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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_edition_of_the_Publication_Manual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_edition_of_the_Publication_Manual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Seventh edition of the <i>Publication Manual</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_edition_of_the_Publication_Manual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_edition_of_the_Publication_Manual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_edition_of_the_Publication_Manual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sixth edition of the <i>Publication Manual</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sixth_edition_of_the_Publication_Manual-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sixth edition of the <i>Publication Manual</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sixth_edition_of_the_Publication_Manual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Errors_in_the_first_printing_of_the_6th_edition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Errors_in_the_first_printing_of_the_6th_edition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Errors in the first printing of the 6th edition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Errors_in_the_first_printing_of_the_6th_edition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-text_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-text_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In-text citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-text_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reference list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أسلوب جمعية علم النفس الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسلوب جمعية علم النفس الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="এপিএ শৈলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এপিএ শৈলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_i%C5%AB%E2%81%BF-sek" title="APA iūⁿ-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="APA iūⁿ-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_stil" title="APA stil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="APA stil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estil_de_refer%C3%A8ncies_de_la_American_Psychological_Association" title="Estil de referències de la American Psychological Association – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estil de referències de la American Psychological Association" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_standard" title="APA standard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="APA standard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA-norm" title="APA-norm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="APA-norm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Οδηγός μορφοποίησης της Αμερικανικής Ψυχολογικής Εταιρείας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οδηγός μορφοποίησης της Αμερικανικής Ψυχολογικής Εταιρείας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_APA" title="Estilo APA – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estilo APA" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_estiloa" title="APA estiloa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="APA estiloa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="شیوه‌نامه انجمن روان‌شناسی آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیوه‌نامه انجمن روان‌شناسی آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_APA" title="Style APA – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Style APA" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_APA" title="Estilo APA – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estilo APA" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%BC" title="APA 스타일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="APA 스타일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_nga_APA" title="Estilo nga APA – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Estilo nga APA" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="APA style" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_APA" title="מדריך הפרסום של APA – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדריך הפרסום של APA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="აფა-სტილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფა-სტილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA-stijl" title="APA-stijl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="APA-stijl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB" title="APAスタイル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="APAスタイル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA-stil" title="APA-stil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="APA-stil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="APA style" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_APA" title="Estilo APA – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estilo APA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%90" title="Стиль АПА – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стиль АПА" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="APA style" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="APA style" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="آمريڪن سائڪولاجيڪل ايسوسيئيشن وارو نمونو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آمريڪن سائڪولاجيڪل ايسوسيئيشن وارو نمونو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slog_APA" title="Slog APA – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slog APA" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaabka_APA" title="Qaabka APA – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qaabka APA" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA-stil" title="APA-stil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="APA-stil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilong_APA" title="Estilong APA – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estilong APA" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%90" title="Стиль АПА – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стиль АПА" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F" title="APA格式 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="APA格式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Styles" title="Template:Styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Styles" title="Template talk:Styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>APA style</b> (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scholarly journal</a> articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral sciences">behavioral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology. It is described in the <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA), titled the <i><b>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</b></i>. The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and for "word choice that best reduces <a href="/wiki/Bias-free_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias-free communication">bias in language</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-APA7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a>, in many textbooks, and in academia (for papers written in classes). The current edition is its seventh revision. </p><p>The APA became involved in journal publishing in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-vandenbos_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandenbos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, an APA committee had a seven-page writer's guide published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Bulletin" title="Psychological Bulletin">Psychological Bulletin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, a 32-page guide appeared as an article in the same journal.<sup id="cite_ref-vandenbos_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandenbos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first edition of the <i>APA Publication Manual</i> was published in 1952 as a 61-page supplement to the <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marking the beginning of a recognized "APA style".<sup id="cite_ref-vandenbos_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandenbos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial edition went through two revisions: one in 1957, and one in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-vandenbos_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandenbos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent editions were released in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, 2009, and 2019. The increasing length of the guidelines and its transformation into a manual have been accompanied by increasingly explicit prescriptions about many aspects of acceptable work. The earliest editions were controlled by a group of field leaders who were behaviorist in orientation and the manual has continued to foster that ideology, even as it has influenced many other fields.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the American Psychological Association, APA format can make the point of an argument clear and simple to the reader.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly influential were the "Guidelines for Nonsexist Language in APA Journals", first published as a modification to the 1974 edition, which provided practical alternatives to sexist language then in common usage.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_Task_Force_1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA_Task_Force_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APA_Task_Force_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA_Task_Force_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guidelines for reducing bias in language have been updated over the years and presently provide practical guidance for writing about age, disability, gender, participation in research, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality (APA, 2020, Chapter 5).<sup id="cite_ref-APA7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical APA-style research paper fulfills 3 levels of specification. Level 1 states how a research paper must be organized by including a title page, an abstract, an introduction, the methodology, the results, a discussion, and references. In addition, formatting of abstracts and title pages must be as per the APA manual of style. Level 2 specifies the style of writing. It must be clear and formal without slang, pop culture references, biased language, and humor. It must minimize literary devices, use technical terms appropriately, and be direct. Level 3 specifies the mechanics such as double-spacing, using title case for headings, using numerals for numbers 10 and above, hyphenating compound adjectives, using in-text citations for sources, left aligning all tables and figures, and using footnotes sparingly.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seventh_edition_of_the_Publication_Manual">Seventh edition of the <i>Publication Manual</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_style&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Seventh edition of the Publication Manual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seventh edition of the <i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i> is the current one, published in October 2019. The goal of the book is to help people become better writers and communicators by promoting clarity, precision, and inclusivity.<sup id="cite_ref-about_APA_style_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about_APA_style-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manual has new resources for students, including a student title page, student paper formats, and student-related reference formats such as classroom course pack material and classroom website sources. The book also includes new journal article reporting standards for qualitative and mixed methods research in addition to updated standards for quantitative research. The bias-free language guidelines have also been updated to reflect current best practices for talking about people's personal characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-APA7product_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA7product-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manual addresses <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> for people with disabilities for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-APAintro_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APAintro-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APA worked with accessibility experts to ensure APA style is accessible. For example, the in-text citation format is shortened so that the citations are easier to read for people who, for example, use screen readers or have cognitive disabilities. </p><p>Running heads are used in papers that follow APA Style. The running head is an abbreviated version of the paper title that is included in the header of professional papers along with the page number. In student papers, the page number is placed in the header but the page title is not, unless otherwise stated by the course instructor or educational institution.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manual has hundreds of reference examples, including formats for audiovisual media, social media, and webpages. There are many sample tables and figures, including basic student-friendly examples such as bar graphs. There are also sample papers for professionals and students.<sup id="cite_ref-APA7product_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA7product-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the seventh edition, APA also provides an APA Style website<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and APA Style blog<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to help people with APA style and answer common questions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sixth_edition_of_the_Publication_Manual">Sixth edition of the <i>Publication Manual</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_style&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sixth edition of the Publication Manual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sixth edition of the <i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i> was in effect from 2009 to 2019, after four years of development. The <i>Publication Manual</i> Revision Task Force of the American Psychological Association established parameters for the revision based on published critique; user comments; commissioned reviews; and input from psychologists, nurses, librarians, business leaders, publishing professionals, and APA governance groups.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To accomplish these revisions, the Task Force appointed working groups of four to nine members in seven areas: <a href="/wiki/Bias-free_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias-free communication">bias-free language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphics" title="Graphics">graphics</a>, Journal Article Reporting Standards,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">writing style</a> (APA, 2009, pp. xvii–xviii). </p><p>The APA explained the issuing of a new edition only eight years after the fifth edition by pointing to the increased use of online source or online access to academic journals (6th edition, p. XV). The sixth edition is accompanied by a style website as well as the APA Style Blog which answers many common questions from users.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Errors_in_the_first_printing_of_the_6th_edition">Errors in the first printing of the 6th edition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_style&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Errors in the first printing of the 6th edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sample papers in the first printing of the sixth edition contained errors. APA staff posted all of the corrections online for free in a single document on October 1, 2009, and shortly thereafter alerted users to the existence of the corrections in an APA blog entry.<sup id="cite_ref-Skutley_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skutley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These errors attracted significant attention from the scholarly community and nearly two weeks later, on October 13, 2009, the article "Correcting a Style Guide" was published in the online newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a></i> that included interviews with several individuals, one of whom described the errors as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/egregious" class="extiw" title="wikt:egregious">egregious</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Epstein_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All copies of the printing with errors were soon after recalled in 2009 (including those from major retailers such as Amazon.com) and a new printing correcting all the errors, with a copyright date of 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was issued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In-text_citations">In-text citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_style&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In-text citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>APA style uses an <a href="/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing#Author-date" title="Parenthetical referencing">author–date reference</a> citation system in the text with an accompanying reference list. That means that to cite any reference in a paper, the writer should cite the author and year of the work, either by putting both in parentheses separated by a comma (parenthetical citation) or by putting the author in the narrative of the sentence and the year in parentheses (narrative citation). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Example narrative citation:</b> Schmidt and Oh (2016) described a fear among the public that the findings of science are not real.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Example parenthetical citation:</b> "In our post-factual era, many members of the public fear that the findings of science are not real" (Schmidt & Oh, 2016).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_list">Reference list</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_style&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reference list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the APA reference list, the writer should provide the author, year, title, and source of the cited work in an alphabetical list of references. If a reference is not cited in the text, it should not be included in the reference list. The reference format varies depending on the document type (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter, blog post, webpage), but broadly speaking always follows the same pattern of author, date, title, source. If the source is undated, the abbreviation <b>n.d.</b> (no date) is used. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Reference type </th> <th>Template </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Journal article with a DOI </td> <td>Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article. <i>Journal Title</i>, <i>Volume</i>(Issue), page range. DOI </td> <td>Schmidt, F. L., & Oh, I.-S. (2016). The crisis of confidence in research findings in psychology: Is lack of replication the real problem? Or is it something else? <i>Archives of Scientific Psychology</i>, <i>4</i>(1), 32–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000029">https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000029</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Whole book </td> <td>Author, A., & Author, B. (year). <i>Title of book.</i> Publisher. </td> <td>Brown, B. (2010). <i>The gifts of imperfection: Let go of who you think you're supposed to be and embrace who you are</i>. Hazelden. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edited book chapter with a DOI </td> <td>Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of chapter. In E. Editor & A. Editor (Eds.), <i>Title of book</i> (pp. xx–xxi). Publisher. DOI </td> <td>Singh, A. A., Hwahng, S. J., Chang, S. C., & White, B. (2017). Affirmative counseling with trans/gender-variant people of color. In A. Singh & L. M. Dickey (Eds.), <i>Affirmative counseling and psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming clients</i> (pp. 41–68). American Psychological Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/14957-003">https://doi.org/10.1037/14957-003</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Webpage on a website </td> <td>Author, A., & Author, B. (year). <i>Title of page</i>. Site Name. URL <p>Group Author. (year). <i>Title of page</i>. URL </p> </td> <td>American Psychological Association. (<a href="/wiki/N.d." title="N.d.">n.d.</a>). <i>APA divisions</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.apa.org/about/division/">https://www.apa.org/about/division/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>If a <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> is assigned to the work, give the DOI. If the item is available online but does not have a DOI, and it has a URL that will work, give the URL. Do not give a URL that will not work.</li> <li>Always include the publisher in the source element for books and reference works; exceptions to this guideline include when the author and publisher are the same, and in this case, you omit the publisher from your reference.</li> <li>In the seventh edition, the title of a webpage is always italic.</li> <li>As of the seventh edition, the issue number of a journal is always listed in a reference citation if one is available. Prior to the seventh edition, if the journal cited employed continuous pagination throughout a volume, only the volume number was listed in the reference list.</li> <li>According to the seventh edition, it is no longer obligatory to provide the publisher's location when citing a book.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_style&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_software" title="Comparison of reference management software">Comparison of reference management software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLA_style" class="mw-redirect" title="MLA style">MLA style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago style</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_style&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-APA7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APA7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i> (7th ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4338-3217-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4338-3217-8"><bdi>978-1-4338-3217-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Publication+Manual+of+the+American+Psychological+Association&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4338-3217-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPA+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-edition-spiral">"APA Style"</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpsycholo0000unse/page/347">"The APA Knowledge Dissemination Program: An overview of 100 years"</a>. In Evans, Rand B.; Staudt Sexton, Virginia; Cadwallader, Thomas C. (eds.). <i>The American Psychological Association: A Historical Perspective</i>. 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Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. April 13–14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+of+the+Council+of+Editors&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2007-04-13%2F2007-04-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPA+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Meeting of the Publications and Communications Board</i> (Agenda book). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. May 18–20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+of+the+Publications+and+Communications+Board&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2007-05-18%2F2007-05-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPA+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPA_Publications_and_Communications_Board_Working_Group_on_Journal_Article_Reporting_Standards2008" class="citation journal cs1">APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/apa-jars-2008.pdf">"Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology: Why Do We Need Them? What Might They Be"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>63</b> (9): 839–851. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066x.63.9.839">10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.839</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957094">2957094</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19086746">19086746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Reporting+Standards+for+Research+in+Psychology%3A+Why+Do+We+Need+Them%3F+What+Might+They+Be&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=839-851&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2957094%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19086746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066x.63.9.839&rft.au=APA+Publications+and+Communications+Board+Working+Group+on+Journal+Article+Reporting+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apastyle.org%2Fmanual%2Frelated%2Fapa-jars-2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPA+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skutley-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skutley_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkutley2009" class="citation web cs1">Skutley, Mary Lynn (October 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/note-to-apa-style-community-sixth-edition-corrections.html">"Note to APA Style Community: Sixth Edition Corrections"</a>. <i>APA blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+blog&rft.atitle=Note+to+APA+Style+Community%3A+Sixth+Edition+Corrections&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft.aulast=Skutley&rft.aufirst=Mary+Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.apastyle.org%2Fapastyle%2F2009%2F10%2Fnote-to-apa-style-community-sixth-edition-corrections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPA+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epstein-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epstein_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2009" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Jennifer (October 13, 2009). Jaschik, Scott; Lederman, Doug (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/10/13/correcting-style-guide">"Correcting a Style Guide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a></i>. Washington, DC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=Correcting+a+Style+Guide&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F10%2F13%2Fcorrecting-style-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPA+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=22124&recCount=25&recPointer=5&bibId=15659056">"Publication manual of the American Psychological Association"</a>. <i>LC Catalog</i>. American Psychological Association. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606164531/https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=22124&recPointer=5&recCount=25&bibId=15659056">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LC+Catalog&rft.atitle=Publication+manual+of+the+American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.loc.gov%2Fvwebv%2FholdingsInfo%3FsearchId%3D22124%26recCount%3D25%26recPointer%3D5%26bibId%3D15659056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPA+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_style&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i> (7th ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4338-3217-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4338-3217-8"><bdi>978-1-4338-3217-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Publication+Manual+of+the+American+Psychological+Association&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4338-3217-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPA+style" class="Z3988"></span> (spiral bound)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i> (6th ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4338-0562-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4338-0562-2"><bdi>978-1-4338-0562-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Publication+Manual+of+the+American+Psychological+Association&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4338-0562-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPA+style" class="Z3988"></span> (spiral bound)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicationmanu000amer"><i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i></a></span> (5th ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-791-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-791-4"><bdi>978-1-55798-791-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Publication+Manual+of+the+American+Psychological+Association&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55798-791-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicationmanu000amer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAPA+style" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_style&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/APA_style" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/APA style">APA style</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apastyle.apa.org/">American Psychological Association's APA Style website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irsc.libguides.com/friendly.php?s=APA">APA Formatted Paper Template</a> at <a href="/wiki/Indian_River_State_College" title="Indian River State College">Indian River State College</a>'s Library site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extensions.libreoffice.org/en/extensions/show/apa-paper">APA Formatted Paper Template</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Writer" title="LibreOffice Writer">LibreOffice</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> License).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/apa-interactive.php">Interactive APA</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massey_University" title="Massey University">Massey University</a>'s OWLL site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/">APA resources</a> at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>'s Online Writing Lab</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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