smith</a>. The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation (1966, Harvard University Press / 1969; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-74850-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-74850-6">0-674-74850-6</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Trachtenberg" title="Marc Trachtenberg">Marc Trachtenberg</a>. History and Strategy (1991, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a> paperback; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02343-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02343-3">0-691-02343-3</a> / hardcover; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07881-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07881-5">0-691-07881-5</a>).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Loup_Samaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Loup Samaan (page does not exist)">Jean Loup Samaan</a>. La Rand Corporation (2013, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cestudec_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cestudec Press (page does not exist)">Cestudec Press</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Clifford, Peggy, ed. "RAND and The City". <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Mirror" title="Santa Monica Mirror">Santa Monica Mirror</a>, 27 October 1999 – 2 November 1999. Five-part series includes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050829033455/http://smmirror.com/volume1/issue19/rand_and_the_city.html">Part 1</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 29 August 2005). Additional archives: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831094116/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue20/rand_and_the_city.html">Part 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506223628/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue21/rand_and_the_city.html">Part 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901133548/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue22/rand_and_the_city.html">Part 4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616070149/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue23/rand_and_the_city.html">Part 5</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Arthur Selwyn, reviewer, book review: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3584&context=flr">"Smith: The Rand Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory,"</a> June 1966, <a href="/wiki/Florida_Law_Review" title="Florida Law Review">Florida Law Review</a>, Volume 19, Issue 1, Article 15.</li> <li>Specht, R.D. "Rand: A Personal View of Its History," Operations Research, vol. 8, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1960), pp. 825–839. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/167230">In JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_films_and_broadcast_programs">Documentary films and broadcast programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Documentary films and broadcast programs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/nash-rand/">The RAND Corporation: A Brilliant Madness,</a> historical documentary, <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a> series, <a href="/wiki/PBS-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS-TV">PBS-TV</a>—also detailed at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/peopleevents/index.html">"A Brilliant Madness."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203044938/http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/peopleevents/index.html">Archived</a> 3 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/tag/rand-corporation">"The RAND Corporation,"</a> (program listings), <a href="/wiki/PBS_News_Hour" title="PBS News Hour">PBS News Hour</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS-TV">PBS-TV</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/pov-daniel-ellsberg-willing-to-risk-prosecution/">"Daniel Ellsberg: Willing to Risk Prosecution,"</a> <a href="/wiki/POV_(TV_series)" title="POV (TV series)">POV</a> series, <a href="/wiki/PBS-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS-TV">PBS-TV</a> - (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/pov-the-most-dangerous-man-in-america-trailer/">trailer</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403707685">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/136758914">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1001716-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78083407">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118669763">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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