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href="#Virtual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Virtual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Environmental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Energy and natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consistency_of_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistency_of_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consistency of approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistency_of_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versus_transnational_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versus_transnational_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Versus transnational security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versus_transnational_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_liberties_and_human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_liberties_and_human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Civil liberties and human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_liberties_and_human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina_and_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina_and_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Argentina and Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina_and_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Security_Act_of_1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Security_Act_of_1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>National Security Act of 1947</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Security_Act_of_1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_security_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_security_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.2</span> <span>National security state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_security_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obama_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obama_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.3</span> <span>Obama administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obama_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empowerment_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empowerment_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.4</span> <span>Empowerment of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empowerment_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.5</span> <span>Cyber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National security</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionale_veiligheid" title="Nasionale veiligheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nasionale veiligheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A" title="أمن قومي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمن قومي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_t%C9%99hl%C3%BCk%C9%99sizlik" title="Milli təhlükəsizlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milli təhlükəsizlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ka_an-cho%C3%A2n" title="Kok-ka an-choân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-ka an-choân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нацыянальная бясьпека – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нацыянальная бясьпека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Национална сигурност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национална сигурност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difenn_ha_surentez" title="Difenn ha surentez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Difenn ha surentez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguretat_nacional" title="Seguretat nacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seguretat nacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogelwch_cenedlaethol" title="Diogelwch cenedlaethol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diogelwch cenedlaethol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Sicherheit" title="Äußere Sicherheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Äußere Sicherheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riiklik_julgeolek" title="Riiklik julgeolek – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riiklik julgeolek" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguridad_nacional" title="Seguridad nacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seguridad nacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C" title="امنیت ملی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امنیت ملی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_nationale" title="Politique de sécurité nationale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique de sécurité nationale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EB%B3%B4%EC%9E%A5" title="국가안전보장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가안전보장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_sigurnost" title="Nacionalna sigurnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalna sigurnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keamanan_nasional" title="Keamanan nasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keamanan nasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="ביטחון לאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביטחון לאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಭದ್ರತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಭದ್ರತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ეროვნული უშიშროება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეროვნული უშიშროება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Ұлттық Қауіпсіздік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлттық Қауіпсіздік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defans" title="Defans – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Defans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewlekariya_netewey%C3%AE" title="Ewlekariya neteweyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ewlekariya neteweyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Улуттук коопсуздук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улуттук коопсуздук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81l%C4%81_dro%C5%A1%C4%ABba" title="Nacionālā drošība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionālā drošība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keselamatan_negara" title="Keselamatan negara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keselamatan negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C" title="国家安全保障 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家安全保障" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkerhetspolitikk" title="Sikkerhetspolitikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sikkerhetspolitikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezpiecze%C5%84stwo_narodowe" title="Bezpieczeństwo narodowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bezpieczeństwo narodowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguran%C3%A7a_nacional" title="Segurança nacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segurança nacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Национальная безопасность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальная безопасность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siguria_komb%C3%ABtare" title="Siguria kombëtare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Siguria kombëtare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_sigurnost" title="Nacionalna sigurnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalna sigurnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ความมั่นคงแห่งชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความมั่นคงแห่งชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Амнияти миллӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Амнияти миллӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_g%C3%BCvenlik" title="Millî güvenlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Millî güvenlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Національна безпека – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національна безпека" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="قومی سلامتی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قومی سلامتی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_ninh_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia" title="An ninh quốc gia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="An ninh quốc gia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Security and defence of a nation state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"National defense" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/National_defense_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="National defense (disambiguation)">National defense (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/National_security_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="National security (disambiguation)">National security (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>National security</b>, or <b>national defence</b> (<b>national defense</b> in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>), is the <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defence_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence (military)">defence</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, including its <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutions">institutions</a>, which is regarded as a duty of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. Originally conceived as protection against <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">military attack</a>, national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, such as the security from <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, minimization of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_security" title="Economic security">economic security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">environmental security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">cyber-security</a>. Similarly, national security risks include, in addition to the actions of other <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a>, action by <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">violent non-state actors</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Narcotic_cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotic cartel">narcotic cartels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a>, and also the effects of <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>. </p><p>Governments rely on a range of measures, including <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">economic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> power, as well as <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, to safeguard the security of a state. They may also act to build the conditions of security regionally and internationally by reducing <a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">transnational</a> causes of insecurity, such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">political exclusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of national security remains ambiguous, having evolved from simpler definitions which emphasised freedom from military threat and from political coercion.<sup id="cite_ref-cite_1993_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_1993-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–6">: 1–6 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paleri_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleri-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–54">: 52–54 </span></sup> Among the many definitions proposed to date are the following, which show how the concept has evolved to encompass non-military concerns: </p> <ul><li>"A nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate interests to avoid war, and is able, if challenged, to maintain them by war." (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a>, 1943).<sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup></li> <li>"The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation." (<a href="/wiki/Harold_Lasswell" title="Harold Lasswell">Harold Lasswell</a>, 1950)<sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup></li> <li>"National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, the absence of fear that such values will be attacked." (<a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wolfers" title="Arnold Wolfers">Arnold Wolfers</a>, 1960)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"National security then is the ability to preserve the nation's physical integrity and territory; to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable terms; to preserve its nature, institution, and governance from disruption from outside; and to control its borders." (<a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">U.S. Secretary of Defense</a>, 1977–1981)<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"National security... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy, prosperity, and wellbeing." (<a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Maier" title="Charles S. Maier">Charles Maier</a>, 1990)<sup id="cite_ref-MacArthur_Fellowship_Program_1990._p.5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacArthur_Fellowship_Program_1990._p.5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity, human resources, economic structure and capacity, technological competence, industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might." (<a href="/wiki/National_Defence_College,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence College, India">National Defence College of India</a>, 1996)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"[National security is the] measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time, by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance... and is extendable to global security by variables external to it." (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prabhakaran_Paleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prabhakaran Paleri (page does not exist)">Prabhakaran Paleri</a>, 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-Paleri_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleri-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–54">: 52–54 </span></sup></li> <li>In the field of international relations, national security has been used to refer to the concept of security related to military forces as traditional security, and other security concepts not related to military forces as non-traditional security.</li> <li>During the Cold War, national security was defined as the measures taken by the government and its administrators to protect the lives, property and security of citizens in the event of an invasion or attack by other hostile countries.</li> <li>In the post-Cold War era, national security was defined as the proactive planning and response to various threats that could threaten the safety, survival, and territorial integrity of the nation's people.)<sup id="cite_ref-Paleri_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleri-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by other states (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Military_aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Military aggression">military</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyber attack</a>), <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">violent non-state actors</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist attack</a>), <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organised criminal groups</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Narcotic_cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotic cartel">narcotic cartels</a>, and also the effects of <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> (e.g. flooding, earthquakes).<span class="nowrap"><sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: v, 1–8">: v, 1–8 </span></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be <a href="/wiki/Transnationality" title="Transnationality">transnational</a>, include <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marginalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalisation">marginalisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">political exclusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In view of the wide range of risks, the security of a state has several dimensions, including <a href="/wiki/Economic_security" title="Economic security">economic security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Military security">physical security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">environmental security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">border security</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">cyber security</a>. These dimensions correlate closely with <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_national_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Elements of national power">elements of national power</a>. </p><p>Increasingly, governments organise their <a href="/wiki/Security_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Security policies">security policies</a> into a national security strategy (NSS);<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of 2017, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States are among the states to have done so.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some states also appoint a <a href="/wiki/National_security_council" title="National security council">National Security Council</a> and/or a <a href="/wiki/National_security_advisor" title="National security advisor">National Security Advisor</a> which is an executive government agency, it feeds the head of the state on topics concerning national security and strategic interest. The national security council/advisor strategies long term, short term, contingency national security plans. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> holds one such system in current, which was established on 19 November 1998. </p><p>Although states differ in their approach, various forms of coercive power predominate, particularly <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_level_of_military_equipment" title="List of countries by level of military equipment">military capabilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of these capabilities has developed. Traditionally, military capabilities were mainly land- or sea-based, and in smaller countries, they still are. Elsewhere, the domains of potential warfare now include the <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyberspace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological operations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military capabilities designed for these domains may be used for national security, or equally for offensive purposes, for example to conquer and annex territory and resources. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_national_security" title="Elements of national security">Elements of national security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_national_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Elements of national power">Elements of national power</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Military security">Military security</a></div><p>In practice, national security is associated primarily with managing physical threats and with the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> capabilities used for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, national security is often understood as the capacity of a nation to mobilise military forces to guarantee its borders and to deter or successfully defend against physical threats including <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">military aggression</a> and attacks by <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">non-state actors</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>. Most states, such as South Africa and Sweden,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> configure their military forces mainly for territorial defence; others, such as France, Russia, the UK and the US,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invest in higher-cost <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary capabilities</a>, which allow their armed forces to <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">project power</a> and sustain <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">military operations</a> abroad.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Military aggression">Military aggression</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructural">Infrastructural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Infrastructural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a></div><p>Infrastructure security is the <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> provided to protect <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">critical infrastructure</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport hubs</a>, network communications, <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grid_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid (electricity)">electricity grid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Water system">water systems</a>. Infrastructure security seeks to limit vulnerability of these structures and systems to <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many countries have established government agencies to directly manage the security of critical infrastructure, usually, through the Ministry of Interior/Home Affairs, dedicated security agencies to protect facilities such as United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Protective Service (United States)">Federal Protective Service</a>, and also dedicated transport police such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a>. There are also commercial transportation security units such as the <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Amtrak Police">Amtrak Police</a> in the United States. Critical infrastructure is vital for the essential functioning of a country. Incidental or deliberate damage can have a serious impact on the economy and essential services. Some of the threats to infrastructure include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a>: person or groups deliberately targeting critical infrastructure for political gain. In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a>, the Mumbai central station and hospital were deliberately targeted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a>: person or groups such as ex-employees, anti-government groups, environmental groups. Refer to <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy#Seizure_of_Suvarnabhumi_International_Airport" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">Bangkok's International Airport Seized by Protestors</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a>: private person hacking for private gain or countries initiating attacks to glean information and damage a country's cyberinfrastructure. <a href="/wiki/2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia" title="2007 cyberattacks on Estonia">Cyberattacks on Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyberattacks_during_the_2008_South_Ossetia_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberattacks during the 2008 South Ossetia war">cyberattacks during the 2008 South Ossetia war</a> are examples.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster</a>: hurricane or other natural events that damage critical infrastructures such as oil pipelines, water, and power grids. See <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike#Oil_and_gas_spills" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina">Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina</a> for examples.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual">Virtual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Virtual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a>, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, refers to the security of computing devices such as <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> and smartphones, as well as <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> such as private and public networks, and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet</a>. It concerns the protection of hardware, software, data, people, and also the procedures by which systems are accessed, and the field has growing importance due to the increasing reliance on computer systems in most societies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since unauthorized access to critical civil and military infrastructure is now considered a major threat, cyberspace is now recognised as a domain of warfare. One such example is the use of <a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a> by the US and Israel against the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nuclear_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian nuclear programme">Iranian nuclear programme</a><sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_security" title="Political security">Political security</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Barry_Buzan" title="Barry Buzan">Barry Buzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ole_W%C3%A6ver" title="Ole Wæver">Ole Wæver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaap_de_Wilde" title="Jaap de Wilde">Jaap de Wilde</a> and others have argued that national security depends on <a href="/wiki/Political_security" title="Political security">political security</a>: the stability of the social order.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as Paul Rogers, have added that the equitability of the international order is equally vital.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, political security depends on the rule of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">laws of war</a>), the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/International_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="International institutions">international political institutions</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiation</a> between nations and other security actors.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also depends on, among other factors, effective political inclusion of disaffected groups and the <a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">human security</a> of the citizenry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_security" title="Economic security">Economic security</a></div> <p>Economic security, in the context of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, is the ability of a <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation state</a> to maintain and develop the national economy, without which other dimensions of national security cannot be managed. Economic capability largely determines the defence capability of a nation, and thus a sound economic security directly influences the national security of a nation. That is why we see countries with sound economy, happen to have sound security setup too, such as <a href="/wiki/The_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States">The United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> among others. In larger countries, strategies for economic security expect to access resources and markets in other countries and to protect their own markets at home. <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Developing countries</a> may be less secure than economically advanced states due to high rates of unemployment and underpaid work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental security</a></div> <p>Environmental security, also known as ecological security, refers to the integrity of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>, particularly in relation to their capacity to sustain a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity of life-forms</a> (including human life). The security of ecosystems has attracted greater attention as the impact of ecological damage by humans has grown.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degradation of ecosystems, including <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">topsoil erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, affect economic security and can precipitate <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">mass migration</a>, leading to increased pressure on resources elsewhere. Ecological security is also important since most of the countries in the world are developing and dependent on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and agriculture gets affected largely due to climate change. This effect affects the economy of the nation, which in turn affects national security. </p><p>The scope and nature of environmental threats to national security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29–33">: 29–33 </span></sup> Romm (1993) classifies the major impacts of ecological changes on national security as:<sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Transnational environmental problems.</i> These include global environmental problems such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup></li> <li><i>Local environmental or resource pressures</i>. These include resource scarcities leading to local conflict, such as <a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">disputes over water scarcity in the Middle East</a>; migration into the United States caused by the failure of agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> and the impact on the conflict in Syria of erosion of productive land.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental insecurity in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> following a rise in population and dwindling availability of farmland, may also have contributed to the genocide there.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare</a>.</i> These include acts of war that degrade or destroy ecosystems. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> destruction of agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>; Saddam Hussein's burning of oil wells in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15–16">: 15–16 </span></sup> the use of <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a> by the UK in the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> and the US in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> for <a href="/wiki/Defoliant" title="Defoliant">defoliating</a> forests.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_natural_resources">Energy and natural resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Energy and natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">Energy security</a></div> <p>Resources include water, sources of energy, land, and minerals. Availability of adequate natural resources is important for a nation to develop its industry and economic power. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a> of 1991, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> partly in order to secure access to its oil wells, and one reason for the US counter-invasion was the value of the same wells to its own economy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Water resources are subject to disputes between many nations, including <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. </p><p>The interrelations between security, energy, natural resources, and their sustainability is increasingly acknowledged in national security strategies and resource security is now included among the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">UN Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, for example, the military has installed <a href="/wiki/Solar_photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar photovoltaic">solar photovoltaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Microgrids" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgrids">microgrids</a> on their bases in case of <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistency_of_approach">Consistency of approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consistency of approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dimensions of national security outlined above are frequently in tension with one another. For example: </p> <ul><li>The high cost of maintaining large <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military forces</a> can place a burden on the economic security of a nation And annual defence spending as per cent of GDP varies significantly by country.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, economic constraints can limit the scale of expenditure on <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military capabilities</a>.</li> <li>Unilateral security action by states can undermine political security at an international level if it erodes the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and undermines the authority of <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international institutions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> in 2003 and the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a> in 2014 have been cited as examples.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The pursuit of economic security in competition with other nation states can undermine the ecological security of all when the impact includes widespread <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">topsoil erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, expenditure on mitigating or adapting to ecological change places a burden on the national economy.</li></ul> <p>If tensions such as these are mismanaged, national security policies and actions may be ineffective or counterproductive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versus_transnational_security">Versus transnational security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Versus transnational security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Increasingly, national security strategies have begun to recognise that nations cannot provide for their own security without also developing the security of their regional and international context.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared:</p><blockquote><p>"Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The extent to which this matters, and how it should be done, is the subject of debate. Some argue that the principal beneficiary of national security policy should be the nation state itself, which should centre its strategy on protective and coercive capabilities in order to safeguard itself in a hostile environment (and potentially to project that power into its environment, and dominate it to the point of <a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">strategic supremacy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue that security depends principally on building the conditions in which equitable relationships between nations can develop, partly by reducing antagonism between actors, ensuring that fundamental needs can be met, and also that differences of interest can be negotiated effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, for example, Malcolm Chalmers argued in 2015 that the heart of the UK's approach should be support for the Western strategic military alliance led through <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> by the United States, as "the key anchor around which international order is maintained".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_liberties_and_human_rights">Civil liberties and human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Civil liberties and human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approaches to national security can have a complex impact on <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>. For example, the rights and liberties of citizens are affected by the use of <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militarization_of_police" title="Militarization of police">militarised police forces</a> to control public behaviour; the use of <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a>, which has implications for <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">military recruitment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> practices; and the effects of <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> on <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil infrastructure">civil infrastructure</a>. This has led to a <a href="/wiki/Hegelian_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian dialectic">dialectical</a> struggle, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracies</a>, between government <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> and the rights and freedoms of the general public. </p><p>Even where the exercise of national security is subject to <a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">good governance</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, a risk remains that the term <i>national security</i> may become a <a href="/wiki/Pretext" title="Pretext">pretext</a> for suppressing <a href="/wiki/Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">unfavorable political and social views</a>. In the US, for example, the controversial <a href="/wiki/USA_Patriot_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA Patriot Act">USA Patriot Act</a> of 2001, and the revelation by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> in 2013 that the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">harvests the personal data of the general public</a>, brought these issues to wide public attention. Among the questions raised are whether and how national security considerations at times of war should lead to the suppression of individual rights and freedoms, and whether such restrictions are necessary when a state is at peace. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina_and_Brazil">Argentina and Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Argentina and Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National security ideology as taught by the <a href="/wiki/US_Army_School_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army School of the Americas">US Army School of the Americas</a> to military personnel was vital in causing the military coup of 1964 in Brazil and the 1976 one in Argentina. The military dictatorships were installed on the claim by the military that Leftists were an existential threat to the national interests.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security of China</a></div> <p>China's military is the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA). The military is the largest in the world, with 2.3 million active troops in 2005. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> was established in 1983 to ensure "the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow China's socialist system."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Schengen_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen area">Schengen area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Schengen_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen area">Schengen area</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some parts of national security and external border control are enforced by <a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">security policy of the European Union</a> is set by <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a> and assisted by <a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">European External Action Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eeas_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eeas-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">agencies of the European Union</a> responsible for combating various forms of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> in the European Union through coordinating law enforcement agencies of the EU member states.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European Union national security has been accused of insufficiently preventing foreign threats.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">National Security Council (India)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Strategy_(India)" title="National Security Strategy (India)">National Security Strategy (India)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">Terrorism in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration to India</a></div> <p>The state of the Republic of India's national security is determined by its internal stability and geopolitical interests. While Islamic upsurge in Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir demanding secession and far left-wing terrorism in India's <a href="/wiki/Red_corridor" title="Red corridor">red corridor</a> remain some key issues in India's internal security, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">terrorism from Pakistan-based militant groups</a> has been emerging as a major concern for New Delhi. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Advisor of India</a> heads the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">National Security Council of India</a>, receives all kinds of intelligence reports, and is chief advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> over national and international security policy. The National Security Council has India's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">foreign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (India)">home</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">finance</a> ministers and deputy chairman of <a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a> as its members and is responsible for shaping strategies for India's security in all aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lawyer Ashwini Upadhyay filed a <a href="/wiki/Public_interest_litigation_in_India" title="Public interest litigation in India">Public interest litigation</a> (PIL) in the "Supreme Court of India" (SC) to identify and deport illegal immigrants. Responding to this PIL, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Police" title="Delhi Police">Delhi Police</a> told the SC in July 2019 that nearly 500 illegal Bangladeshi immigrants have been deported in the preceding 28 months.<sup id="cite_ref-illegalbang3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illegalbang3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are estimated 600,000 to 700,000 illegal Bangladeshi and <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a> immigrants in <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">National Capital Region</a> (NCR) region specially in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Gurugram" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurugram">Gurugram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridabad" title="Faridabad">Faridabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuh_district" title="Nuh district">Nuh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mewat" title="Mewat">Mewat</a> region), as well as interior villages of <a href="/wiki/Bhiwani_district" title="Bhiwani district">Bhiwani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar</a>. Most of them are Muslims who have acquired fake Hindu identity, and under questioning, they pretend to be from West Bengal. In September 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Haryana" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Haryana">Chief Minister of Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manohar_Lal_Khattar" title="Manohar Lal Khattar">Manohar Lal Khattar</a> announced the implementation of <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Citizens_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Citizens of India">NRC for Haryana</a> by setting up a legal framework under the former judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Justice HS Bhalla for updating NRC which will help in weeding out these illegal immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-illegalbang2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illegalbang2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the years 1997 and 2000, Russia adopted documents titled "National Security Concept" that described Russia's global position, the country's interests, listed threats to national security, and described the means to counter those threats. In 2009, these documents were superseded by the "<i>National Security Strategy to 2020</i>". The key body responsible for coordinating policies related to Russia's national security is the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Security Council of Russia</a>. </p><p>According to provision 6 of the <i>National Security Strategy to 2020</i>, national security is "the situation in which the individual, the society and the state enjoy protection from foreign and domestic threats to the degree that ensures constitutional rights and freedoms, decent quality of life for citizens, as well as sovereignty, territorial integrity and stable development of the Russian Federation, the defence and security of the state." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Total_Defence_(Singapore)" title="Total Defence (Singapore)">Total Defence (Singapore)</a></div> <p>Total Defence is Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">whole-of-society</a> national defence concept<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the premise that the strongest defence of a nation is collective defence<sup id="cite_ref-:10_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – when every aspect of society stays united for the defence of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adopted from the national defence strategies of Sweden and Switzerland,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total Defence was introduced in Singapore in 1984. Then, it was recognised that military threats to a nation can affect the psyche and social fabric of its people.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the defence and progress of Singapore are dependent on all of its citizens' resolve, along with the government and armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total Defence has since evolved to take into consideration threats and challenges outside of the conventional military domain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National security of Ukraine is defined in Ukrainian law as "a set of legislative and organisational measures aimed at permanent protection of vital interests of man and citizen, society and the state, which ensure sustainable development of society, timely detection, prevention and neutralisation of real and potential threats to national interests in areas of law enforcement, fight against corruption, border activities and defence, migration policy, health care, education and science, technology and innovation policy, cultural development of the population, freedom of speech and <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a>, social policy and pension provision, housing and communal services, financial services market, protection of property rights, stock markets and circulation of securities, fiscal and customs policy, trade and business, banking services, investment policy, auditing, monetary and exchange rate policy, information security, licensing, industry and agriculture, transport and communications, information technology, energy and energy saving, functioning of natural monopolies, use of <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a>, land and water resources, minerals, protection of ecology and environment and other areas of public administration, in the event of emergence of negative trends towards the creation of potential or real threats to national interests."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in Ukraine is the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine" title="National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine">National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine</a>. It is an advisory state agency to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President of Ukraine</a>, tasked with developing a policy of national security on domestic and international matters. All sessions of the council take place in the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_Building_(Kiev)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Administration Building (Kiev)">Presidential Administration Building</a>. The council was created by the provision of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Council of Ukraine">Supreme Council of Ukraine</a> #1658-12 on October 11, 1991. It was defined as the highest state body of collegiate governing on matters of defence and security of Ukraine with the following goals: </p> <ul><li>Protecting sovereignty</li> <li>Constitutional order</li> <li>Territorial integrity and inviolability of the republic</li> <li>Developing strategies and continuous improvement of policy in the sphere of defence and state security</li> <li>Comprehensive scientific assessment of the military threat nature</li> <li>Determining position toward modern warfare</li> <li>Effective control over the execution of the tasks of the state and its institutions keeping defence capabilities of Ukraine at the level of defence sufficiency</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in the UK is the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Council (United Kingdom)">National Security Council (United Kingdom)</a> which helps produce and enact the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Strategy_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Strategy (United Kingdom)">UK's National Security Strategy</a>. It was created in May 2010 by the new <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party (UK)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>. The National Security Council is a committee of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet of the United Kingdom</a> and was created as part of a wider reform of the national <a href="/wiki/Security_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Security apparatus">security apparatus</a>. This reform also included the creation of a <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Adviser_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Adviser (United Kingdom)">National Security Adviser</a> and a <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(United_Kingdom)#National_Security_Secretariat" title="National Security Council (United Kingdom)">National Security Secretariat</a> to support the National Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security of the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Security_Act_of_1947">National Security Act of 1947</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: National Security Act of 1947"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a></div> <p>The concept of national security became an official guiding principle of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">foreign policy in the United States</a> when the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> was signed on July 26, 1947, by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> As amended in 1949, this Act: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>created important components of American national security, such as the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>;</li> <li>subordinated the military branches to the new cabinet-level position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>;</li> <li>established the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Notably, the Act did <i>not</i> define national security, which was conceivably advantageous, as its ambiguity made it a powerful phrase to invoke against diverse threats to interests of the state, such as domestic concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–5">: 3–5 </span></sup> </p><p>The notion that national security encompasses more than just military security was present, though understated, from the beginning. The Act established the National Security Council so as to "advise the President on the integration of domestic, military and foreign policies relating to national security".<sup id="cite_ref-Paleri_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleri-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> </p><p>The act establishes, within the National Security Council, the Committee on Foreign Intelligence, whose duty is to conduct an annual review "identifying the intelligence required to address the national security interests of the United States <i>as specified by the President</i>" (emphasis added).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Gen. <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwell Taylor">Maxwell Taylor</a>'s 1974 essay "The Legitimate Claims of National Security", Taylor states:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The national valuables in this broad sense include current assets and national interests, as well as the sources of strength upon which our future as a nation depends. Some valuables are tangible and earthy; others are spiritual or intellectual. They range widely from political assets such as the Bill of Rights, our political institutions, and international friendships to many economic assets which radiate worldwide from a highly productive domestic economy supported by rich natural resources. It is the urgent need to protect valuables such as these which legitimizes and makes essential the role of national security.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_security_state">National security state</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: National security state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To address the institutionalisation of new bureaucracies and government practices in the post–World War II period in the U.S., the culture of semi-permanent military mobilisation joined the National Security Council (NSC), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Department of Defense (DoD), and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) for the practical application of the concept of the <i>national security state</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During and after World War II, U.S. leaders expanded the concept of national security, and used its terminology for the first time to explain America's relationship to the world. For most of U.S. history, the continental United States was secure. But, by 1945, it had become rapidly vulnerable with the advent of long-range bombers, atom bombs, and ballistic missiles. A general perception grew that future mobilization would be insufficient and that preparation must be constant. For the first time, American leaders dealt with the essential paradox of national security faced by the Roman Empire and subsequent great powers: <i>Si vis pacem, para bellum</i> — "If you want peace, prepare for war."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>David Jablonsky</cite></div></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nelson-Pallmeyer#Views" title="Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer">Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer</a> offers a seven-characteristic definition for 'national security state' as where the military and broader national security establishment, e.g., exert influence over political and economic affairs; hold ultimate power while maintaining an appearance of democracy; are preoccupied with external and/or internal enemies; define policies in secret and implement those policies through covert channels.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obama_administration">Obama administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Obama administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> defines national security of the United States in the following manner :<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A collective term encompassing both national defense and foreign relations of the United States. Specifically, the condition provided by: a. a military or defense advantage over any foreign nation or group of nations; b. a favorable foreign relations position; or c. a defense posture capable of successfully resisting hostile or destructive action from within or without, overt or covert.</p></blockquote> <p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> included an all-encompassing world-view in a national security strategy which identified "security" as one of the country's "four enduring national interests" that were "inexorably intertwined":<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"To achieve the world we seek, the United States must apply our strategic approach in pursuit of four enduring national interests: </p><ul><li><i>Security:</i>  The security of the United States, its citizens, and U.S. allies and partners.</li> <li><i>Prosperity:</i>  A strong, innovative, and growing U.S. economy in an open international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity.</li> <li><i>Values:</i> Respect for universal values at home and around the world.</li> <li><i>International Order:</i>  An international order advanced by U.S. leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet global challenges.</li></ul><p> Each of these interests is inextricably linked to the others: no single interest can be pursued in isolation, but at the same time, positive action in one area will help advance all four."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>National Security Strategy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President of the United States</a> (May 2010)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Empowerment_of_women">Empowerment of women</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Empowerment of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Doctrine" title="Hillary Doctrine">Hillary Doctrine</a></div> <p>U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> has said that, "The countries that threaten regional and global peace are the very places where women and girls are deprived of dignity and opportunity".<sup id="cite_ref-Lemmon_2013_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemmon_2013-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has noted that countries, where women are oppressed, are places where the "rule of law and democracy are struggling to take root",<sup id="cite_ref-Lemmon_2013_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemmon_2013-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that, when women's rights as equals in society are upheld, the society as a whole changes and improves, which in turn enhances stability in that society, which in turn contributes to global society.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemmon_2013_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemmon_2013-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyber">Cyber</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cyber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bush administration in January 2008 initiated the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI). It introduced a differentiated approach, such as identifying existing and emerging cybersecurity threats, finding and plugging existing cyber vulnerabilities and apprehending those trying to access federal information systems.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Obama said the "cyber threat is one of the most serious economic and national security challenges we face as a nation" and that "America's economic prosperity in the 21st century will depend on cybersecurity".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep state in the United States">Deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_branch_of_government" title="Fourth branch of government">Fourth branch of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">Homeland security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">Human security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_security" title="International security">International security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_economic_security" class="mw-redirect" title="National economic security">National economic security</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cite_1993-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cite_1993_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRomm1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Romm" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph J. Romm">Romm, Joseph J.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=shxDOnuVcyYC"><i>Defining national security: the nonmilitary aspects</i></a>. Pew Project on America's Task in a Changed World (Pew Project Series). Council on Foreign Relations. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-135-7"><bdi>978-0-87609-135-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+national+security%3A+the+nonmilitary+aspects&rft.series=Pew+Project+on+America%27s+Task+in+a+Changed+World+%28Pew+Project+Series%29&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87609-135-7&rft.aulast=Romm&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DshxDOnuVcyYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paleri-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paleri_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paleri_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paleri_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paleri_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaleri2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prabhakaran_Paleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prabhakaran Paleri (page does not exist)">Paleri, Prabhakaran</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMzcGe0-HQwC"><i>National Security: Imperatives And Challenges</i></a>. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-065686-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-065686-4"><bdi>978-0-07-065686-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Security%3A+Imperatives+And+Challenges&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-065686-4&rft.aulast=Paleri&rft.aufirst=Prabhakaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMzcGe0-HQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romm_1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romm_1993_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomm1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Romm" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph J. Romm">Romm, Joseph J.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=shxDOnuVcyYC"><i>Defining national security: the nonmilitary aspects</i></a>. Pew Project on America's Task in a Changed World (Pew Project Series). Council on Foreign Relations. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-135-7"><bdi>978-0-87609-135-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+national+security%3A+the+nonmilitary+aspects&rft.series=Pew+Project+on+America%27s+Task+in+a+Changed+World+%28Pew+Project+Series%29&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87609-135-7&rft.aulast=Romm&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DshxDOnuVcyYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Paleri (2008) ibid. Pg 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Harold (1983) <i>Thinking about national security: defense and foreign policy in a dangerous world</i>. As quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2008" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Cynthia Ann (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usnationalsecuri0000wats"><i>U.S. national security: a reference handbook</i></a></span>. Contemporary world issues (2 (revised) ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usnationalsecuri0000wats/page/281">281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-041-4"><bdi>978-1-59884-041-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+national+security%3A+a+reference+handbook&rft.series=Contemporary+world+issues&rft.pages=281&rft.edition=2+%28revised%29&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-041-4&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusnationalsecuri0000wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacArthur_Fellowship_Program_1990._p.5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacArthur_Fellowship_Program_1990._p.5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Maier, Charles S.</span> <i>Peace and security for the 1990s</i>. Unpublished paper for the MacArthur Fellowship Program, Social Science Research Council, 12 Jun 1990. As quoted in Romm 1993, p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Definition from "Proceedings of Seminar on "A Maritime Strategy for India" (1996). 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London, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780855161934" title="Special:BookSources/9780855161934"><bdi>9780855161934</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880550682">880550682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+in+peace+%3A+British+military+operations+since+1991&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880550682&rft.isbn=9780855161934&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Chalmers%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Michael&rft.au=Codner%2C+Michael&rft.au=Fry%2C+Robert+Alan&rft.au=Omand%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSection2014" class="citation web cs1">Section, United Nations News Service (2014-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47443&Cr=ukraine&Cr1=#.WjekA99l_IV">"UN News - Backing Ukraine's territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid"</a>. <i>UN News Service Section</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Earthscan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849713238" title="Special:BookSources/9781849713238"><bdi>9781849713238</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/320800523">320800523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosperity+without+growth%3A+economics+for+a+finite+planet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F320800523&rft.isbn=9781849713238&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosperitywithou00jack_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS,_Department_of_Defense2000" class="citation web cs1">US, Department of Defense (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930032108/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289">"Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance"</a>. <i>archive.defense.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289">the original</a> on 2017-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.defense.gov&rft.atitle=Joint+Vision+2020+Emphasizes+Full-spectrum+Dominance&rft.date=2000&rft.au=US%2C+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.defense.gov%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle.aspx%3Fid%3D45289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Defence_Committee2015" class="citation web cs1">House of Commons Defence Committee (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmdfence/512/51202.htm">"Re-thinking defence to meet new threats"</a>. <i>publications.parliament.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Foreign+Policy+and+National+Security%3A+Chronology+and+Index+for+the+20th+Century&rft.series=Praeger+Security+International+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exiv&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38385-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgsM1JiXAMJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 50 of the United States Code">50 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/402">§ 402</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwell Taylor">Taylor, Gen Maxwell</a> (1974). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/24508/maxwell-d-taylor/the-legitimate-claims-of-national-security">"The Legitimate Claims of National Security"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <b>52</b> (Essay of 1974). Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.: <span class="nowrap">577–</span>594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20038070">10.2307/20038070</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20038070">20038070</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Legitimate+Claims+of+National+Security&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=Essay+of+1974&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E577-%3C%2Fspan%3E594&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20038070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20038070%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Gen+Maxwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F24508%2Fmaxwell-d-taylor%2Fthe-legitimate-claims-of-national-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart, Douglas T. Creating the National Security State: A History of the Law That Transformed America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400823772" title="Special:BookSources/9781400823772">9781400823772</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ripsman, Norrin M., and T. V. Paul. Globalization and the National Security State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Jablonsky. The State of the National Security State. Carlisle Barracks, PA,: Strategic Studies Institute, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/02winter/jablonsk.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522223207/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/02winter/jablonsk.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson-Pallmeyer2017" class="citation book cs1">Nelson-Pallmeyer, Jack (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXujDgAAQBAJ&q=José#v=onepage&q=%22has%20no%20official%20name%22&f=false"><i>Brave New World Order: Must We Pledge Allegiance?</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781532617010" title="Special:BookSources/9781532617010"><bdi>9781532617010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brave+New+World+Order%3A+Must+We+Pledge+Allegiance%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781532617010&rft.aulast=Nelson-Pallmeyer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFXujDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DJos%C3%A9%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522has%2520no%2520official%2520name%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_NATO_Military_Terminology_Group2010" class="citation book cs1">US NATO Military Terminology Group (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824034254/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf"><i>JP 1 (02) "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms", 2001 (As amended through 31 July 2010)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pentagon, Washington: Joint Chiefs of Staff, US Department of Defense. p. 361. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JP+1+%2802%29+%22Dictionary+of+Military+and+Associated+Terms%22%2C+2001+%28As+amended+through+31+July+2010%29&rft.place=Pentagon%2C+Washington&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff%2C+US+Department+of+Defense&rft.date=2010&rft.au=US+NATO+Military+Terminology+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdoctrine%2Fnew_pubs%2Fjp1_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Obama, Barack</span>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf">National Security Strategy, May 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120222120/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Office of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, p. 17. Accessed 23 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemmon_2013-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lemmon_2013_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lemmon_2013_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lemmon_2013_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmon2013" class="citation news cs1">Lemmon, Gayle Tzemach (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/04/the-hillary-doctrine-womens-rights-are-a-national-security-issue/274770/">"The Hillary Doctrine: Women's Rights Are a National Security Issue"</a>. <i>the Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Hillary+Doctrine%3A+Women%27s+Rights+Are+a+National+Security+Issue&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lemmon&rft.aufirst=Gayle+Tzemach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fsexes%2Farchive%2F2013%2F04%2Fthe-hillary-doctrine-womens-rights-are-a-national-security-issue%2F274770%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rollins, John, and Anna C. Henning. Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative Legal Authorities and Policy Considerations. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/cybersecurity">"White House: Cybersecurity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=White+House%3A+Cybersecurity.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fcybersecurity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+security" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>National security</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=National+security">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=National+security&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski, Zbigniew</a>. <i>Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983.</li> <li>Cordesman, Anthony H. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1OpmRrNzFHgC">Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region</a></i>. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger Security International, 2009.</li> <li>Devanny, Joe, and Josh Harris, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/publications/national-security-council">The National Security Council: national security at the centre of government</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Government" title="Institute for Government">Institute for Government</a>/<a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, 2014.</li> <li>Jordan, Amos A., William J. Taylor, <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Mazarr" title="Michael J. Mazarr">Michael J. Mazarr</a>, and Suzanne C. Nielsen. <i>American National Security</i>. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.</li> <li>MccGwire, Michael. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zbA2dK9GQb8C">Perestroika and Soviet National Security</a></i>. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815755531" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815755531">978-0815755531</a></li> <li>Mueller, Karl P. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qg3JDl_zdqcC">Striking First: Preemptive and Preventive Attack in U.S. National Security Policy</a></i>. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Project Air Force, 2006.</li> <li>National Research Council (U.S.). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12567">Beyond "Fortress America": National Security Controls on Science and Technology in a Globalized World</a></i>. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2009.</li> <li>Neal, Andrew. <i>Security in a Small Nation: Scotland, Democracy, Politics</i>. Open Book Publishers, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783742707" title="Special:BookSources/9781783742707">9781783742707</a></li> <li>Rothkopf, David J. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1N1DleUGufwC">Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power</a></i>. New York: PublicAffairs, 2005.</li> <li>Tal, Israel. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YDvWLrTL2-oC">National Security: The Israeli Experience</a></i>. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2000.</li> <li>Tan, Andrew. <i>Malaysia's security perspectives</i>. Canberra : Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, 2002.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_security&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="/wiki/Template:Military_and_war" title="Template:Military and war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_and_war" title="Template talk:Military and war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_and_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military and war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_and_war324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_technology" title="History of military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Occupational roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National security</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">Airman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">Enlisted rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">Executive officer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Protocols and structure:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_ranks" title="Category:Military ranks">Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armed Forces</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><i>Functional specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reconnaissance_units" title="List of reconnaissance units">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Military police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">Security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_units_and_formations" title="Category:Military logistics units and formations">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Combat_occupations" title="Category:Combat occupations">Combat occupations</a></li> <li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruit_training" title="Military recruit training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_arms" title="Combat arms">Combat arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li> <li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_combatant" title="Surface combatant">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armed_forces" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armed forces">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armies" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armies">Armies by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General staff</a></li> <li><i>Land:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">Field army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_corps" title="List of military corps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_divisions" title="List of military divisions">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brigades_by_type" title="Category:Brigades by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_country" title="Category:Regiments by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_type" title="Category:Regiments by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_country" title="Category:Battalions by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_type" title="Category:Battalions by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">Platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">Squad</a></li> <li><i>Naval:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">Naval fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_force#Naval" title="Task force">Task force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(naval)" title="Division (naval)">Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">Squadron</a></li> <li><i>Air:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_box" title="Combat box">Combat box</a></li> <li><i>Special units by nation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Fleet" title="Battle Fleet">Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_(military_formation)" title="Front (military formation)">Front; Russian land forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ground:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">Ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_vehicles" title="List of military vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tracked_military_vehicles" title="Category:Tracked military vehicles">Tracked vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wheeled_military_vehicles" title="Category:Wheeled military vehicles">Wheeled vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="Lists of armoured fighting vehicles">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_by_country" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">Armored car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_car" title="Scout car">Scout car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle#Military_trucks" title="Military vehicle">Truck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_trucks" title="Category:Military trucks">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">Gun truck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers#Self-propelled_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Anti-aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Rail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Artillery:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery" title="List of artillery">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery_by_country" title="List of artillery by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_field_guns" title="List of field guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_artillery" title="List of rocket artillery">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Infantry guns</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">Pistols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_guns" title="List of machine guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_rifle" title="Service rifle">Service rifles</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle rifles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault rifle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper rifle</a></li> <li><i>Other infantry weapons:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">Bazooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-tank_guns" title="List of anti-tank guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">Grenade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grenades" title="Category:Grenades">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">Flamethrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_knife" title="Combat knife">Combat knife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_knives" title="Category:Military knives">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile" title="Shoulder-fired missile">Shoulder-fired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country" title="List of missiles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_mortars" title="List of infantry mortars">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_mortars" title="List of heavy mortars">Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Other:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sea/Air:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Guided missiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_guns" title="List of naval guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">Anti-ship missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system" title="Close-in weapon system">Close-in weapons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_guns" title="Category:Aircraft guns">Guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air-launched_missiles" title="Category:Air-launched missiles">Missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">Bombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_equipment" title="Lists of military equipment">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_by_country" title="Category:Military equipment by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">Helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_combat_helmets" title="List of combat helmets">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body armor</a></li> <li><i>Facilities:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo Data Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>By era:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>By type:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a></li> <li><i>Public policy:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Defense budget</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures" title="List of countries with highest military expenditures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_military_expenditure" title="List of countries by past military expenditure">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries with highest military expenditure per capita">Per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Defense policy</a></li> <li><i>Related:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Military lists</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">Military tactics</a></li> <li><i>History lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wars" title="Lists of wars">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><i>Related lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other namespace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War">War</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_ranks_by_country" title="Template:Military ranks by country">Ranks</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Vehicles and weapons</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Tanks" title="Template:Tanks">Tanks</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_IFV_and_APC" title="Template:Modern IFV and APC">Infantry fighting vehicles</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries">Modern warships</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Template:Military aircraft types (roles)">Aircraft</a>}}</span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Specific modern wars</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I">World War I</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II">World War II</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War">Cold War</a>}}</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_wars_by_country_involved" title="Category:Lists of wars by country involved">Lists of wars by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_by_time" title="Category:Conflicts by time">Conflicts by time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td 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