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Income Distribution Research Papers - Academia.edu
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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Income Distribution</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">14,109 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Income Distribution</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Income_Distribution">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29530985" data-work_id="29530985" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29530985/Trade_Liberalization_Income_Distribution_and_Poverty_The_Poultry_Production_Case_Study_in_Brazil">Trade Liberalization, Income Distribution and Poverty: The Poultry Production Case Study in Brazil</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29530985" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cbcbe76f3c8459f11f92f19795e6e179" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49972849,"asset_id":29530985,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49972849/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42497125" href="https://ceut.academia.edu/ThiagoCarvalho">Thiago Carvalho</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42497125" type="text/json">{"id":42497125,"first_name":"Thiago","last_name":"Carvalho","domain_name":"ceut","page_name":"ThiagoCarvalho","display_name":"Thiago Carvalho","profile_url":"https://ceut.academia.edu/ThiagoCarvalho?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42497125/12976563/15529100/s65_thiago.carvalho.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29530985 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29530985"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29530985, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29530985", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29530985]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29530985").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29530985").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29530985"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution">Income Distribution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25220" type="text/json">{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71228" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Liberalization">Trade Liberalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="71228" type="text/json">{"id":71228,"name":"Trade Liberalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Liberalization?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96047" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study">Case Study</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="96047" type="text/json">{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29530985]'), work: {"id":29530985,"title":"Trade Liberalization, Income Distribution and Poverty: The Poultry Production Case Study in Brazil","created_at":"2016-10-29T20:36:16.013-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29530985/Trade_Liberalization_Income_Distribution_and_Poverty_The_Poultry_Production_Case_Study_in_Brazil?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_29530985","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49972849,"asset_id":29530985,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42497125,"first_name":"Thiago","last_name":"Carvalho","domain_name":"ceut","page_name":"ThiagoCarvalho","display_name":"Thiago Carvalho","profile_url":"https://ceut.academia.edu/ThiagoCarvalho?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42497125/12976563/15529100/s65_thiago.carvalho.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":71228,"name":"Trade Liberalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Liberalization?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":133286,"name":"Chicken Meat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chicken_Meat?f_ri=25220"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73879624" data-work_id="73879624" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73879624/The_Handicap_for_Enhanced_Solidarity_across_Advanced_Economies_The_Greater_the_Economic_Openness_Higher_the_Unequal_Distribution_of_Income">The Handicap for Enhanced Solidarity across Advanced Economies: The Greater the Economic Openness Higher the Unequal Distribution of Income</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Perspectives on degree of economic openness have been discussed by different paradigms resulting in concluding remarks which differ widely from each other. However, the existing literature has passed over the importance of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73879624" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Perspectives on degree of economic openness have been discussed by different paradigms resulting in concluding remarks which differ widely from each other. However, the existing literature has passed over the importance of the relationship between economic openness and income distribution in relation to the bargaining framework and thus its effect on social solidarity. In this paper, the rationale is based on the argument that an increase in the degree of economic openness has a significant impact on the distribution of income through the channels of trade and financial account. The empirical results show that a more open economic environment leads to an unequal distribution of income, both reducing labor's share and increasing income inequality, through the collapse of bargaining power of labor in favor of capital across advanced economies over the 1996–2014 period. However, the results also suggest that the trade channel is a more effective influence on income distribution than the finance channel. Additionally, other globalization measures, including economic, social and political factors, also have negative effects on income distribution by way of reducing the bargaining power of labor, which results in the collapse of social solidarity and cohesion over time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73879624" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="601018" href="https://gelisim.academia.edu/Onur%C3%96zdemir">Onur Özdemir</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="601018" type="text/json">{"id":601018,"first_name":"Onur","last_name":"Özdemir","domain_name":"gelisim","page_name":"OnurÖzdemir","display_name":"Onur Özdemir","profile_url":"https://gelisim.academia.edu/Onur%C3%96zdemir?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/601018/210474/64549346/s65_onur._zdemir.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73879624 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73879624"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73879624, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73879624", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73879624]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73879624").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73879624").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73879624"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution">Income Distribution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25220" type="text/json">{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25868" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solidarity_Economy">Solidarity Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25868" type="text/json">{"id":25868,"name":"Solidarity Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solidarity_Economy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2641889" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Openness">Economic Openness</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2641889" type="text/json">{"id":2641889,"name":"Economic Openness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Openness?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73879624]'), work: {"id":73879624,"title":"The Handicap for Enhanced Solidarity across Advanced Economies: The Greater the Economic Openness Higher the Unequal Distribution of Income","created_at":"2022-03-16T04:46:54.015-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73879624/The_Handicap_for_Enhanced_Solidarity_across_Advanced_Economies_The_Greater_the_Economic_Openness_Higher_the_Unequal_Distribution_of_Income?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_73879624","summary":"Perspectives on degree of economic openness have been discussed by different paradigms resulting in concluding remarks which differ widely from each other. However, the existing literature has passed over the importance of the relationship between economic openness and income distribution in relation to the bargaining framework and thus its effect on social solidarity. In this paper, the rationale is based on the argument that an increase in the degree of economic openness has a significant impact on the distribution of income through the channels of trade and financial account. The empirical results show that a more open economic environment leads to an unequal distribution of income, both reducing labor's share and increasing income inequality, through the collapse of bargaining power of labor in favor of capital across advanced economies over the 1996–2014 period. However, the results also suggest that the trade channel is a more effective influence on income distribution than the finance channel. Additionally, other globalization measures, including economic, social and political factors, also have negative effects on income distribution by way of reducing the bargaining power of labor, which results in the collapse of social solidarity and cohesion over time.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":601018,"first_name":"Onur","last_name":"Özdemir","domain_name":"gelisim","page_name":"OnurÖzdemir","display_name":"Onur Özdemir","profile_url":"https://gelisim.academia.edu/Onur%C3%96zdemir?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/601018/210474/64549346/s65_onur._zdemir.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25868,"name":"Solidarity Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solidarity_Economy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":2641889,"name":"Economic Openness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Openness?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38029732" data-work_id="38029732" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38029732/The_Reasons_Behind_the_Declining_Labor_Share_of_Income_A_Special_Case_for_MENA_Countries">The Reasons Behind the Declining Labor Share of Income: A Special Case for MENA Countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The determinants of the labor share of national income have been investigated by numerous studies. However, there is no consensus for what exactly affects the income differentials of workers, especially after the triumph of neoliberal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38029732" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The determinants of the labor share of national income have been investigated by numerous studies. However, there is no consensus for what exactly affects the income differentials of workers, especially after the triumph of neoliberal policies prevailed after 1980s across all countries, including both developed and developing economies. While this is especially the critical issue for advanced countries, many developing economies have been noticed the importance of an increasing income gap between capital and workers. This paper seeks out the causes of a decreasing labor’s share in case of MENA countries, which are mostly classified as middle-income countries and are to a large extent categorized in developing group of countries, over the 1992-2013 period. To understand the reasons behind this decline in income shares of workers, the analytical context focuses on two major factors which are basically hinged on macro-level issues: (i) financial liberalization and (ii) financial development. The results show that financial liberalization is not sufficient for an increase in labor’s share but also the necessary level of development in financial markets and institutions should be implemented over time. In other words, in the context of selected MENA countries, the positive effects of financial liberalization on the labor share of income are only possible with a simultaneous increase in the degree of financial development in case of both depth, access, and efficiency.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38029732" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1d5ef5d5b5fdc0d895bc0a6c5e0a320e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58051794,"asset_id":38029732,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58051794/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="601018" href="https://gelisim.academia.edu/Onur%C3%96zdemir">Onur Özdemir</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="601018" type="text/json">{"id":601018,"first_name":"Onur","last_name":"Özdemir","domain_name":"gelisim","page_name":"OnurÖzdemir","display_name":"Onur Özdemir","profile_url":"https://gelisim.academia.edu/Onur%C3%96zdemir?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/601018/210474/64549346/s65_onur._zdemir.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38029732 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38029732"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38029732, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38029732", }); 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However, there is no consensus for what exactly affects the income differentials of workers, especially after the triumph of neoliberal policies prevailed after 1980s across all countries, including both developed and developing economies. While this is especially the critical issue for advanced countries, many developing economies have been noticed the importance of an increasing income gap between capital and workers. This paper seeks out the causes of a decreasing labor’s share in case of MENA countries, which are mostly classified as middle-income countries and are to a large extent categorized in developing group of countries, over the 1992-2013 period. To understand the reasons behind this decline in income shares of workers, the analytical context focuses on two major factors which are basically hinged on macro-level issues: (i) financial liberalization and (ii) financial development. The results show that financial liberalization is not sufficient for an increase in labor’s share but also the necessary level of development in financial markets and institutions should be implemented over time. In other words, in the context of selected MENA countries, the positive effects of financial liberalization on the labor share of income are only possible with a simultaneous increase in the degree of financial development in case of both depth, access, and efficiency.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58051794,"asset_id":38029732,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":601018,"first_name":"Onur","last_name":"Özdemir","domain_name":"gelisim","page_name":"OnurÖzdemir","display_name":"Onur Özdemir","profile_url":"https://gelisim.academia.edu/Onur%C3%96zdemir?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/601018/210474/64549346/s65_onur._zdemir.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25115,"name":"Financialization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financialization?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}]}, }) } 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Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Productivity_Growth?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1011519,"name":"Wage Differential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wage_Differential?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1367101,"name":"GDP Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GDP_Growth?f_ri=25220"},{"id":2583070,"name":"Skill Biased Technological Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skill_Biased_Technological_Change?f_ri=25220"},{"id":3398224,"name":"Economics statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_statistics?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_63788464" data-work_id="63788464" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63788464/The_wealthy_get_healthy_the_poor_get_poorly_Lay_perceptions_of_health_inequalities">The wealthy get healthy, the poor get poorly? Lay perceptions of health inequalities</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/63788464" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f4a9dcaeae65b721b822d05666e58f08" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76095158,"asset_id":63788464,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76095158/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41487927" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JennyKitzinger">Jenny Kitzinger</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41487927" type="text/json">{"id":41487927,"first_name":"Jenny","last_name":"Kitzinger","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JennyKitzinger","display_name":"Jenny Kitzinger","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JennyKitzinger?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_63788464 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="63788464"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 63788464, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_63788464", }); 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Status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Status?f_ri=25220"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=25220"},{"id":687108,"name":"Focus Group Discussion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus_Group_Discussion?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1419742,"name":"Self Esteem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Esteem?f_ri=25220"},{"id":2549475,"name":"Health Services Accessibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Services_Accessibility?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_58421112" data-work_id="58421112" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58421112/Tijuana_San_Diego_Globalization_and_the_transborder_metropolis">Tijuana-San Diego: Globalization and the transborder metropolis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58421112" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="115cba63f5d207cdeefea80d5f9e62eb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72840237,"asset_id":58421112,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_sector">Public sector</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16457" type="text/json">{"id":16457,"name":"Public sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_sector?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20436" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_And_Regional_Planning">Urban And Regional Planning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20436" type="text/json">{"id":20436,"name":"Urban And Regional Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_And_Regional_Planning?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=58421112]'), work: {"id":58421112,"title":"Tijuana-San Diego: Globalization and the transborder 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sector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_sector?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":20436,"name":"Urban And Regional Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_And_Regional_Planning?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220"},{"id":293149,"name":"New Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Economy?f_ri=25220"},{"id":2886043,"name":"Environmental Problem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Problem?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36289801" data-work_id="36289801" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36289801/Connections_between_financial_status_and_attitudes_towards_poverty_in_the_EU_countries">Connections between financial status and attitudes towards poverty in the EU countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">When we analyse the attitudes towards poverty, we will not learn about the real causes of poverty nor about the appropriate means of fighting against it. We will know how different types of people think about these questions and –... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36289801" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">When we analyse the attitudes towards poverty, we will not learn about the real causes of poverty nor about the appropriate means of fighting against it. We will know how different types of people think about these questions and – indirectly-what they are willing to do to decrease or put an end to it. Our attitudes help us to explain the world around us and to find our way in it; they also combine to construct our identity, to defend our ego in certain situations, to express ourselves. Attitudes are behind our acts, they are the mediators between our values and our behavior. In a lot of cases there is a discrepancy between our acts and our attitudes, nevertheless attitudes give orientation to the behavior. Based on the attitudes of people, we can predict what kind of social politics they will support, how they would help poor people if they are rich and how poor people try to break out of poverty-if they try it at all. In this paper I will show the attitudes of European people towards issues such as the definition and causes of poverty, its extension and the necessity, responsibility and means of fighting against poverty.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36289801" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ea93ca72a44c41d26d44703def47e53d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56195954,"asset_id":36289801,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56195954/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58243535" href="https://iises.academia.edu/Vir%C3%A1gHavasi">Virág Havasi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58243535" type="text/json">{"id":58243535,"first_name":"Virág","last_name":"Havasi","domain_name":"iises","page_name":"VirágHavasi","display_name":"Virág Havasi","profile_url":"https://iises.academia.edu/Vir%C3%A1gHavasi?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/58243535/19278005/19210000/s65_vir_g.havasi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36289801 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36289801"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36289801, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36289801", }); 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We will know how different types of people think about these questions and – indirectly-what they are willing to do to decrease or put an end to it. Our attitudes help us to explain the world around us and to find our way in it; they also combine to construct our identity, to defend our ego in certain situations, to express ourselves. Attitudes are behind our acts, they are the mediators between our values and our behavior. In a lot of cases there is a discrepancy between our acts and our attitudes, nevertheless attitudes give orientation to the behavior. Based on the attitudes of people, we can predict what kind of social politics they will support, how they would help poor people if they are rich and how poor people try to break out of poverty-if they try it at all. In this paper I will show the attitudes of European people towards issues such as the definition and causes of poverty, its extension and the necessity, responsibility and means of fighting against poverty.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56195954,"asset_id":36289801,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":58243535,"first_name":"Virág","last_name":"Havasi","domain_name":"iises","page_name":"VirágHavasi","display_name":"Virág Havasi","profile_url":"https://iises.academia.edu/Vir%C3%A1gHavasi?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/58243535/19278005/19210000/s65_vir_g.havasi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":18338,"name":"Attitudes (Social Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attitudes_Social_Psychology_?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income 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inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220"},{"id":70854,"name":"Developing Country","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Country?f_ri=25220"},{"id":75952,"name":"Public","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public?f_ri=25220"},{"id":99487,"name":"Local governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_governance?f_ri=25220"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=25220"},{"id":172892,"name":"Life Expectancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Expectancy?f_ri=25220"},{"id":308097,"name":"Local Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_Authority?f_ri=25220"},{"id":313195,"name":"Survey data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survey_data?f_ri=25220"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=25220"},{"id":795003,"name":"Linear Regression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_Regression?f_ri=25220"},{"id":966020,"name":"Cross sectional Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_sectional_Study?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1132883,"name":"Public Health Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Medicine?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41243909" data-work_id="41243909" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41243909/Does_FDI_lead_to_a_deterioration_of_income_distribution_Evidence_from_Malaysia">Does FDI lead to a deterioration of income distribution? Evidence from Malaysia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Income inequality has long been a frustrating feature of Malaysian economic development. The country income inequality, represented by the Gini Coefficient has decreased only slightly to 0.41 in 2014 from 0.51 in 1970. This income... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41243909" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Income inequality has long been a frustrating feature of Malaysian economic development. The country income inequality, represented by the Gini Coefficient has decreased only slightly to 0.41 in 2014 from 0.51 in 1970. This income inequality, however, was accompanied by rapid economic growth. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has grown by an average of more than 7 percent per year for 25 years or more. The expectations that the high economic growth would accompany low income inequality as hypothesized by the inverted ‘U-shaped’ Kuznets curve have not come true for Malaysia. Why did it occur? Unlike many other conventional studies which look at the relationship between growth and income inequality to explain this phenomenon; this study intent to looks at the foreign direct investment (FDI) relationship with income inequality. Since 1990s, FDI has been an important source of economic growth for Malaysia, bringing in capital investment, technology and management knowledge needed for economic growth. FDI had increased almost thirty-fold during 1970s to 2000s. There is a heated debate on the effects of FDI on income distribution. While FDI may have been good for development this masks the facts that not all types of workers necessarily gain from FDI to some extent. FDI induced skill specific technological change where it can be associated with skill-specific wage bargaining or skill-intensive sectors. This study presents an attempt to evaluate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on income distribution among labors. The Malaysia’s Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is constructed as a framework for the analysis. In this SAM the detail framework of the component of FDI in various sectors, production sectors and labour groups are essential to analyse different effects from different component of FDI on the labor’s income distribution among different labor group. This structure of SAM would answer the question of either and which component of FDI will benefit the most to the low income. The study finds that the FDI expansion has impacted negatively on the distribution of income across different labor groups, where it has increased the high-low or skilled-unskilled income inequality. It also indicates that there are differences in the composition of the FDI that impacts income distribution among labor. The apparent differences in the magnitude of the effects of the different FDI components suggests that variations in the FDI allocations among sectors should be considered as a possible policy variable to achieve income equality goals.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41243909" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="912c844c75fe5e4d17c7eeab7043990e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61468670,"asset_id":41243909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61468670/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="138374827" href="https://uum.academia.edu/mukaramahharun">mukaramah harun</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="138374827" type="text/json">{"id":138374827,"first_name":"mukaramah","last_name":"harun","domain_name":"uum","page_name":"mukaramahharun","display_name":"mukaramah harun","profile_url":"https://uum.academia.edu/mukaramahharun?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/138374827/37449504/31684762/s65_mukaramah.harun.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41243909 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41243909"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41243909, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41243909", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41243909]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41243909").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41243909").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41243909"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="751" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Economics">Labor Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="751" type="text/json">{"id":751,"name":"Labor Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41243909]'), work: {"id":41243909,"title":"Does FDI lead to a deterioration of income distribution? Evidence from Malaysia","created_at":"2019-12-09T17:03:24.293-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41243909/Does_FDI_lead_to_a_deterioration_of_income_distribution_Evidence_from_Malaysia?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_41243909","summary":"Income inequality has long been a frustrating feature of Malaysian economic development. The country income inequality, represented by the Gini Coefficient has decreased only slightly to 0.41 in 2014 from 0.51 in 1970. This income inequality, however, was accompanied by rapid economic growth. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has grown by an average of more than 7 percent per year for 25 years or more. The expectations that the high economic growth would accompany low income inequality as hypothesized by the inverted ‘U-shaped’ Kuznets curve have not come true for Malaysia. Why did it occur? Unlike many other conventional studies which look at the relationship between growth and income inequality to explain this phenomenon; this study intent to looks at the foreign direct investment (FDI) relationship with income inequality. Since 1990s, FDI has been an important source of economic growth for Malaysia, bringing in capital investment, technology and management knowledge needed for economic growth. FDI had increased almost thirty-fold during 1970s to 2000s. There is a heated debate on the effects of FDI on income distribution. While FDI may have been good for development this masks the facts that not all types of workers necessarily gain from FDI to some extent. FDI induced skill specific technological change where it can be associated with skill-specific wage bargaining or skill-intensive sectors. This study presents an attempt to evaluate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on income distribution among labors. The Malaysia’s Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is constructed as a framework for the analysis. In this SAM the detail framework of the component of FDI in various sectors, production sectors and labour groups are essential to analyse different effects from different component of FDI on the labor’s income distribution among different labor group. This structure of SAM would answer the question of either and which component of FDI will benefit the most to the low income. The study finds that the FDI expansion has impacted negatively on the distribution of income across different labor groups, where it has increased the high-low or skilled-unskilled income inequality. It also indicates that there are differences in the composition of the FDI that impacts income distribution among labor. The apparent differences in the magnitude of the effects of the different FDI components suggests that variations in the FDI allocations among sectors should be considered as a possible policy variable to achieve income equality goals.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61468670,"asset_id":41243909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":138374827,"first_name":"mukaramah","last_name":"harun","domain_name":"uum","page_name":"mukaramahharun","display_name":"mukaramah harun","profile_url":"https://uum.academia.edu/mukaramahharun?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/138374827/37449504/31684762/s65_mukaramah.harun.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":751,"name":"Labor Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":14084,"name":"Energy and Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_and_Environment?f_ri=25220"},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220"},{"id":40523,"name":"Input-Output Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Input-Output_Analysis?f_ri=25220"},{"id":161235,"name":"Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment_FDI_-1?f_ri=25220"},{"id":196106,"name":"Energy Intensity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Intensity?f_ri=25220"},{"id":198019,"name":"Government expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_expenditure?f_ri=25220"},{"id":306979,"name":"Fuel Subsidy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuel_Subsidy?f_ri=25220"},{"id":957593,"name":"Energy and the Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_and_the_Environment?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1246103,"name":"Social accounting matrix","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_accounting_matrix?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1294028,"name":"Computable General Equilibrium Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computable_General_Equilibrium_Models?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1843713,"name":"Sectoral Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sectoral_Analysis?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1941611,"name":"Macroeconomics and growth analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics_and_growth_analysis?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30440855" data-work_id="30440855" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30440855/Poverty_Impacts_of_Increased_Openness_and_Fiscal_Policies_in_a_Dollarized_economy_A_CGE_Micro_Approach_for_Ecuador">Poverty Impacts of Increased Openness and Fiscal Policies in a Dollarized economy: A CGE-Micro Approach for Ecuador</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We quantify the effects on poverty and income distribution in Ecuador of bilateral trade liberalization with the US and a budget-neutral value added tax increase which seeks to compensate tariff revenue losses. We stress the study of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30440855" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We quantify the effects on poverty and income distribution in Ecuador of bilateral trade liberalization with the US and a budget-neutral value added tax increase which seeks to compensate tariff revenue losses. We stress the study of fiscal policies that the government could tap in order to compensate for tariff revenue loss. This is a very important issue for Ecuador because this country adopted the US dollar as its currency in 2000, forgiving the use of important policy instruments. To study these issues we combine a reduced-form micro household income and occupational choice model (using 2005/6 data from the Ecuadorian LSMS) with a standard single-country computable general equilibrium model (employing a 2004 SAM). We follow a sequential approach that simulates the full distributional impact of trade and tax policies. We find that the impact of these policy changes on extreme poverty and income distribution is small but positive.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30440855" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1139ec709beb81a5054fd77590b01025" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50883135,"asset_id":30440855,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50883135/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58029186" href="https://urosario.academia.edu/RArguello">Ricardo Arguello</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58029186" type="text/json">{"id":58029186,"first_name":"Ricardo","last_name":"Arguello","domain_name":"urosario","page_name":"RArguello","display_name":"Ricardo Arguello","profile_url":"https://urosario.academia.edu/RArguello?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30440855 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30440855"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30440855, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30440855", }); 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We stress the study of fiscal policies that the government could tap in order to compensate for tariff revenue loss. This is a very important issue for Ecuador because this country adopted the US dollar as its currency in 2000, forgiving the use of important policy instruments. To study these issues we combine a reduced-form micro household income and occupational choice model (using 2005/6 data from the Ecuadorian LSMS) with a standard single-country computable general equilibrium model (employing a 2004 SAM). We follow a sequential approach that simulates the full distributional impact of trade and tax policies. We find that the impact of these policy changes on extreme poverty and income distribution is small but positive.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50883135,"asset_id":30440855,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":58029186,"first_name":"Ricardo","last_name":"Arguello","domain_name":"urosario","page_name":"RArguello","display_name":"Ricardo Arguello","profile_url":"https://urosario.academia.edu/RArguello?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12175,"name":"Tax Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Policy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":21198,"name":"Fiscal policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_policy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":44391,"name":"Policy Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Change?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":179873,"name":"Value Added Tax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Added_Tax?f_ri=25220"},{"id":233014,"name":"DOCUMENTOS DE TRABAJO SOCIAL","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DOCUMENTOS_DE_TRABAJO_SOCIAL?f_ri=25220"},{"id":557162,"name":"Bilateral trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bilateral_trade?f_ri=25220"},{"id":763308,"name":"Occupational Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Choice?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19290766" data-work_id="19290766" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19290766/Measuring_poverty_and_inequality_in_a_computable_general_equilibrium_model">Measuring poverty and inequality in a computable general equilibrium model</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper aims to evaluate the relevance of different types of macroeconomic general equilibrium modelling for measuring the impact of economic policy shocks on the incidence of poverty and on the distribution of income. In the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19290766" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper aims to evaluate the relevance of different types of macroeconomic general equilibrium modelling for measuring the impact of economic policy shocks on the incidence of poverty and on the distribution of income. In the literature three approaches are identified. The first is ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19290766" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7a1f3d342e0bc3b618f022cf0f5c95a2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40539113,"asset_id":19290766,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40539113/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39546354" href="https://usherbrooke.academia.edu/LucSavard">Luc Savard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39546354" type="text/json">{"id":39546354,"first_name":"Luc","last_name":"Savard","domain_name":"usherbrooke","page_name":"LucSavard","display_name":"Luc Savard","profile_url":"https://usherbrooke.academia.edu/LucSavard?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19290766 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19290766"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19290766, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19290766", }); 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In the literature three approaches are identified. The first is ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40539113,"asset_id":19290766,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39546354,"first_name":"Luc","last_name":"Savard","domain_name":"usherbrooke","page_name":"LucSavard","display_name":"Luc Savard","profile_url":"https://usherbrooke.academia.edu/LucSavard?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10220,"name":"Economic policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":48601,"name":"General Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_Equilibrium?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":313195,"name":"Survey data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Survey_data?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1131216,"name":"Distribution of Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distribution_of_Income?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17352837" data-work_id="17352837" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17352837/Farm_based_versus_industrial_eucalyptus_plantations_for_electricity_generation_in_Nicaragua">Farm-based versus industrial eucalyptus plantations for electricity generation in Nicaragua</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share 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Turkenburg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WimTurkenburg?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":57433,"name":"Seasonality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasonality?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":70854,"name":"Developing Country","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Country?f_ri=25220"},{"id":148386,"name":"Minimum Wage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minimum_Wage?f_ri=25220"},{"id":280718,"name":"General Electric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/General_Electric?f_ri=25220"},{"id":594515,"name":"Value added","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_added?f_ri=25220"},{"id":868965,"name":"Low Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Income?f_ri=25220"},{"id":886971,"name":"Electricity Generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electricity_Generation?f_ri=25220"},{"id":892890,"name":"Point of View","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Point_of_View?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1272117,"name":"Combined Heat and Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combined_Heat_and_Power?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1327639,"name":"Energy Crop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Crop?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70824641" data-work_id="70824641" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70824641/Assessing_Income_Distribution_at_the_District_Level_for_India_Using_Nighttime_Satellite_Imagery">Assessing Income Distribution at the District Level for India Using Nighttime Satellite Imagery</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70824641" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ab98bab481aea799af199a6c413ae141" rel="nofollow" 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By demonstrating such a level of dogmatism and narrow-mindedness, his opponents might have missed the main role of Piketty, agent provocateur, “forcing us to think about new ideas and new possibilities” (Jones, 2015 p. 30).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15782111" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a5bb2f55d5b157f44612b783c51c0566" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38793400,"asset_id":15782111,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38793400/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10667546" href="https://independent.academia.edu/jeanarmandfigeac">Jean Armand Figeac</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10667546" type="text/json">{"id":10667546,"first_name":"Jean Armand","last_name":"Figeac","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"jeanarmandfigeac","display_name":"Jean Armand Figeac","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/jeanarmandfigeac?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10667546/10625321/14136662/s65_jean_armand.figeac.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15782111 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15782111"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15782111, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15782111", }); 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By demonstrating such a level of dogmatism and narrow-mindedness, his opponents might have missed the main role of Piketty, agent provocateur, “forcing us to think about new ideas and new possibilities” (Jones, 2015 p. 30).\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38793400,"asset_id":15782111,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10667546,"first_name":"Jean Armand","last_name":"Figeac","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"jeanarmandfigeac","display_name":"Jean Armand Figeac","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/jeanarmandfigeac?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10667546/10625321/14136662/s65_jean_armand.figeac.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":133239,"name":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth Relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_Policy_and_Economic_Growth_Relationship?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":1576315,"name":"Thomas Piketty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thomas_Piketty?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72667951" data-work_id="72667951" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72667951/Mecanismos_de_Prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Social_para_a_Popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Idosa_Brasileira">Mecanismos de Proteção Social para a População Idosa Brasileira</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The main objective of this paper is to examine the opportunities, difficulties andchallenges of an effective social protection for the elderly population. The articleemphasizes the public policies of income and long term care, as well as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72667951" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The main objective of this paper is to examine the opportunities, difficulties andchallenges of an effective social protection for the elderly population. The articleemphasizes the public policies of income and long term care, as well as the family asthe main informal source of support to that population. It is assumed that the lack ofautonomy to deal with the activities of the daily life and the lackness of income arethe main determinants of the &quot;dependence&quot; of the aged ones. The information usedare obtained from some demographic census and the Brazilian National HouseholdSample Survey [Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD)].One of the conclusions is that in the micro level, the degree of dependence ofthe aged individuals is, in large deal, determined for the provision of income from theState. This suggests that when it reduces or increases social security benefits, the Stateis not only affecting individuals, but a considerable proportion of family income.Thi...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72667951" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4fdc50004036ca0de4316b7488337565" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81505298,"asset_id":72667951,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81505298/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34137328" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnaCamarano">Ana Camarano</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34137328" type="text/json">{"id":34137328,"first_name":"Ana","last_name":"Camarano","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnaCamarano","display_name":"Ana Camarano","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnaCamarano?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72667951 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72667951"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72667951, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72667951", }); 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The articleemphasizes the public policies of income and long term care, as well as the family asthe main informal source of support to that population. It is assumed that the lack ofautonomy to deal with the activities of the daily life and the lackness of income arethe main determinants of the \u0026quot;dependence\u0026quot; of the aged ones. The information usedare obtained from some demographic census and the Brazilian National HouseholdSample Survey [Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD)].One of the conclusions is that in the micro level, the degree of dependence ofthe aged individuals is, in large deal, determined for the provision of income from theState. This suggests that when it reduces or increases social security benefits, the Stateis not only affecting individuals, but a considerable proportion of family income.Thi...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81505298,"asset_id":72667951,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34137328,"first_name":"Ana","last_name":"Camarano","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnaCamarano","display_name":"Ana Camarano","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnaCamarano?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":3431,"name":"Long Term Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Care?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":7464,"name":"Social Protection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Protection?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":24624,"name":"Social Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Security?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220"},{"id":104112,"name":"Information Sources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Sources?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60573862" data-work_id="60573862" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60573862/The_Employment_Creation_Impact_of_the_Addis_Ababa_Integrated_Housing_Program_Draft">The Employment Creation Impact of the Addis Ababa Integrated Housing Program — Draft</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60573862" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d428d0c1bf6c8e667c6ed90820a16f70" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73958024,"asset_id":60573862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73958024/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40525326" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BobRijkers">Bob Rijkers</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40525326" type="text/json">{"id":40525326,"first_name":"Bob","last_name":"Rijkers","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BobRijkers","display_name":"Bob Rijkers","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BobRijkers?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_60573862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="60573862"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60573862, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_60573862", }); 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The results of the Austrian (revised) ISEW calculation 1955–1992</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48657676" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87a5090c188ba7e20b9342a675645310" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67156257,"asset_id":48657676,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67156257/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51361709" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HaraldHochreiter">Harald Hochreiter</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51361709" type="text/json">{"id":51361709,"first_name":"Harald","last_name":"Hochreiter","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HaraldHochreiter","display_name":"Harald Hochreiter","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HaraldHochreiter?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48657676 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48657676"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48657676, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48657676", }); 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12296794/MEASURING_THE_EQUITY_BURDEN_IN_PUBLIC_SERVICE_PROVISION_THE_CASE_OF_NEW_JERSEY_TOLL_ROADS">MEASURING THE EQUITY BURDEN IN PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION: THE CASE OF NEW JERSEY TOLL ROADS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Economic theory recognises equity dimensions of social welfare as well as efficiency issues. This paper examines three measures of equity-horizontal, vertical and locational-analysing data .from the toll collections on the New Jersey... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12296794" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Economic theory recognises equity dimensions of social welfare as well as efficiency issues. This paper examines three measures of equity-horizontal, vertical and locational-analysing data .from the toll collections on the New<br />Jersey Turnpike and Garden State Parkway. Policy implications are provided.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12296794" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8c70a52323324afe8ee7d430c53a11ef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37581955,"asset_id":12296794,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37581955/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1195137" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/CameronGordon">Cameron Gordon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1195137" type="text/json">{"id":1195137,"first_name":"Cameron","last_name":"Gordon","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"CameronGordon","display_name":"Cameron Gordon","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/CameronGordon?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1195137/428089/10065985/s65_cameron.gordon.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12296794">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12296794"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JonathanPeters4">Jonathan Peters</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12296794'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12296794').html(); 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This paper examines three measures of equity-horizontal, vertical and locational-analysing data .from the toll collections on the New\nJersey Turnpike and Garden State Parkway. Policy implications are provided.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37581955,"asset_id":12296794,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1195137,"first_name":"Cameron","last_name":"Gordon","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"CameronGordon","display_name":"Cameron Gordon","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/CameronGordon?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1195137/428089/10065985/s65_cameron.gordon.jpg"},{"id":30926659,"first_name":"Jonathan","last_name":"Peters","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JonathanPeters4","display_name":"Jonathan Peters","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JonathanPeters4?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9870,"name":"Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":10432,"name":"Transportation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transportation?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":27991,"name":"Equity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":48703,"name":"Urban Transportation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Transportation?f_ri=25220"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220"},{"id":287159,"name":"Road Pricing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_Pricing?f_ri=25220"},{"id":387215,"name":"Tolls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tolls?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1476672,"name":"Electronic Road Pricing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electronic_Road_Pricing?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64635312" data-work_id="64635312" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64635312/The_Genuine_Progress_Indicator_1998_Update">The Genuine Progress Indicator — 1998 Update</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64635312" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8ad29285619ccacfece74f121f3ffa80" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76579581,"asset_id":64635312,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76579581/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14107536" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MAnielski">Mark Anielski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14107536" type="text/json">{"id":14107536,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Anielski","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MAnielski","display_name":"Mark Anielski","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MAnielski?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14107536/148381921/137942431/s65_mark.anielski.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64635312 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64635312"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64635312, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64635312", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64635312]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64635312").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64635312").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64635312"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11976" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_pollution">Air pollution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11976" type="text/json">{"id":11976,"name":"Air pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_pollution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Pollution">Water Pollution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21724" type="text/json">{"id":21724,"name":"Water Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Pollution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution">Income Distribution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25220" type="text/json">{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49459" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality">Income inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49459" type="text/json">{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64635312]'), work: {"id":64635312,"title":"The Genuine Progress Indicator — 1998 Update","created_at":"2021-12-16T13:49:38.160-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64635312/The_Genuine_Progress_Indicator_1998_Update?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_64635312","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76579581,"asset_id":64635312,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14107536,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Anielski","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MAnielski","display_name":"Mark Anielski","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MAnielski?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14107536/148381921/137942431/s65_mark.anielski.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11976,"name":"Air pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_pollution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":21724,"name":"Water Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Pollution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":255925,"name":"Noise Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Noise_Pollution?f_ri=25220"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation?f_ri=25220"},{"id":843704,"name":"Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genuine_Progress_Indicator_GPI_?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6123209 coauthored" data-work_id="6123209" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6123209/Mining_Activity_Income_Inequality_and_Gender_in_Australia">Mining Activity, Income Inequality and Gender in Australia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mining activity has been a significant driver of export growth as well as income and employment in parts of regional Australia. However, while income growth is an economic benefit, the high incomes associated with the mining sector may... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6123209" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mining activity has been a significant driver of export growth as well as income and employment in parts of regional Australia. However, while income growth is an economic benefit, the high incomes associated with the mining sector may also lead to greater inequality. This paper describes an empirical analysis of mining activity and income inequality in regional Australia. The Gini coefficient (a measure of inequality) for personal income is found to be significantly associated with levels of mining employment. However, this relationship is not linear. Rather, income inequality initially increases with mining activity, before decreasing at medium to high levels of mining employment, following a Kuznets curve pattern. Segregating data for men and women reveals very different patterns. Among men, inequality initially increases as mining employment in a region increases, but then sharply decreases; at high levels of mining activity, income inequality among men is lower than is typically observed in non-mining areas. Among women, income inequality increases with mining activity throughout its range. This suggests that income inequality is most likely to be a problem in locales with intermediate levels of mining activity and that it affects men and women quite differently.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6123209" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="60f2a686cf87082596f7348257a15cf9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33026728,"asset_id":6123209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33026728/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33357847" href="https://csiro.academia.edu/AndrewReeson">Andrew Reeson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33357847" type="text/json">{"id":33357847,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Reeson","domain_name":"csiro","page_name":"AndrewReeson","display_name":"Andrew Reeson","profile_url":"https://csiro.academia.edu/AndrewReeson?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-6123209">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-6123209"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://csiro.academia.edu/ThomasMeasham">Thomas Measham</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-6123209'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-6123209').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6123209 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6123209"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6123209; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6123209]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6123209").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6123209").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6123209"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution">Income Distribution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25220" type="text/json">{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46135" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource_and_Environmental_Economics">Natural Resource and Environmental Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46135" type="text/json">{"id":46135,"name":"Natural Resource and Environmental Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource_and_Environmental_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6123209]'), work: {"id":6123209,"title":"Mining Activity, Income Inequality and Gender in Australia","created_at":"2014-02-18T09:43:15.551-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6123209/Mining_Activity_Income_Inequality_and_Gender_in_Australia?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_6123209","summary":"Mining activity has been a significant driver of export growth as well as income and employment in parts of regional Australia. However, while income growth is an economic benefit, the high incomes associated with the mining sector may also lead to greater inequality. This paper describes an empirical analysis of mining activity and income inequality in regional Australia. The Gini coefficient (a measure of inequality) for personal income is found to be significantly associated with levels of mining employment. However, this relationship is not linear. Rather, income inequality initially increases with mining activity, before decreasing at medium to high levels of mining employment, following a Kuznets curve pattern. Segregating data for men and women reveals very different patterns. Among men, inequality initially increases as mining employment in a region increases, but then sharply decreases; at high levels of mining activity, income inequality among men is lower than is typically observed in non-mining areas. Among women, income inequality increases with mining activity throughout its range. This suggests that income inequality is most likely to be a problem in locales with intermediate levels of mining activity and that it affects men and women quite differently.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33026728,"asset_id":6123209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33357847,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Reeson","domain_name":"csiro","page_name":"AndrewReeson","display_name":"Andrew Reeson","profile_url":"https://csiro.academia.edu/AndrewReeson?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":9272646,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Measham","domain_name":"csiro","page_name":"ThomasMeasham","display_name":"Thomas Measham","profile_url":"https://csiro.academia.edu/ThomasMeasham?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9272646/2976228/17955160/s65_thomas.measham.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":46135,"name":"Natural Resource and Environmental Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource_and_Environmental_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14867014" data-work_id="14867014" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14867014/Impacts_of_contrasting_housing_policies_on_low_income_households_in_Australia_and_the_Netherlands">Impacts of contrasting housing policies on low-income households in Australia and the Netherlands</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li 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Pricing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Road_Pricing?f_ri=25220"},{"id":993329,"name":"Empirical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Analysis?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1957240,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE_AND_MANAGEMENT?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6315021" data-work_id="6315021" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6315021/DAMPAK_INVESTASI_SUMBER_DAYA_MANUSIA_DAN_BANTUAN_LANGSUNG_TUNAI_TERHADAP_DISTRIBUSI_PENDAPATAN_RUMAHTANGGA_DI_INDONESIA">DAMPAK INVESTASI SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA DAN BANTUAN LANGSUNG TUNAI TERHADAP DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN RUMAHTANGGA DI 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Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":167339,"name":"Redistribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Redistribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":298440,"name":"Public Service","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Service?f_ri=25220"},{"id":980397,"name":"Median Voter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Median_Voter?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27445663" data-work_id="27445663" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27445663/Working_time_reduction_and_employment_experiences_in_Europe_and_economic_policy_recommendations">Working-time reduction and employment: experiences in Europe and economic policy recommendations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27445663" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="85bb09241f636d3ed45073b126bb01fb" rel="nofollow" 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window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27445663"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27445663 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27445663"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27445663; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27445663]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27445663").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27445663").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27445663"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory">Economic Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6208" type="text/json">{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy">Economic policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10220" type="text/json">{"id":10220,"name":"Economic policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution">Income Distribution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25220" type="text/json">{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27659" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics">Applied Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27659" type="text/json">{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27445663]'), work: {"id":27445663,"title":"Working-time reduction and employment: experiences in Europe and economic policy recommendations","created_at":"2016-08-01T12:04:13.974-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27445663/Working_time_reduction_and_employment_experiences_in_Europe_and_economic_policy_recommendations?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_27445663","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47703349,"asset_id":27445663,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36598132,"first_name":"Gerhard","last_name":"Bosch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GerhardBosch","display_name":"Gerhard Bosch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GerhardBosch?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":10220,"name":"Economic policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":46552,"name":"Policy Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Design?f_ri=25220"},{"id":47894,"name":"Working Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Time?f_ri=25220"},{"id":91117,"name":"Labour Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labour_Market?f_ri=25220"},{"id":219474,"name":"Empirical Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Study?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1979357,"name":"Cambridge Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cambridge_Economics?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34132515" data-work_id="34132515" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34132515/Ghanas_cocoa_pricing_policy">Ghana's cocoa pricing policy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ghana&#39;s cocoa production has declined in the past 25 years from half the world market share to about one tenth of the market. This has been partly due to policies that overvalued the domestic currency and heavily taxed cocoa exports.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34132515" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ghana&#39;s cocoa production has declined in the past 25 years from half the world market share to about one tenth of the market. This has been partly due to policies that overvalued the domestic currency and heavily taxed cocoa exports. This study addresses the dilemma Ghana&#39;s government faces: how to provide enough producer incentives to stimulate the cocoa exports Ghana</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34132515" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="45626bee5ac5c2378ae374708afcc316" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54059515,"asset_id":34132515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54059515/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="967642" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/DavidMNewbery">David M. Newbery</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="967642" type="text/json">{"id":967642,"first_name":"David M.","last_name":"Newbery","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"DavidMNewbery","display_name":"David M. Newbery","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/DavidMNewbery?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/967642/33609021/29877848/s65_david_m..newbery.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34132515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34132515"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34132515, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34132515", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34132515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34132515; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34132515"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34132515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34132515"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34132515; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34132515]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34132515").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34132515").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34132515"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory">Economic Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6208" type="text/json">{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy">Economic policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10220" type="text/json">{"id":10220,"name":"Economic policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution">Income Distribution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25220" type="text/json">{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="111071" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Exchange">Foreign Exchange</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="111071" type="text/json">{"id":111071,"name":"Foreign Exchange","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Exchange?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34132515]'), work: {"id":34132515,"title":"Ghana's cocoa pricing policy","created_at":"2017-08-04T10:57:58.595-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34132515/Ghanas_cocoa_pricing_policy?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_34132515","summary":"Ghana\u0026#39;s cocoa production has declined in the past 25 years from half the world market share to about one tenth of the market. This has been partly due to policies that overvalued the domestic currency and heavily taxed cocoa exports. This study addresses the dilemma Ghana\u0026#39;s government faces: how to provide enough producer incentives to stimulate the cocoa exports Ghana","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54059515,"asset_id":34132515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":967642,"first_name":"David M.","last_name":"Newbery","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"DavidMNewbery","display_name":"David M. Newbery","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/DavidMNewbery?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/967642/33609021/29877848/s65_david_m..newbery.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":10220,"name":"Economic policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":111071,"name":"Foreign Exchange","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Exchange?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":142184,"name":"Crop management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_management?f_ri=25220"},{"id":466041,"name":"Market Share","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Share?f_ri=25220"},{"id":595385,"name":"Fiscal Deficit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_Deficit?f_ri=25220"},{"id":853808,"name":"Exchange rate regime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exchange_rate_regime?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37732890" data-work_id="37732890" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37732890/R_and_D_EFFECTIVENESS_IN_THE_PHARMACEUTICAL_INDUSTRY">R&D EFFECTIVENESS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">One of the challenges for the Big Pharma is finding the golden line in the tradeoff between innovation and pricing. This paper investigates the relationship between R&D expenditures, patents and gross profits, based on US pharmaceutical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37732890" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">One of the challenges for the Big Pharma is finding the golden line in the tradeoff between innovation and pricing. This paper investigates the relationship between R&D expenditures, patents and gross profits, based on US pharmaceutical industry panel data. The initial hypothesis states that there is a positive relationship between the R&D expenditures, patents applied in a current year and the company's profitability measured in terms of gross profits. The study concludes that there is a significant positive relationship between the R&D spending and the number of the applied patents in a current year. However, the relationship between the patents applied and the profitability has proved to be negative. The incline in the total assets and sales volume leads to the increasing profitability, whereas the size of the firm measured by the number of employees has an opposite negative effect. Results are relevant to the ongoing discussions regarding the fairness of pharmaceutical industry pricing, since it provides an evidence on the relationship between R&D expenditures, patents and gross profits.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37732890" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3bd3295e165a97760183a39605599be" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57727321,"asset_id":37732890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57727321/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26904788" href="https://lazarski.academia.edu/LukaszKonopielko">Lukasz Konopielko</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26904788" type="text/json">{"id":26904788,"first_name":"Lukasz","last_name":"Konopielko","domain_name":"lazarski","page_name":"LukaszKonopielko","display_name":"Lukasz Konopielko","profile_url":"https://lazarski.academia.edu/LukaszKonopielko?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26904788/43850792/34712285/s65_lukasz.konopielko.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37732890 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37732890"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37732890, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37732890", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37732890]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37732890").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37732890").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37732890"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="656" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="656" type="text/json">{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6631" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Innovation">Economics of Innovation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6631" type="text/json">{"id":6631,"name":"Economics of Innovation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Innovation?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7682" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patents">Patents</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7682" type="text/json">{"id":7682,"name":"Patents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patents?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16288" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health">Public Health</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16288" type="text/json">{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37732890]'), work: {"id":37732890,"title":"R\u0026D EFFECTIVENESS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY","created_at":"2018-11-09T03:50:57.497-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37732890/R_and_D_EFFECTIVENESS_IN_THE_PHARMACEUTICAL_INDUSTRY?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_37732890","summary":"One of the challenges for the Big Pharma is finding the golden line in the tradeoff between innovation and pricing. This paper investigates the relationship between R\u0026D expenditures, patents and gross profits, based on US pharmaceutical industry panel data. The initial hypothesis states that there is a positive relationship between the R\u0026D expenditures, patents applied in a current year and the company's profitability measured in terms of gross profits. The study concludes that there is a significant positive relationship between the R\u0026D spending and the number of the applied patents in a current year. However, the relationship between the patents applied and the profitability has proved to be negative. The incline in the total assets and sales volume leads to the increasing profitability, whereas the size of the firm measured by the number of employees has an opposite negative effect. Results are relevant to the ongoing discussions regarding the fairness of pharmaceutical industry pricing, since it provides an evidence on the relationship between R\u0026D expenditures, patents and gross profits.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57727321,"asset_id":37732890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26904788,"first_name":"Lukasz","last_name":"Konopielko","domain_name":"lazarski","page_name":"LukaszKonopielko","display_name":"Lukasz Konopielko","profile_url":"https://lazarski.academia.edu/LukaszKonopielko?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26904788/43850792/34712285/s65_lukasz.konopielko.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":6631,"name":"Economics of Innovation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Innovation?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":7682,"name":"Patents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patents?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":19870,"name":"Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research?f_ri=25220"},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220"},{"id":25578,"name":"Global Intellectual Property Laws (patents) \u0026 Bioeconomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Intellectual_Property_Laws_patents_and_Bioeconomy?f_ri=25220"},{"id":35115,"name":"Innovation, Patents, R\u0026D","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovation_Patents_R_and_D?f_ri=25220"},{"id":41745,"name":"Pharmaceutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmaceutics?f_ri=25220"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220"},{"id":54650,"name":"Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmaceuticals?f_ri=25220"},{"id":98979,"name":"Big Pharma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Big_Pharma?f_ri=25220"},{"id":121035,"name":"Profitability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Profitability?f_ri=25220"},{"id":129891,"name":"Research and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_and_Development-2?f_ri=25220"},{"id":219927,"name":"Efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Efficiency?f_ri=25220"},{"id":585515,"name":"Research and Development Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_and_Development_Management?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18215898" data-work_id="18215898" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18215898/PROGRAMAS_DE_TRANSFER%C3%8ANCIAS_DE_RENDA_NO_BRASIL_IMPACTOS_SOBRE_A_DESIGUALDADE">PROGRAMAS DE TRANSFERÊNCIAS DE RENDA NO BRASIL: IMPACTOS SOBRE A DESIGUALDADE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper evaluates the contribution of cash transfer programmes to the observed fall in inequality in Brazil between 1995 and 2004 as well as its impact on poverty. We use the 2004 Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) that for the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18215898" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper evaluates the contribution of cash transfer programmes to the observed fall in inequality in Brazil between 1995 and 2004 as well as its impact on poverty. We use the 2004 Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) that for the first time collected data on the incidence of some of the cash transfer programmes. We develop a methodology to separate</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18215898" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e4adc37177536077b7b354a7257bb87c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39937938,"asset_id":18215898,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39937938/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38201918" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SergeiSoares">Sergei Soares</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38201918" type="text/json">{"id":38201918,"first_name":"Sergei","last_name":"Soares","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SergeiSoares","display_name":"Sergei Soares","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SergeiSoares?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18215898 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18215898"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18215898, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18215898", }); 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We use the 2004 Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) that for the first time collected data on the incidence of some of the cash transfer programmes. We develop a methodology to separate","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39937938,"asset_id":18215898,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38201918,"first_name":"Sergei","last_name":"Soares","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SergeiSoares","display_name":"Sergei Soares","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SergeiSoares?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":83069,"name":"Old Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_Age?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":148386,"name":"Minimum Wage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minimum_Wage?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":403046,"name":"Cash Transfers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cash_Transfers?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":459373,"name":"Gini Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gini_Index?f_ri=25220"},{"id":586327,"name":"Household Survey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Household_Survey?f_ri=25220"},{"id":877360,"name":"Conditional cash transfer programs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conditional_cash_transfer_programs?f_ri=25220"},{"id":920052,"name":"Administrative Records","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Administrative_Records?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1789202,"name":"Concentration Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concentration_Index?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2375283" data-work_id="2375283" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2375283/Global_Inequality_Beyond_the_Bottom_Billion_A_Rapid_Review_of_Income_Distribution_in_141_Countries">Global Inequality: Beyond the Bottom Billion – A Rapid Review of Income Distribution in 141 Countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2375283" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5d3c32128be03995fbc89c3ea00bc49f" rel="nofollow" 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workId = 2375283; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2375283"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2375283 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2375283"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2375283; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2375283]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2375283").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { 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type="text/json">{"id":27991,"name":"Equity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39693" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Data_Mining">Distributed Data Mining</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39693" type="text/json">{"id":39693,"name":"Distributed Data Mining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Data_Mining?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="44391" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Change">Policy Change</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="44391" type="text/json">{"id":44391,"name":"Policy Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Change?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2375283]'), work: {"id":2375283,"title":"Global Inequality: Beyond the Bottom Billion – A Rapid Review of Income Distribution in 141 Countries","created_at":"2013-01-07T23:22:03.380-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2375283/Global_Inequality_Beyond_the_Bottom_Billion_A_Rapid_Review_of_Income_Distribution_in_141_Countries?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_2375283","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30410060,"asset_id":2375283,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3059401,"first_name":"Isabel","last_name":"Ortiz","domain_name":"ilo","page_name":"IsabelOrtiz","display_name":"Isabel Ortiz","profile_url":"https://ilo.academia.edu/IsabelOrtiz?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3059401/1006006/1258043/s65_isabel.ortiz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25220,"name":"Income 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data-work_id="9504276" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9504276/Growth_Income_Distribution_and_Poverty">Growth, Income Distribution, and Poverty</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9504276" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3cc5d4971fcfa111a4f45f73a9fece79" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35732636,"asset_id":9504276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35732636/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22284067" href="https://oru.academia.edu/J%C3%B6rgenLevin">Jörgen Levin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22284067" 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window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9504276"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9504276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9504276"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9504276; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9504276]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9504276").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9504276").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9504276"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="941" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy">Social Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="941" type="text/json">{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth">Economic Growth</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4484" type="text/json">{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5745" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Capital">Social Capital</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5745" type="text/json">{"id":5745,"name":"Social Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Capital?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7428" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Education">Health Education</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7428" type="text/json">{"id":7428,"name":"Health Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Education?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9504276]'), work: {"id":9504276,"title":"Growth, Income Distribution, and Poverty","created_at":"2014-11-25T22:57:07.691-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9504276/Growth_Income_Distribution_and_Poverty?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_9504276","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35732636,"asset_id":9504276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":22284067,"first_name":"Jörgen","last_name":"Levin","domain_name":"oru","page_name":"JörgenLevin","display_name":"Jörgen Levin","profile_url":"https://oru.academia.edu/J%C3%B6rgenLevin?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":5745,"name":"Social Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Capital?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":7428,"name":"Health Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Education?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=25220"},{"id":14042,"name":"Human Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Capital?f_ri=25220"},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220"},{"id":59546,"name":"New Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Technology?f_ri=25220"},{"id":143965,"name":"Social Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Conflict?f_ri=25220"},{"id":160336,"name":"Institutional Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Environment?f_ri=25220"},{"id":219474,"name":"Empirical Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Study?f_ri=25220"},{"id":1006340,"name":"Credit Rationing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Credit_Rationing?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17153846 coauthored" data-work_id="17153846" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17153846/World_Income_Inequality_1820_2000">World Income Inequality 1820-2000</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17153846" 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class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29815024" href="https://uva.academia.edu/PeterFoldvari">Peter Foldvari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29815024" type="text/json">{"id":29815024,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Foldvari","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"PeterFoldvari","display_name":"Peter Foldvari","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/PeterFoldvari?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29815024/8597153/9603693/s65_peter.foldvari.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-17153846">+4</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-17153846"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/JoergBaten">Joerg Baten</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JanZanden">Jan Zanden</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uu.academia.edu/JanLuitenvanZanden">Jan Luiten van Zanden</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://iisg.academia.edu/BasVanLeeuwen">Bas Van Leeuwen</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-17153846'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-17153846').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17153846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17153846"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17153846, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17153846", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17153846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17153846; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17153846"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17153846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17153846"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17153846; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17153846]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17153846").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17153846").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17153846"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution">Income Distribution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25220" type="text/json">{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49459" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality">Income inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49459" type="text/json">{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17153846]'), work: {"id":17153846,"title":"World Income Inequality 1820-2000","created_at":"2015-10-22T05:49:05.475-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17153846/World_Income_Inequality_1820_2000?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_17153846","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42301734,"asset_id":17153846,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29815024,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Foldvari","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"PeterFoldvari","display_name":"Peter Foldvari","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/PeterFoldvari?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29815024/8597153/9603693/s65_peter.foldvari.jpg"},{"id":1543843,"first_name":"Joerg","last_name":"Baten","domain_name":"uni-tuebingen","page_name":"JoergBaten","display_name":"Joerg Baten","profile_url":"https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/JoergBaten?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1543843/545388/680996/s65_joerg.baten.jpg"},{"id":30276711,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Zanden","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JanZanden","display_name":"Jan Zanden","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JanZanden?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":32457809,"first_name":"Jan Luiten","last_name":"van Zanden","domain_name":"uu","page_name":"JanLuitenvanZanden","display_name":"Jan Luiten van Zanden","profile_url":"https://uu.academia.edu/JanLuitenvanZanden?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32457809/14815487/15609308/s65_jan_luiten.van_zanden.jpg"},{"id":29900448,"first_name":"Bas Van","last_name":"Leeuwen","domain_name":"iisg","page_name":"BasVanLeeuwen","display_name":"Bas Van Leeuwen","profile_url":"https://iisg.academia.edu/BasVanLeeuwen?f_ri=25220","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22908715" data-work_id="22908715" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22908715/Wealth_Inequality_in_Black_and_White_Cultural_and_Structural_Sources_of_the_Racial_Wealth_Gap">Wealth Inequality in Black and White: Cultural and Structural Sources of the Racial Wealth Gap</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using data from the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances, this research examines competing and complementary cultural and structural explanations of the sources of racial differences in wealth. We use OLS regression and quantile regression to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22908715" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using data from the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances, this research examines competing and complementary cultural and structural explanations of the sources of racial differences in wealth. We use OLS regression and quantile regression to identify the major individual-level sources of wealth differences between African Americans and whites. Whites have more favorable wealth characteristics than do African Americans on all of the variables in the analysis: gender of household head, bankruptcies, spending patterns, stock ownership, business ownership, home ownership, inheritance, educational attainment, income, occupation, age, and number of children. Cultural factors, having a female-headed family, spending patterns, and inheritance account for little of the racial wealth gap. Racial differences in income, stock ownership, and business ownership account for much of the explained racial wealth gap. Moreover, compared with whites, African Americans receive significantly lower wealth returns to education, age, income, stock ownership, and business ownership. We discuss the implications of our findings.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22908715" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="76b2494cb1c201786f27a76a236afadb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43448462,"asset_id":22908715,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43448462/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9476003" href="https://umbc.academia.edu/CedricHerring">Cedric Herring</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9476003" type="text/json">{"id":9476003,"first_name":"Cedric","last_name":"Herring","domain_name":"umbc","page_name":"CedricHerring","display_name":"Cedric Herring","profile_url":"https://umbc.academia.edu/CedricHerring?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9476003/3063246/3602331/s65_cedric.herring.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22908715 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22908715"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22908715, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22908715", }); 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We use OLS regression and quantile regression to identify the major individual-level sources of wealth differences between African Americans and whites. Whites have more favorable wealth characteristics than do African Americans on all of the variables in the analysis: gender of household head, bankruptcies, spending patterns, stock ownership, business ownership, home ownership, inheritance, educational attainment, income, occupation, age, and number of children. Cultural factors, having a female-headed family, spending patterns, and inheritance account for little of the racial wealth gap. Racial differences in income, stock ownership, and business ownership account for much of the explained racial wealth gap. Moreover, compared with whites, African Americans receive significantly lower wealth returns to education, age, income, stock ownership, and business ownership. We discuss the implications of our findings.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43448462,"asset_id":22908715,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9476003,"first_name":"Cedric","last_name":"Herring","domain_name":"umbc","page_name":"CedricHerring","display_name":"Cedric Herring","profile_url":"https://umbc.academia.edu/CedricHerring?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9476003/3063246/3602331/s65_cedric.herring.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":15151,"name":"Racial Inequalities and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_Inequalities_and_Policy?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25221,"name":"Wealth Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220"},{"id":156237,"name":"Wealth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth?f_ri=25220"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=25220"},{"id":474357,"name":"Wealth inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth_inequality?f_ri=25220"},{"id":908830,"name":"Racial Wealth Gap","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_Wealth_Gap?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12454985" data-work_id="12454985" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12454985/Can_Behavioral_Economics_Address_Income_Inequality">Can Behavioral Economics Address Income Inequality?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the past decade, the field of behavioral economics has given new insights to our understanding of poverty—and, as a result, forced us to re-examine the current set of anti-poverty policies and programs. By designing and deploying... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12454985" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the past decade, the field of behavioral economics has given new insights to our understanding of poverty—and, as a result, forced us to re-examine the current set of anti-poverty policies and programs. By designing and deploying innovative interventions grounded in behavioral science, policymakers seek to ensure an early eradication of poverty and its associated economic ailments. <br />In this paper, we propose Basic Income - a flat, unconditional and universal monthly income to every citizen of a country as an alternate social welfare scheme. We begin the paper by analyzing some of the welfare policy themes currently in practice. We then propose an alternative in form of Basic Income. In Section 4, we use insights from behavioral economics to evaluate the proposed policy measure. We conclude by a discussion of the practicalities of this proposal in terms of cost, scale and feasibility.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12454985" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3ddcb23209293ac6eb3a56123b6727b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37674320,"asset_id":12454985,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37674320/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13908700" href="https://mit.academia.edu/RajatSethi">Rajat Sethi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13908700" type="text/json">{"id":13908700,"first_name":"Rajat","last_name":"Sethi","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"RajatSethi","display_name":"Rajat Sethi","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/RajatSethi?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13908700/6010792/6820342/s65_rajat.sethi.jpg_oh_f3e3d9f08ba89c231e4ce473a0138811_oe_55118e38___gda___1427892205_ab143f1045dbacd488246567e73bcf82"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12454985 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12454985"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12454985, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12454985", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12454985]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12454985").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12454985").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12454985"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6552" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basic_Income">Basic Income</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6552" type="text/json">{"id":6552,"name":"Basic Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basic_Income?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11395" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development">Economic Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11395" type="text/json">{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution">Income Distribution</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25220" type="text/json">{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12454985]'), work: {"id":12454985,"title":"Can Behavioral Economics Address Income Inequality?","created_at":"2015-05-18T20:37:58.044-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12454985/Can_Behavioral_Economics_Address_Income_Inequality?f_ri=25220","dom_id":"work_12454985","summary":"In the past decade, the field of behavioral economics has given new insights to our understanding of poverty—and, as a result, forced us to re-examine the current set of anti-poverty policies and programs. By designing and deploying innovative interventions grounded in behavioral science, policymakers seek to ensure an early eradication of poverty and its associated economic ailments. \r\nIn this paper, we propose Basic Income - a flat, unconditional and universal monthly income to every citizen of a country as an alternate social welfare scheme. We begin the paper by analyzing some of the welfare policy themes currently in practice. We then propose an alternative in form of Basic Income. In Section 4, we use insights from behavioral economics to evaluate the proposed policy measure. We conclude by a discussion of the practicalities of this proposal in terms of cost, scale and feasibility. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37674320,"asset_id":12454985,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13908700,"first_name":"Rajat","last_name":"Sethi","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"RajatSethi","display_name":"Rajat Sethi","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/RajatSethi?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13908700/6010792/6820342/s65_rajat.sethi.jpg_oh_f3e3d9f08ba89c231e4ce473a0138811_oe_55118e38___gda___1427892205_ab143f1045dbacd488246567e73bcf82"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":6552,"name":"Basic Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basic_Income?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=25220"},{"id":167339,"name":"Redistribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Redistribution?f_ri=25220"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45285370" data-work_id="45285370" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45285370/Income_Distribution_and_Relative_Prices_in_Italy_1970_2003">Income Distribution and Relative Prices in Italy, 1970-2003</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45285370" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bb692398934671581b4d76d06908d3ec" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65841804,"asset_id":45285370,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65841804/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26078169" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EnricoSergioLevrero">Enrico Sergio Levrero</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26078169" type="text/json">{"id":26078169,"first_name":"Enrico Sergio","last_name":"Levrero","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EnricoSergioLevrero","display_name":"Enrico Sergio Levrero","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EnricoSergioLevrero?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26078169/126224530/115597728/s65_enrico_sergio.levrero.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45285370 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45285370"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45285370, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45285370", }); 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O fato de nosso país estar entre os primeiros do mundo no ranking da desigualdade na distribuição de renda e a grande... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31986681" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nos últimos anos, percebeu-se um grande volume de estudos direcionados para a distribuição de renda no Brasil. O fato de nosso país estar entre os primeiros do mundo no ranking da desigualdade na distribuição de renda e a grande disponibilidade de dados produzidos e divulgados pelo IBGE justificam o interesse pelo tema. Os estudos dessa natureza no Brasil se intensificaram a partir dos anos 70 e prevalece o consenso de que a maior parte de toda a renda produzida no país continua nas mãos de poucos. Tanto nos estudos atuais como nos da década de 1970, há uma certa discordância quanto aos determinantes da má distribuição de renda. Alguns estudos continuam apontando a educação como variável de grande poder explicativo<br />das diferenças entre os rendimentos, enquanto outros procuram<br />demonstrar que há uma superestimação da variável<br />educação como determinante principal da desigualdade entre<br />os rendimentos.<br />Este livro está dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro trata dos estudos sobre a distribuição de renda no Brasil desde os anos 70 até os dias atuais e tem como objetivo esclarecer os principais determinantes da distribuição de renda em nosso país. O segundo aborda a distribuição de renda nos municípios paulistas e apresenta algumas comparações entre a concentração de renda no estado de São Paulo, nos estados selecionados e no Brasil. O terceiro discute alguns<br />aspectos metodológicos do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano<br />Municipal – IDH-M, bem como sua evolução no Brasil,<br />em estados selecionados e nos municípios do estado de<br />São Paulo. Realiza-se uma decomposição do índice em três<br />dimensões (longevidade, educação e renda) para realizar a<br />análise da evolução. O quarto procura relacionar distribuição<br />de renda com desenvolvimento humano nos municípios<br />do estado de São Paulo e também propõe um novo indicador<br />de desenvolvimento humano, o Índice de Desenvolvimento<br />Humano Municipal Amplo – IDHA-M, que, diferentemente<br />do IDH-M, inclui a concentração de renda.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31986681" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f290d56a76d3bb183e693968a48773dc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52257269,"asset_id":31986681,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52257269/download_file?st=MTczMjg2MzA2MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13233430" href="https://metodista.academia.edu/Mois%C3%A9sPais">Moisés Pais</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13233430" type="text/json">{"id":13233430,"first_name":"Moisés","last_name":"Pais","domain_name":"metodista","page_name":"MoisésPais","display_name":"Moisés Pais","profile_url":"https://metodista.academia.edu/Mois%C3%A9sPais?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13233430/4283574/34854207/s65_mois_s.pais.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31986681 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31986681"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31986681, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31986681", }); 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O fato de nosso país estar entre os primeiros do mundo no ranking da desigualdade na distribuição de renda e a grande disponibilidade de dados produzidos e divulgados pelo IBGE justificam o interesse pelo tema. Os estudos dessa natureza no Brasil se intensificaram a partir dos anos 70 e prevalece o consenso de que a maior parte de toda a renda produzida no país continua nas mãos de poucos. Tanto nos estudos atuais como nos da década de 1970, há uma certa discordância quanto aos determinantes da má distribuição de renda. Alguns estudos continuam apontando a educação como variável de grande poder explicativo\ndas diferenças entre os rendimentos, enquanto outros procuram\ndemonstrar que há uma superestimação da variável\neducação como determinante principal da desigualdade entre\nos rendimentos.\nEste livro está dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro trata dos estudos sobre a distribuição de renda no Brasil desde os anos 70 até os dias atuais e tem como objetivo esclarecer os principais determinantes da distribuição de renda em nosso país. O segundo aborda a distribuição de renda nos municípios paulistas e apresenta algumas comparações entre a concentração de renda no estado de São Paulo, nos estados selecionados e no Brasil. O terceiro discute alguns\naspectos metodológicos do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano\nMunicipal – IDH-M, bem como sua evolução no Brasil,\nem estados selecionados e nos municípios do estado de\nSão Paulo. Realiza-se uma decomposição do índice em três\ndimensões (longevidade, educação e renda) para realizar a\nanálise da evolução. O quarto procura relacionar distribuição\nde renda com desenvolvimento humano nos municípios\ndo estado de São Paulo e também propõe um novo indicador\nde desenvolvimento humano, o Índice de Desenvolvimento\nHumano Municipal Amplo – IDHA-M, que, diferentemente\ndo IDH-M, inclui a concentração de renda.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52257269,"asset_id":31986681,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13233430,"first_name":"Moisés","last_name":"Pais","domain_name":"metodista","page_name":"MoisésPais","display_name":"Moisés Pais","profile_url":"https://metodista.academia.edu/Mois%C3%A9sPais?f_ri=25220","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13233430/4283574/34854207/s65_mois_s.pais.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7466,"name":"Human Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development?f_ri=25220","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income 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