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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_and_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Bronze and Iron Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_and_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classic_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Classic antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_conquest_and_Islamic_caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_conquest_and_Islamic_caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Muslim conquest and Islamic caliphate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_conquest_and_Islamic_caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Crusader and Ayyubid period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Mamluk period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Early Ottoman period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Late Ottoman period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 British Mandate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordanian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordanian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Jordanian period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordanian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Israeli occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_Hebron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_Hebron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Division of Hebron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_Hebron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Urban development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occupation_and_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_and_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Occupation and settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_and_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Religious traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_/_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_/_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Twin towns / sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_/_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hebron</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%95" title="ኬብሮን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኬብሮን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84" title="الخليل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخليل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fl-X%C9%99lil" title="Əl-Xəlil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əl-Xəlil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="হেবরন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেবরন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хеўрон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хеўрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хеброн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хеброн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khalil" title="Al-Khalil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Al-Khalil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron_(lungsod_sa_Kayutaang_Palestinhon)" title="Hebron (lungsod sa Kayutaang Palestinhon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hebron (lungsod sa Kayutaang Palestinhon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Χεβρώνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χεβρώνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebr%C3%B3n" title="Hebrón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hebrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="الخلیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الخلیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9bron" title="Hébron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hébron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heabr%C3%B3n" title="Heabrón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Heabrón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebr%C3%B3n" title="Hebrón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hebrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%A0" title="헤브론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤브론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="हेब्रोन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेब्रोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хеврон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хеврон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חברון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חברון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰებრონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰებრონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Әл-Халил – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әл-Халил" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C4%ABla" title="Halīla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Halīla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebronas" title="Hebronas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hebronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хеврон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хеврон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebr%C3%B4na" title="Hebrôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hebrôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="हेब्रॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेब्रॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84" title="الخليل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الخليل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯍꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron_(Palestina)" title="Hebron (Palestina) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hebron (Palestina)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="ヘブロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘブロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Аль-Халил – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аль-Халил" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="الخلیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الخلیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrom" title="Hebrom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hebrom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хеврон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хеврон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebroni" title="Hebroni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hebroni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="خەلیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەلیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хеброн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хеброн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="எபிரோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எபிரோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4ebrun" title="Ḥebrun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ḥebrun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ฮีบรอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮีบรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Halil" title="El-Halil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="El-Halil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хеврон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хеврон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="الخلیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الخلیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BB%91" title="希伯仑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希伯仑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חברון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="חברון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E5%B4%99" title="希伯崙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希伯崙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Xelil" title="El Xelil – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="El Xelil" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Hebron" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BC%A6" title="希伯伦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希伯伦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelil" title="Kelil – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kelil" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%85%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168225#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Khalil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Al-Khalil (disambiguation)">Al-Khalil (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebron_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hebron (disambiguation)">Hebron (disambiguation)</a>.</div> This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict. <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in State of Palestine Israel</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media 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0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hebron</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Arabic transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">الخليل</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ḥebron (<a href="/wiki/ISO_259-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 259-3">ISO 259-3</a>) Al-Khalīl (official) Al-Ḫalīl (unofficial)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Hebrew transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew</a></th><td class="infobox-data">חברון</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BTS_Hebron_Tour_280215_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BTS_Hebron_Tour_280215_24.jpg/268px-BTS_Hebron_Tour_280215_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BTS_Hebron_Tour_280215_24.jpg/402px-BTS_Hebron_Tour_280215_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BTS_Hebron_Tour_280215_24.jpg/536px-BTS_Hebron_Tour_280215_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div>View of Hebron with the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Hebron_-_Faculty_of_Administrative_Sciences_and_Information_Systems_(building)_-_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/University_of_Hebron_-_Faculty_of_Administrative_Sciences_and_Information_Systems_%28building%29_-_2019.jpg/136px-University_of_Hebron_-_Faculty_of_Administrative_Sciences_and_Information_Systems_%28building%29_-_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/University_of_Hebron_-_Faculty_of_Administrative_Sciences_and_Information_Systems_%28building%29_-_2019.jpg/204px-University_of_Hebron_-_Faculty_of_Administrative_Sciences_and_Information_Systems_%28building%29_-_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/University_of_Hebron_-_Faculty_of_Administrative_Sciences_and_Information_Systems_%28building%29_-_2019.jpg/272px-University_of_Hebron_-_Faculty_of_Administrative_Sciences_and_Information_Systems_%28building%29_-_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3842" data-file-height="2704" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Polytechnic_University" title="Palestine Polytechnic University">Palestine Polytechnic University</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg/128px-Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg/192px-Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg/256px-Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron" title="Old City of Hebron">Old City of Hebron</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Ruth_and_Jesse_Hevron_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tomb_of_Ruth_and_Jesse_Hevron_02.jpg/121px-Tomb_of_Ruth_and_Jesse_Hevron_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tomb_of_Ruth_and_Jesse_Hevron_02.jpg/182px-Tomb_of_Ruth_and_Jesse_Hevron_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tomb_of_Ruth_and_Jesse_Hevron_02.jpg/242px-Tomb_of_Ruth_and_Jesse_Hevron_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1598" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesse_and_Ruth" title="Tomb of Jesse and Ruth">Tomb of Jesse and Ruth</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_-_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_-_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/143px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_-_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_-_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/215px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_-_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_-_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/286px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_-_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ali_al-Bakka_Mosque" title="Sheikh Ali al-Bakka Mosque">Sheikh Ali al-Bakka Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron_CBD_night_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hebron_CBD_night_8.jpg/268px-Hebron_CBD_night_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hebron_CBD_night_8.jpg/402px-Hebron_CBD_night_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hebron_CBD_night_8.jpg/536px-Hebron_CBD_night_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="724" /></a></div><div>Downtown Hebron</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Hebron.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Hebron"><img alt="Official logo of Hebron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seal_of_Hebron.tif/lossless-page1-100px-Seal_of_Hebron.tif.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seal_of_Hebron.tif/lossless-page1-150px-Seal_of_Hebron.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seal_of_Hebron.tif/lossless-page1-200px-Seal_of_Hebron.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="3178" data-file-height="2275" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Municipal Seal of Hebron</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of the Patriarchs</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_location_map_wide.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hebron is located in State of Palestine"><img alt="Hebron is located in State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Palestine_location_map_wide.png/250px-Palestine_location_map_wide.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Palestine_location_map_wide.png/375px-Palestine_location_map_wide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Palestine_location_map_wide.png/500px-Palestine_location_map_wide.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.938%;left:53.728%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Hebron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Hebron</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Hebron within <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hebron&params=31_31_43_N_35_05_49_E_region:PS_type:city(201063)">31°31′43″N 35°05′49″E / 31.52861°N 35.09694°E / 31.52861; 35.09694</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_grid" title="Palestine grid">Palestine grid</a></th><td class="infobox-data">159/103</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> (civil governance) <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (H2 area military control)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebron_Governorate" title="Hebron Governorate">Hebron</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Palestinian_Authority_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas">City / Municipality type A</a> (from 1997)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Head of Municipality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tayseer_Abu_Sneineh" title="Tayseer Abu Sneineh">Tayseer Abu Sneineh</a><a href="#cite_note-ElectedMayor-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">74,102 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a> (74.102 km2 or 28.611 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2017)<a href="#cite_note-PrelimCensus2017-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">201,063</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">700,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebron-city.ps/">www.hebron-city.ps</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron" title="Old City of Hebron">Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1565">1565</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2017 (41st <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2017–</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">20.6 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">152.2 ha</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Hebron (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhiːbrən, ˈhɛbrən/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الخليل al-Khalīl, <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/40\/ArHebron.ogg\/ArHebron.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ArHebron.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/ArHebron.ogg/ArHebron.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">pronunciation</a><a href="/wiki/File:ArHebron.ogg" title="File:ArHebron.ogg">ⓘ</a> or خَلِيل الرَّحْمَن Khalīl al-Raḥmān;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: חֶבְרוֹן Ḥevrōn, <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/de\/He-Hebron.ogg\/He-Hebron.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Hebron.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/He-Hebron.ogg/He-Hebron.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">pronunciation</a><a href="/wiki/File:He-Hebron.ogg" title="File:He-Hebron.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestinian</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alimi_2013_178-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> city in the southern <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Hebron is capital of the West Bank's largest <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Palestine" title="Governorates of Palestine">governorate</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Governorate" title="Hebron Governorate">Hebron Governorate</a>. With a population of 201,063 in the city limits, the adjacent metropolitan area within the governorate is home to over 700,000 people. Hebron spans across an area of 74.102 square kilometres (28.611 sq mi). It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Palestine">third largest city in the country</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The city is often considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">four holy cities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. It is considered one of the oldest cities in the Levant. According to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> settled in Hebron and bought the Cave of the Patriarchs as burial place for his wife <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>. Biblical tradition holds that the patriarchs Abraham, <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, along with their wives Sarah, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a>, were buried in the cave. The city is also recognized in the Bible as the place where <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> was anointed <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">king of</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a> settled in Hebron. During the first century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> built the wall that still surrounds the Cave of the Patriarchs, which later became a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>, and then a <a href="/wiki/Ibrahimi_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahimi Mosque">mosque</a>. With the exception of a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">brief Crusader control</a>, successive Muslim dynasties ruled Hebron from the 6th century CE until the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when the city became part of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandatory Palestine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">1929 riots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab uprising of 1936–39</a> led the British government to evacuate the Jewish community from Hebron. The <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> saw the entire West Bank, including Hebron, <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">occupied and annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and since the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, the city has been under <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli military occupation</a>. Following Israeli occupation, Jewish presence was restored in the city. Since the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Concerning_the_Redeployment_in_Hebron" title="Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron">Hebron Protocol</a>, most of Hebron has been governed by the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a>. The city is often described as a "microcosm" of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation of the West Bank</a>. The 1997 protocol divided the city into two sectors—H1 Hebron, controlled by the Palestinian National Authority, and <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Arba" title="Kiryat Arba">H2 Hebron</a>, managed by Israeli authorities. All security arrangements and travel permits for local residents are coordinated between the Palestinian Authority and Israel via the <a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">COGAT</a>. The Jewish settlers have their own governing municipal body, the Committee of the Jewish Community of Hebron. The largest city in the southern West Bank, Hebron is chief commercial and industrial center in the region. It is a busy hub of trade, generating roughly a third of the area's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, largely due to the sale of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> from quarries in its area. Hebron has a local reputation for its grapes, figs, ceramics, plastics, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian pottery">pottery</a> workshops, metalworking and <a href="/wiki/Hebron_glass" title="Hebron glass">glassblowing</a> industry. The city is home to numerous shopping malls. The <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron" title="Old City of Hebron">Old City of Hebron</a> features narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaars</a>. It is recognized as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Hebron is also known as a regional educational and medical hub. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name "Hebron" appears to trace back to two <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">northwest Semitic languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> which coalesce in the form ḥbr, having reflexes in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a>, with a basic sense of 'unite' and connoting a range of meanings from "colleague" to "friend". In the proper name Hebron, the original sense may have been alliance.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> name for Hebron, al-Khalīl, emerged as the city's actual name in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-GR-14">[13]</a> Earlier Muslim sources refer to the city as Ḥabra or Ḥabrūn.<a href="#cite_note-GR-14">[13]</a> The name al-Khalīl derives from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'anic</a> epithet for <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a>, Khalil al-Rahman (إبراهيم خليل الرحمن) "Beloved of the Merciful" or "Friend of God".<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Arabic Al-Khalil thus precisely translates the ancient Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> Ḥebron, understood as ḥaḇer (friend).<a href="#cite_note-Sharon_2007_104-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hebron" title="Timeline of Hebron">Timeline of Hebron</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_and_Iron_Age">Bronze and Iron Age</h3></div> Archaeological excavations reveal traces of strong fortifications dated to the Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, covering some 24–30 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a> centered around <a href="/wiki/Tel_Rumeida" title="Tel Rumeida">Tel Rumeida</a>. The city flourished in the 17th–18th centuries BCE before being destroyed by fire, and was resettled in the late Middle Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> This older Hebron was originally a <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> royal city.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abrahamic legend</a> associates the city with the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hittites</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] It has been conjectured that Hebron might have been the capital of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uwardata" title="Šuwardata">Shuwardata</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> contemporary of Jerusalem's regent, <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Heba" title="Abdi-Heba">Abdi-Ḫeba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> although the Hebron hills were almost devoid of settlements in the Late Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic traditions</a> associated with Hebron are nomadic. This may also reflect a <a href="/wiki/Kenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenite">Kenite</a> element, since the nomadic Kenites are said to have long occupied the city,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and Heber is the name for a Kenite clan.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In the narrative of the later Hebrew conquest, Hebron was one of two centres under Canaanite control. They were ruled by the three sons of <a href="/wiki/Anak" title="Anak">Anak</a> (benê/yelîdê hāʿănaq).<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> or may reflect some Kenite and <a href="/wiki/Kenizzite" title="Kenizzite">Kenizzite</a> migration from the Negev to Hebron, since terms related to the Kenizzites appear to be close to <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a>. This suggests that behind the <a href="/wiki/Anakim" title="Anakim">Anakim</a> legend lies some early Hurrian population.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In Biblical lore they are represented as descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> mentions that it was formerly called <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Arba" title="Kiryat Arba">Kirjath-arba</a>, or "city of four", possibly referring to the four pairs or couples who were buried there, or four tribes, or four quarters,<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> four hills,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> or a confederated settlement of four families.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The story of Abraham's purchase of the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hittites</a> constitutes a seminal element in what was to become the Jewish attachment to the land<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> in that it signified the first "real estate" of Israel long before the conquest under Joshua.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In settling here, Abraham is described as making his first <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/covenant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:covenant">covenant</a>, an alliance with two local <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> clans who became his ba'alei brit or masters of the covenant.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron136.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hebron136.JPG/220px-Hebron136.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hebron136.JPG/330px-Hebron136.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hebron136.JPG/440px-Hebron136.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Rumeida" title="Tel Rumeida">Tel Rumeida</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samson_Fenster_aus_Alpirsbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samson_Fenster_aus_Alpirsbach.jpg/220px-Samson_Fenster_aus_Alpirsbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samson_Fenster_aus_Alpirsbach.jpg/330px-Samson_Fenster_aus_Alpirsbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samson_Fenster_aus_Alpirsbach.jpg/440px-Samson_Fenster_aus_Alpirsbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a> removes gates of Gaza (left) and brings them to Mount Hebron (right). Strassburg (1160–1170), <a href="/wiki/Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landesmuseum Württemberg">Württemberg State Museum</a> in Stuttgart</figcaption></figure>The Hebron of the Israelites was centered on what is now known as Tel Rumeida, while its ritual centre was located at <a href="/wiki/Mamre" title="Mamre">Elonei Mamre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Hebrew Bible narrative also describes the city. It is said to have been wrested from the Canaanites by either <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>, who is said to have wiped out all of its previous inhabitants, "destroying everything that drew breath, as the Lord God of Israel had commanded",<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a> as a whole, or specifically <a href="/wiki/Caleb" title="Caleb">Caleb</a> the Judahite.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The town itself, with some contiguous pasture land, is then said to have been granted to the <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a> of the clan of <a href="/wiki/Kohathites" title="Kohathites">Kohath</a>, while the fields of the city, as well as its surrounding villages were assigned to Caleb (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+21:3–12;+1+Chronicles+6:54–56&version=NRSV">Joshua 21:3–12; 1 Chronicles 6:54–56</a>),<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> who expels the three giants, <a href="/wiki/Sheshai" title="Sheshai">Sheshai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahiman" title="Ahiman">Ahiman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talmai" title="Talmai">Talmai</a>, who ruled the city. Later, the biblical narrative has <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> called by God to relocate to Hebron and reign from there for some seven years (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%202:1–3&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 2:1–3</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FritzDavies19962-39">[38]</a> It is there that the elders of Israel come to him to make a covenant before Elohim and anoint him <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">king of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> It was in Hebron again that <a href="/wiki/Absalom" title="Absalom">Absalom</a> has himself declared king and then raises a revolt against his father David (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2015:7–10&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 15:7–10</a>). It became one of the principal centers of the Tribe of Judah and was classified as one of the six traditional <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Refuge" title="Cities of Refuge">Cities of Refuge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> As is shown by the discovery at <a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a>, the second most important city in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> after Jerusalem,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> of seals with the inscription <a href="/wiki/LMLK_seal" title="LMLK seal">lmlk Hebron</a> (to the king Hebron),<a href="#cite_note-Sharon_2007_104-18">[17]</a> Hebron continued to constitute an important local economic centre, given its strategic position on the crossroads between the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> to the east, Jerusalem to the north, the Negev and Egypt to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Shfela" class="mw-redirect" title="Shfela">Shepelah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">coastal plain</a> to the west.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Lying along <a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Way of the Patriarchs">trading routes</a>, it remained administratively and politically dependent on Jerusalem for this period.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_antiquity">Classic antiquity</h3></div> After the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a>, most of the Jewish inhabitants of Hebron were exiled, and according to the conventional view,<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> some researchers found traces of <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomite</a> presence after the 5th–4th centuries BCE, as the area became <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid province</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> and, in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquest, Hebron was throughout the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> under the influence of Idumea (as the new area inhabited by the Edomites was called during the <a href="/wiki/Yehud_medinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud medinata">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah#Hellenistic_period" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)#Judea_as_Roman_province(s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman</a> periods), as is attested by inscriptions for that period bearing names with the Edomite God <a href="/wiki/Qaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaus">Qōs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Jews also appear to have lived there after the return from the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2011:25&version=nrsv">Nehemiah 11:25</a>). During the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Maccabean revolt">Maccabean revolt</a>, Hebron was burnt and plundered by <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judah Maccabee</a> who fought against the Edomites in 167 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The city appears to have long resisted <a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmonean dominance</a>, however, and indeed as late as the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> was still considered <a href="/wiki/Idumean" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumean">Idumean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hebron001.JPG/250px-Hebron001.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hebron001.JPG/375px-Hebron001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hebron001.JPG/500px-Hebron001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a></figcaption></figure>The present day city of Hebron was settled in the valley downhill from Tel Rumeida at the latest by Roman times.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, king of Judea, built the wall that still surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, Hebron was captured and plundered by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bar_Giora" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Bar Giora">Simon Bar Giora</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, without bloodshed. The "little town" was later laid to waste by <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>'s officer <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Vettulenus_Cerialis" title="Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis">Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> wrote that he "slew all he found there, young and old, and burnt down the town". After the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> in 135 CE, innumerable Jewish captives were sold into slavery at Hebron's <a href="/wiki/Mamre" title="Mamre">Terebinth</a> slave-market.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The city was part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a> province at the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a>. The Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> erected a Christian church over the Cave of Machpelah in the 6th century CE, which was later destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> general <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> in 614 when <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau II</a>'s armies besieged and took Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Jews were not permitted to reside in Hebron under Byzantine rule.<a href="#cite_note-Scharfstein_124-56">[55]</a> The sanctuary itself however was spared by the Persians, in deference to the Jewish population, who were numerous in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sassanid_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628">Sassanid army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salaville_1910_185-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_conquest_and_Islamic_caliphate">Muslim conquest and Islamic caliphate</h3></div> Hebron was one of the last cities of Palestine to fall to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Islamic invasion in the 7th century</a>, possibly the reason why Hebron is not mentioned in any traditions of the Arab conquest.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> established its rule over Hebron in 638, the Muslims converted the Byzantine church at the site of Abraham's tomb into a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Scharfstein_124-56">[55]</a> It became an important station on the caravan trading route from Egypt, and also as a way-station for pilgrims making the yearly hajj from Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> After the fall of the city, Jerusalem's conqueror, Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Omar ibn al-Khattab</a> permitted Jewish people to return and to construct a small synagogue within the Herodian precinct.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Catholic bishop <a href="/wiki/Arculf" title="Arculf">Arculf</a>, who visited the Holy Land during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Chaliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad Chaliphate">Umayyad period</a>, described the city as unfortified and poor. In his writings he also mentioned camel caravans transporting firewood from Hebron to Jerusalem, which implies there was a presence of Arab nomads in the region at that time.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Trade greatly expanded, in particular with <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> (al-Naqab) and the population to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> (Baḥr Lūṭ). According to Anton Kisa, Jews from Hebron (and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>) founded the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_glass" title="Venetian glass">Venetian glass</a> industry in the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Hebron was almost absent from Muslim literature before the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In 985, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a> described Hebron (Habra) as the village of Abraham al-Khalil, with a strong fortress and a stone dome over Abraham's sepulchre.<a href="#cite_note-:6-64">[63]</a> The mosque contained the tombs of Isaac, Jacob, and their wives.<a href="#cite_note-:6-64">[63]</a> Surrounding the area were villages with vineyards producing exceptional grapes and apples.<a href="#cite_note-:6-64">[63]</a> Hebron had a public guest house offering lentils and olive oil to both the poor and the rich.<a href="#cite_note-:6-64">[63]</a> The guest house was established through the bequest of Prophet Muhammad's companions, including Tamim-al Dari, and received generous donations.<a href="#cite_note-:6-64">[63]</a> It was highly regarded as an excellent house of hospitality and charity in the realm of al-Islam.<a href="#cite_note-:6-64">[63]</a> The custom, known as the 'Table of Abraham' (simāt al-khalil), was similar to the one established by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-65">[64]</a> In 1047, <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir-i-Khusraw</a> described Hebron in his <a href="/wiki/Safarnama" title="Safarnama">Safarnama</a> as having many villages providing revenues for pious purposes.<a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-65">[64]</a> He mentioned a spring flowing from under a stone, with water channeled to a covered tank outside the town.<a href="#cite_note-:7-65">[64]</a> The Sanctuary stood on the town's southern border, enclosed by four walls.<a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[65]</a> Barley was the primary crop, with abundant olives.<a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[65]</a> Visitors were provided with bread, olives, lentils cooked in olive oil, and raisins.<a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[65]</a> Hebron had numerous mills operated by oxen and mules, along with working girls baking bread.<a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[65]</a> The hospitality extended to about three-pound loaves of bread and meals for every arriving person, including up to 500 pilgrims on certain days.<a href="#cite_note-:7-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[65]</a> The tradition survives to this day in the form of the Takiat Ibrahim soup kitchen, which has been active in providing food for thousands over Ramadan, which coincided with food shortages during the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZbeedat2024-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Geniza</a> documents from this period mention "the graves of the patriarchs" and attest to the presence of an organised Jewish community in Hebron. The Jews maintained a synagogue near the tomb and earned their livelihood accommodating Jewish pilgrims and merchants. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Seljuk period</a>, the community was headed by Saadia b. Abraham b. Nathan, known as the "haver of the graves of the patriarchs."<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period">Crusader and Ayyubid period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem">Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> lasted in the area until 1099, when the Christian <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_de_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey de Bouillon">Godfrey de Bouillon</a> took Hebron and renamed it "Castellion Saint Abraham".<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> It was designated capital of the southern district of the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> and given, in turn,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> as the fief of Saint Abraham, to <a href="/wiki/Geldemar_Carpenel" title="Geldemar Carpenel">Geldemar Carpinel</a>, the bishop Gerard of Avesnes,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Hugh of Rebecques, Walter Mohamet and Baldwin of Saint Abraham. As a <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> garrison of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, its defence was precarious being 'little more than an island in a Moslem ocean'.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The Crusaders converted the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> into a church. In 1106, an Egyptian campaign thrust into southern Palestine and almost succeeded the following year in wresting Hebron back from the Crusaders under <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin I of Jerusalem</a>, who personally led the counter-charge to beat the Muslim forces off. In the year 1113 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II of Jerusalem</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_abi_bakr_al-Harawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn abi bakr al-Harawi">Ali of Herat</a> (writing in 1173), a certain part over the cave of Abraham had given way, and "a number of Franks had made their entrance therein". And they discovered "(the bodies) of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob", "their shrouds having fallen to pieces, lying propped up against a wall...Then the King, after providing new shrouds, caused the place to be closed once more". Similar information is given in <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ibn at Athir</a>'s Chronicle under the year 1119; "In this year was opened the tomb of Abraham, and those of his two sons Isaac and Jacob ...Many people saw the Patriarch. Their limbs had nowise been <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(archaeology)" title="Disturbance (archaeology)">disturbed</a>, and beside them were placed lamps of gold and of silver."<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascene</a> nobleman and historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a> in his chronicle also alludes at this time to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> purported to be those of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, a discovery that excited eager curiosity among all three communities in Palestine, Muslim, Jewish, and Christian.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Towards the end of the period of Crusader rule, in 1166 <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> visited Hebron and wrote,<blockquote>On Sunday, 9 Marheshvan (October 17), I left Jerusalem for Hebron to kiss the tombs of my ancestors in the Cave. On that day, I stood in the cave and prayed, praise be to God, (in gratitude) for everything.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></blockquote> A royal domain, Hebron was handed over to <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Milly" title="Philip of Milly">Philip of Milly</a> in 1161 and joined with the <a href="/wiki/Oultrejordain" class="mw-redirect" title="Oultrejordain">Seigneurie of Transjordan</a>. A bishop was appointed to Hebron in 1168 and the new cathedral church of St Abraham was built in the southern part of the Haram.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> In 1167, the <a href="/wiki/Hebron_(titular_see)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebron (titular see)">episcopal see of Hebron</a> was created along with that of <a href="/wiki/Kerak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerak">Kerak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebastia</a> (the tomb of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>).<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> In 1170, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> visited Hebron, referred to as in its Frankish name St. Abram de Bron.<a href="#cite_note-:9-80">[79]</a> He mentioned the great church called St. Abram, which was once a Jewish place of worship during the time of Muslim rule.<a href="#cite_note-:9-80">[79]</a> The Gentiles had erected six tombs there, claimed to be those of Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Rebekah, Jacob, and Leah.<a href="#cite_note-:9-80">[79]</a> The custodians collected money from pilgrims by presenting these tombs as the tombs of the Patriarchs.<a href="#cite_note-:9-80">[79]</a> However, if a Jew offered a special reward, they would open an iron gate leading to a series of empty caves, until reaching the third cave where the actual sepulchers of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs were said to be located.<a href="#cite_note-:9-80">[79]</a> The Kurdish Muslim <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> retook Hebron in 1187 – again with Jewish assistance according to one late tradition, in exchange for a letter of security allowing them to return to the city and build a synagogue there.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The name of the city was changed back to Al-Khalil. A <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurdish</a> quarter still existed in the town during the early period of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a> retook the city soon after. <a href="/wiki/Richard,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a>, brought from England to settle the dangerous feuding between <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitallers</a>, whose rivalry imperiled the treaty guaranteeing regional stability stipulated with the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">As-Salih Ayyub</a>, managed to impose peace on the area. But soon after his departure, feuding broke out and in 1241 the Templars mounted a damaging raid on what was, by now, Muslim Hebron, in violation of agreements.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In 1244, the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty#Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmians</a> destroyed the town, but left the sanctuary untouched.<a href="#cite_note-Salaville_1910_185-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h3></div> In 1260, after <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> defeated the Mongol army, the <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a> were built onto the sanctuary. Six years later, while on pilgrimage to Hebron, Baibars promulgated an edict forbidding Christians and Jews from entering the sanctuary,<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> and the climate became less tolerant of Jews and Christians than it had been under the prior <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> rule. The edict for the exclusion of Christians and Jews was not strictly enforced until the middle of the 14th-century and by 1490, not even Muslims were permitted to enter the caverns.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The mill at <a href="/wiki/Artas,_Bethlehem" title="Artas, Bethlehem">Artas</a> was built in 1307, and the profits from its income were dedicated to the hospital in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Between 1318 and 1320, the <a href="/wiki/Na%27ib" class="mw-redirect" title="Na'ib">Na'ib</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> and much of coastal and interior Palestine ordered the construction of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jawali_Mosque" title="Al-Jawali Mosque">Jawli Mosque</a> to enlarge the prayer space for worshipers at the Ibrahimi Mosque.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Hebron was visited by important rabbis over the next two centuries, among them <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a> (1270) and <a href="/wiki/Ishtori_Haparchi" title="Ishtori Haparchi">Ishtori HaParchi</a> (1322) who noted the <a href="/wiki/Old_Jewish_cemetery,_Hebron" title="Old Jewish cemetery, Hebron">old Jewish cemetery</a> there. <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_Al-Jawziyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya</a> (1292–1350) was penalised by the religious authorities in Damascus for refusing to recognise Hebron as a Muslim pilgrimage site, a view also held by his teacher <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The Jewish-Italian traveller, <a href="/wiki/Meshullam_of_Volterra" title="Meshullam of Volterra">Meshullam of Volterra</a> (1481) found not more than twenty Jewish families living in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> and recounted how the Jewish women of Hebron would disguise themselves with a veil in order to pass as Muslim women and enter the Cave of the Patriarchs without being recognized as Jews.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Minute descriptions of Hebron were recorded in Stephen von Gumpenberg's Journal (1449), by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Fabri" title="Felix Fabri">Felix Fabri</a> (1483) and by <a href="/wiki/Mejr_ed-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Mejr ed-Din">Mejr ed-Din</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> It was in this period, also, that the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Qa'it Bay</a> revived the old custom of the Hebron "table of Abraham", and exported it as a model for his own <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> This became an immense charitable establishment near the <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a>, distributing daily some 1,200 loaves of bread to travellers of all faiths.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The Italian rabbi <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_ben_Abraham_Bartenura" class="mw-redirect" title="Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura">Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura</a> wrote around 1490:<blockquote>I was in the Cave of Machpelah, over which the mosque has been built; and the Arabs hold the place in high honour. All the Kings of the Arabs come here to repeat their prayers, but neither a Jew nor an Arab may enter the Cave itself, where the real graves of the Patriarchs are; the Arabs remain above, and let down burning torches into it through a window, for they keep a light always burning there. . Bread and lentil, or some other kind of pulse (seeds of peas or beans), is distributed (by the Muslims) to the poor every day without distinction of faith, and this is done in honour of Abraham.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Ottoman_period">Early Ottoman period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron_-_Roberts_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hebron_-_Roberts_1839.jpg/220px-Hebron_-_Roberts_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hebron_-_Roberts_1839.jpg/330px-Hebron_-_Roberts_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hebron_-_Roberts_1839.jpg/440px-Hebron_-_Roberts_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Hebron in 1839, after a drawing by <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Land,_Syria,_Idumea,_Arabia,_Egypt,_and_Nubia" title="The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia">The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia</a></figcaption></figure> The expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> along the southern Mediterranean coast under sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> coincided with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a> commissions by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> in Spain in 1478, which ended centuries of the Iberian convivencia (coexistence). The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">expulsions of the Jews</a> drove many <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> into the Ottoman provinces, and a slow influx of Jews to the Holy Land took place, with notable Sephardi <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">kabbalists</a> settling in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2007xv–xix-96">[95]</a> Over the following two centuries, there was a significant migration of Bedouin tribal groups from the Arabian Peninsula into Palestine. Many settled in three separate villages in the Wādī al-Khalīl, and their descendants later formed the majority of Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-Büssow_2011_195-97">[96]</a> The Jewish community fluctuated between 8–10 families throughout the 16th century, and suffered from severe financial straits in the first half of the century.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In 1540, renowned <a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Malkiel_Ashkenazi" title="Malkiel Ashkenazi">Malkiel Ashkenazi</a> bought a courtyard from the small <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a> community, in which he established the Sephardic <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Avinu Synagogue">Abraham Avinu Synagogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In 1659, Abraham Pereyra of Amsterdam founded the Hesed Le'Abraham <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> in Hebron, which attracted many students.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In the early 18th century, the Jewish community suffered from heavy debts, almost quadrupling from 1717 to 1729,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> and were "almost crushed" from the extortion practiced by the Turkish pashas. In 1773 or 1775, a substantial amount of money was extorted from the Jewish community after a false allegation that the son of a local <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a> was murdered and thrown into a cesspit.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]> <a href="/wiki/Meshulach" title="Meshulach">Emissaries</a> from the community were frequently sent overseas to <a href="/wiki/Halukka" title="Halukka">solicit funds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> During the Ottoman period, the dilapidated patriarchs' tombs were restored to a semblance of dignity.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bey_el_Abbassi" title="Ali Bey el Abbassi">Ali Bey</a>, in Muslim disguise, was one of the few Westerners to gain access. In 1807 he reported that the sepulchres were covered with carpets of green silk embroidered in gold and those of the wives were covered in red silk.The sultans of Constantinople furnished these carpets, which were renewed from time to time. Ali Bey counted nine, one over the other, on the sepulchre of Abraham.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Hebron also became known for its glass production, based on Bedouin trade networks that brought up minerals from the Dead Sea. The industry is mentioned in travel literature in 19th century written by <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> travellers to Palestine. <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Jasper_Seetzen" title="Ulrich Jasper Seetzen">Ulrich Jasper Seetzen</a> noted during his travels in Palestine in 1808–09 that 150 persons were employed in the glass industry in Hebron,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> based on 26 <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> In 1833, a report on the town in the weekly paper of the London-based <a href="/wiki/Religious_Tract_Society" title="Religious Tract Society">Religious Tract Society</a> wrote that Hebron had numerous well-provisioned shops and produced glass lamps which were exported to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Early 19th-century travellers also noted Hebron's flourishing agriculture. It was a major exporter of dibse, grape sugar,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> from the famous Dabookeh grapestock characteristic of Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frith,_Francis_(1822-1898)_-_Views_in_the_Holy_Land_-_n._428_-_Hebron._Northern_Half_of_the_City_-_recto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Views_in_the_Holy_Land_-_n._428_-_Hebron._Northern_Half_of_the_City_-_recto.jpg/220px-Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Views_in_the_Holy_Land_-_n._428_-_Hebron._Northern_Half_of_the_City_-_recto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Views_in_the_Holy_Land_-_n._428_-_Hebron._Northern_Half_of_the_City_-_recto.jpg/330px-Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Views_in_the_Holy_Land_-_n._428_-_Hebron._Northern_Half_of_the_City_-_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Views_in_the_Holy_Land_-_n._428_-_Hebron._Northern_Half_of_the_City_-_recto.jpg/440px-Frith%2C_Francis_%281822-1898%29_-_Views_in_the_Holy_Land_-_n._428_-_Hebron._Northern_Half_of_the_City_-_recto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Northern Hebron in the mid-19th century (1850s)</figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/1834_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1834 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab peasants' revolt</a> broke out in April 1834 when <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> announced he would recruit troops from the local Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Hebron, headed by its <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāẓir">nazir</a> Abd ar-Rahman Amr, declined to supply its quota of conscripts for the army and suffered badly from the Egyptian campaign to crush the uprising. The town was invested and, when its defences fell on August 4, it was sacked by Ibrahim Pasha's army.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_88-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> An estimated 500 Muslims from Hebron were killed in the attack and some 750 were conscripted. 120 youths were abducted and put at the disposal of Egyptian army officers. Most of the Muslim population managed to flee beforehand to the hills. Many Jews fled to Jerusalem, but during the general pillage of the town <a href="/wiki/1834_Hebron_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1834 Hebron massacre">at least five were killed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> In 1838, the total population was estimated at 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson_88-113">[112]</a> When the government of Ibrahim Pasha fell in 1841, the local clan leader Abd ar-Rahman Amr once again resumed the reins of power as the Sheik of Hebron. Due to his extortionate demands for cash from the local population, most of the Jewish population fled to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In 1846, the Ottoman Governor-in-chief of Jerusalem (serasker), <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1sl%C4%B1_Mehmed_Emin_Pasha" title="Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha">Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha</a>, waged a campaign to subdue rebellious sheiks in the Hebron area, and while doing so, allowed his troops to sack the town. Though it was widely rumoured that he secretly protected Abd ar-Rahman,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> the latter was deported together with other local leaders (such as Muslih al-'Azza of <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a>), but he managed to return to the area in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> According to Hillel Cohen, the attacks on Jews in this particular period are an exception that proves the rule, that one of the easiest place for Jews to live in the world were in the various countries of the Ottoman Empire. In the mid-eighteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Gershon_of_Kitov" title="Abraham Gershon of Kitov">rabbi Abraham Gershon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kuty" title="Kuty">Kitov</a> wrote from Hebron that:"the gentiles here very much love the Jews. When there is a brit milah (circumcision ceremony) or any other celebration, their most important men come at night and rejoice with the Jews and clap hands and dance with the Jews, just like the Jews'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen201515-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Ottoman_period">Late Ottoman period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron_glass_finished_products_-_Joff_Williams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hebron_glass_finished_products_-_Joff_Williams.jpg/170px-Hebron_glass_finished_products_-_Joff_Williams.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hebron_glass_finished_products_-_Joff_Williams.jpg/255px-Hebron_glass_finished_products_-_Joff_Williams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hebron_glass_finished_products_-_Joff_Williams.jpg/340px-Hebron_glass_finished_products_-_Joff_Williams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>A display of <a href="/wiki/Hebron_glass" title="Hebron glass">Hebron glass</a></figcaption></figure> By 1850, the Jewish population consisted of 45–60 Sephardic families, some 40 born in the town, and a 30-year-old Ashkenazic community of 50 families, mainly Polish and Russian,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Lubavitch Hasidic</a> movement having established a community in 1823.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The ascendency of Ibrahim Pasha led to a decline in the local glass industry. His plan to build a Mediterranean fleet led to severe logging in Hebron's forests, making firewood for the kilns scarce. At the same time, Egypt began importing cheap European glass. The rerouting of the hajj from Damascus through Transjordan reduced traffic to Hebron, and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez canal">Suez Canal</a> (1869) precipitated a drop in caravan trade. The consequence was a steady deterioration of the local economy.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> At the time, the town was divided into four quarters: the Ancient Quarter (Harat al-Kadim) near the Cave of Machpelah; to its south, the Quarter of the Silk Merchant (Harat al-Kazaz), inhabited by Jews; the Mamluk-era Sheikh's Quarter (Harat ash Sheikh) to the north-west; and further north, the Dense Quarter (Harat al-Harbah).<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_ghetto_in_hebron,_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Jewish_ghetto_in_hebron%2C_1921.jpg/190px-Jewish_ghetto_in_hebron%2C_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Jewish_ghetto_in_hebron%2C_1921.jpg/285px-Jewish_ghetto_in_hebron%2C_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Jewish_ghetto_in_hebron%2C_1921.jpg/380px-Jewish_ghetto_in_hebron%2C_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Jews in Hebron, 1921</figcaption></figure>In 1855, the newly appointed Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a> ("governor") of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> ("district") of Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1sl%C4%B1_Mehmed_Kamil_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Pasha">Kamil Pasha</a>, attempted to put down a rebellion in the Hebron region. Kamil and his army marched towards Hebron in July 1855, a scene witnessed by representatives of the English, French and other Western consulates. After crushing all opposition, Kamil appointed Salama Amr, brother and rival of Abd al Rachman, as <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāẓir">nazir</a> of the Hebron region. Relative quiet reigned in the town for the next 4 years.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In 1866, Hungarian Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Karlin_(Hasidic_Dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlin (Hasidic Dynasty)">Karlin Hasidic court</a> settled in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-Shragai_2008-128">[127]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Nadav_Shragai" title="Nadav Shragai">Nadav Shragai</a>, Arab-Jewish relations were good, and Alter Rivlin, who spoke Arabic and Syrian-Aramaic, was appointed Jewish representative to the city council.<a href="#cite_note-Shragai_2008-128">[127]</a> During a severe drought in 1869–1871, food in Hebron sold for ten times the normal amount.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> From 1874, the Hebron district was administered directly from <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> as part of the Sanjak of Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> By 1874, when <a href="/wiki/C._R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Conder">C.R. Conder</a> visited Hebron under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>, the Jewish community numbered 600 in an overall population of 17,000.<a href="#cite_note-ConderCR1879-131">[130]</a> The Jews lived in the Quarter of the Corner Gate.<a href="#cite_note-ConderCR1879-131">[130]</a> In the late 19th century the production of <a href="/wiki/Hebron_glass" title="Hebron glass">Hebron glass</a> declined due to competition from imported European glassware, although it continued to be popular among those who could not afford luxury goods and was sold by Jewish merchants.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Glass ornaments from Hebron were exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Weltausstellung_1873_Wien" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltausstellung 1873 Wien">World Fair of 1873 in Vienna</a>. A report from the <a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_France,_Jerusalem" title="Consulate General of France, Jerusalem">consul</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_France,_Jerusalem" title="Consulate General of France, Jerusalem">French Consulate in Jerusalem</a> in 1886 suggests that glass-making remained an important source of income for Hebron, with four factories earning 60,000 francs yearly.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> While the economy of other cities in Palestine was based on solely on trade, the economy of Hebron was more diverse, including agriculture and livestock herding, along with glassware manufacturing and processing of hides. This was because the most fertile lands were situated within the city limits.<a href="#cite_note-Taraki_Giacaman-134">[133]</a> Even so, Hebron had an image of being unproductive and an "asylum for the poor and the spiritual".<a href="#cite_note-Taraki_Giacaman2-135">[134]</a> While the wealthy merchants of Nablus built fine mansions, housing in Hebron consisted of semi-peasant dwellings.<a href="#cite_note-Taraki_Giacaman-134">[133]</a> Hebron was described as 'deeply Bedouin and Islamic',<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> and 'bleakly conservative' in its religious outlook,<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> with a strong tradition of hostility to Jews.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> It had a reputation for religious zeal in jealously protecting its sites from Jews and Christians, although the Jewish and Christian communities seem to have been an integral part of the local economy.<a href="#cite_note-Büssow_2011_195-97">[96]</a> As income from commerce declined and tax revenues diminished significantly, the Ottoman government left Hebron to manage its own affairs for the most part, making it "one of the most autonomous regions in late Ottoman Palestine."<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The Jewish community was under French protection until 1914. The Jewish presence itself was divided between the traditional Sephardi community, whose members spoke Arabic and adopted Arab dress, and the more recent influx of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. They prayed in different synagogues, sent their children to different schools, lived in different quarters and did not intermarry. The community was largely Orthodox and anti-Zionist.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Mandate">British Mandate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_loyalty_meeting_in_Hebron,_3_July_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/British_loyalty_meeting_in_Hebron%2C_3_July_1940.jpg/220px-British_loyalty_meeting_in_Hebron%2C_3_July_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/British_loyalty_meeting_in_Hebron%2C_3_July_1940.jpg/330px-British_loyalty_meeting_in_Hebron%2C_3_July_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/British_loyalty_meeting_in_Hebron%2C_3_July_1940.jpg/440px-British_loyalty_meeting_in_Hebron%2C_3_July_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>British loyalty meeting in Hebron, July 1940</figcaption></figure> The British <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">occupied</a> Hebron on December 8, 1917; governance transited to a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">mandate</a> in 1920. Most of Hebron was owned by old Islamic charitable endowments (<a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqfs</a>), with about 60% of all the land in and around Hebron belonging to the Tamīm al-Dārī waqf.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> In 1922, its population stood at 16,577, of which 16,074 (97%) were Muslim, 430 (2.5%) were Jewish and 73 (0.4%) were Christian.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-CP7fYghBFQC_1936,_p._887-145">[144]</a> During the 1920s, Abd al-Ḥayy al-Khaṭīb was appointed Mufti of Hebron. Before his appointment, he had been a staunch opponent of <a href="/wiki/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Haj Amin al-Husseini">Haj Amin</a>, supported the Muslim National Associations and had good contacts with the Zionists.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Later, al-Khaṭīb became one of the few loyal followers of Haj Amin in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> During the late Ottoman period, a new ruling elite had emerged in Palestine. They later formed the core of the growing Arab nationalist movement in the early 20th century. During the Mandate period, delegates from Hebron constituted only 1 per cent of the political leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Tarākī_2006_12–14-148">[147]</a> The Palestinian Arab decision to boycott the 1923 elections for a Legislative Council was made at the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Congress" title="Palestine Arab Congress">fifth Palestinian Congress</a>, after it was reported by Murshid Shahin (an Arab pro-Zionist activist) that there was intense resistance in Hebron to the elections.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Almost no house in Hebron remained undamaged when an <a href="/wiki/1927_Jericho_earthquake" title="1927 Jericho earthquake">earthquake struck Palestine</a> on July 11, 1927.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The Cave of the Patriarchs continued to remain officially closed to non-Muslims, and reports that entry to the site had been relaxed in 1928 were denied by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Muslim_Council" title="Supreme Muslim Council">Supreme Muslim Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> At this time following attempts by the <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> government to draft yeshiva students into the army, the Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Yeshiva" title="Hebron Yeshiva">Hebron Yeshiva</a> (Knesses Yisroel) relocated to Hebron, after consultations between Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nosson_Tzvi_Finkel_(Slabodka)" title="Nosson Tzvi Finkel (Slabodka)">Nosson Tzvi Finkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yechezkel_Sarna" title="Yechezkel Sarna">Yechezkel Sarna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Mordechai_Epstein" title="Moshe Mordechai Epstein">Moshe Mordechai Epstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> and by 1929 had attracted some 265 students from Europe and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The majority of the Jewish population lived on the outskirts of Hebron along the roads to Be'ersheba and Jerusalem, renting homes owned by Arabs, a number of which were built for the express purpose of housing Jewish tenants, with a few dozen within the city around the synagogues.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">1929 Hebron massacre</a>, Arab rioters slaughtered some 64 to 67 Jewish men, women and children<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> and wounded 60, and Jewish homes and synagogues were ransacked; 435 Jews survived by virtue of the shelter and assistance offered them by their Arab neighbours, who hid them.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Some Hebron Arabs, including Ahmad Rashid al-Hirbawi, president of Hebron chamber of commerce, supported the return of Jews after the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Two years later, 35 families moved back into the ruins of the Jewish quarter, but on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine">Palestinian Arab revolt</a> (April 23, 1936) the British Government decided to move the Jewish community out of Hebron as a precautionary measure to secure its safety. The sole exception was the 8th generation Hebronite Ya'akov ben Shalom Ezra, who processed dairy products in the city, blended in well with its social landscape and resided there under the protection of friends. In November 1947, in anticipation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN partition vote</a>, the Ezra family closed its shop and left the city.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Yossi Ezra has since tried to regain his family's property through the Israeli courts.<a href="#cite_note-Levinsohn2011-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordanian_period">Jordanian period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron-_1960%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hebron-_1960%27s.jpg/220px-Hebron-_1960%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hebron-_1960%27s.jpg/330px-Hebron-_1960%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hebron-_1960%27s.jpg/440px-Hebron-_1960%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Hebron in the 1960s under Jordanian rule</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, Egypt took control of Hebron. Between May and October, Egypt and Jordan tussled for dominance in Hebron and its environs. Both countries appointed military governors in the town, hoping to gain recognition from Hebron officials. The Egyptians managed to persuade the pro-Jordanian mayor to support their rule, at least superficially, but local opinion turned against them when they imposed taxes. Villagers surrounding Hebron resisted and skirmishes broke out in which some were killed.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> By late 1948, part of the Egyptian forces from Bethlehem to Hebron had been cut off from their lines of supply and <a href="/wiki/John_Bagot_Glubb" title="John Bagot Glubb">Glubb Pasha</a> sent 350 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legionnaires</a> and an armoured car unit to Hebron to reinforce them there. When the <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">Armistice</a> was signed, the city thus fell under <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_West_Bank_and_East_Jerusalem_by_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan">Jordanian military control</a>. The armistice agreement between Israel with Jordan intended to allow Israeli Jewish pilgrims to visit Hebron, but, as Jews of all nationalities were forbidden by Jordan into the country, this did not occur.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In December 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Jericho_Conference" title="Jericho Conference">Jericho Conference</a>, held by Jordan, was convened to decide the future of the West Bank. Hebron notables, headed by mayor <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Ja%27abari" title="Muhammad Ali Ja'abari">Muhamad 'Ali al-Ja'bari</a>, voted in favour of becoming part of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and to recognise <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah I of Jordan</a> as their king. The subsequent unilateral annexation benefited the Arabs of Hebron, who during the 1950s, played a significant role in the economic development of Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Although a significant number of people relocated to Jerusalem from Hebron during the Jordanian period,<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Hebron itself saw a considerable increase in population with 35,000 settling in the town.<a href="#cite_note-Efrat_1984_192-168">[167]</a> During this period, signs of the previous Jewish presence in Hebron were removed.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_occupation">Israeli occupation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron105.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebron105.JPG/220px-Hebron105.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebron105.JPG/330px-Hebron105.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebron105.JPG/440px-Hebron105.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Constructed in 1893, this former Jewish clinic in central Hebron now forms part of an Israeli settlement.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in June 1967, Israel <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">occupied</a> Hebron along with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Military_Governorate" title="Israeli Military Governorate">military government</a> to rule the area. In an attempt to reach a <a href="/wiki/Land_for_peace" title="Land for peace">land for peace</a> deal, <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a> proposed that Israel annex 45% of the West Bank and return the remainder to Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Allon_Plan" title="Allon Plan">Allon Plan</a>, the city of Hebron would lie in Jordanian territory, and in order to determine Israel's own border, Allon suggested building a Jewish settlement adjacent to Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> also considered that Hebron was the one sector of the conquered territories that should remain under Jewish control and be open to Jewish settlement.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Apart from its symbolic message to the international community that Israel's rights in Hebron were, according to Jews, inalienable,<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> settling Hebron also had theological significance in some quarters.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> For some, the capture of Hebron by Israel had unleashed a messianic fervor.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Hebron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Hebron.jpg/300px-2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Hebron.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Hebron.jpg/450px-2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Hebron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Hebron.jpg/600px-2018_OCHA_OpT_map_Hebron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>2018 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations</a> map of the area, showing the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation</a> arrangements.</figcaption></figure> Survivors and descendants of the prior community are mixed. Some support the project of Jewish redevelopment, others commend living in peace with Hebronite Arabs, while a third group recommend a full pullout.<a href="#cite_note-jpt-176">[175]</a> Descendants supporting the latter views have met with Palestinian leaders in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-agf-177">[176]</a> In 1997 one group of descendants dissociated themselves from the settlers by calling them an obstacle to peace.<a href="#cite_note-agf-177">[176]</a> On May 15, 2006, a member of a group who is a direct descendant of the 1929 refugees<a href="#cite_note-shragai-178">[177]</a> urged the government to continue its support of Jewish settlement, and allow the return of eight families evacuated the previous January from homes they set up in emptied shops near the Avraham Avinu neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-jpt-176">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beit_HaShalom" title="Beit HaShalom">Beit HaShalom</a>, established in 2007 under disputed circumstances, was under court orders permitting its forced evacuation.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> All the Jewish settlers were expelled on December 3, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_soldiers_on_Palestine_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Israeli_soldiers_on_Palestine_street.jpg/220px-Israeli_soldiers_on_Palestine_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Israeli_soldiers_on_Palestine_street.jpg/330px-Israeli_soldiers_on_Palestine_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Israeli_soldiers_on_Palestine_street.jpg/440px-Israeli_soldiers_on_Palestine_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Israeli soldiers patrol an open-air market.</figcaption></figure> Immediately after the 1967 war, mayor al-Ja'bari had unsuccessfully promoted the creation of an autonomous Palestinian entity in the West Bank, and by 1972, he was advocating for a confederal arrangement with Jordan instead. al-Ja'bari nevertheless consistently fostered a conciliatory policy towards Israel.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> He was ousted by Fahad Qawasimi in the 1976 mayoral election, which marked a shift in support towards pro-PLO nationalist leaders.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Supporters of Jewish settlement within Hebron see their program as the reclamation of an important heritage dating back to Biblical times, which was dispersed or, it is argued, stolen by Arabs after the massacre of 1929.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> The purpose of settlement is to return to the 'land of our forefathers',<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> and the Hebron model of reclaiming sacred sites in Palestinian territories has pioneered a pattern for settlers in Bethlehem and Nablus.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Many reports, foreign and Israeli, are sharply critical of the behaviour of Hebronite settlers.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Sheik Farid Khader heads the Ja'bari tribe, consisting of some 35,000 people, which is considered one of the most important tribes in Hebron. For years, members of the Ja'bari tribe were the mayors of Hebron. Khader regularly meets with settlers and Israeli government officials and is a strong opponent of both the concept of Palestinian State and the Palestinian Authority itself. Khader believes that Jews and Arabs must learn to coexist.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/1980_Hebron_attack" title="1980 Hebron attack">A violent episode</a> occurred May 2, 1980, when an <a href="/wiki/Al_Fatah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Fatah">Al Fatah</a> squad killed five yeshiva students and one other person on their way home from Sabbath prayer at the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Patriarchs">Tomb of the Patriarchs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The event provided a major motivation for settlers near Hebron to join the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Underground" title="Jewish Underground">Jewish Underground</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> In the 1980s Hebron, became the center of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kach_and_Kahane_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach and Kahane Chai">Kach</a> movement, a designated terrorist organization,<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> whose first operations started there, and provided a model for similar behaviour in other settlements. On July 26, 1983, Israeli settlers <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_students_at_the_Islamic_College_in_Hebron" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack on students at the Islamic College in Hebron">attacked</a> the Islamic University and shot three people dead and injured over thirty others.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Shamgar_Commission" title="Shamgar Commission">Shamgar Commission</a> of Inquiry concluded that Israeli authorities had consistently failed to investigate or prosecute crimes committed by settlers against Palestinians. Hebron IDF commander Noam Tivon said that his foremost concern is to "ensure the security of the Jewish settlers" and that Israeli "soldiers have acted with the utmost restraint and have not initiated any shooting attacks or violence".<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_Hebron">Division of Hebron</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict_in_Hebron" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron">Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron073.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hebron073.JPG/220px-Hebron073.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hebron073.JPG/330px-Hebron073.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hebron073.JPG/440px-Hebron073.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> in the city with a road block with Hebrew inscription "מוות לערבים" meaning "<a href="/wiki/Death_to_Arabs" title="Death to Arabs">Death to Arabs</a>"</figcaption></figure>Hebron was the one city excluded from the interim agreement of September 1995 to restore rule over all Palestinian West Bank cities to the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kimmerling_2003_443-198">[197]</a> IDF soldiers see their job as being to protect Israeli settlers from Palestinian residents, not to police the Israeli settlers. IDF soldiers are instructed to leave violent Israeli settlers for the police to deal with.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Since The <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo Agreement">Oslo Agreement</a>, violent episodes have been recurrent in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a> took place on February 25, 1994, when <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Baruch Goldstein</a>, an Israeli physician and resident of <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Arba" title="Kiryat Arba">Kiryat Arba</a>, opened fire on Muslims at prayer in the <a href="/wiki/Ibrahimi_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahimi Mosque">Ibrahimi Mosque</a>, killing 29, and wounding 125 before the survivors overcame and killed him.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Standing orders for Israeli soldiers on duty in Hebron disallowed them from firing on fellow Jews, even if they were shooting Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> This event was condemned by the Israeli Government, and the extreme right-wing <a href="/wiki/Kach_and_Kahane_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach and Kahane Chai">Kach</a> party was banned as a result.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> The Israeli government also tightened restrictions on the movement of Palestinians in H2, closed their vegetable and meat markets, and banned Palestinian cars on Al-Shuhada Street.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The park near the Cave of the Patriarchs for recreation and barbecues is off-limits for Arab Hebronites.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Following the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo Agreement">Oslo Agreement</a> and subsequent 1997 <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebron Agreement">Hebron Agreement</a>, Palestinian cities were placed under the exclusive jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a>, with the exception of Hebron,<a href="#cite_note-Alimi_2013_178-8">[8]</a> which was split into two sectors: H1 is controlled by the Palestinian Authority and H2 – which includes the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron" title="Old City of Hebron">Old City of Hebron</a> – remained under the military control of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Kimmerling_2003_443-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Around 120,000 Palestinians live in H1, while around 30,000 Palestinians along with around 700 Israelis remain under Israeli military control in H2. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebron&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of 86 Jewish families lived in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The IDF (<a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>) may not enter H1 unless under Palestinian escort. Palestinians cannot approach areas where settlers live without special permits from the IDF.<a href="#cite_note-hebron-wp-208">[207]</a> The Jewish settlement is widely considered to be illegal by the international community, although the Israeli government disputes this.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_GC4-209">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg/220px-Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg/330px-Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg/440px-Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Old City of Hebron</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HebronOldCityTrash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HebronOldCityTrash.jpg/180px-HebronOldCityTrash.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HebronOldCityTrash.jpg/270px-HebronOldCityTrash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HebronOldCityTrash.jpg/360px-HebronOldCityTrash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A net installed in the Old City to prevent garbage dropped by Israeli settlers into a Palestinian area.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a></figcaption></figure> Over the period of the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>, the Jewish community was subjected to attacks by Palestinian militants, especially during the periods of the intifadas; which saw 3 fatal stabbings and 9 fatal shootings in between the first and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">second Intifada</a> (0.9% of all fatalities in Israel and the West Bank) and 17 fatal shootings (9 soldiers and 8 settlers) and 2 fatalities from a bombing during the second Intifada,<a href="#cite_note-mfa.gov.il2-211">[210]</a> and thousands of rounds fired on it from the hills above the Abu-Sneina and Harat al-Sheikh neighbourhoods. On November 15, 2002, 12 Israeli soldiers were killed (Hebron Brigade commander Colonel <a href="/wiki/Dror_Weinberg" title="Dror Weinberg">Dror Weinberg</a> and two other officers, 6 soldiers and 3 members of the security unit of Kiryat Arba) in <a href="/wiki/2002_Hebron_ambush" title="2002 Hebron ambush">an ambush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Temporary_International_Presence_in_Hebron" title="Temporary International Presence in Hebron">Temporary International Presence in Hebron</a> observers were killed by Palestinian gunmen in a shooting attack on the road to Hebron<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> On March 27, 2001, a Palestinian sniper targeted and killed the Jewish baby <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Shalhevet_Pass" title="Murder of Shalhevet Pass">Shalhevet Pass</a>. The sniper was caught in 2002.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Hebron is one of the three West Bank towns from which the majority of suicide bombers originate. In May 2003, three students of the Hebron Polytechnic University carried out three separate suicide attacks.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> In August 2003, in what both Islamic groups described as a retaliation, a 29-year-old preacher from Hebron, Raed Abdel-Hamed Mesk, broke a unilateral Palestinian ceasefire by killing 23 and injured over 130 in a <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_HaNavi_bus_bombing" title="Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing">bus bombing</a> in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> In 2007, the Palestinian population in H2 declined due to Israeli security measures such as extended curfews, strict restrictions on movement,<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> the closure of Palestinian businesses and settler harassment.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-btselem2007-223">[222]</a> Palestinians are barred from using <a href="/wiki/Al-Shuhada_Street" title="Al-Shuhada Street">Al-Shuhada Street</a>, a principal commercial thoroughfare that is locally nicknamed "Apartheid Street" as a result.<a href="#cite_note-hebron-wp-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> Israeli organization <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a> states that there have been "grave violations" of Palestinian human rights in Hebron because of the "presence of the settlers within the city". The organization cites regular incidents of "almost daily physical violence and property damage by settlers in the city", curfews and restrictions of movement that are "among the harshest in the Occupied Territories", and violence by Israeli border policemen and the IDF against Palestinians who live in the city's H2 sector.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, Palestinian areas of Hebron are frequently subject to indiscriminate firing by the IDF, leading to many casualties.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-storm2-228">[227]</a> One former IDF soldier, with experience in policing Hebron, has testified to <a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Silence_(non-governmental_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Silence (non-governmental organization)">Breaking the Silence</a>, that on the briefing wall of his unit a sign describing their mission aim was hung that read: "To disrupt the routine of the inhabitants of the neighbourhood."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedland201222-229">[228]</a> Hebron mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Abdel_Nabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Abdel Nabi (page does not exist)">Mustafa Abdel Nabi</a> invited the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Peacemaker_Teams" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Peacemaker Teams">Christian Peacemaker Teams</a> to assist the local Palestinian community in opposition to what they describe as Israeli military occupation, collective punishment, settler harassment, <a href="/wiki/House_demolition_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="House demolition in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">home demolitions</a> and land expropriation.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Temporary_International_Presence_in_Hebron" title="Temporary International Presence in Hebron">Temporary International Presence in Hebron</a> (TIPH) issued a confidential report covering their 20 years of work in Hebron. The report, based in part on over 40,000 incidents reported during this period, stated that Israel violated international law in Hebron and has breached the rights of residents as established by the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>. The report claimed that Israel violated Article 49 of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a>, which prohibits the deportation of civilians from occupied territory. Israeli settlement in Hebron was also cited as a violation.<a href="#cite_note-20yrs-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> In 1820, it was reported that there were about 1,000 Jews in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-Turnerp261-232">[231]</a> In 1838, Hebron had an estimated 1,500 taxable Muslim households, in addition to 41 Jewish tax-payers. Taxpayers consisted here of male heads of households who owned even a very small shop or piece of land. 200 Jews and one Christian household were under 'European protections'. The total population was estimated at 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson_88-113">[112]</a> In 1842, it was estimated that about 400 Arab and 120 Jewish families lived in Hebron, the latter having been diminished in number following the destruction of 1834.<a href="#cite_note-PackardUnion1842-233">[232]</a> Hebron had a population of 201,063 <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-PrelimCensus2017-3">[3]</a> and seven hundred <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Jewish settlers</a> concentrated on the outskirts of its <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron" title="Old City of Hebron">Old City</a>. Roughly 20% of the city, including 35,000 Palestinians, under Israeli military administration, lives in the region of H2 Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuman20184-234">[233]</a> Hebron is capital of the Hebron Governorate. With adjoining governorate, the city forms a metropolitan area, known as Hebron metropolitan area, with an estimated population of around 782,227 as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebron&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PNIC-235">[234]</a> It is third largest metropolitan area in Palestine, followed by Gaza and Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-PNIC-235">[234]</a> Hebron is also home to several ethnic minority and foreign diaspora communities.<a href="#cite_note-KD-236">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> have been living in the city since <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">conquest of Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KD-236">[235]</a> Along with Jerusalem and Gaza, the city is also home to <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Palestine" title="Kurds in Palestine">Palestinians of Kurdish descent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KD-236">[235]</a> Nearly a third of the population of Hebron, is considered to be of Kurdish background.<a href="#cite_note-KD-236">[235]</a> The Kurdish Quarter, known as Harat al-Akrad, still exists today.<a href="#cite_note-KD-236">[235]</a> Hebron is also home to a small Samaritan community, after Nablus.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes_in_Hebron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Grapes_in_Hebron.jpg/220px-Grapes_in_Hebron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Grapes_in_Hebron.jpg/330px-Grapes_in_Hebron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Grapes_in_Hebron.jpg/440px-Grapes_in_Hebron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Grape farming in Hebron</figcaption></figure> Hebron is situated on the southern <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a> Nestled in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judaean Mountains</a>, it lies 930 metres (3,050 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a> Hebron is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, 60.1 kilometres (37.3 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, 43 kilometres (27 mi) southeest of <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> and 68.4 kilometres (42.5 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and 89.8 kilometres (55.8 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a> The city is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Bani_Na%27im" title="Bani Na'im">Bani Na'im</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dura,_Hebron" title="Dura, Hebron">Dura</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Halhul" title="Halhul">Halhul</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Taffuh" title="Taffuh">Taffuh</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Yatta,_Hebron" title="Yatta, Hebron">Yatta</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-:15-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a> The Israeli–controlled H2 region is located in the eastern region of the city.<a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a> It is one of the highest cities in the area and was, until the 19th century, considered the highest city in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a> With the governorate and metropolitan area, it forms about 19% of the West Bank total area.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> The city is surrounded by several mountains and hills, including the <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Hills" title="Hebron Hills">Hebron Hills</a> (Jabal al–Khalil) and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nabi_Yunis,_Palestine" title="Mount Nabi Yunis, Palestine">Mount Nabi Yunis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> The Mount Nabi Yunis, situated north of the city, is the highest point in Palestine, with an altitude of 1,030 metres (3,380 ft).<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> While the Hebron Hills is southern part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judaean Mountains</a>, which spreads throughout Israel and Palestine and have an altitude of 1,026 m (3,366 ft).<a href="#cite_note-google1-243">[242]</a> The two larger settlements whose population exceeds 7000 sit on the hills overlooking the Hebron's eastern quarters – <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Arba" title="Kiryat Arba">Kirayt Arba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Givat_Harsina" title="Givat Harsina">Givat Harsina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> Wadi al–Quff near Hebron is one of the largest natural reserves in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-:17-245">[244]</a> Located towards northeast of the city, it is surrounded by nearby towns and villages of <a href="/wiki/Tarqumiyah" title="Tarqumiyah">Tarqumia</a>, Halhoul, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Kahil" title="Beit Kahil">Beit Kahel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beit_Ula" title="Beit Ula">Beit Ola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:17-245">[244]</a> The natural reserve covers up an area of 3.73 square kilometres (920 acres).<a href="#cite_note-:17-245">[244]</a> Wadi al–Quff Natural reserve is home to some of the rare species of animals and plants.<a href="#cite_note-:17-245">[244]</a> Hebron is located on fertile mountainous area, making the city agriculturally rich, thus giving it a strategic importance.<a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a> This is the reason for Hebron, today being a hub for cultivation of fruits and vineyards.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> The alternative sources of water network is cisterns.<a href="#cite_note-:15-239">[238]</a> There are ten springs and three wells in the city.<a href="#cite_note-:15-239">[238]</a> The water of springs and wells are not currently used.<a href="#cite_note-:15-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Hevron" title="Nahal Hevron">Hebron River</a> (Wadi al–Khalil), known as Nahal Hebron in Hebrew located along the region of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, is one of the water sources for the city.<a href="#cite_note-Eco-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a> Currently the river is polluted, mainly due to the generation of waste, mostly by the industrial areas, situated on the city's east and south.<a href="#cite_note-Eco-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> The climate in Hebron is temperate and the mean year-round temperature ranges between 15 and 16° (an average of 7° in winter and 21° in summer).<a href="#cite_note-:14-248">[247]</a> Annual precipitations average around 502 mm.<a href="#cite_note-:14-248">[247]</a> Hebron has a Mediterranean, hot summer climate (Classification: Csa).<a href="#cite_note-:14-248">[247]</a> The city's yearly temperature is 22.74 °C (72.93 °F) and it is 0.14% higher than Palestine's averages.<a href="#cite_note-:14-248">[247]</a> It typically receives about 15.72 millimeters (0.62 inches) of precipitation and has 39.47 rainy days (10.81% of the time) annually, during January and February.<a href="#cite_note-:14-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Hebron, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> (2007-2018) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.7 (71.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.0 (55.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0 (28.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #31FF31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.2 (5.44) </td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.6 (4.28) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9 (1.96) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (0.61) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (0.19) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 (0.06) </td> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (0.74) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.1 (1.58) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.1 (3.74) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">472.0 (18.58) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.5 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.9 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.3 </td> <td style="background: #3636FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.4 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.0 </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.5 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.2 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.3 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156.7 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">214.5 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261.3 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">313.1 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">337.9 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">363.8 </td> <td style="background: #F9F925; color:#000000;" class="notheme">346.9 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">243.2 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.5 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.7 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,033.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Palestinian Meteorological Department<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_development">Urban development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_faisal_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/King_faisal_street.jpg/220px-King_faisal_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/King_faisal_street.jpg/330px-King_faisal_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/King_faisal_street.jpg/440px-King_faisal_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>King Faisal Street in Hebron was named in commemoration of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Faisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Faisal">Shah Faisal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">king of Saudi Arabia</a> from 1964 to 1975</figcaption></figure> Historically, the city consisted of four densely populated quarters: the <a href="/wiki/Suq" class="mw-redirect" title="Suq">suq</a> and Harat al-Masharqa adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Ibrahimi_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahimi Mosque">Ibrahimi Mosque</a>, the Silk Merchant Quarter (Haret Kheitun) to the south and the Sheikh Quarter (Haret al-Sheikh) to the north.<a href="#cite_note-:11-251">[250]</a> It is believed the basic urban structure of the city had been established by the Mamluk period, during which time the city also had Jewish, Christian and Kurdish quarters.<a href="#cite_note-De_Cesari_2009_235–236-252">[251]</a> In the mid 19th-century, Hebron was still divided into four quarters, but the Christian quarter had disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-De_Cesari_2009_235–236-252">[251]</a> The sections included the ancient quarter surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Machpelah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Machpelah">Cave of Machpelah</a>, the Haret Kheitun (the Jewish Quarter, Haret el-Yahud), the Haret el-Sheikh and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> Quarter.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-253">[252]</a> As Hebron's population gradually increased, inhabitants preferred to build upwards rather than leave the safety of their neighbourhoods.<a href="#cite_note-:11-251">[250]</a> By the 1880s, better security provided by the Ottoman authorities allowed the town to expand and a new commercial centre, Bab el-Zawiye, emerged.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> As development continued, new spacious and taller structures were built to the north-west.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> In 1918, the town consisted of dense clusters of residential dwellings along the valley, rising onto the slopes above it.<a href="#cite_note-Kedar_2000_112–113-256">[255]</a> By the 1920s, the town was made up of seven quarters: el-Sheikh and Bab el-Zawiye to the west, el-Kazzazin, el-Akkabi and el-Haram in the centre, el-Musharika to the south and el-Kheitun in the east.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> Urban sprawl had spread onto the surrounding hills by 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Kedar_2000_112–113-256">[255]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/220px-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/330px-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/440px-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>Sunset in the sky of Hebron Ras al-Jura</figcaption></figure> The large population increase under Jordanian rule resulted in about 1,800 new houses being built, most of them along the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Road_21" title="Jerusalem Road 21">Hebron-Jerusalem highway</a>, stretching northwards for over 3 miles (5 km) at a depth of 600 ft (200m) either way. Some 500 houses were built elsewhere on surrounding rural land. There was less development to the south-east, where housing units extended along the valley for about 1 mile (1.5 km).<a href="#cite_note-Efrat_1984_192-168">[167]</a> In 1971, with the assistance of the Israeli and Jordanian governments, the <a href="/wiki/Hebron_University" title="Hebron University">Hebron University</a>, an Islamic university, was founded.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> In an attempt to enhance the view of the <a href="/wiki/Ibrahimi_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahimi Mosque">Ibrahami Mosque</a>, Jordan demolished whole blocks of ancient houses opposite its entrance, which also resulted in improved access to the historic site.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> The Jordanians also demolished the old synagogue located in the el-Kazzazin Quarter. In 1976, Israel recovered the site, which had been converted into an animal pen, and by 1989, a settler courtyard had been established there.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> Today, the area along the north–south axis to the east comprises the modern city of Hebron (also called Upper Hebron, Khalil Foq).<a href="#cite_note-:12-262">[261]</a> It was established towards the end of the Ottoman period, its inhabitants being upper and middle class Hebronites who moved there from the crowded old city, Balde al-Qadime (also called Lower Hebron, Khalil Takht).<a href="#cite_note-De_Cesari_2009_230–233-263">[262]</a> The northern part of Upper Hebron includes some up-scale residential districts and also houses the Hebron University, private hospitals and the only two luxury hotels in the city.<a href="#cite_note-:12-262">[261]</a> The main commercial artery of the city is located here, situated along the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Road_20" title="Jerusalem Road 20">Jerusalem Road</a>, and includes modern multi-storey shopping malls.<a href="#cite_note-:12-262">[261]</a> Also in this area are villas and apartment complexes built on the krum, rural lands and vineyards, which used to function as recreation areas during the summer months until the early Jordanian period.<a href="#cite_note-De_Cesari_2009_230–233-263">[262]</a> The southern part is where the working-class neighbourhoods are located, along with large industrial zones and the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Polytechnic_University" title="Palestine Polytechnic University">Hebron Polytechnic University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-De_Cesari_2009_230–233-263">[262]</a> The main municipal and governmental buildings are located in the centre of the city.<a href="#cite_note-:12-262">[261]</a> This area includes high-rise concrete and glass developments and also some distinct Ottoman era one-storey family houses, adorned with arched entrances, decorative motifs and ironwork. Hebron's domestic appliance and textile markets are located here along two parallel roads that lead to the entrance of the old city.<a href="#cite_note-De_Cesari_2009_230–233-263">[262]</a> Many of these have been relocated from the old commercial centre of the city, known as the vegetable market (hesbe), which was closed down by the Israeli military during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:12-262">[261]</a> The vegetable market is now located in the square of Bab el-Zawiye.<a href="#cite_note-De_Cesari_2009_230–233-263">[262]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1058px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron_city_banner.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of residential area of Hebron"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hebron_city_banner.JPG/1050px-Hebron_city_banner.JPG" decoding="async" width="1050" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hebron_city_banner.JPG/1575px-Hebron_city_banner.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hebron_city_banner.JPG/2100px-Hebron_city_banner.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="370" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron_city_banner.JPG" title="File:Hebron city banner.JPG"> </a></div>Panoramic view of residential area of Hebron</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestinian_keffiyeh_loom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Palestinian_keffiyeh_loom.jpg/220px-Palestinian_keffiyeh_loom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Palestinian_keffiyeh_loom.jpg/330px-Palestinian_keffiyeh_loom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Palestinian_keffiyeh_loom.jpg/440px-Palestinian_keffiyeh_loom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A loom at work making keffiyeh at the Hirbawi factory in Hebron.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron216.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hebron216.JPG/220px-Hebron216.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hebron216.JPG/330px-Hebron216.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hebron216.JPG/440px-Hebron216.JPG 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Industrial area of Hebron</figcaption></figure> Hebron is a leading commercial and industrial center in the Levantine region.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Palestine">minerals and resources</a> in surroundings have increased the city's value.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> It emerged as in important trade hub in the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> Hebron is most productive region in the country after <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> area. The H1 Area, which is under control of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> have been a large contributor to the city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> Despite having tense relations, Israelis and Palestinians have strong trade relations in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> The city is popular for its ceramics and glass industry.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> It is the source of 60% of stone and marble resources in the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> 33% of the Palestine's <a href="/wiki/GNP" class="mw-redirect" title="GNP">GNP</a> is from Hebron, including 60% of the jewelry industry and jewelry production, 28% of the output in the agricultural sector and 75% of the leather and shoe industry.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> Most agricultural products from Palestinian controlled Hebron are sent to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> Trade volume between Israel and the Palestine reaches $30 billion annually and the city trades with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> The minimum wage is 50 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">NIS</a> per day versus an average of 30 NIS per day in other Palestinian areas.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron_CBD_night_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hebron_CBD_night_1.jpg/220px-Hebron_CBD_night_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hebron_CBD_night_1.jpg/330px-Hebron_CBD_night_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hebron_CBD_night_1.jpg/440px-Hebron_CBD_night_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Ein Sarah Street, Hebron Central Business District at night</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_Hebron_Mall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Inside_Hebron_Mall.jpg/220px-Inside_Hebron_Mall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Inside_Hebron_Mall.jpg/330px-Inside_Hebron_Mall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Inside_Hebron_Mall.jpg/440px-Inside_Hebron_Mall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>Inside the Hebron City Center Mall</figcaption></figure>From the 1970s to the early 1990s, a third of those who lived in the city worked in the shoe industry. According to the shoe factory owner Tareq Abu Felat, the number reached least 35,000 people and there were more than 1,000 workshops around the city.<a href="#cite_note-AJShoe-266">[265]</a> Statistics from the Chamber of Commerce in Hebron put the figure at 40,000 people employed in 1,200 shoe businesses.<a href="#cite_note-AMShoe-267">[266]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">1993 Oslo Accords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Economic_Relations" title="Protocol on Economic Relations">1994 Paris Protocol</a> between Israel and the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> made it possible to mass import Chinese goods as the Palestinian National Authority, which was created after the Oslo Accords, did not regulate it. They later put import taxes but the Abu Felat, who also is the Palestinian Federation of Leather Industries's chairman, said more is still needed.<a href="#cite_note-AJShoe-266">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian government">Palestinian government</a> decided to impose an additional tax of 35% on products from China from April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-AMShoe-267">[266]</a> 90% of the shoes in Palestine are now estimated to come from China, which Palestinian industry workers say are of much lower quality but also much cheaper,<a href="#cite_note-AJShoe-266">[265]</a> and the Chinese are more aesthetic. Another factor contributing to the decline of the local industry is <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement" title="Palestinian freedom of movement">Israeli restrictions</a> on Palestinian exports.<a href="#cite_note-AMShoe-267">[266]</a> Today, there are less than 300 workshops in the shoe industry, who only run part-time, and they employ around 3,000–4,000 people. More than 50% of the shoes are exported to Israel, where consumers have a better economy. Less than 25% goes to the Palestinian market, with some going to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab countries">Arab countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AJShoe-266">[265]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/220px-%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/330px-%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/440px-%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3623" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hebron_glass" title="Hebron glass">Hebron glass</a> in a market</figcaption></figure> The most advanced printing press in the Middle East is in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> Hebron is major source of import goods to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> Mattresses manufactured in Hebron are exported to Israeli markets in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> Around 17,000 factories and workshops are located throughout the Area H1.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> Historically, the traditional glass industry is popular in Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[263]</a> A new industrial city has been built in <a href="/wiki/Tarqumiyah" title="Tarqumiyah">Tarqumiyah</a>, which houses more than 140 factories. Royal Industrial Trading operates a pipe manufacturing plant in Hebron, which is spread across an area of 40,000 square metres (9.9 acres) and employs over 650 people.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> In 2021, an electronic recycling factory was opened in <a href="/wiki/Idna" title="Idna">Idhna</a> and operates to this day.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> proposed to construct a regional water treatment plant, which will treat existing sewage stream coming from 80% of the city.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> The city is a hub for the jewelry industry and houses approximately 70 jewelry factories employing over 1500 workers.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> Super Nimer company manufactures sanitary ware products and water network from its factory, whose area ranges from 30,000 square metres (7.4 acres) to 45,000 square metres (11 acres).<a href="#cite_note-:5-272">[271]</a> Opened in 2004, Super Tiger operates a factory spread across an area of 7 acres (28,000 m2).<a href="#cite_note-:5-272">[271]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine">COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine</a>, Hebron rapidly transformed into a medical supplies manufacturing hub, with numerous factories installing and commissioning new production lines for the product and was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Ministry of Economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_status">Political status</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:237px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron_Redeployment_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hebron_Redeployment_Map.jpg/164px-Hebron_Redeployment_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hebron_Redeployment_Map.jpg/246px-Hebron_Redeployment_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hebron_Redeployment_Map.jpg/328px-Hebron_Redeployment_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1124" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Official 1997 agreement map of Palestinian controlled H1 and Israeli controlled H2.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:237px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron_redeployment_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hebron_redeployment_1997.jpg/220px-Hebron_redeployment_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hebron_redeployment_1997.jpg/330px-Hebron_redeployment_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hebron_redeployment_1997.jpg/440px-Hebron_redeployment_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1428" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Illustration showing areas H1 and H2 and adjacent Israeli settlements</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">1997 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Concerning_the_Redeployment_in_Hebron" title="Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron">Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron</a></div></div></div></div> Under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> passed by the UN in 1947, Hebron was envisaged to become part of an Arab state. While the Jewish leaders accepted the partition plan, the Arab leadership (the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> in Palestine and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>) rejected it, opposing any partition.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> The aftermath of the 1948 war saw the city occupied and later unilaterally annexed by the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in a move supported by local Hebron officials. Following the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel occupied Hebron. In 1997, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Concerning_the_Redeployment_in_Hebron" title="Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron">Hebron Agreement</a>, Israel withdrew from 80 per cent of Hebron, which was handed over to the Palestinian Authority. Palestinian police would assume responsibilities in Area H1 and Israel would retain control in Area H2. An international unarmed observer force—the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_International_Presence_in_Hebron" title="Temporary International Presence in Hebron">Temporary International Presence in Hebron</a> (TIPH) was subsequently established to help the normalization of the situation and to maintain a buffer between the Palestinian Arab population of the city and the Jewish population residing in their enclave in the old city. The TIPH operates with the permission of the Israeli government, meeting regularly with the Israeli army and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Civil_Administration" title="Israeli Civil Administration">Israeli Civil Administration</a>, and is granted free access throughout the city. In 2018, the TIPH came under criticism in Israel due to incidents where an employee was, according to the Israeli police, filmed puncturing the tires of the car of an <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settler">Israeli settler</a>, and another instance where an observer was deported after slapped a settler boy.<a href="#cite_note-20yrs-231">[230]</a> The post-1967 settlement in Hebron was driven by theological doctrines from the <a href="/wiki/Mercaz_HaRav_Kook" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercaz HaRav Kook">Mercaz HaRav Kook</a>, which consider the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and its people as holy, and believe that the messianic Age of <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">Redemption</a> has arrived. Hebron holds special significance in this narrative, with traditions linking it to <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>, and the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Røislien-276">[275]</a> Settling in Hebron is seen as a right and duty, a favor to the world, and an example of being "a light unto the nations" (<a href="/wiki/Light_Unto_the_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Unto the Nations">Or la-Goyim</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Røislien-276">[275]</a> This viewpoint has resulted in numerous violent clashes with Palestinians, which some settlers see as contributing to the messianic process. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_and_settlements">Occupation and settlements</h3></div> In 1968, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Levinger" title="Moshe Levinger">Moshe Levinger</a> and a group of Israelis, disguised as tourists, rented the main hotel in Hebron and refused to leave.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> The government initially wanted to evacuate the settlers but eventually allowed them to relocate to a nearby military base, which became the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Arba" title="Kiryat Arba">Kiryat Arba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AIC_2004_10-12-279">[278]</a> After lobbying efforts, the settlement gained support from some Israeli leaders. Over time, the settlement expanded with the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_outpost" title="Israeli outpost">outpost</a> <a href="/wiki/Givat_Ha%27avot" class="mw-redirect" title="Givat Ha'avot">Givat Ha'avot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> The operation was planned and financed by the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Greater_Israel" title="Movement for Greater Israel">Movement for Greater Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Supreme Court">Israeli Supreme Court</a> ruled that Jews have no right to properties they possessed in places like Hebron before 1948 and are not entitled to compensation for their losses.<a href="#cite_note-Levinsohn2011-161">[160]</a> Originally named Hesed l'Avraham, Beit Hadassah was constructed in 1893 with donations of <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi Jewish</a> families and was the only modern medical facility in Hebron. In 1909, it was renamed after <a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a>, which took responsibility for the medical staff and provided free medical care to all.<a href="#cite_note-HebronJews-282">[281]</a> In 1979, a group of 15 settler mothers and their 35 children squatted in the Dabouia building in Hebron, exploiting the government's indecision during <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">negotiations with Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuman201879–80-283">[282]</a> Led by Miriam Levinger, they established a bridgehead for Jewish resettlement and created conflict with Arab shopkeepers.<a href="#cite_note-:3-284">[283]</a> A retaliatory attack by a Palestinian group resulted in the death of six yeshiva students.<a href="#cite_note-:3-284">[283]</a> Despite appeals to the Israeli Supreme Court, the settlers remained.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> The following year, the government legitimized residency in Hebron and expelled the elected mayor.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> This pattern of settlement followed by hostilities with Palestinians was repeated in Tel Rumeida.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuman201879–80-283">[282]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue,_Hebron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue%2C_Hebron.jpg/220px-Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue%2C_Hebron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue%2C_Hebron.jpg/330px-Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue%2C_Hebron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue%2C_Hebron.jpg/440px-Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue%2C_Hebron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Abraham Avinu Synagogue in 1925</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Avinu Synagogue">Abraham Avinu Synagogue</a> was the physical and spiritual center of its neighborhood and regarded as one of the most beautiful synagogues in Palestine. It was the centre of Jewish worship in Hebron until it was burnt down during the <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">1929 riots</a>. In 1948 under Jordanian rule, the remaining ruins were razed.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> The Avraham Avinu quarter was established next to the Vegetable and Wholesale Markets on <a href="/wiki/Al-Shuhada_Street" title="Al-Shuhada Street">Al-Shuhada Street</a> in the south of the Old City. The vegetable market was closed by the Israeli military and some of the neighbouring houses were occupied by settlers and soldiers. Settlers started to take over the closed Palestinian stores, despite explicit orders of the Israeli Supreme Court that the settlers should vacate these stores and the Palestinians should be allowed to return.<a href="#cite_note-AIC_2004_10-12-279">[278]</a> Beit Romano was built and owned by Yisrael Avraham Romano of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and served <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Sephardi Jews from Turkey</a>. In 1901, a Yeshiva was established there with a dozen teachers and up to 60 students.<a href="#cite_note-HebronJews-282">[281]</a> In 1982, Israeli authorities took over a Palestinian education office (Osama Ben Munqez School) and the adjacent bus station. The school was turned into a settlement, and the bus station into a military base against an order of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Supreme Court">Israeli Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AIC_2004_10-12-279">[278]</a> In 1807 the immigrant Sephardic Rabbi Haim Yeshua Hamitzri (Haim the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Jews">Jewish Egyptian</a>) purchased 5 dunams on the outskirts of the city and in 1811 he signed a contract for a 99-year lease on a further 800 dunams of land, which included 4 plots in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Rumeida" title="Tel Rumeida">Tel Rumeida</a>. The plots were administered by his descendant Haim Bajaio after Jews left Hebron. Settlers' claims to this land are based on these precedents, but are dismissed by the rabbi's heir.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> In 1984, settlers established a caravan outpost there called Ramat Yeshai. In 1998, the government recognized it as a settlement, and in 2001 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Defense (Israel)">Defence Minister</a> approved the building of the first housing units.<a href="#cite_note-AIC_2004_10-12-279">[278]</a> In 2012, Israel Defense Forces called for the immediate removal of a new settlement, because it was seen as a provocation.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> The IDF, in accordance with settler demands, requested the removal of a Palestinian flag on a Hebronite rooftop contiguous to settlements, though no rule forbids the practice. According to Palestinians, the IDF negotiated the removal of the flag in exchange for the release of a resident of Hebron from legal custody.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> In August 2016, Israel announced its intention to allow settlement building in the military compound of Plugat Hamitkanim in Hebron, which had been expropriated for military purposes in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> In late 2019, the Israeli Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Naftali Bennett</a> instructed the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Civil_Administration" title="Israeli Civil Administration">military administration</a> to inform the Palestinian municipality of the government's intention to reconstruct infrastructure in the old Hebron fruit and vegetable market in order to establish a Jewish neighbourhood there, which would allow for doubling the city's settler population. The area's original residents, who have protected tenancy rights there, were compelled to evacuate the zone after the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a>. The original site was under Jewish ownership prior to 1948. The plan proposes that the empty shops remain Palestinian while the units built over them house Jewish Israelis.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron" title="Old City of Hebron">Old City of Hebron</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron_Old_city-souq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hebron_Old_city-souq.jpg/220px-Hebron_Old_city-souq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hebron_Old_city-souq.jpg/330px-Hebron_Old_city-souq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hebron_Old_city-souq.jpg/440px-Hebron_Old_city-souq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Souk</a> in Old City of Hebron</figcaption></figure> Hebron is home to numerous mosques, synagogues, churches, parks, palaces, castles and forts.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron" title="Old City of Hebron">Old City of Hebron</a> was a declared a Palestinian <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> on 7th July 2017.<a href="#cite_note-OldTownofHebron-298">[297]</a> The move caused controversies and faced opposition from Israeli officials who objected to it being called as Palestinian site, instead of Israeli.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_UNESCO-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> It is one of the best preserved sites of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> <ul><li>The most famous site in Hebron is the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian era structure</a> is said to enclose the tombs of the biblical <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchs">Patriarchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> The site is known for the burial place of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, along with their wives <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> The Isaac Hall now serves as the Ibrahimi mosque, while the Abraham and Jacob Hall serve as a synagogue.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a></li> <li>The tombs of other biblical figures – <a href="/wiki/Abner" title="Abner">Abner ben Ner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Othniel" title="Othniel">Otniel ben Kenaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)" title="Jesse (biblical figure)">Jesse</a> are also located in the city.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> It is reverred to Christians, Muslims and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> These sites are located in the H2 region, which is controlled by the Israeli authorities.</li> <li>The early Ottoman-era <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Avinu Synagogue">Abraham Avinu Synagogue</a> in the city's historic Jewish Quarter was built in 1540 and restored in 1738.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a></li> <li>Mosques from the era include the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ali_al-Bakka_Mosque" title="Sheikh Ali al-Bakka Mosque">Sheikh Ali al-Bakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Jawali_Mosque" title="Al-Jawali Mosque">Al-Jawali</a> mosque.</li></ul> Hebron is also home to several sites for Christian worship, with numerous churches located around the city.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oak_of_Sibta" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak of Sibta">Oak of Sibta</a> (Oak of Abraham) is an ancient tree which, in non-Jewish tradition,<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> is said to mark the place where Abraham pitched his tent.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> owns the site and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham's Oak Holy Trinity Monastery">Abraham's Oak Holy Trinity Monastery</a>, consecrated in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> Hebron is one of the few cities to have preserved its <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> Many structures were built during the period, especially Sufi <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">zawiyas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> <a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> Other sites: <ul><li>Situated on the northeast of the city, Wadi al–Quff Natural Reserve is visited by 2,000 people, mostly on weekends.<a href="#cite_note-:17-245">[244]</a> It is currently under the management of the Palestinian government.<a href="#cite_note-:17-245">[244]</a></li> <li>Aristobolia (<a href="/wiki/Khirbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet">Khirbet</a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>), in south of Hebron, near <a href="/wiki/Zif,_Hebron" title="Zif, Hebron">Zif</a> village, is home to Byzantine-era <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>, built during the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic History">Islamic era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-302">[301]</a></li> <li>Khirbet al–Karmil is home to Crusader pool, ruined Byzantine church and Crusader fortress.<a href="#cite_note-:16-302">[301]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Samu" title="As-Samu">As-Samu</a> is an ancient biblical village, currently a modern town.<a href="#cite_note-:16-302">[301]</a> It is home to 4th century synagogue, numerous Ottoman-era structure and an Islamic building, probably built during the time of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-302">[301]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_traditions">Religious traditions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery.jpg/220px-Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery.jpg/330px-Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery.jpg/440px-Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Orthodox_Monastery_in_Hebron.jpg" title="File:Russian Orthodox Monastery in Hebron.jpg">Russian Orthodox Monastery in Hebron</a></figcaption></figure> Some Jewish traditions regarding <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> place him in Hebron after his expulsion from <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a>. Another has <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> kill <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a> there. A third has <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> buried in the cave of Machpelah. A Jewish-Christian tradition had it that Adam was formed from the red clay of the field of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, near Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-Vilnay_1973_170–172-303">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> A tradition arose in medieval Jewish texts that the Cave of the Patriarchs itself was the very entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> During the Middle Ages, pilgrims and the inhabitants of Hebron would eat the red earth as a charm against misfortune.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> Others report that the soil was harvested for export as a precious medicinal spice in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and that the earth refilled after every digging.<a href="#cite_note-Vilnay_1973_170–172-303">[302]</a> Legend also tells that <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> planted his vineyard on Mount Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity#Early_Middle_Ages_(476–842)" title="History of Christianity">medieval Christian</a> tradition, Hebron was one of the three cities where <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(Biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (Biblical person)">Elizabeth</a> was said to live, the legend implying that it might have been the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> One Islamic tradition has it that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> alighted in Hebron during his <a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">night journey</a> from Mecca to Jerusalem, and the mosque in the city is said to conserve one of his shoes.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> Another tradition states that Muhammad arranged for Hebron and its surrounding villages to become part of <a href="/wiki/Tamim_al-Dari" title="Tamim al-Dari">Tamim al-Dari</a>'s domain; this was implemented during <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>'s reign as caliph. According to the arrangement, al-Dari and his descendants were only permitted to tax the residents for their land and the <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> of the Ibrahimi Mosque was entrusted to them.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> The simat al-Khalil or "Table of Abraham" is attested to in the writings of the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Nasir-i_Khusraw" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-i Khusraw">Nasir-i Khusraw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-297">[296]</a> According to the account, this early Islamic food distribution center — which predates the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Imaret" title="Imaret">imarets</a> — gave all visitors to Hebron a loaf of bread, a bowl of <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisins">raisins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> According to Tamara Neuman, settlement by a community of Jewish religious fundamentalists has brought about three major changes by redesigning a Palestinian area in terms of biblical imagery and origins: remaking over these revamped religious sites to endow them with an innovative centrality to Jewish worship, that, she argues, effectively erases the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diasporic thrust</a> of Jewish tradition; and writing out the overlapping aspects of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in such a way that the possibility of accommodation between the three intertwined traditions is eradicated, while the presence of Palestinians themselves is erased by violent methods.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Ahli Arab Hospital, Hebron"><img alt="Al-Ahli Arab Hospital, Hebron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A.jpg/180px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A.jpg/270px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A.jpg/360px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="2125" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Al-Ahli Arab Hospital, Hebron</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dura Hospital"><img alt="Dura Hospital" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A.jpg/160px-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A.jpg/240px-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A.jpg/320px-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dura Hospital</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebron-79924.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Palestinian woman from Hebron wearing Palestinian traditional dress in 1947"><img alt="A Palestinian woman from Hebron wearing Palestinian traditional dress in 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hebron-79924.jpg/75px-Hebron-79924.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hebron-79924.jpg/113px-Hebron-79924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hebron-79924.jpg/151px-Hebron-79924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1301" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Palestinian woman from Hebron wearing <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_traditional_costumes" title="Palestinian traditional costumes">Palestinian traditional dress</a> in 1947</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Qedra_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qidra or Qidreh, is a famous dishes from the city of Hebron"><img alt="Qidra or Qidreh, is a famous dishes from the city of Hebron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Qedra_%281%29.jpg/180px-Qedra_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Qedra_%281%29.jpg/270px-Qedra_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Qedra_%281%29.jpg/360px-Qedra_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Qidra or Qidreh, is a famous dishes from the city of Hebron</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunset in Hebron"><img alt="Sunset in Hebron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/180px-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/270px-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/360px-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1138" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sunset in Hebron</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Old City of Hebron built in Mamluk era"><img alt="The Old City of Hebron built in Mamluk era" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg/160px-Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg/240px-Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg/320px-Old_City_of_Hebron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Old City of Hebron built in Mamluk era</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_/_sister_cities">Twin towns / sister cities</h2></div> Hebron is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, (Jordan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a>, (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, Morocco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, England<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, (Morocco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajmau" title="Jajmau">Jajmau</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke%C3%A7i%C3%B6ren" title="Keçiören">Keçiören</a>, (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraljevo" title="Kraljevo">Kraljevo</a>, Serbia<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, (Saudi Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-des-Corps" title="Saint-Pierre-des-Corps">Saint-Pierre-des-Corps</a>, (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Şanlıurfa</a>, (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwu" title="Yiwu">Yiwu</a>, (China)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabab_Al-Khalil_SC" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabab Al-Khalil SC">Shabab Al-Khalil SC</a>, the town's <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Child_Arts_Center" title="Palestinian Child Arts Center">Palestinian Child Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of burial places of biblical figures">List of burial places of biblical figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hebron" title="List of people from Hebron">List of people from Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_of_Mamre" title="Oak of Mamre">Oak of Mamre</a>, Christian holy site, historically near Hebron but now inside the city, distinct from the Terebinth of Mamre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham's Oak Holy Trinity Monastery">Abraham's Oak Holy Trinity Monastery</a>, Russian Orthodox monastery at the "Oak of Mamre"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Y.L. Arbeitman, The Hittite is Thy Mother: An Anatolian Approach to Genesis 23, (1981) pp. 889-1026, argues that an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European root</a> *ar-, with the same meaning as the semitic root ḥbr, namely 'to join' may underlie part of the earlier name Kiryat-Arba,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiesiolowski-Spano2016124-11">[11]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ElectedMayor-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ElectedMayor_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinian-terrorist-in-killing-of-6-jews-elected-hebron-mayor/">"Palestinian terrorist in killing of 6 Jews elected Hebron mayor"</a>. The Times of Israel. May 14, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Palestinian+terrorist+in+killing+of+6+Jews+elected+Hebron+mayor&rft.date=2017-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fpalestinian-terrorist-in-killing-of-6-jews-elected-hebron-mayor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vprofile.arij.org/hebron/pdfs/Hebron%20City%20profile.pdf">"Hebron City Profile – ARIJ"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebron+City+Profile+%E2%80%93+ARIJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvprofile.arij.org%2Fhebron%2Fpdfs%2FHebron%2520City%2520profile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrelimCensus2017-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrelimCensus2017_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrelimCensus2017_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf">Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics">Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (PCBS) (Report). <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved October 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Results+of+the+Population%2C+Housing+and+Establishments+Census%2C+2017&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=State+of+Palestine&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcbs.gov.ps%2FDownloads%2Fbook2364-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.menacatalyst.org/media-center/65.html">"Women Led Enterprise: Strategies to Revive Hebron's Economy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Led+Enterprise%3A+Strategies+to+Revive+Hebron%27s+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.menacatalyst.org%2Fmedia-center%2F65.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://molg.pna.ps/uploads/files/Hebron%20Urban%20Area%20Factsheet_sj_2cd2433c7a70461fb7ecf3c2ef2058a9.pdf">https://molg.pna.ps/uploads/files/Hebron%20Urban%20Area%20Factsheet_sj_2cd2433c7a70461fb7ecf3c2ef2058a9.pdf</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index by Josef W. Meri; p. 318; "Hebron(Khalil al-Rahman" </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamrava2010">Kamrava 2010</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alimi_2013_178-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alimi_2013_178_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alimi_2013_178_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlimi2013">Alimi 2013</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRothrock2011">Rothrock 2011</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilin2004">Beilin 2004</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiesiolowski-Spano2016124-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiesiolowski-Spano2016124_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiesiolowski-Spano2016">Niesiolowski-Spano 2016</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCazelles1981">Cazelles 1981</a>, p. 195 compares Amorite ḫibru<a href="/wiki/Mimation" title="Mimation">(m)</a>. Two roots are in play, ḥbr/ḫbr. The root has magical overtones, and develops pejorative connotations in late Biblical usage. </li> <li id="cite_note-GR-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GR_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmon-Heller2007" class="citation journal cs1">Talmon-Heller, Daniella (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2020748">"Graves, Relics and Sanctuariese: The Evolution of Syrian Sacred Topography (Eleventh-Thirteenth Centuries)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ARAM_Periodical" title="ARAM Periodical">ARAM Periodical</a>. 19: 606.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARAM+Periodical&rft.atitle=Graves%2C+Relics+and+Sanctuariese%3A+The+Evolution+of+Syrian+Sacred+Topography+%28Eleventh-Thirteenth+Centuries%29&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=606&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Talmon-Heller&rft.aufirst=Daniella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fcontent.php%3Furl%3Darticle%26id%3D2020748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Qur'an 4:125/Surah 4 Aya (verse) 125, <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027154527/http://www.geocities.com/hollywood/lot/6093/4nisa.html">"source text"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/hollywood/lot/6093/4nisa.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=source+text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fhollywood%2Flot%2F6093%2F4nisa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBüssow2011">Büssow 2011</a>, p. 194 n.220 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Khalidi, Walid. Before Their Diaspora : A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876-1948. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1991, 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharon_2007_104-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharon_2007_104_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharon_2007_104_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharon2007">Sharon 2007</a>, p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNegevGibson2001">Negev & Gibson 2001</a>, pp. 225–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNa'aman2005">Na'aman 2005</a>, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTowner2001">Towner 2001</a>, pp. 144–45: "[T]he city was a Canaanite royal center long before it became Israelite". </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbright2000">Albright 2000</a>, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNa'aman2005">Na'aman 2005</a>, pp. 77–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1903">Smith 1903</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraeling1925">Kraeling 1925</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNa'aman2005">Na'aman 2005</a>, p. 361 These non-Semitic names perhaps echo either a tradition of a group of elite professional troops (Philistines, Hittites), formed in Canaan whose ascendancy was overthrown by the West-Semitic clan of Caleb. They would have migrated from the Negev, </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Blenkinsopp1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blenkinsopp" title="Joseph Blenkinsopp">Joseph Blenkinsopp</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxg9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA114">Gibeon and Israel</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08368-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08368-3"><bdi>978-0-521-08368-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gibeon+and+Israel&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08368-3&rft.au=Joseph+Blenkinsopp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duxg9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> 10:3, 5, 3–39; 12:10, 13. <a href="#CITEREFNa'aman2005">Na'aman 2005</a>, p. 177 doubts this tradition. "The book of Joshua is not a reliable source for either a historical or a territorial discussion of the Late Bronze Age, and its evidence must be disregarded". </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulder2004">Mulder 2004</a>, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlter1996">Alter 1996</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1995">Hamilton 1995</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001">Finkelstein & Silberman 2001</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLied2008">Lied 2008</a>, pp. 154–62, 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElazar1998">Elazar 1998</a>, p. 128: (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>.ch. 23) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagen2007">Magen 2007</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlick1994">Glick 1994</a>, p. 46, citing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%2010:36–42&version=nrsv">Joshua 10:36–42</a> and the influence this has had on certain settlers in the West Bank. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGottwald1999">Gottwald 1999</a>, p. 153: "certain conquests claimed for Joshua are elsewhere attributed to single tribes or clans, for example, in the case of Hebron (in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%2010:36–37&version=nrsv">Joshua 10:36–37</a>, Hebron's capture is attributed to Joshua; in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%201:10&version=nrsv">Judges 1:10</a> to Judah; in Judges 1:20 and Joshua 14:13–14; 15:13–14" to Caleb. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBratcherNewman1983">Bratcher & Newman 1983</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FritzDavies19962-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FritzDavies19962_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer-Lichtenberger1996" class="citation book cs1">Schafer-Lichtenberger (September 1, 1996). "Sociological views". In Volkmar Fritz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etRoNida3RgC">The Origins of the Ancient Israelite States</a>. Philip R. Davies. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-60296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-60296-1"><bdi>978-0-567-60296-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sociological+views&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Ancient+Israelite+States&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1996-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-567-60296-1&rft.au=Schafer-Lichtenberger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetRoNida3RgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGottwald1999">Gottwald 1999</a>, p. 173, citing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Samuel,+5:3&version=NRSV">2 Samuel, 5:3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaphet1993">Japhet 1993</a>, p. 148. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+20,+1–7&version=NRSV">Joshua 20, 1–7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHasson2016">Hasson 2016</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJericke2003">Jericke 2003</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJericke2003">Jericke 2003</a>, pp. 26ff., 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarter1999">Carter 1999</a>, pp. 96–99 Carter challenges this view on the grounds that it has no archeological support. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLemaire2006">Lemaire 2006</a>, p. 419 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJericke2003">Jericke 2003</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJosephus1860">Josephus 1860</a>, p. 334 <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Flavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephus Flavius">Josephus Flavius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>, Bk. 12, ch.8, para.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuke2010">Duke 2010</a>, pp. 93–94 is sceptical.'This should be considered a raid on Hebron instead of a conquest based on subsequent events in the book of I Maccabees.' </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuke2010">Duke 2010</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJericke2003">Jericke 2003</a>, p. 17:'Spätestens in römischer Zeit ist die Ansiedlung im Tal beim heutigen Stadtzentrum zu finden'. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJosephus1860">Josephus 1860</a>, p. 701 Josephus, <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a>, Bk 4, ch. 9, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchürerMillarVermes1973">Schürer, Millar & Vermes 1973</a>, p. 553 n.178 citing <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, in Zachariam 11:5; in Hieremiam 6:18; Chronicon paschale. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHezser2002">Hezser 2002</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1999">Norwich 1999</a>, p. 285 </li> <li id="cite_note-Scharfstein_124-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scharfstein_124_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scharfstein_124_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScharfstein1994">Scharfstein 1994</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-Salaville_1910_185-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salaville_1910_185_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salaville_1910_185_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalaville1910">Salaville 1910</a>, p. 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, pp. 56–57 cites the late testimony of two monks, Eudes and Arnoul CE 1119–1120:'When they (the Muslims) came to Hebron they were amazed to see the strong and handsome structures of the walls and they could not find an opening through which to enter, then the Jews happened to come, who lived in the area under the former rule of the Greeks (that is the Byzantines), and they said to the Muslims: give us (a letter of security) that we may continue to live (in our places) under your rule (literally-amongst you) and permit us to build a synagogue in front of the entrance (to the city). If you will do this, we shall show you where you can break in. And it was so'. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBüssow2011">Büssow 2011</a>, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiro1999">Hiro 1999</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Frenkel, 2011, p. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForbes1965">Forbes 1965</a>, p. 155, citing Anton Kisa et al., Das Glas im Altertum, 1908. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, pp. 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_64-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFAl-Muqaddasi2001">Al-Muqaddasi 2001</a>, pp. 156–57. For an older translation see <a href="#CITEREFLe_Strange1890">Le Strange 1890</a>, pp. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strange.309.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Strange.309.jpg">309</a>–<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strange.310.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Strange.310.jpg">10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_65-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLe_Strange1890">Le Strange 1890</a>, p. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strange.315.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Strange.315.jpg">315</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_66-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinger2002">Singer 2002</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZbeedat2024-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZbeedat2024_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZbeedat2024">Zbeedat 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinsonSmith1856">Robinson & Smith 1856</a>, p. 78:"'The Castle of St. Abraham' was the generic Crusader name for Hebron." </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Avraham Lewensohn. Israel tourguide, 1979. p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray2000">Murray 2000</a>, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965a">Runciman 1965a</a>, p. 307 Runciman also (pp. 307–08) notes that Gerard of Avesnes was a knight from <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainault</a> held hostage at <a href="/wiki/Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsuf">Arsuf</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, who had been wounded by Godfrey's own forces during the siege of the port, and later returned by the Muslims to Godfrey as a token of good will. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965b">Runciman 1965b</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLe_Strange1890">Le Strange 1890</a>, pp. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strange.317.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Strange.317.jpg">317</a>–<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strange.318.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Strange.318.jpg">18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKohler1896">Kohler 1896</a>, pp. 447ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965b">Runciman 1965b</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraemer2001">Kraemer 2001</a>, p. 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoas1999">Boas 1999</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichard1999">Richard 1999</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_80-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenjamin1907">Benjamin 1907</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 207. Note to editors. This account, always in Moshe Gil, refers to two distinct events, the Arab conquest from Byzantium, and the Kurdish-Arab conquest from Crusaders. In both the manuscript is a monkish chronicle, and the words used, and event described is identical. We may have a secondary source confusion here. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharon2003">Sharon 2003</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965c">Runciman 1965c</a>, p. 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMicheau2006">Micheau 2006</a>, p. 402 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy-O'Connor1998">Murphy-O'Connor 1998</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharon1997">Sharon 1997</a>, pp. 117–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Dandis, Wala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/71913073/History-of-Hebron">History of Hebron</a>. 2011-11-07. Retrieved on 2012-03-02. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeri2004">Meri 2004</a>, pp. 362–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKosover1966">Kosover 1966</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2010">David 2010</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamdan2000">Lamdan 2000</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinsonSmith1856">Robinson & Smith 1856</a>, pp. 440–42, n.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinger2002">Singer 2002</a>, p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinsonSmith1856">Robinson & Smith 1856</a>, p. 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2012">Berger 2012</a>, p. 246.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2007xv–xix-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2007xv–xix_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2007">Green 2007</a>, pp. xv–xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-Büssow_2011_195-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Büssow_2011_195_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Büssow_2011_195_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBüssow2011">Büssow 2011</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2010">David 2010</a>, p. 24. Tahrir registers document 20 households in 1538/9, 8 in 1553/4, 11 in 1562 and 1596/7. Gil however suggests the tahrir records of the Jewish population may be understated. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1850">Schwarz 1850</a>, p. 397 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerera1996">Perera 1996</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnay1992">Barnay 1992</a>, pp. 89–90 gives the figures of 12,000 quadrupling to 46,000 <a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">Kuruş</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus1996">Marcus 1996</a>, p. 85. In 1770, they received financial assistance from North American Jews, which amounted in excess of £100. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Luit2009">Van Luit 2009</a>, p. 42. In 1803, the rabbis and elders of the Jewish community were imprisoned after failing to pay their debts. In 1807, the community did succeed in purchasing a 5-<a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunam</a> (5,000 m2) plot where Hebron's wholesale market stands today. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConder1830">Conder 1830</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConder1830">Conder 1830</a>, p. 198. The source was a manuscript, The Travels of Ali Bey, vol. ii, pp. 232–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchölch1993">Schölch 1993</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBüssow2011">Büssow 2011</a>, p. 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWV1833">WV 1833</a>, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw1808">Shaw 1808</a>, p. 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinn1868">Finn 1868</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal2003">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003</a>, pp. 6–11, esp. p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_88-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_88_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_88_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_88_113-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinsonSmith1856">Robinson & Smith 1856</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1850">Schwarz 1850</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1850">Schwarz 1850</a>, pp. 398–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1850">Schwarz 1850</a>, pp. 398–400 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinn1878">Finn 1878</a>, pp. 287ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchölch1993">Schölch 1993</a>, pp. 234–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen201515-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen201515_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2015">Cohen 2015</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1850">Schwarz 1850</a>, p. 401 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1847">Wilson 1847</a>, pp. 355–381, 372:The rabbi of the Ashkenazi community, who said they numbered 60 mainly Polish and Russian emigrants, professed no knowledge of the Sephardim in Hebron (p. 377). </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSicker1999">Sicker 1999</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBüssow2011">Büssow 2011</a>, pp. 198–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1847">Wilson 1847</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1881">Wilson 1881</a>, p. 195 mentions a different set of names, the Quarter of the Cloister Gate (Harat Bab ez Zawiyeh);the Quarter of the Sanctuary (Haret el Haram), to the south-east. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchölch1993">Schölch 1993</a>, pp. 236–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinn1878">Finn 1878</a>, pp. 305–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shragai_2008-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shragai_2008_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shragai_2008_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShragai2008">Shragai 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Isaac Samuel Emmanuel, Suzanne A. Emmanuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7xrAAAAMAAJ">History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles, Volume 2</a>. American Jewish Archives. 1970. p. 754: "Between 1869 and 1871 Hebron was plagued with a severe drought. Food was so scarce that the little available sold for ten times the normal value. Although the rains came in 1871, there was no easing of the famine, for the farmers had no seed to sow. The [Jewish] community was obliged to borrow money from non-Jews at exorbitant interest rates in order to buy wheat for their fold. Their leaders finally decided to send their eminent Chief Rabbi Eliau [Soliman] Mani to Egypt to obtain relief." </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi1998">Khalidi 1998</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-ConderCR1879-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ConderCR1879_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConderCR1879_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFConder1879">Conder 1879</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/79/mode/1up">79</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchölch1993">Schölch 1993</a>, pp. 161–62 quoting David Delpuget Les Juifs d'Alexandrie, de Jaffa et de Jérusalem en 1865, Bordeaux, 1866, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchölch1993">Schölch 1993</a>, pp. 161–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taraki_Giacaman-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taraki_Giacaman_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taraki_Giacaman_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarākī2006">Tarākī 2006</a>, pp. 12–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Taraki_Giacaman2-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Taraki_Giacaman2_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarākī2006">Tarākī 2006</a>, pp. 12–14: "Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and well into the twentieth, Hebron was a peripheral, "borderline" community, attracting poor itinerant peasants and those with Sufi inclinations from its environs. The tradition of shorabat Sayyidna Ibrahim, a soup kitchen surviving into the present day and supervised by the awqaf, and that of the Sufi zawaya gave the city a reputation for being an asylum for the poor and the spiritual. (Ju'beh 2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal2003">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorenberg2007">Gorenberg 2007</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaurens1999">Laurens 1999</a>, p. 508. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRenan1864">Renan 1864</a>, p. 93 remarked of the town that it was "one of the bulwarks of Semitic ideas, in their most austere form". </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBüssow2011">Büssow 2011</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal2003">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampos2007">Campos 2007</a>, pp. 55–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKupferschmidt1987">Kupferschmidt 1987</a>, pp. 110–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:J._B._Barron,_ed._Palestine,_Report_and_General_Abstracts_of_the_Census_of_1922._Government_of_Palestine.djvu" title="File:J. B. Barron, ed. Palestine, Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.djvu">J. B. Barron, ed. Palestine, Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine</a>, page 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-CP7fYghBFQC_1936,_p._887-145"><a href="#cite_ref-CP7fYghBFQC_1936,_p._887_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Th._Houtsma1993" class="citation book cs1">M. Th. Houtsma (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA887">E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</a>. Vol. 4. Brill. p. 887. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09790-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09790-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09790-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.+J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=887&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09790-2&rft.au=M.+Th.+Houtsma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CP7fYghBFQC%26pg%3DPA887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2008">Cohen 2008</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKupferschmidt1987">Kupferschmidt 1987</a>, p. 82: "In any event, after his appointment, Abd al-Hayy al-Khatib not only played a prominent role in the disturbances of 1929, but, in general, appeared as one of the few loyal adherents of Hajj Amin in that town." </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarākī_2006_12–14-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Tarākī_2006_12–14_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarākī2006">Tarākī 2006</a>, pp. 12–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2008">Cohen 2008</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Ilan Ben Zion (April 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/eyeing-nepal-experts-warn-israel-is-unprepared-for-its-own-big-one/">"Eyeing Nepal, experts warn Israel is unprepared for its own Big One"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKupferschmidt1987">Kupferschmidt 1987</a>, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWein1993">Wein 1993</a>, pp. 138–39, </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauman1994">Bauman 1994</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev2001">Segev 2001</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal2003">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NyopAQAAMAAJ">Post-holocaust and anti-semitism – Issues 40–75 – Page 35</a> Merkaz ha-Yerushalmi le-ʻinyene tsibur u-medinah, Temple University. Center for Jewish Community Studies – 2006: "After the 1929 riots in Mandatory Palestine, the non-Jewish French writer <a href="/wiki/Albert_Londres" title="Albert Londres">Albert Londres</a> asked him why the Arabs had murdered the old, pious Jews in Hebron and Safed, with whom they had no quarrel. The mayor answered: "In a way you behave like in a war. You don't kill what you want. You kill what you find. Next time they will all be killed, young and old." Later on, Londres spoke again to the mayor and tested him ironically by saying: "You cannot kill all the Jews. There are 150,000 of them." <a href="/wiki/Raghib_al-Nashashibi" title="Raghib al-Nashashibi">Nashashibi</a> answered "in a soft voice, 'Oh no, it'll take two days." </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev2001">Segev 2001</a>, pp. 325–26: The Zionist Archives preserves lists of Jews who were saved by Arabs; one list contains 435 names. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/64363/the-tangled-truth">"The Tangled Truth"</a>. The New Republic. May 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Tangled+Truth&rft.date=2008-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F64363%2Fthe-tangled-truth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampos2007">Campos 2007</a>, pp. 56–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinsohn2011-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinsohn2011_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinsohn2011_161-1">b</a> Chaim Levinsohn (February 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-supreme-court-rules-hebron-jews-can-t-reclaim-lands-lost-after-1948-1.344090">"Israel Supreme Court Rules Hebron Jews Can't Reclaim Lands Lost After 1948"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Benny Morris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1860649890">The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews</a>. 2003. pp. 186–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Thomas A Idinopulos, Jerusalem, 1994, p. 300, "So severe were the Jordanian restrictions against Jews gaining access to the old city that visitors wishing to cross over from west Jerusalem...had to produce a baptismal certificate." </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Armstrong, Karen, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths, 1997, "Only clergy, diplomats, UN personnel, and a few privileged tourists were permitted to go from one side to the other. The Jordanians required most tourists to produce baptismal certificates—to prove they were not Jewish ... ." </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobins2004">Robins 2004</a>, pp. 71–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_DumperBruce_E._Stanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA165">Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft.au=Michael+Dumper&rft.au=Bruce+E.+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5U3AAAAIAAJ">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, Sir H. A. R. Gibb 1980. p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-Efrat_1984_192-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Efrat_1984_192_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Efrat_1984_192_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEfrat1984">Efrat 1984</a>, p. 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuerbach2009">Auerbach 2009</a>, p. 79: "Under Jordanian rule, the last vestiges of a Jewish historical presence in Hebron were obliterated. The Avraham Avinu synagogue, already in ruins, was razed; a pen for goats, sheep, and donkeys was built on the site." </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorenberg2007">Gorenberg 2007</a>, pp. 80–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorenberg2007">Gorenberg 2007</a>, pp. 138–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternhell1999">Sternhell 1999</a>, p. 333 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternhell1999">Sternhell 1999</a>, p. 337: "In building this new Jewish town, one was sending a message to the international community: for the Jews, the sites connected with Jewish history are inalienable, and if later, for circumstantial reasons, the state of Israel is obliged to give one or another of them up, the step is not considered final." </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorenberg2007">Gorenberg 2007</a>, p. 151: "David's kingdom was a model for the <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">messianic kingdom</a>. David began in Hebron, so settling Hebron would lead to final redemption." </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev2008">Segev 2008</a>, p. 698: "Hebron was considered a holy city; the massacre of Jews there in 1929 was imprinted on <a href="/wiki/National_memory" title="National memory">national memory</a> along with the great pogroms of Eastern Europe. The messianic fervor that characterized the Hebron settlers was more powerful than the awakening that led people to settle in East Jerusalem: while Jerusalem had already been annexed, the future of Hebron was still unclear." </li> <li id="cite_note-jpt-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpt_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpt_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTovah_Lazaroff2006" class="citation news cs1">Tovah Lazaroff (May 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816165944/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1145961357122&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull">"Hebron Jews' offspring divided over city's fate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1145961357122&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">the original</a> on August 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Hebron+Jews%27+offspring+divided+over+city%27s+fate&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft.au=Tovah+Lazaroff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fapage%3D1%26cid%3D1145961357122%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agf-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agf_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agf_177-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/il/FourMothers/Yona.html">Hebron descendants decry actions of current settlers They are kin of the Jews ousted in 1929</a>", March 3, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-shragai-178"><a href="#cite_ref-shragai_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShragai2007" class="citation news cs1">Shragai, Nadav (December 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/938599.html">"80 years on, massacre victims' kin reclaims Hebron house"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved February 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=80+years+on%2C+massacre+victims%27+kin+reclaims+Hebron+house&rft.date=2007-12-26&rft.aulast=Shragai&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F938599.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShargai2007" class="citation web cs1">Shargai, Nadav (September 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803093117/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/907606.html">"Gov't bans Hebron settlers from winterizing controversial house"</a>. Haaretz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/907606.html">the original</a> on August 3, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Gov%27t+bans+Hebron+settlers+from+winterizing+controversial+house&rft.date=2007-09-26&rft.aulast=Shargai&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F907606.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzLazaroff" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Yaakov; Lazaroff, Tovah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111022800/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152784857&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull">"Hebron settlers try to buy more homes"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152784857&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">the original</a> on January 11, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Hebron+settlers+try+to+buy+more+homes&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft.au=Lazaroff%2C+Tovah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1176152784857%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShragaiZarchin2008" class="citation web cs1">Shragai, Nadav; Zarchin, Tomer (November 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522030308/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1037864.html">"Settlers threaten 'Amona'-style riots over Hebron eviction"</a>. Haaretz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1037864.html">the original</a> on May 22, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Settlers+threaten+%27Amona%27-style+riots+over+Hebron+eviction&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.aulast=Shragai&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft.au=Zarchin%2C+Tomer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1037864.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarel2008" class="citation web cs1">Harel, Amos (November 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420034311/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1039263.html">"Hebron settler mob caught on video clashing with IDF troops"</a>. Haaretz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1039263.html">the original</a> on April 20, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Hebron+settler+mob+caught+on+video+clashing+with+IDF+troops&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.aulast=Harel&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1039263.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1227702434796&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">"High alert in West Bank following Beit Hashalom evacuation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929100824/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1227702434796&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull">Archived</a> 2011-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. December 4, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Reynell1972" class="citation news cs1">Charles Reynell (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxVXAAAAYAAJ">"unknown"</a>. The Economist. Vol. 242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=unknown&rft.volume=242&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Charles+Reynell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxVXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattar2005">Mattar 2005</a>, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBouckaert2001">Bouckaert 2001</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubenberg2003">Rubenberg 2003</a>, pp. 162–63) </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellerman1993">Kellerman 1993</a>, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubenberg2003">Rubenberg 2003</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBovard2004">Bovard 2004</a>, p. 265, citing Charles A. Radin (July 31, 2002). "A Top Israeli Says Settlers Incited Riot in Hebron". <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>; Amos Harel and Jonathan Lis (July 31, 2002). "Minister's Aide Calls Hebron Riots a 'Pogrom'". <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. p. 409, notes 55, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Scotsman2002">The Scotsman 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=1713">"Jewish presence in Hebron is an indisputable historical fact"</a>. Israel Hayom. November 4, 2011. 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International Organization for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination – 1987. p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargot_Dudkevitch2000" class="citation news cs1">Margot Dudkevitch (October 6, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803082106/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/62288539.html?dids=62288539:62288539&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+6%2C+2000&author=MARGOT+DUDKEVITCH&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=03.A&desc=IDF%3A+Palestinians+offer+%242%2C000+for+%27martyrs%27">"IDF: Palestinians offer $2,000 for 'martyrs'"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/62288539.html?dids=62288539:62288539&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+6%2C+2000&author=MARGOT+DUDKEVITCH&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=03.A&desc=IDF%3A+Palestinians+offer+%242%2C000+for+%27martyrs%27">the original</a> on August 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=IDF%3A+Palestinians+offer+%242%2C000+for+%27martyrs%27&rft.date=2000-10-06&rft.au=Margot+Dudkevitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fjpost%2Faccess%2F62288539.html%3Fdids%3D62288539%3A62288539%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DOct%2B6%252C%2B2000%26author%3DMARGOT%2BDUDKEVITCH%26pub%3DJerusalem%2BPost%26edition%3D%26startpage%3D03.A%26desc%3DIDF%253A%2BPalestinians%2Boffer%2B%25242%252C000%2Bfor%2B%2527martyrs%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimmerling_2003_443-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kimmerling_2003_443_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimmerling_2003_443_198-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal2003">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003</a>, p. 443 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Haaretz, June 22, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.972mag.com/hebron-israeli-soldiers-protect-settlers/">In Hebron, Protecting Palestinians is Not an Israeli Soldier's Job</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Haaretz, February 3, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.972mag.com/jared-kushner-soldiers-occupation/">Jared Kushner Does Not See the Brutal Occupation I Helped Carry Out: As a Former Soldier, I Enforced Two Separate Legal Systems for Israelis and Palestinians--The Trump Plan Wants to Make This Reality Permanent</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Nabeel Abraham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article0002775.html">What About The Victims?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192614/http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article0002775.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lies of Our Times, May 1994, pp 3–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBovard2004">Bovard 2004</a>, p. 265. Meir Tayar, commander of the Hebron Border Police at the time testified that, 'Instructions are to take cover, wait until the clip is empty or the gun jams and then overpower him. Even if I had been there (in the mosque), I could not have done anything-there were special orders.' </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommission_of_Inquiry1994">Commission of Inquiry 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreedland2012">Freedland 2012</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2012">Levy 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024142822/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/c7d7b824004ff5c585256ae700543ebc?opendocument">"Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron"</a>. United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine. January 17, 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/c7d7b824004ff5c585256ae700543ebc?OpenDocument">the original</a> on October 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocol+Concerning+the+Redeployment+in+Hebron&rft.pub=United+Nations+Information+System+on+the+Question+of+Palestine&rft.date=1997-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2Fc7d7b824004ff5c585256ae700543ebc%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurkow" class="citation web cs1">Gurkow, Lazer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/624279/jewish/A-Visit-to-Hebron.htm">"Chabad.org"</a>. Chabad. Retrieved November 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chabad.org&rft.pub=Chabad&rft.aulast=Gurkow&rft.aufirst=Lazer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F624279%2Fjewish%2FA-Visit-to-Hebron.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hebron-wp-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hebron-wp_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hebron-wp_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanine_Zacharia2010" class="citation news cs1">Janine Zacharia (March 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702702.html">"Letter from the West Bank: In Hebron, renovation of holy site sets off strife"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Letter+from+the+West+Bank%3A+In+Hebron%2C+renovation+of+holy+site+sets+off+strife&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft.au=Janine+Zacharia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F03%2F07%2FAR2010030702702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_GC4-209"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_GC4_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm">"The Geneva Convention"</a>. BBC News. December 10, 2009. Retrieved September 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Geneva+Convention&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1682640.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2011" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Hazel (May 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120912191054/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/travel/news/west-bank-bb-in-hebrons-old-city-fully-booked/story-e6frg8ro-1226061421155">"West Bank B&B in Hebron's Old City fully booked"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/travel/news/west-bank-bb-in-hebrons-old-city-fully-booked/story-e6frg8ro-1226061421155">the original</a> on September 12, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=West+Bank+B%26B+in+Hebron%27s+Old+City+fully+booked&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Ftravel%2Fnews%2Fwest-bank-bb-in-hebrons-old-city-fully-booked%2Fstory-e6frg8ro-1226061421155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfa.gov.il2-211"><a href="#cite_ref-mfa.gov.il2_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm">"Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (Sep. 1993)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. September 24, 2000. Retrieved April 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+%28Sep.+1993%29&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2000-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FTerrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace%2FPalestinian%2Bterror%2Bbefore%2B2000%2FFatal%2BTerrorist%2BAttacks%2Bin%2BIsrael%2BSince%2Bthe%2BDOP%2B-S.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarel2002">Harel 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200203/s514316.htm">Two Norwegian observers killed near Hebron: Israeli TV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021161007/http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200203/s514316.htm">Archived</a> 2007-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ABC News online, March 27, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1388887/Two-Norwegian-observers-killed-near-Hebron.html">"Two Norwegian observers killed near Hebron"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. March 26, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1388887/Two-Norwegian-observers-killed-near-Hebron.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Two+Norwegian+observers+killed+near+Hebron&rft.date=2002-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1388887%2FTwo-Norwegian-observers-killed-near-Hebron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223944/http://www.tiph.org/en/News/?module=Articles;action=Article.publicShow;ID=1579">Two TIPH members killed near Hebron</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron website, March 27, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiego_Gambetta2006" class="citation book cs1">Diego Gambetta (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=211orfsU0UYC">Making Sense of Suicide Missions</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929797-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929797-9"><bdi>978-0-19-929797-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Suicide+Missions&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929797-9&rft.au=Diego+Gambetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D211orfsU0UYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Chris McGreal (August 20, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/20/israel1">"Palestinian suicide bomber kills 20 and shatters peace process"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Ed O'Loughlin (August 21, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/20/1061368359339.html">"Ceasefire illusion just blown away"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. Hamas claimed it marked the anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Michael_Rohan" title="Denis Michael Rohan">Denis Michael Rohan</a>'s attempt to burn the Al-Aqsa mosque. Islamic Jihad claimed it was in revenge for the killing of a leader, Ahmed Sidr, in Hebron. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/english/press_releases/20071231.asp">"B'Tselem – Press Releases – 31 Dec. 2007: B'Tselem: 131 Palestinians who did not participate in the hostilities killed by Israel's security forces in 2007"</a>. B'tselem. December 31, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%27Tselem+%E2%80%93+Press+Releases+%E2%80%93+31+Dec.+2007%3A+B%27Tselem%3A+131+Palestinians+who+did+not+participate+in+the+hostilities+killed+by+Israel%27s+security+forces+in+2007&rft.pub=B%27tselem&rft.date=2007-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fenglish%2Fpress_releases%2F20071231.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021152734/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/a17e4c9ace4785bac1256d87004bca62">"Israeli NGO issues damning report on situation in Hebron"</a>. ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. August 19, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/a17e4c9ace4785bac1256d87004bca62">the original</a> on October 21, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Israeli+NGO+issues+damning+report+on+situation+in+Hebron&rft.date=2003-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reliefweb.int%2Frw%2Frwb.nsf%2FAllDocsByUNID%2Fa17e4c9ace4785bac1256d87004bca62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/Download/200308_Hebron_Area_H2_Eng.pdf">"Hebron, Area H-2: Settlements Cause Mass Departure of Palestinians"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>. August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebron%2C+Area+H-2%3A+Settlements+Cause+Mass+Departure+of+Palestinians&rft.pub=B%27Tselem&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2FDownload%2F200308_Hebron_Area_H2_Eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> "In total, 169 families lived on the three streets in September 2000, when the intifada began. Since then, seventy-three families—forty-three percent—have left their homes." </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061017225650/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/YAOI-6UN95C?OpenDocument">"Palestine Refugees: a challenge for the International Community"</a>. ReliefWeb. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. October 10, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/YAOI-6UN95C?OpenDocument">the original</a> on October 17, 2006. <q>Settler violence has forced out over half the Palestinian population in some neighborhoods in the downtown area of Hebron. This once bustling community is now eerily deserted, and presents a harrowing existence for those few Palestinians who dare to remain or who are too deep in poverty to move elsewhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Palestine+Refugees%3A+a+challenge+for+the+International+Community&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.reliefweb.int%2Frw%2FRWB.NSF%2Fdb900SID%2FYAOI-6UN95C%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-btselem2007-223"><a href="#cite_ref-btselem2007_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/english/Publications/Summaries/200705_Hebron.asp">"Ghost Town: Israel's Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Center of Hebron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>. May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghost+Town%3A+Israel%27s+Separation+Policy+and+Forced+Eviction+of+Palestinians+from+the+Center+of+Hebron&rft.pub=B%27Tselem&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fenglish%2FPublications%2FSummaries%2F200705_Hebron.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> David Shulman (March 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323220130/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/mar/22/hope-hebron/">"Hope in Hebron"</a>. New York Review of Books. "Those who still live on Shuhada Street can't enter their own homes from the street. Some use the rooftops to go in and out, climbing from one roof to another before issuing into adjacent homes or alleys. Some have cut gaping holes in the walls connecting their homes to other (often deserted) houses and thus pass through these buildings until they can exit into a lane outside or up a flight of stairs to a passageway on top of the old casba market. According to a survey conducted by the human-rights organization B'Tselem in 2007, 42 per cent of the Palestinian population in the city center of Hebron (area H2)—some 1,014 families—have abandoned their homes and moved out, most of them to area H1, now under Palestinian control." </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/200308_Hebron_Area_H2.asp">"Hebron, Area H-2: Settlements Cause Mass Departure of Palestinians"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebron%2C+Area+H-2%3A+Settlements+Cause+Mass+Departure+of+Palestinians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2FEnglish%2FPublications%2FSummaries%2F200308_Hebron_Area_H2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081115080658/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2001/04/11/isrlpa241.htm">"Mounting Human Rights Crisis in Hebron"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2001/04/11/isrlpa241.htm">the original</a> on November 15, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mounting+Human+Rights+Crisis+in+Hebron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2001%2F04%2F11%2Fisrlpa241.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=331234&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y">"Israeli human rights group slams Hebron settlers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli+human+rights+group+slams+Hebron+settlers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fpages%2FShArt.jhtml%3FitemNo%3D331234%26contrassID%3D2%26subContrassID%3D1%26sbSubContrassID%3D0%26listSrc%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-storm2-228"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW-storm2_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBouckaert2001">Bouckaert 2001</a>, pp. 5, 40–43, 48, 71–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedland201222-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedland201222_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreedland2012">Freedland 2012</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011002839/http://cpt.org/publications/history.php">"History/Mission of CPT"</a>. 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Hoover Institution Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-3291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-3291-6"><bdi>978-0-8179-3291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jerusalem+question%2C+1917%E2%80%931968&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-3291-6&rft.aulast=Bovis&rft.aufirst=H.+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1L49R1xKA6QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Røislien-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Røislien_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Røislien_276-1">b</a> Hanne Eggen Røislien, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/14/14">"Living with Contradiction: Examining the Worldview of the Jewish Settlers in Hebron"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002002611/http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/14/14">Archived</a> 2015-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Conflict_and_Violence" title="International Journal of Conflict and Violence">International Journal of Conflict and Violence</a>. Vol. 1 (2). 2007. pp. 169–184, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DF03xwLaPucC&pg=PA69">Jewish Terrorism in Israel</a>. Columbia University Press. 2011. p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorenberg2007">Gorenberg 2007</a>, p. 356 </li> <li id="cite_note-AIC_2004_10-12-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIC_2004_10-12_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIC_2004_10-12_279-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIC_2004_10-12_279-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIC_2004_10-12_279-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_aic_hebron_dec_2004.pdf">Occupation in Hebron</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105174717/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_aic_hebron_dec_2004.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 10–12. Alternative Information Center, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorenberg2007">Gorenberg 2007</a>, pp. 205, 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLustick1988">Lustick 1988</a>, p. 205 n.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-HebronJews-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HebronJews_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HebronJews_282-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuerbach2009">Auerbach 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC&pg=PA60">60</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuman201879–80-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuman201879–80_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuman201879–80_283-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeuman2018">Neuman 2018</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_284-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerera1996">Perera 1996</a>, pp. 178: "As I made my way to the Machpelah, I passed a curious scene. The Hadassah hospital of Hebron, which is Arab-administered, had been taken over by Israeli women of Kiryat Arba, the new settlement on the hill overlooking the city. Miriam Levinger, wife of Moshe Levinger, the militant right-wing rabbi who founded Kiryat Arba, was screaming in her Brooklyn-accented Hebrew at the Palestinian police, who were – very politely – attempting to remove the women from the hospital grounds." </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitullo2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vitullo, Anita (2003). "People Tied to Place: Strengthening Cultural Identity in Hebron's Old City". Journal of Palestine Studies. 33 (1): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2003.33.1.68">10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-919X">0377-919X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=People+Tied+to+Place%3A+Strengthening+Cultural+Identity+in+Hebron%27s+Old+City&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2003.33.1.68&rft.issn=0377-919X&rft.aulast=Vitullo&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKretzmer2002">Kretzmer 2002</a>, pp. 117–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFalah1985">Falah 1985</a>, p. 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBouckaert2001">Bouckaert 2001</a>, p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuerbach2009">Auerbach 2009</a>, pp. 40, 45, 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlatt2012">Platt 2012</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Levinson, Chaim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/idf-brass-calls-for-immediate-removal-of-new-hebron-settlement-1.422007">"IDF brass calls for immediate removal of new Hebron settlement."</a> Haaretz. April 2, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Chaim Levinson (March 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.580203">"Following settlers' demand, IDF removes Palestinian flag from Hebron roof"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=772789">"Watchdog: Expansion of Hebron settlements amounts to 'right of return for Jews only"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917031714/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=772789">Archived</a> 2016-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an_News_Agency" title="Ma'an News Agency">Ma'an News Agency</a>. August 22, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Hagar Shezaf (December 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-plans-new-jewish-neighborhood-in-hebron-s-abandoned-arab-market-1.8201992">"Israel Plans New Jewish Neighborhood in Hebron's Arab Market"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Elisha Ben Kimon, Yoav Zitun, Elior Levy (December 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/article/HJOLZK11ar">"Bennett plans building Jewish neighborhood in Hebron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Yumna Patel (December 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondoweiss.net/2019/12/israels-plan-to-build-new-settlement-atop-old-hebron-market-evokes-painful-memories-for-residents/">"Israel's plan to build new settlement atop Hebron market evokes painful memories for residents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mondoweiss" title="Mondoweiss">Mondoweiss</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_297-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefunambulist.net/editorials/guest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh">"# THE FUNAMBULIST PAPERS 13 /// A Visit to The Old City of Hebron by Raja Shehadeh"</a>. THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. October 24, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THE+FUNAMBULIST+MAGAZINE&rft.atitle=%23+THE+FUNAMBULIST+PAPERS+13+%2F%2F%2F+A+Visit+to+The+Old+City+of+Hebron+by+Raja+Shehadeh&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefunambulist.net%2Feditorials%2Fguest-writers-essays-13-a-visit-to-the-old-city-of-hebron-by-raja-shehadeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OldTownofHebron-298"><a href="#cite_ref-OldTownofHebron_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamczyk2017" class="citation news cs1">Adamczyk, Ed (July 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/07/07/UNESCO-declares-Hebron-West-Bank-a-world-heritage-site/3011499431429/">"UNESCO declares Hebron, West Bank, a world heritage site"</a>. UPI. Retrieved July 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UNESCO+declares+Hebron%2C+West+Bank%2C+a+world+heritage+site&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft.aulast=Adamczyk&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FWorld-News%2F2017%2F07%2F07%2FUNESCO-declares-Hebron-West-Bank-a-world-heritage-site%2F3011499431429%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_UNESCO-299"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_UNESCO_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707222506/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/unesco-puts-city-hebron-heritage-danger-list-48495103">"Israelis outraged by UNESCO decision on Hebron holy site"</a>. ABC News. Associated Press. July 7, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/unesco-puts-city-hebron-heritage-danger-list-48495103">the original</a> on July 7, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israelis+outraged+by+UNESCO+decision+on+Hebron+holy+site&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Funesco-puts-city-hebron-heritage-danger-list-48495103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinn1868">Finn 1868</a>, p. 184:'the great oak of Sibta, commonly called Abraham's oak by most people except the Jews, who do not believe in any Abraham's oak there. The great patriarch planted, indeed, a grove at Beersheba; but the "Eloné Mamre" they declare to have been "plains", not "oaks", (which would be Alloné Mamre,) and to have been situated northwards instead of westwards from the present Hebron.' </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseum_With_No_Frontiers2004" class="citation book cs1">Museum With No Frontiers (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqMVAQAAIAAJ">Pilgrimage, sciences and Sufism: Islamic art in the West Bank and Gaza</a>. Édisud. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953-36-064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9953-36-064-5"><bdi>978-9953-36-064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage%2C+sciences+and+Sufism%3A+Islamic+art+in+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=%C3%89disud&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9953-36-064-5&rft.au=Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbqMVAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_302-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_302-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_302-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thisweekinpalestine.com/the-undiscovered-archaeological-riches-of-hebron/">"The Undiscovered Archaeological Riches of Hebron"</a>. This Week in Palestine. Retrieved August 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Week+in+Palestine&rft.atitle=The+Undiscovered+Archaeological+Riches+of+Hebron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthisweekinpalestine.com%2Fthe-undiscovered-archaeological-riches-of-hebron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vilnay_1973_170–172-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vilnay_1973_170–172_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vilnay_1973_170–172_303-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilnay1973">Vilnay 1973</a>, pp. 170–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bSpJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA223">Miscellanies of divinitie: divided into three books</a> Edward Kellet, 1633. p. 223: "Sixthly, the field of Damascus, where the red earth lieth, of which they report Adam was formed; which earth is tough, and may be wrought like wax, and lieth close by Hebron." </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeuman2018">Neuman 2018</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Milwright2008" class="citation book cs1">Marcus Milwright (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7w7TW4NVBcC&pg=PA119">The Fortress of the Raven: Karak in the Middle Islamic Period (1100 -1650)</a>. Brill. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16519-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16519-9"><bdi>978-90-04-16519-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortress+of+the+Raven%3A+Karak+in+the+Middle+Islamic+Period+%281100+-1650%29&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16519-9&rft.au=Marcus+Milwright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7w7TW4NVBcC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._G._R._Forlong2003" class="citation book cs1">J. G. R. Forlong (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jz-6wHrg2QC&pg=PA220">Encyclopedia of Religions Or Faiths of Man 1906, Part 2</a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4308-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4308-1"><bdi>978-0-7661-4308-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religions+Or+Faiths+of+Man+1906%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-4308-1&rft.au=J.+G.+R.+Forlong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jz-6wHrg2QC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZev_Vilnay1975" class="citation book cs1">Zev Vilnay (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUwAAAAYAAJ">The Sacred land</a>. Vol. 2. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0064-5"><bdi>978-0-8276-0064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+land&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0064-5&rft.au=Zev+Vilnay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEUwAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraveri1967">Craveri 1967</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilman1840">Milman 1840</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevi_della_Vida1993">Levi della Vida 1993</a>, p. 648 </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2011" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Christine (December 15, 2011). The Ottoman World. Routledge. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-49894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-49894-7"><bdi>978-1-136-49894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-136-49894-7&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeuman2018">Neuman 2018</a>, p. 5: "This narrowed or fundamentalist focus involves three further changes that are also useful for framing this study: the first is that religiously inscribed space, particularly the remaking of many Palestinian areas into a geography of biblical sites and origins, has been given a new significance in the construction of a distinct Jewish (settler) identity. Spatial reorganization has also resulted in a range of incremental practices included under the rubric of religion that link up with this process of inscription— including renaming, reenvisioning, and rebuilding. These practices in turn support and magnify resolute place-based attachments. The second shift is that these remade biblical sites, specifically in Hebron and within the Tomb of the Patriarchs itself, are being given a new centrality in Jewish observance, one that largely cancels out the exilic orientation of Jewish tradition. They give rise to a form of Jewish observance focusing on exact origins and specific graves to the exclusion of a more characteristic yearning for the messianic future. Third, the final change entails writing out the many historical convergences between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam reflected in the traditions themselves so as to eliminate possibilities for accommodating difference, while using Jewish observance and forms of direct violence in order to erase the presence of an existing Palestinian population." </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/History-Derby-sister-city-Hebron-Palestine/story-20973895-detail/story.html">History made as Derby becomes 'sister city' of Hebron, Palestine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231045/http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/History-Derby-sister-city-Hebron-Palestine/story-20973895-detail/story.html">Archived</a> 2015-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Derby Telegraph </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kraljevo.rs/kontakt/bratski-i-partnerski-gradovi-i-opstine/?script=lat"><bdi lang="sr">Братски и партнерски градови и општине</bdi></a> [Sister and partner cities and municipalities] (in Serbian). Kraljevo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=Kraljevo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kraljevo.rs%2Fkontakt%2Fbratski-i-partnerski-gradovi-i-opstine%2F%3Fscript%3Dlat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">Albright, W.F.</a> (2000) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=PA110">"The Amarna letters from Palestine"</a>. In Eiddon, Iorwerth; Edwards, Stephen; Gadd, C. J. (eds.). Cambridge Ancient History: The Middle East and Aegean Region c. 1380–1000 BC. Vol. 2 (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08691-2"><bdi>978-0-521-08691-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Amarna+letters+from+Palestine&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+The+Middle+East+and+Aegean+Region+c.+1380%E2%80%931000+BC&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08691-2&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=W.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1TmVvMwmo4C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Muqaddasi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a> (2001). Collins, B. A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBO1PijX1qsC">The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Ahasan al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim</a>. Reading: Garnet Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85964-136-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85964-136-1"><bdi>978-1-85964-136-1</bdi></a>. 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Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-120-60952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-120-60952-5"><bdi>978-8-120-60952-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Travellers&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-8-120-60952-5&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWksMUWSgAoC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alter" title="Robert Alter">Alter, R.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-6zQgAACAAJ">Genesis: Translation and Commentary</a>. W. W. Norton. pp. 886–888. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03981-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03981-8"><bdi>978-0-393-03981-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis%3A+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E886-%3C%2Fspan%3E888&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03981-8&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-6zQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksanGoffman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_H._Aksan" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia H. Aksan">Aksan, V.H.</a>; Goffman, Daniel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eUW8DyaHuQC">The early modern Ottomans: remapping the Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81764-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81764-6"><bdi>978-0-521-81764-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+modern+Ottomans%3A+remapping+the+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81764-6&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=V.H.&rft.au=Goffman%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eUW8DyaHuQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlimi2013" class="citation book cs1">Alimi, Eitan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etfPrGqcLTEC&pg=PA178">Israeli Politics and the First Palestinian Intifada: Political Opportunities, Framing Processes and Contentious Politics</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17182-8"><bdi>978-1-134-17182-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israeli+Politics+and+the+First+Palestinian+Intifada%3A+Political+Opportunities%2C+Framing+Processes+and+Contentious+Politics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-17182-8&rft.aulast=Alimi&rft.aufirst=Eitan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetfPrGqcLTEC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerold_Auerbach" title="Jerold Auerbach">Auerbach, J.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC">Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-742-56617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-742-56617-0"><bdi>978-0-742-56617-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebron+Jews%3A+Memory+and+Conflict+in+the+Land+of+Israel&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-742-56617-0&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooUqc8snyZUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnay1992" class="citation book cs1">Barnay, Jacob (1992). Goldblum, Naomi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdEDefYc4u0C&pg=PR10">The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine</a>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-817-30572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-817-30572-7"><bdi>978-0-817-30572-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+Palestine+in+the+Eighteenth+Century%3A+Under+the+Patronage+of+the+Istanbul+Committee+of+Officials+for+Palestine&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-817-30572-7&rft.aulast=Barnay&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdEDefYc4u0C%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron,_J._B.1923" class="citation book cs1">Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922">Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922</a>. Government of Palestine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+Report+and+General+Abstracts+of+the+Census+of+1922&rft.pub=Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPalestineCensus1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman1994" class="citation book cs1">Bauman, Mark K. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSDNTYjTRRoC">Harry H. Epstein and the Rabbinate as Conduit for Change</a>. New York & London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3541-4"><bdi>978-0-8386-3541-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+H.+Epstein+and+the+Rabbinate+as+Conduit+for+Change&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3541-4&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Mark+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSDNTYjTRRoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeilin2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yossi_Beilin" title="Yossi Beilin">Beilin, Y.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5RIXqbwHoYC&pg=PA100">The Path to Geneva: The Quest for a Permanent Agreement, 1996–2004</a>. Akashic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9719206-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9719206-3-7"><bdi>978-0-9719206-3-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Geneva%3A+The+Quest+for+a+Permanent+Agreement%2C+1996%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=Akashic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9719206-3-7&rft.aulast=Beilin&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt5RIXqbwHoYC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin (of Tudela)</a> (1907). Adler, Marcus Nathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWErzRkDnKUC&pg=RA1-PA60">The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: critical text, translation and commentary</a>. Oxford: Henry Frowde. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8370-2263-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8370-2263-5"><bdi>978-0-8370-2263-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+itinerary+of+Benjamin+of+Tudela%3A+critical+text%2C+translation+and+commentary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Henry+Frowde&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=978-0-8370-2263-5&rft.au=Benjamin+%28of+Tudela%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLWErzRkDnKUC%26pg%3DRA1-PA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2012" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Pamela (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvNMvqkDpP0C&pg=PA246">The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary</a>. 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Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-260-9"><bdi>978-1-56432-260-9</bdi></a>. 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Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-967-6"><bdi>978-1-55054-967-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Heated+Place%3A+Encounters+in+the+Promised+Land&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55054-967-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZWiWr-e1bAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampos2007" class="citation book cs1">Campos, Michelle (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qNw9qRPHTScC&pg=PA41">"Remembering Jewish-Arab Contact and Conflict"</a>. 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Johannes Botterweck">Botterweck, G.J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Helmer_Ringgren" title="Helmer Ringgren">Ringgren, H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heinz-Josef_Fabry" title="Heinz-Josef Fabry">Fabry, H.-J.</a> (eds.). Theological dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 193–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2328-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2328-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-2328-1</bdi></a>. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 164–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>. 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Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0452-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0452-5"><bdi>978-0-7658-0452-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covenant+and+Polity+in+Biblical+Israel%3A+Biblical+Foundations+%26+Jewish+Expressions&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0452-5&rft.aulast=Elazar&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsWv7YVmcpREC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmett2000" class="citation book cs1">Emmett, Chad F. 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Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 261–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0106-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0106-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-0106-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sharing+Sacred+Space+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.btitle=Cultural+encounters+with+the+environment%3A+enduring+and+evolving+geographic+themes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0106-5&rft.aulast=Emmett&rft.aufirst=Chad+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4WLmLRYxRZoC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalah1985" class="citation book cs1">Falah, Ghazi (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3cOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA245">"Recent Colonization in Hebron"</a>. 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London: Croom Helm. pp. 245–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1821-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1821-9"><bdi>978-0-7099-1821-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Colonization+in+Hebron&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Gush+Emunim%3A+politics+and+settlement+in+the+West+Bank&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-1821-9&rft.aulast=Falah&rft.aufirst=Ghazi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3cOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeige2009" class="citation book cs1">Feige, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CG_R01oa780C&pg=PA144">Settling in the hearts: Jewish fundamentalism in the occupied territories</a>. 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Retrieved July 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=An+Exclusive+Corner+of+Hebron&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Freedland&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fexclusive-corner-hebron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Frenkel, Yehoshua (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23409608?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Hebron — An Islamic Sacred City (634–1099)</a> (in JSTOR) (חברון — עיר קודש אסלאמית 634–1099 לסה"נ) (Catedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv, issue 141, p. 27 – 52) (in Hebrew)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gil" title="Moshe Gil">Gil, Moshe</a> (1997) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC">A History of Palestine, 634–1099</a>. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15007-9"><bdi>978-0-691-15007-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%3A+From+the+Ottoman+Conquest+to+the+Founding+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15007-9&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A4mer&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWrW_CKODdQC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer2001" class="citation book cs1">Kraemer, Joel L (2001). "The Life of Moses Ben Maimon". 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Albany, New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5338-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5338-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-5338-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Occupation+of+Justice%3A+The+Supreme+Court+of+Israel+and+the+Occupied+Territories&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5338-4&rft.aulast=Kretzmer&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacGnk-tZoOYC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferschmidt1987" class="citation book cs1">Kupferschmidt, Uri M. 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Brill. pp. 646–648. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09796-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tam%C4%ABm+al-D%C4%81r%C4%AB&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+first+encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E646-%3C%2Fspan%3E648&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09796-4&rft.aulast=Levi+della+Vida&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro--tXw_hxMC%26pg%3DPA648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Levin_(journalist)" title="Jerry Levin (journalist)">Levin, J.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westbankdiarymid00levi">West Bank Diary: Middle East Violence as Reported by a Former American Hostage</a>. 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Retrieved November 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Terrorism+in+Israel&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15447-5&rft.aulast=Pedahzur&rft.aufirst=Ami&rft.au=Perliger%2C+Arie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDF03xwLaPucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPHRIC1994" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Human_Rights_Information_Center" title="Palestine Human Rights Information Center">PHRIC</a> (February 25, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716204347/http://www.al-bushra.org/palestine/hebron.htm">"Details of Hebron Massacre: List of victims of the incident and subsequent disturbances"</a>. Palestine Human Rights Information Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-bushra.org/palestine/hebron.htm">the original</a> on July 16, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Details+of+Hebron+Massacre%3A+List+of+victims+of+the+incident+and+subsequent+disturbances&rft.date=1994-02-25&rft.au=PHRIC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-bushra.org%2Fpalestine%2Fhebron.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerera1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Perera_(writer)" title="Victor Perera (writer)">Perera, V.</a> (1996) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdTqRyq15dAC&pg=PA177">The Cross and the Pear Tree: A Sephardic Journey</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20652-6"><bdi>978-0-520-20652-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+the+Pear+Tree%3A+A+Sephardic+Journey&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20652-6&rft.aulast=Perera&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdTqRyq15dAC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Platt_(author)" title="Edward Platt (author)">Platt, E.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzDHD2MExQAC&pg=PT79">City of Abraham: History, Myth and Memory: A Journey through Hebron</a>. Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-447-21330-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-447-21330-7"><bdi>978-1-447-21330-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Abraham%3A+History%2C+Myth+and+Memory%3A+A+Journey+through+Hebron&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-447-21330-7&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzDHD2MExQAC%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenan1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan, E.</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifejesus00unkngoog">The life of Jesus</a>. Trübner. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Renan&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifejesus00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicca2007" class="citation book cs1">Ricca, Simone (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbd1ALFq9hAC&pg=PA177">Reinventing Jerusalem: Israel's Reconstruction of the Jewish Quarter after 1967</a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-387-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Jerusalem%3A+Israel%27s+Reconstruction+of+the+Jewish+Quarter+after+1967&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-387-2&rft.aulast=Ricca&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCbd1ALFq9hAC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard1999" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Jean (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0LO9u6xKvcC">The Crusades, c. 1071– c. 1291</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62566-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62566-1"><bdi>978-0-521-62566-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%2C+c.+1071%E2%80%93+c.+1291&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62566-1&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0LO9u6xKvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2004" class="citation book cs1">Robins, Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dw_D0_WP-hQC">A History of Jordan</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59895-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59895-8"><bdi>978-0-521-59895-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Jordan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59895-8&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddw_D0_WP-hQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSmith1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eli_Smith" title="Eli Smith">Smith, E.</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFG7241.0002.001">Biblical researches in Palestine, 1838–52. A journal of travels in the year 1838</a>. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+researches+in+Palestine%2C+1838%E2%80%9352.+A+journal+of+travels+in+the+year+1838&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crocker+and+Brewster&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2FAFG7241.0002.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothrock2011" class="citation book cs1">Rothrock, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5RIXqbwHoYC&pg=PA100">Live by the Sword: Israel's Struggle for Existence in the Holy Land</a>. WestBow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-449-72519-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-449-72519-8"><bdi>978-1-449-72519-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Live+by+the+Sword%3A+Israel%27s+Struggle+for+Existence+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-449-72519-8&rft.aulast=Rothrock&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt5RIXqbwHoYC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenberg2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Rubenberg" title="Cheryl Rubenberg">Rubenberg, C.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube">The Palestinians: in search of a just peace</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube/page/157">157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-225-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-225-7"><bdi>978-1-58826-225-7</bdi></a>. 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Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78292-436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78292-436-4"><bdi>978-1-78292-436-4</bdi></a>. 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In <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann" title="Charles George Herbermann">Herbermann, C.G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Pace" title="Edward A. Pace">Pace, E.A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Benoist_Pallen" title="Condé Benoist Pallen">Pallen, C.B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Shahan" title="Thomas Joseph Shahan">Shahan, T.J.</a>; Wynne, John Joseph; MacErlean, Andrew Alphonsus (eds.). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church. Vol. 7. Robert Appleton company. pp. 184–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hebron&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+encyclopedia%3A+an+international+work+of+reference+on+the+constitution%2C+doctrine%2C+discipline%2C+and+history+of+the+Catholic+church&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Salaville&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9v%C3%A9rien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07184a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfstein1994" class="citation book cs1">Scharfstein, Sol (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingisr0000scha">Understanding Israel</a>. Jerusalem: KTAV Publishing House, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-428-0"><bdi>978-0-88125-428-0</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved December 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+and+Shadows%3A+The+Future+of+the+Middle+East&rft.series=Studies+in+Performance+and+Early+Modern+Drama&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311489-5&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHYz68es3_MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatom1994" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danny_Yatom" title="Danny Yatom">Yatom, D.</a> (February 26, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Archive/Peace%20Process/1994/Preliminary%20Report%20on%20the%20Events%20in%20Hebron%20-%2026-Fe">"Preliminary Report on the Events in Hebron as presented by Commanding Officer of the Central Command General Dani Yatom Before the Diplomatic Corps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)">MFA</a>. 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Leipsig: Karl Baedeker. 1876.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hebron&rft.btitle=Palestine+and+Syria&rft.place=Leipsig&rft.pub=Karl+Baedeker&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqoIDAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacalister1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexander_Stewart_Macalister" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister">Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hebron">"Hebron" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 192–193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hebron&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Macalister&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alexander+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ahandbookfortra00portgoog#page/n138/mode/2up">"Hebron"</a>. Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine. London: J. Murray. 1858. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2300777">2300777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hebron&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+Travellers+in+Syria+and+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2300777&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fahandbookfortra00portgoog%23page%2Fn138%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hebron" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hebron">Hebron</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151207001922/http://www.hebron-city.ps/">www.hebron-city.ps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/rdavid/hebron">Photographs of Hebron</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebron.com/">english Hebron.com – English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/">Collection of Palestinian articles on Hebron published by "This Week in Palestine"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/pdf/census_hebron.pdf">Sephardic Studies</a> 1839 Sephardic census of Ottoman-controlled Hebron.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchNet.org" class="citation web cs1">ArchNet.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105174049/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2247">"Hebron"</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2247">the original</a> on January 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebron&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=MIT+School+of+Architecture+and+Planning&rft.au=ArchNet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Flibrary%2Fplaces%2Fone-place.jsp%3Fplace_id%3D2247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebron" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.box.com/s/no70ci49vgl5uu98102n">Settlement Encroachments in Hebron Old City</a>. Photo's/maps of settlements and closed roads. Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, April 1, 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mapsengine.google.com/map/viewer?mid=zJkDcCGYaj8Q.koBtxSNYrqT4">Settlements on GoogleMaps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Hebron.html">Ancient Canaanite and Biblical Hebron (Tel Rumeida) in Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Jenin">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabatiya" title="Qabatiya">Qabatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalqilya" title="Qalqilya">Qalqilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ram" title="Al-Ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawabi" title="Rawabi">Rawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ir" title="Sa'ir">Sa'ir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salfit" title="Salfit">Salfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Samu" title="As-Samu">as-Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarqumiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarqumiya">Tarqumiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubas_(city)" title="Tubas (city)">Tubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulkarm" title="Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27bad" title="Ya'bad">Ya'bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yamun" title="Al-Yamun">al-Yamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatta,_Hebron" title="Yatta, Hebron">Yatta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abasan_al-Kabira" title="Abasan al-Kabira">Abasan al-Kabira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Suheila" title="Bani Suheila">Bani Suheila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Hanoun" title="Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Lahia" title="Beit Lahia">Beit Lahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Balah" title="Deir al-Balah">Deir al-Balah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalia" title="Jabalia">Jabalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis" title="Khan Yunis">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zawayda" title="Az-Zawayda">az-Zawayda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*From 14 June 2007, the Gaza Strip has been under de facto <a href="/wiki/Hamas_government_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Hamas government in the Gaza Strip">Hamas governance</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hebron_Governorate225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebron_Governorate" title="Template:Hebron Governorate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebron_Governorate" title="Template talk:Hebron Governorate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebron_Governorate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebron Governorate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebron_Governorate225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebron_Governorate" title="Hebron Governorate">Hebron Governorate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities administered by the State of Palestine">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Na%27im" title="Bani Na'im">Bani Na'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dhahiriya" title="Ad-Dhahiriya">ad-Dhahiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura,_Hebron" title="Dura, Hebron">Dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halhul" title="Halhul">Halhul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hebron (al-Khalil)</a> (incl: Arab al-Fureijat • <a href="/wiki/Al_Baqa" title="Al Baqa">al-Baqa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Al_Bowereh" title="Al Bowereh">Al Bowereh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qalqas" title="Qalqas">Qalqas</a> • Qla'a Zeta • <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al Hussein">Wadi al Hussein</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idna" title="Idna">Idna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ir" title="Sa'ir">Sa'ir</a> (incl: <a href="/wiki/Ad-Duwwara" title="Ad-Duwwara">ad-Duwwara</a> • <a href="/wiki/Al-Uddeisa" title="Al-Uddeisa">al-Uddeisa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Beit_Einun" title="Beit Einun">Beit Einun</a> • <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kuwayzibah" title="Khirbet Kuwayzibah"> Kuziba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Samu" title="As-Samu">as-Samu</a> (incl: <a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Simia" title="Khirbat al-Simia">Khirbat al-Simia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarqumiyah" title="Tarqumiyah">Tarqumiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatta,_Hebron" title="Yatta, Hebron">Yatta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Governate_of_Hebron.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hebron Governorate"><img alt="Hebron Governorate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Governate_of_Hebron.png/50px-Governate_of_Hebron.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Governate_of_Hebron.png/75px-Governate_of_Hebron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Governate_of_Hebron.png/100px-Governate_of_Hebron.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1223" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine"><img alt="Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/50px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/75px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/100px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality_(Palestinian_Authority)" title="Municipality (Palestinian Authority)">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Awwa" title="Beit Awwa">Beit Awwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Kahil" title="Beit Kahil">Beit Kahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ula" title="Beit Ula">Beit Ula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qila,_Hebron" title="Qila, Hebron">Qila</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ummar" title="Beit Ummar">Beit Ummar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beit_Ummar#Jala" title="Beit Ummar">Jala</a> * <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Safa" title="Khirbet Safa">Khirbet Safa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Sammit" title="Deir Sammit">Deir Sammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharas" title="Kharas">Kharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuba,_Hebron" title="Nuba, Hebron">Nuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shuyukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash-Shuyukh">ash-Shuyukh</a> (Hamrush)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surif" title="Surif">Surif</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Deir" title="Khirbet al-Deir">Khirbet al-Deir</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffuh" title="Taffuh">Taffuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Village_council_(Palestinian_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Village council (Palestinian Authority)">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anab al-Kabir</li> <li>Arab al-Ka'abneh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_%27Amra" title="Beit 'Amra">Beit 'Amra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Maqdum" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Maqdum">Beit Maqdum</a></li> <li>Beit ar-Rush al-Tahta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burj,_Hebron" title="Al-Burj, Hebron">al-Burj</a> (Beit Mirsim • <a href="/wiki/Beit_ar-Rush_al-Fauqa" title="Beit ar-Rush al-Fauqa">Beit ar-Rush al-Fauqa</a>)</li> <li>al-Buweib</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-%27Asal_al-Fauqa" title="Deir al-'Asal al-Fauqa">Deir al-'Asal al-Fauqa</a></li> <li>Deir al-'Asal al-Tahta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Razih" title="Deir Razih">Deir Razih</a></li> <li>ad-Deirat</li> <li>Fuqeiqis</li> <li>Hadab al-Alaqa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadab_al-Fawwar" title="Hadab al-Fawwar">Hadab al-Fawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Heila" title="Al-Heila">al-Heila</a></li> <li>Hitta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hureiz" title="Hureiz">Hureiz</a></li> <li>Imneizil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imreish" title="Imreish">Imreish</a></li> <li>Jala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma,_Hebron" title="Karma, Hebron">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karmil" title="Al-Karmil">al-Karmil</a></li> <li>Khallet Edar</li> <li>Khallet al-Aqed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalet_al-Maiyya" title="Khalet al-Maiyya">Khalet al-Maiyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/At-Tabaqa" title="At-Tabaqa">at-Tabaqa</a> • Umm Lasafa • Wadi Ubeid)</li> <li>Khallet al-Masafer</li> <li>Khashem al-Daraj</li> <li>Khallet Salih</li> <li>Kheroshewesh Wal Hadedeyah</li> <li>Khirbet Salama</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Zanuta" title="Khirbet Zanuta">Khirbet Zanuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khursa" title="Khursa">Khursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kum" title="Al-Kum">al-Kum</a></li> <li>Kurza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuseis" title="Kuseis">Kuseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27in,_Hebron" title="Ma'in, Hebron">Ma'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Majd,_Hebron" title="Al-Majd, Hebron">al-Majd</a></li> <li>Marah al-Baqqar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masafer_Yatta" title="Masafer Yatta">Masafer Yatta</a></li> <li>an-Najada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabud" title="Rabud">Rabud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ramadin" title="Al-Ramadin">al-Ramadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rihiya" title="Ar-Rihiya">ar-Rihiya</a></li> <li>Sahel Wadi Elma</li> <li>Sikka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuyukh_al-Arrub" title="Shuyukh al-Arrub">Shuyukh al-Arrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sura" title="As-Sura">as-Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Susya" title="Khirbet Susya">Susya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrama" title="Tarrama">Tarrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At-Tuwani" title="At-Tuwani">at-Tuwani</a></li> <li>Umm Ashoqan</li> <li>Umm al-Butm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Khair,_Hebron" title="Umm al-Khair, Hebron">Umm al-Khair</a></li> <li>Wadi al-Amayer</li> <li>Wadi al-Kilab</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_ash-Shajina" title="Wadi ash-Shajina">Wadi ash-Shajina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zif,_Hebron" title="Zif, Hebron">Zif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine refugee camps">Refugee camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Arroub_(camp)" title="Al-Arroub (camp)">al-Arroub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawwar,_Hebron" title="Fawwar, Hebron">Fawwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holy_places_in_Judaism139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_places_in_Judaism" title="Template:Holy places in Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_places_in_Judaism" title="Template talk:Holy places in Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_places_in_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy places in Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_places_in_Judaism139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_places#Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy places">Holy places</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Land_of_Israel(Laws_and_customs)96" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Laws and customs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holy_cities38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_cities_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy cities of Judaism">Holy cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jerusalem(Holiness)54" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Holiness</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Temple_inJerusalem48" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of burial places of biblical figures">Tombs of biblical figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Matriarchs" title="Tomb of the Matriarchs">Matriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Benjamin" title="Tomb of Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David%27s_Tomb" title="David's Tomb">David</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb" title="Joseph's Tomb">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Joshua" title="Tomb of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Samuel" title="Tomb of Samuel">Samuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_Tomb" title="Ezekiel's Tomb">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Daniel" title="Tomb of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum#Tomb" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra%27s_Tomb" title="Ezra's Tomb">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_High_Priest#Tomb" title="Joshua the High Priest">Joshua the High Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai" title="Tomb of Esther and Mordechai">Esther and Mordechai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Towns_and_fortresses_destroyed_during_the_First_Jewish–Roman_War_by_region136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #C0A0F0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Towns_depopulated_during_the_First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="Template:Towns depopulated during the First Jewish–Roman War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Towns_depopulated_during_the_First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="Template talk:Towns depopulated during the First Jewish–Roman War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Towns_depopulated_during_the_First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" 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title="Beth-nimrah">Beth-nimrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livias" title="Livias">Livias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bersabe" title="Bersabe">Bersabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabul" title="Cabul">Cabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Gabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Gush Halav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnith" title="Jamnith">Jamnith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yafa_an-Naseriyye" title="Yafa an-Naseriyye">Japha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodfat" title="Yodfat">Jodapatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selamin" title="Selamin">Selamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarichaea" title="Tarichaea">Tarichaea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Golan" title="Golan">Golan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla">Gamla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrium" title="Alexandrium">Alexandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamna_(Samaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamna (Samaria)">Thamna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Tibnah" title="Khirbet Tibnah">Khirbet Tibnah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narbata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narbata (page does not exist)">Narbata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Villages_and_fortresses_destroyed_during_the_Bar_Kokhba_revolt_by_region163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0B0E0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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#B0B0E0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judean_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean Mountains">Judean Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboud" title="Aboud">Aboud</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurvat_Akad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurvat Akad (page does not exist)">Akad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar_(fortress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betar (fortress)">Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bish_(Judean_village)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bish (Judean village) (page does not exist)">Bish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jifna" title="Jifna">Gophna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurvat_Hazan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurvat Hazan (page does not exist)">Hazan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiryat_Arbiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiryat Arbiyya (page does not exist)">Kiryat Arbiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kuwayzibah" title="Khirbet Kuwayzibah">Koseva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurvat_Midras" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurvat Midras">Midras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurvat_Nakik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurvat Nakik (page does not exist)">Nakik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ir_Nachash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ir Nachash (page does not exist)">Nachash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurvat_Rafa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurvat Rafa (page does not exist)">Rafa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurvat_Shemtov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurvat Shemtov (page does not exist)">Shemtov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_Shimon" title="Tur Shimon">Tur Shimon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kfar_Tzom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kfar Tzom (page does not exist)">Tzom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabu" title="Al-Qabu">Qobi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurvat_Zaak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurvat Zaak (page does not exist)">Zaak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurvat_Zikhri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurvat Zikhri (page does not exist)">Zikhri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #B0B0E0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Judean Foothills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azekah" title="Azekah">Azeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Guvrin_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Guvrin National Park">Beit Guvrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bish_(Judean_village)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bish (Judean village) (page does not exist)">Bish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horvat_Burgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Horvat Burgin">Burgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bror_Hayil" title="Bror Hayil">Bror Hayil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikrin" title="Zikrin">Dikrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmaus Nicopolis">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurvat_Itri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurvat Itri">'Ethri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresheth-Gath" title="Moresheth-Gath">Godad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit#Archaeology" title="Modi'in Illit">Ḥorvat Abu a-Danin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eglon_(Canaan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglon (Canaan)">Itton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit#Archaeology" title="Modi'in Illit">Khirbet Badd ‘Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_(ancient_city)" title="Modi'in (ancient city)">Modi'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefar_Shihlayim" title="Kefar Shihlayim">Shihlayim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Tittura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tel Tittura (page does not exist)">Tittura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #B0B0E0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhiban,_Jordan" title="Dhiban, Jordan">Dibon Moav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #B0B0E0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalud" title="Jalud">Galod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-4ddn8","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.428","walltime":"3.880","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25768,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":660849,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30294,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":833847,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3312.932 1 -total"," 25.80% 854.657 2 Template:Reflist"," 24.64% 816.381 153 Template:Cite_book"," 15.50% 513.454 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 14.89% 493.270 2 Template:Infobox"," 6.09% 201.849 33 Template:Cite_news"," 5.71% 189.294 189 Template:Harvnb"," 5.61% 185.776 8 Template:Sfn"," 5.48% 181.470 41 Template:Cite_web"," 5.12% 169.488 1 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[\"CITEREFRubenberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1965a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1965b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1965c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalaville1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchafer-Lichtenberger1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharfstein1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchölch1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchürerMillarVermes1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegev2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegev2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShargai2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1808\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherlock2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShragai2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShragai2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShragaiZarchin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSicker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternhell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalmon-Heller2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarākī2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Scotsman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTovah_Lazaroff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1820\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Luit2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVilnay1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitullo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWV1833\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWein1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWineman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodhead2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYatom1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZacharia2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZbeedat2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZev_Vilnay1975\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"A History of Palestine, 634-1099\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Audio\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL PDF\"] = 2,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 9,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 152,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 41,\n [\"Cities in the West Bank\"] = 1,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 14,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 6,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 190,\n [\"Hebron Governorate\"] = 1,\n [\"Holy sites in Judaism\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Panorama\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Towns depopulated during the First Jewish–Roman War\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 6,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n 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