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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Buenos_Aires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Governor of Buenos Aires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Buenos_Aires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desert_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desert_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Desert Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desert_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_governorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_governorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Second governorship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_governorship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second governorship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_governorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absolute_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Absolute power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Totalitarian_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Totalitarian_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Totalitarian regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Totalitarian_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 State terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_dominance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_dominance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Struggle for dominance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struggle_for_dominance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Struggle for dominance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_dominance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rebellions_and_foreign_threat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellions_and_foreign_threat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Rebellions and foreign threat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellions_and_foreign_threat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruler_of_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruler_of_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ruler of Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruler_of_Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apogee_and_downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apogee_and_downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Apogee and downfall </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Apogee_and_downfall-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Apogee and downfall subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Apogee_and_downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglo-French_blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-French_blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Anglo-French blockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-French_blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platine_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platine_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Platine War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platine_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Later years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exile_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Exile and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Juan Manuel de Rosas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="خوان مانويل دي روساس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خوان مانويل دي روساس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Xuan Manuel de Rosas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xuan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хуан Мануэль дэ Росас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хуан Мануэль дэ Росас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%B4%CE%B5_%CE%A1%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χουάν Μανουέλ δε Ρόσας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χουάν Μανουέλ δε Ρόσας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="خوان مانوئل ده روساس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوان مانوئل ده روساس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%95%88_%EB%A7%88%EB%88%84%EC%97%98_%EB%8D%B0_%EB%A1%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="후안 마누엘 데 로사스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후안 마누엘 데 로사스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Խուան Մանուել Ռոսաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խուան Մանուել Ռոսաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A1" title="חואן מנואל דה רוסאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חואן מנואל דה רוסאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ხუან მანუელ დე როსასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხუან მანუელ დე როსასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="خوان مانويل دى روساس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خوان مانويل دى روساس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8C%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9" title="フアン・マヌエル・デ・ロサス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フアン・マヌエル・デ・ロサス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Росас, Хуан Мануэль де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Росас, Хуан Мануэль де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хуан Мануел де Росас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хуан Мануел де Росас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" 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Мануель де Росас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хуан Мануель де Росас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Juan Manuel de Rosas" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the station, see <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_(Buenos_Aires_Underground)" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas (Buenos Aires Underground)">Juan Manuel de Rosas (Buenos Aires Underground)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Argentine politician and general (1793–1877)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Juan Manuel de Rosas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosas_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length painted portrait of a man with curly hair, long sideburns and blue eyes who wears a heavily embroidered military tunic with high collar, gold braid epaulettes and a red sash of office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rosas_2.jpg/220px-Rosas_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rosas_2.jpg/330px-Rosas_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rosas_2.jpg/440px-Rosas_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1794" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Contemporary portrait of Juan Manuel de Rosas wearing the full dress of a brigadier general, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">13th and 17th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Governor of Buenos Aires Province">Governor of Buenos Aires Province</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 March 1835 – 3 February 1852</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Vicente_Maza" title="Manuel Vicente Maza">Manuel Vicente Maza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_y_Planes" title="Vicente López y Planes">Vicente López y Planes</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 6 December 1829 – 5 December 1832</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamonte" title="Juan José Viamonte">Juan José Viamonte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Balcarce" title="Juan Ramón Balcarce">Juan Ramón Balcarce</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rozas y López de Osornio</div> (1793-03-30)30 March 1793 <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 1877(1877-03-14) (aged 83) <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/La_Recoleta_Cemetery" title="La Recoleta Cemetery">La Recoleta Cemetery</a>, Buenos Aires</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine">Argentine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarian Party</a> (1820–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(Argentina)" title="Federalist Party (Argentina)">Federalist Party</a> (1826–52)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_Ezcurra" title="Encarnación Ezcurra">Encarnación Ezcurra</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1813; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1838)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Juan Bautista Ortiz de Rosas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_Rosas" title="Manuela Rosas">Manuela Robustiana Rosas</a></li> <li>Pedro de Rosas y Belgrano (adoptive)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Ángela Rosas (not recognized)</li> <li>Emilio Rosas (not recognized)</li> <li>Joaquín Rosas (not recognized)</li> <li>Nicanora Rosas (not recognized)</li> <li>Justina Rosas (not recognized)</li> <li>Adrián Rosas (not recognized)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_del_Brigadier_General_Don_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas-(transparent).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Firma_del_Brigadier_General_Don_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas-%28transparent%29.png/128px-Firma_del_Brigadier_General_Don_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas-%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Firma_del_Brigadier_General_Don_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas-%28transparent%29.png/192px-Firma_del_Brigadier_General_Don_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas-%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Firma_del_Brigadier_General_Don_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas-%28transparent%29.png/256px-Firma_del_Brigadier_General_Don_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas-%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="202" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">British invasions of the River Plate</a> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">Argentine Civil Wars</a> <a href="/wiki/Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%931834)" title="Desert Campaign (1833–1834)">Desert Campaign (1833–1834)</a> <a href="/wiki/Tarija_War" title="Tarija War">Tarija War</a> <a href="/wiki/French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="French blockade of the Río de la Plata">French blockade of the Río de la Plata</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata</a> <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Uruguayan Civil War</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caseros" title="Battle of Caseros">Battle of Caseros</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rozas y López de Osornio (30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws",<a href="#cite_note-7">[A]</a> was an Argentine politician and army officer who ruled <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires Province</a> and briefly the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a>. Although born into a wealthy family, Rosas independently amassed a personal fortune, acquiring large tracts of land in the process. Rosas enlisted his workers in a <a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">private militia</a>, as was common for rural proprietors, and took part in the disputes that led to numerous <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">civil wars in his country</a>. Victorious in warfare, personally influential, and with vast landholdings and a loyal private army, Rosas became a <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a>, as provincial warlords in the region were known. He eventually reached the rank of brigadier general, the highest in the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a>, and became the undisputed leader of the <a href="/wiki/Federales_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federales (Argentina)">Federalist Party</a>. In December 1829, Rosas became governor of the province of Buenos Aires and established a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> backed by <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>. In 1831, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Pact" title="Federal Pact">Federal Pact</a>, recognising provincial autonomy and creating the Argentine Confederation. When his term of office ended in 1832, Rosas departed to the frontier <a href="/wiki/Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%9334)" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Campaign (1833–34)">to wage war on the indigenous peoples</a>. After his supporters launched a coup in Buenos Aires, Rosas was asked to return and once again took office as governor. Rosas reestablished his dictatorship and formed the repressive Mazorca, an armed <a href="/wiki/Parapolice" title="Parapolice">parapolice</a> that killed thousands of citizens. Elections became a farce, and the legislature and judiciary became docile instruments of his will. Rosas created a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> and his regime became <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> in nature, with all aspects of society rigidly controlled. Rosas faced many threats to his power during the late 1830s and early 1840s. He <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">fought a war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Peru–Bolivian Confederation</a>, endured a <a href="/wiki/French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="French blockade of the Río de la Plata">blockade by France</a>, faced a <a href="/wiki/Freemen_of_the_South" title="Freemen of the South">revolt in his own province</a> and battled a major rebellion that lasted for years and spread to five northern Argentine provinces. Rosas persevered and extended his influence in the provinces, exercising effective control over them through direct and indirect means. By 1848, he had extended his power beyond the borders of Buenos Aires and was ruler of all of Argentina. Rosas also attempted to annex the neighbouring nations of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>. France and Great Britain jointly retaliated against Argentine expansionism, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">blockading Buenos Aires</a> for most of the late 1840s, but were unable to halt Rosas, whose prestige was greatly enhanced by his string of successes. When the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> began aiding Uruguay in its struggle against Argentina, Rosas declared war in August 1851, starting the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a>. This short conflict ended with Rosas being defeated and absconding to Britain. His last years were spent in exile living as a <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmer</a> until his death in 1877. Rosas garnered an enduring public perception among Argentines as a brutal tyrant. Since the 1930s, an authoritarian, anti-Semitic, and racist political movement in Argentina called Revisionism tried to improve Rosas's reputation and establish a new dictatorship in the model of his regime. In 1989, his remains were repatriated by the government in an attempt to promote national unity, seeking to rehabilitate Rosas and pardon military personnel convicted of human rights abuses. Rosas remains a controversial figure in Argentina in the 21st century; he was represented on the 20 <a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso#Banknotes" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a> bill until 2017. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_as_a_child_(transparent).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length portrait of a boy with light hair and wearing a jacket over a shirt with an enormous, embroidered collar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_as_a_child_%28transparent%29.png/170px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_as_a_child_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_as_a_child_%28transparent%29.png/255px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_as_a_child_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_as_a_child_%28transparent%29.png/340px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_as_a_child_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>Rosas around age 10, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1803</figcaption></figure> Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rozas<a href="#cite_note-9">[B]</a> was born on 30 March 1793 at his family's town house in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20012-10">[8]</a> He was the first child of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Ortiz_de_Rozas" title="León Ortiz de Rozas">León Ortiz de Rozas</a> and Agustina López de Osornio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20011-11">[9]</a> León Ortiz was the son of an immigrant from the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Burgos" title="Province of Burgos">Province of Burgos</a>. A military officer with an undistinguished career, León Ortiz had married into a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a> family. The young Juan Manuel de Rosas's character was heavily influenced by his mother Agustina, a strong-willed and domineering woman who derived these character traits from her father <a href="/wiki/Clemente_L%C3%B3pez_de_Osornio" title="Clemente López de Osornio">Clemente López de Osornio</a>, a landowner who died defending his estate from an Indian attack in 1783.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20011-11">[9]</a> As was common practice at the time, Rosas was schooled at home until the age of eight, and then enrolled in what was regarded the best private school in Buenos Aires. Though befitting the son of a wealthy landowner, his education was unremarkable. According to historian John Lynch, Rosas' education "was supplemented by his own efforts in the years that followed. Rosas was not entirely unread, though the time, the place, and his own bias limited the choice of authors. He appears to have had a sympathetic, if superficial, acquaintance with minor political thinkers of French <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20012-10">[8]</a> In 1806, a <a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">British expeditionary force invaded Buenos Aires</a>. A 13-year-old Rosas served in distributing ammunition to troops in a force organised by Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Liniers,_1st_Count_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires">Santiago Liniers</a> to counter the invasion. The British were defeated in August 1806, but returned a year later. Rosas was then assigned to the Caballería de los <a href="/wiki/Miquelet_(militia)" title="Miquelet (militia)">Migueletes</a> (a militia cavalry), although he was probably barred from active duty during this time due to illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20012Bassi194238–39-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estanciero">Estanciero</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Estanciero">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauchos_resting_in_the_pampas_by_Rugendas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a group of colorfully dressed men and women sitting in front of a covered wagon and listening to music with horses and cattle in the open plain in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gauchos_resting_in_the_pampas_by_Rugendas.jpg/220px-Gauchos_resting_in_the_pampas_by_Rugendas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gauchos_resting_in_the_pampas_by_Rugendas.jpg/330px-Gauchos_resting_in_the_pampas_by_Rugendas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gauchos_resting_in_the_pampas_by_Rugendas.jpg/440px-Gauchos_resting_in_the_pampas_by_Rugendas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">Gauchos</a> resting in the <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">pampas</a>. Oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas" title="Johann Moritz Rugendas">Johann Moritz Rugendas</a></figcaption></figure> After the British invasions had been repelled, Rosas and his family moved from Buenos Aires to their <a href="/wiki/Estancia" title="Estancia">estancia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranch</a>). His work there further shaped his character and outlook as part of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_Basin" title="Río de la Plata Basin">Platine region</a>'s social establishment. In the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, owners of large landholdings (including the Rosas family) provided food, equipment and protection for families living in areas under their control. Their private defence forces consisted primarily of labourers who were drafted as soldiers. Most of these <a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">peons</a>, as such workers were called, were <a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gauchos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[C]</a> The landed aristocracy of Spanish descent considered the illiterate, mixed-race gauchos, who comprised the majority of the population, to be ungovernable and untrustworthy. The gauchos were tolerated because there was no other <a href="/wiki/Labour_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour force">labour force</a> available, but were treated with contempt by the landowners. Rosas got along well with the gauchos in his service, despite his harsh, authoritarian temperament. He was known to dress like them, joke with them, take part in their horse-play, and pay them well, but he never allowed them to forget that he was their master rather than their equal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200145–46Bassi194239–41-15">[12]</a> Shaped by the colonial society in which he lived, Rosas was conservative, an advocate of hierarchy and authority, like the other great landowners in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200138–40-16">[13]</a> Rosas acquired a working knowledge of administering ranch lands and, beginning in 1811, took charge of his family's estancias. In 1813, he married <a href="/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_Ezcurra" title="Encarnación Ezcurra">Encarnación Ezcurra</a>, daughter of a wealthy family from Buenos Aires. Soon afterwards, he sought to establish a career for himself, leaving his parents' estate.<a href="#cite_note-18">[D]</a> He produced salted meat and acquired landholdings in the process. As the years passed he became an estanciero (rancher) in his own right, accumulating land while establishing a successful partnership with second cousins from the politically powerful Anchorena clan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi194239–40Lynch20012,_8,_26Shumway201316,_106-19">[15]</a> His hard work and organisational skills in deploying labour were key to his success, rather than creating new or applying nontraditional approaches to production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200128-20">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise to power">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caudillo">Caudillo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Caudillo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">Argentine Civil Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauchos_and_feral_horses_by_Rugendas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting depicting 2 mounted horsemen wearing tall hats riding toward a group of panicking wild horses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gauchos_and_feral_horses_by_Rugendas.jpg/220px-Gauchos_and_feral_horses_by_Rugendas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gauchos_and_feral_horses_by_Rugendas.jpg/330px-Gauchos_and_feral_horses_by_Rugendas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gauchos_and_feral_horses_by_Rugendas.jpg/440px-Gauchos_and_feral_horses_by_Rugendas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Gauchos hunting <a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">feral horses</a>. They served in Rosas’ private army.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a> of 1810 marked the early stage of a process which later led to the disintegration of Spain's Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, independence and the eventual formation of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Rosas, like many landowners in the countryside, was suspicious of a movement advanced primarily by merchants and bureaucrats in the city of Buenos Aires. Rosas was specially outraged by the execution of Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Liniers,_1st_Count_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires">Santiago de Liniers</a> at the hands of the revolutionaries. Rosas felt nostalgic about colonial times, seeing them as stable, orderly and prosperous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20013Shumway1993119-21">[17]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Tucum%C3%A1n" title="Congress of Tucumán">Congress of Tucumán</a> severed all remaining ties with Spain in July 1816, Rosas and his peers accepted independence as an accomplished fact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20013-22">[18]</a> Independence resulted in a breakup of the territories that had formed the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The province of Buenos Aires <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">fought a civil war</a> with the other provinces over the degree of autonomy which the provincial governments were supposed to have. The <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarian Party</a> supported the preeminence of Buenos Aires, while the <a href="/wiki/Federales_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federales (Argentina)">Federalist Party</a> defended provincial autonomy. A decade of strife over the issue destroyed the ties between capital and provinces, with new republics being declared throughout the country. Efforts by the Buenos Aires government to quash these independent states were met with determined local resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199318Lynch20019Rock198793-23">[19]</a> In 1820 Rosas and his gauchos, all dressed in red and nicknamed "Colorados del Monte" ("Reds of the Mount"), enlisted in the army of Buenos Aires as the Fifth Regiment of Militia. They repulsed invading provincial armies, saving Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi194243–45Lynch20019Rock198793–94,_104SzuchmanBrown1994214-24">[20]</a> At the end of the conflict, Rosas returned to his estancias having acquired prestige for his military service. He was promoted to cavalry colonel and was awarded further landholdings by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20019SzuchmanBrown1994214–215-25">[21]</a> These additions, together with his successful business and fresh property acquisitions, greatly boosted his wealth. By 1830, he was the 10th largest landowner in the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">province of Buenos Aires</a> (in which the city of the same name was located), owning 300,000 cattle and 420,000 acres (170,000 ha) of land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200126–27Bethell199324-26">[22]</a> With his newly gained influence, military background, vast landholdings and a private army of gauchos loyal only to him, Rosas became the quintessential <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a>, as provincial warlords in the region were known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20011,_8,_13,_43–44-27">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Buenos_Aires">Governor of Buenos Aires</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governor of Buenos Aires">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length painted portrait depicting a man with dark blond hair wearing a military tunic with gold epaulets, red piping, a red sash and upraised collar bearing cavalry insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1829.jpg/170px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1829.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1829.jpg/255px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1829.jpg/340px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Rosas at age 36, 1829</figcaption></figure> National unity crumbled under the weight of a continuous round of civil wars, rebellions and coups. The Unitarian–Federalist struggle brought perennial instability while caudillos fought for power and laid waste to the countryside. By 1826, Rosas had built a power base, consisting of relatives, friends and clients, and joined the Federalist Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199319–20Lynch200110-28">[24]</a> He remained a strong advocate of his native province of Buenos Aires, with little concern for political ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199320,_22Lynch200110-29">[25]</a> In 1820, Rosas fought alongside the Unitarians because he saw the Federalist invasion as a menace to Buenos Aires. When the Unitarians sought to appease the Federalists by proposing to grant the other provinces a share in the customs revenues flowing through Buenos Aires, Rosas saw this as a threat to his province's interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200110-30">[26]</a> In 1827, four provinces led by Federalist caudillos rebelled against the Unitarian government. Rosas was the driving force behind the Federalist takeover of Buenos Aires and the election of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego" title="Manuel Dorrego">Manuel Dorrego</a> as provincial governor that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200110-30">[26]</a> Rosas was awarded with the post of general commander of the rural militias of the province of Buenos Aires on 14 July, which increased his influence and power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200110-30">[26]</a> In December 1828 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Lavalle" title="Juan Lavalle">Juan Lavalle</a>, the Unitarian governor of Buenos Aires had Dorrego seized and executed without trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199320Lynch200111Rock1987103-31">[27]</a> With Dorrego gone, Rosas filled the vacant Federalist leadership and rebelled against the Unitarians. He allied with <a href="/wiki/Estanislao_L%C3%B3pez" title="Estanislao López">Estanislao López</a>, caudillo and ruler of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Province" title="Santa Fe Province">Santa Fe Province</a>, and they defeated Lavalle at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1rquez_Bridge" title="Battle of Márquez Bridge">Battle of Márquez Bridge</a> in April 1829.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200112Rock1987103-32">[28]</a> When Rosas entered the city of Buenos Aires in November of that year, he was hailed both as a victorious military leader and as the head of the Federalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200112-33">[29]</a> Rosas was considered a handsome man,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeisler2005155Shumway1993117-34">[30]</a> standing 1.77 meters (5 ft 10 in) tall<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001125-35">[31]</a> with blond hair and "piercing blue eyes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastro200169Crow1980580Geisler2005155Lynch1981121Mejía200162Shumway1993117-36">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, who met Rosas <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle#Gauchos,_rheas,_fossils_and_geology" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">during the Beagle survey expedition</a>, assessed him as "a man of extraordinary character".<a href="#cite_note-38">[E]</a> British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Henry_Southern_(journalist)" title="Henry Southern (journalist)">Henry Southern</a> said that in "appearance Rosas resembles an English gentleman farmer—his manners are courteous without being refined. He is affable and agreeable in conversation, which however nearly always turns on himself, but his tone is pleasant and agreeable enough. His memory is stupendous: and his accuracy in all points of detail never failing."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200186-39">[34]</a> On 6 December 1829, the House of Representatives of Buenos Aires elected Rosas governor and granted him facultades extraordinarias (extraordinary powers).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942158,_184,_247Bethell199320Lynch200112Rock1987104Shumway1993117-40">[35]</a> This marked the beginning of his regime, described by historians as a dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> He saw himself as a <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictatorship" title="Benevolent dictatorship">benevolent dictator</a>, saying: "For me the ideal of good government would be paternal autocracy, intelligent, disinterested and indefatigable ... I have always admired the autocratic dictators who have been the first servants of their people. That is my great title: I have always sought to serve the country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200175,_163Shumway1993119-42">[37]</a> He used his power to censor his critics and banish his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200116Rock1987105Shumway1993117-43">[38]</a> He later justified these measures, stating: "When I took over the government I found the government in anarchy, divided into warring factions, reduced to pure chaos, a hell in miniature ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001164-44">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desert_Campaign">Desert Campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Desert Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%9334)" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Campaign (1833–34)">Desert Campaign (1833–34)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primer_Conquista_del_Desierto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coloured engraving depicting 3 uniformed men on horseback on a hilltop with dead bodies strewn about and one uniformed man pointing to the valley below in which half-naked warriors are fleeing before a line of uniformed and mounted troops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Primer_Conquista_del_Desierto.jpg/220px-Primer_Conquista_del_Desierto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Primer_Conquista_del_Desierto.jpg/330px-Primer_Conquista_del_Desierto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Primer_Conquista_del_Desierto.jpg/440px-Primer_Conquista_del_Desierto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Rosas (mounted on dark horse) leading the war against Indians in the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%9334)" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Campaign (1833–34)">Desert Campaign</a>, 1833</figcaption></figure> Rosas' early administration was preoccupied with the severe deficits, large public debts and the impact of currency devaluation which his government inherited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200122-45">[40]</a> A great drought that began in December 1828, which would last until April 1832, greatly impacted the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200115-46">[41]</a> The Unitarians were still at large, controlling several provinces that had banded together in the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_League" title="Unitarian League">Unitarian League</a>. The capture of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Paz" title="José María Paz">José María Paz</a>, the main Unitarian leader, in March 1831 resulted in the end of the Unitarian–Federalist civil war and the collapse of the Unitarian League. Rosas was content, for the moment, to agree to recognize provincial autonomy in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Pact" title="Federal Pact">Federal Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200116Rock1987105-47">[42]</a> In an effort to alleviate the government's financial problems, he improved revenue collection while not raising taxes and curtailed expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200116,_22-48">[43]</a> By the end of his first term, Rosas was generally credited with having staved off political and financial instability,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200116-49">[44]</a> but he faced increased opposition in the House of Representatives. All members of the House were Federalists, as Rosas had restored the legislature that had been in place under Dorrego, and which had subsequently been dissolved by Lavalle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch198142–43-50">[45]</a> A liberal Federalist faction, which accepted dictatorship as a temporary necessity, called for the adoption of a constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch198149,_159–160,_300-51">[46]</a> Rosas was unwilling to govern constrained by a constitutional framework and only grudgingly relinquished his dictatorial powers. His term of office ended soon after, on 5 December 1832.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200116-49">[44]</a> While the government in Buenos Aires was distracted with political infighting, ranchers began moving into territories in the south inhabited by indigenous peoples. The resulting conflict with native peoples necessitated a government response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200117-52">[47]</a> Rosas steadfastly endorsed policies which supported this expansion. During his governorship he granted lands in the south to war veterans and to ranchers seeking alternative pasture lands during the drought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200118-53">[48]</a> Although the south was regarded as a virtual desert at the time, it had great potential and resources for agricultural development, particularly for ranching operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200118-53">[48]</a> The government gave Rosas command of an army with orders to subdue the Indian tribes in the coveted territory. Rosas was generous to those Indians who surrendered, rewarding them with animals and goods. Although he personally disliked killing Indians, he relentlessly hunted those who refused to yield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20016,_18–20-54">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%9334)" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Campaign (1833–34)">Desert Campaign</a> lasted from 1833 to 1834, with Rosas subjugating the entire region. His conquest of the south opened many possibilities for further territorial expansion, which led him to state: "The <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">fine territories</a>, which extend from the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> to the coast and down to the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Magellan Straits</a> are now wide open for our children."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200120-55">[50]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the letter written in 1834: <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_the_hacienda_of_Figueroa" title="Letter of the hacienda of Figueroa">Letter of the hacienda of Figueroa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_governorship">Second governorship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second governorship">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolute_power">Absolute power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Absolute power">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosas_por_Molino.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Half length painted portrait of a man with curly auburn hair and sideburns facing left and wearing an elaborate military tunic embroidered in gold with heavy epaulettes, high embroidered collar and a red sash."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rosas_por_Molino.png/170px-Rosas_por_Molino.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rosas_por_Molino.png/255px-Rosas_por_Molino.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Rosas_por_Molino.png/340px-Rosas_por_Molino.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Profile view of Rosas at age 42, 1835; miniature by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garc%C3%ADa_del_Molino" title="Fernando García del Molino">Fernando García del Molino</a></figcaption></figure> While Rosas was away on the Desert Campaign in October 1833, a group of Rosistas (Rosas's supporters) laid siege to Buenos Aires. Inside the city, Rosas's wife, Encarnación, assembled a contingent of associates to aid the besiegers. The <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Restorers" title="Revolution of the Restorers">Revolution of the Restorers</a>, as the Rosista coup came to be known, forced the provincial governor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Balcarce" title="Juan Ramón Balcarce">Juan Ramón Balcarce</a> to resign. In quick succession, Balcarce was followed by two others who presided over weak and ineffective governments. The Rosismo (Rosism) had become a powerful faction within the Federalist Party, and pressured other factions to accept a return of Rosas, endowed with dictatorial powers, as the only way to restore stability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981160–162-56">[51]</a> The House of Representatives yielded, and on 7 March 1835, Rosas was reelected governor and invested with the suma del poder público (<a href="/wiki/Sum_of_public_power" title="Sum of public power">sum of public power</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981162Rock1987106-57">[52]</a> A plebiscite was held to determine whether the citizens of Buenos Aires supported Rosas's reelection and resumption of dictatorial powers. During his governorship from 1829 to 1832, Rosas had reduced the election process to a farce. He had installed loyal associates as justices of the peace, powerful officeholders with administrative and judicial functions who were also charged with tax collection, leading militia and presiding over elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200151-58">[53]</a> Through the exclusion of voters and intimidation of the opposition, the justices of the peace delivered any result Rosas favored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199326Lynch200149–50-59">[54]</a> Half of the members of the House of Representatives faced reelection each year, and the opposition to Rosas had quickly been eliminated through rigged elections, allowing him to control the legislature. Control over finances had been stripped from the legislature, and its approval of legislation turned into a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber stamp</a> to preserve a semblance of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199326Lynch200181-60">[55]</a> The result of the 1835 election was a predictable 99.9 per cent "yes" vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200190-61">[56]</a> Rosas believed that the manipulation of elections were necessary for political stability, because most of the country's population was illiterate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200150-62">[57]</a> He acquired absolute power over the province with the assent and support of most estancieros and businessmen, who shared his views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200138–40,_78Shumway1993118-63">[58]</a> The estancia formed the power base on which Rosas relied. Lynch said that there "was a great deal of group cohesion and solidarity among the landed class. Rosas was the center of a vast kinship group based on land. He was surrounded by a closely knit economic and political network linking deputies, law officers, officials, and military who were also landowners and related among themselves or with Rosas."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch198138-64">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Totalitarian_regime">Totalitarian regime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Totalitarian regime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosas_arenga_a_los_morenos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting depicting a group of men and women bearing banners approaching a man in military uniform who holds a scroll, with a tent and flag in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rosas_arenga_a_los_morenos.jpg/220px-Rosas_arenga_a_los_morenos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rosas_arenga_a_los_morenos.jpg/330px-Rosas_arenga_a_los_morenos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rosas_arenga_a_los_morenos.jpg/440px-Rosas_arenga_a_los_morenos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Argentine slaves paying homage to Rosas</figcaption></figure> Rosas's authority and influence spread far beyond the House of Representatives. He exercised tight control over the bureaucracy as well as his cabinet, stating: "Do not imagine that my Ministers are anything but my Secretaries. I put them in their offices to listen and report, and nothing more."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981175-65">[60]</a> His supporters were rewarded with positions within the state apparatus, and anyone he deemed a threat was purged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch200182-66">[61]</a> Opposition newspapers <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">were burned in public squares</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981180,_184-67">[62]</a> Rosas created an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>, presenting himself as an almighty and fatherlike figure who protected the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200177Shumway1993118–120-68">[63]</a> His portraits were carried in street demonstrations and placed on church altars to be venerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch1981165,_183Shumway1993120-69">[64]</a> Rosismo was no longer a mere faction within the Federalist ranks; it had become a political movement. As early as 1829, Rosas had confided to an Uruguayan diplomatic envoy: "I tell you I am not a Federalist, and I have never belonged to that party."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942150Lynch200115-70">[65]</a> During his governorship, he still claimed to have favoured Federalism against Unitarianism, although in practice Federalism had by that time been subsumed into the Rosismo movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200177-71">[66]</a> Rosas established a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian regime</a>, in which the government sought to dictate every aspect of public and private life. It was mandated that the slogan "Death to the Savage Unitarians" be inscribed at the head of all official documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200183-72">[67]</a> Anyone on the state payroll—from military officers, priests, to civil servants and teachers—was obliged to wear a red badge with the inscription "Federation or Death".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch1981178Rock1987106-73">[68]</a> Every male was required to have a "federal look", i.e., to sport a large moustache and sideburns, leading many to wear false moustaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981179Bassi1942168-74">[69]</a> The red colour—symbol of both the Federalist Party and of Rosismo—became omnipresent in the province of Buenos Aires. Soldiers wore red chiripás (blankets worn as trousers), caps and jackets, and their horses sported red <a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">accoutrements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981179-75">[70]</a> Civilians were also required to wear the colour. A red waistcoat, red badge and red hat band were required for men, while women wore ribbons in that colour and children donned school uniforms based upon Rosismo paradigms. Building exteriors and interiors were also decorated in red.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942166Bethell199327Lynch1981180Rock1987106-76">[71]</a> Most Catholic clergy in Buenos Aires willingly backed Rosas' regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942167Bethell199327Lynch200184Rock1987106Shumway1993119-77">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a>, the only ones who refused to do so, were expelled from the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch200185-78">[73]</a> The lower social strata in Buenos Aires, which formed the vast majority of its populace, experienced no improvement in the conditions under which they lived. When Rosas slashed expenditures, he cut resources from education, social services, general welfare and public works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200122,_91-79">[74]</a> None of the lands confiscated from Indians and Unitarians were turned over to rural workers, including gauchos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200149-80">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Argentine">Black people</a> did not experience any improvement in their conditions either. Rosas was a slave-owner, and helped revive the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200153–54-81">[76]</a> Despite doing little to promote their interests, he remained popular among blacks and gauchos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200176–77-82">[77]</a> He employed blacks, patronized their festivities and attended their <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">candombles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200155–56-83">[78]</a> The gauchos admired his leadership and willingness to fraternize with them to some extent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200145–46-84">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_terrorism">State terrorism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: State terrorism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosas_y_Calaveras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving depicting a man wearing an ornate military uniform waist-deep in a pile of human skulls and bones with a disembodied hand holding snakes above his head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rosas_y_Calaveras.jpg/170px-Rosas_y_Calaveras.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rosas_y_Calaveras.jpg/255px-Rosas_y_Calaveras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rosas_y_Calaveras.jpg/340px-Rosas_y_Calaveras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption>An anti-Rosas drawing published in a newspaper in 1841 or 1842</figcaption></figure> In addition to purges, banishments and censorship, Rosas took measures against the opposition and anyone else he deemed a threat that historians have considered <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942248Bethell199329Hooker200815Lewis200357Loveman1999289Lynch200196,_108,_164Quesada2001316Rock1987106Shumway1993120-85">[80]</a> Terror was a tool used to intimidate dissident voices, to shore up support among his own partisans and to exterminate his foes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199329Lynch200196-86">[81]</a> His targets were denounced, sometimes inaccurately, as having ties to Unitarians. Those victimised included members of his government and party who were suspected of being insufficiently loyal. If actual opponents were not at hand, the regime found other targets that were punished to make an example. A climate of fear was used to create unquestioning conformity to Rosas' dictates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200197-87">[82]</a> State terrorism was carried out by the Mazorca, an armed <a href="/wiki/Parapolice" title="Parapolice">parapolice</a> unit of the <a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Popular_Restauradora" title="Sociedad Popular Restauradora">Sociedad Popular Restauradora</a> political organization. The Sociedad Popular Restauradora and the Mazorca were creations of Rosas, who retained tight control over both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942261Bethell199329Lynch2001102-88">[83]</a> The tactics of the mazorqueros included neighborhood sweeps in which houses would be searched and occupants intimidated. Others who fell into their power were arrested, tortured and killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001101-89">[84]</a> Killings were generally by shooting, lance-thrusting or throat-slitting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942265–266Lynch200199-90">[85]</a> Many were castrated, or had their beards <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalped</a> or their tongues cut out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942265–266Lynch1981214-91">[86]</a> Modern estimates report around 2,000 people were killed from 1829 until 1852.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001118-92">[87]</a> Although a judicial system still existed in Buenos Aires, Rosas removed any independence the courts might have exercised, either by controlling appointments to the judiciary, or by circumventing their authority entirely. He would sit in judgement over cases, issuing sentences which included fines, service in the army, imprisonment, or execution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199326–27Lynch200181,_97-93">[88]</a> The exercise of state terror as a tool of intimidation was restricted to Rosas himself; his subordinates had no control over it. It was used against specific targets, rather than randomly. Terrorism was orchestrated rather than a product of popular zeal, was targeted for effect rather than indiscriminate. Anarchic demonstrations, vigilantism and disorderliness were antithetical to a regime touting a law and order agenda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199330Lynch200196-94">[89]</a> Foreigners were exempted from abuses, as were people too poor or inconsequential to serve as effective examples. Victims were selected for their usefulness as tools of intimidation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200196-95">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struggle_for_dominance">Struggle for dominance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Struggle for dominance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellions_and_foreign_threat">Rebellions and foreign threat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rebellions and foreign threat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_Monvoisin_-_Retrato_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Half-length painted portrait of a clean-shaven, auburn-haired man with long sideburns and wearing a black poncho with bands embroidered in red and gold"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Raymond_Monvoisin_-_Retrato_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas.jpg/170px-Raymond_Monvoisin_-_Retrato_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Raymond_Monvoisin_-_Retrato_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas.jpg/255px-Raymond_Monvoisin_-_Retrato_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Raymond_Monvoisin_-_Retrato_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas.jpg/340px-Raymond_Monvoisin_-_Retrato_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3244" /></a><figcaption>Rosas in gaucho attire, 1842. Oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Monvoisin" title="Raymond Monvoisin">Raymond Monvoisin</a></figcaption></figure> Throughout the late 1830s and early 1840s, Rosas faced a series of major threats to his power. The Unitarians found an ally in <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Andrés de Santa Cruz</a>, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Peru–Bolivian Confederation</a>. Rosas declared war against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation on 19 March 1837, joining the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War of the Confederation</a> between Chile and Peru–Bolivia. The Rosista army played a minor role in the conflict, which resulted in the overthrow of Santa Cruz and the dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981201–202-96">[91]</a> On 28 March 1838, France declared a blockade of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Port of Buenos Aires">Port of Buenos Aires</a>, eager to extend its influence over the region. Unable to confront the French, Rosas increased internal repression to forestall potential uprisings against his regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199331Lynch1981202-97">[92]</a> The blockade caused severe damage to the economy across all the provinces, as they exported their goods through the port of Buenos Aires. Despite the 1831 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Pact" title="Federal Pact">Federal Pact</a>, all provinces had long been discontent with the de facto primacy that Buenos Aires province held over them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199331Lynch1981202-97">[92]</a> On 28 February 1839, the <a href="/wiki/Corrientes_Province" title="Corrientes Province">province of Corrientes</a> revolted and attacked both Buenos Aires and <a href="/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Entre Ríos Province">Entre Ríos</a> provinces. Rosas counterattacked and defeated the rebels, killing their leader, the governor of Corrientes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199331Lynch1981202Quesada2001314–315-98">[93]</a> In June, Rosas uncovered a plot by dissident Rosistas to oust him from power in what became known as the Maza conspiracy. Rosas imprisoned some of the plotters and executed others. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Vicente_Maza" title="Manuel Vicente Maza">Manuel Vicente Maza</a>, president of both the House of Representatives and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Argentina" title="Supreme Court of Argentina">Supreme Court</a>, was murdered by Rosas's Mazorca agents within the halls of the parliament on the pretext that his son was involved in the conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942293Lynch1981203–204Quesada2001314-99">[94]</a> In the countryside, estancieros, including a younger brother of Rosas, revolted, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Freemen_of_the_South" title="Freemen of the South">Rebellion of the South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981206Quesada2001314-100">[95]</a> The rebels attempted to ally with France, but were easily crushed, many losing their lives and properties in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981205–207-101">[96]</a> In September 1839, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Lavalle" title="Juan Lavalle">Juan Lavalle</a> returned after ten years in exile. He allied with the governor of Corrientes, which revolted once again, and invaded Buenos Aires province at the head of Unitarian troops armed and supplied by the French. Emboldened by Lavalle's actions, the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n_Province" title="Tucumán Province">Tucumán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salta_Province" title="Salta Province">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_Province,_Argentina" title="La Rioja Province, Argentina">La Rioja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catamarca_Province" title="Catamarca Province">Catamarca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jujuy_Province" title="Jujuy Province">Jujuy</a> formed the Coalition of the North and also rebelled against Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942293–297Lynch1981207Quesada2001315Sagastizábal2000245-102">[97]</a> Great Britain intervened on behalf of Rosas, and France lifted the blockade on 29 October 1840.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199331–33Lynch1981267–268-103">[98]</a> The struggle with his internal enemies was hard-fought. By December 1842, Lavalle had been killed and the rebellious provinces subdued, except for Corrientes, which was only defeated in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942300–301Lynch1981207–208Sagastizábal2000245-104">[99]</a> Terrorism was also employed on the battlefield, as the Rosistas refused to take prisoners. The defeated men had their throats cut and their heads put on display.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200197-87">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruler_of_Argentina">Ruler of Argentina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ruler of Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candombe_federal,_%C3%A9poca_de_Rosas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting depicting a man in an elaborate military uniform seated before a group of dancers, drummers and other musicians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Candombe_federal%2C_%C3%A9poca_de_Rosas.jpg/220px-Candombe_federal%2C_%C3%A9poca_de_Rosas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Candombe_federal%2C_%C3%A9poca_de_Rosas.jpg/330px-Candombe_federal%2C_%C3%A9poca_de_Rosas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Candombe_federal%2C_%C3%A9poca_de_Rosas.jpg/440px-Candombe_federal%2C_%C3%A9poca_de_Rosas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Rosas (seated, left) at a <a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">candombe</a> performance, 1845</figcaption></figure> Around 1845, Rosas managed to establish absolute dominance over the region. His subordinates dominated all of Uruguay, with the exception of Montevideo. He offered help to the separatists of <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> in order to seize the situation and possibly obtain control over the former <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a> territory. He exercised complete control over all aspects of society with the solid backing of the army. Rosas was raised from colonel to brigadier general (the highest army rank) on 18 December 1829.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires18423-3">[3]</a> On 12 November 1840 he declined the newly created and higher rank of grand marshal (gran mariscal), which had been bestowed on him by the House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires1842169,_179–180-105">[100]</a> The army was led by officers who had backgrounds and values similar to his.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200187–88-106">[101]</a> Confident of his power, Rosas made some concessions by returning confiscated properties to their owners, disbanding the Mazorca and ending torture and political assassinations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001123-107">[102]</a> The inhabitants of Buenos Aires still dressed and behaved according to the set of rules Rosas had imposed, but the climate of constant and widespread fear greatly diminished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001123–124-108">[103]</a> When Rosas was elected governor for the first time in 1829, he held no power outside the province of Buenos Aires. There was no national government or national parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200182,_130-109">[104]</a> The former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata had been succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a>, which by 1831, following the Federal Pact and officially from 22 May 1835, had increasingly been known as the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a>, or simply, Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrias1970120-110">[105]</a> Rosas's victory over the other Argentine provinces in the early 1840s turned them into satellites of Buenos Aires. He gradually put in place provincial governors who were either allied or too weak to have real independence, which allowed him to exercise dominance over all the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200183Quesada2001319-111">[106]</a> By 1848, Rosas began calling his government the "government of the confederacy" and the "general government", which would have been inconceivable a few years before. The next year, with acquiescence of the provinces, he named himself "Supreme Head of the Confederacy" and became the indisputable ruler of Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001131Sagastizábal2000100-112">[107]</a> As Rosas aged and his health declined, the question of who would succeed him became a growing concern among his supporters. His wife Encarnación had died in October 1838 after a long illness. Although devastated by his loss, Rosas exploited her death to raise support for his regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981373-113">[108]</a> Not long after, at the age of 47, he began an affair with his fifteen-year-old maid, María Eugenia Castro, with whom he had five illegitimate children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981339-114">[109]</a> From his marriage to Encarnación, Rosas had two children: Juan Bautista Pedro and <a href="/wiki/Manuela_Rosas" title="Manuela Rosas">Manuela Robustiana</a>. Rosas established a hereditary dictatorship, naming the children from his marriage as his successors, stating that "[t]hey are both worthy children of my beloved Encarnación, and if, God willing, I die, then you will find that they are capable of succeeding me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981169-115">[110]</a> It is unknown whether Rosas was a closet <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchist</a>. Later during his exile, Rosas declared that <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Princess Alice of the United Kingdom</a> would be the ideal ruler for his country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981262-116">[111]</a> Nonetheless, in public he stated that his regime was republican in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981164-117">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apogee_and_downfall">Apogee and downfall</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Apogee and downfall">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-French_blockade">Anglo-French blockade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anglo-French blockade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting depicting a heavy-set man in profile who wears an elaborately embroidered military uniform with sash and large epaulets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1845.jpg/170px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1845.jpg/255px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1845.jpg/340px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Rosas at age 52, 1845</figcaption></figure> The breakup of the old Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata during the 1810s eventually resulted in the emergence of independent nations of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> in the northern portion of the Viceroyalty, while its southern territories coalesced into the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Rosas planned to restore, if not all, at least a considerable part of the former borders of the old Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He never recognized the independence of Paraguay and regarded it a rebel Argentine province that would inevitably be reconquered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001140Quesada2001334-118">[113]</a> He sent an army under <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Oribe" title="Manuel Oribe">Manuel Oribe</a> who invaded Uruguay and conquered most of the country, except for its capital <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a> that <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Montevideo" title="Great Siege of Montevideo">endured a long siege</a> starting in 1843.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981273–275-119">[114]</a> When pressed by the British, Rosas declined to guarantee Uruguayan independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981288-120">[115]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, all potential foreign threats to Rosas's plans of conquest collapsed, including <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Peru–Bolivian Confederation</a>, or were troubled by internal turmoil, as was the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>. To reinforce his claims over Uruguay and Paraguay, and maintain his dominance over the Argentine provinces, Rosas blockaded the port of Montevideo and closed the interior rivers to foreign trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981270,_273-121">[116]</a> The loss of trade was unacceptable to Britain and France. On 17 September 1845 both nations established the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata</a> and enforced the free navigation in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_Basin" title="Río de la Plata Basin">Río de la Plata Basin</a> (or Platine region).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981280-122">[117]</a> Argentina resisted the pressure and fought back to a standstill. This <a href="/wiki/Undeclared_war" title="Undeclared war">undeclared war</a> caused more economic harm to France and Britain than to Argentina. The British faced increasing pressure at home once they realised that the access gained to the other ports within the Platine region did not compensate for the loss of trade with Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981284–288-123">[118]</a> Britain ended all hostilities and lifted the blockade on 15 July 1847, followed by France on 12 June 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981288-120">[115]</a> Rosas had successfully resisted the two most powerful nations on Earth; his standing, and Argentina's, increased among <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic American</a> nations. The Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Andrés Bello</a>, summarizing the prevailing opinion, considered Rosas among "the leading ranks of the great men of America".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981294–295-124">[119]</a> Although his prestige was on the rise, Rosas made no serious attempts to further liberalise his regime. Every year he presented his resignation and the pliant House of Representatives predictably declined, claiming that maintaining him in office was vital for the nation's welfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001128,_130Quesada2001318–319-125">[120]</a> Rosas also allowed exiled Argentines to return to their homeland, but only because he was so confident of his control and that no one was willing to risk defying him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001123–124-108">[103]</a> The execution in August 1848 of the pregnant <a href="/wiki/Camila_O%27Gorman" title="Camila O'Gorman">Camila O'Gorman</a>, charged with a forbidden romance with a priest, caused a backlash throughout the continent. Nonetheless, it served as a clear warning that Rosas had no intention of loosening his grip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001115–116,_124Quesada2001328-126">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platine_War">Platine War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Platine War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Residencia_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_(1876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing a canal running alongside a grand, white villa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Residencia_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_%281876%29.jpg/220px-Residencia_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_%281876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Residencia_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_%281876%29.jpg/330px-Residencia_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_%281876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Residencia_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_%281876%29.jpg/440px-Residencia_de_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_%281876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Rosas' residence in <a href="/wiki/Palermo,_Buenos_Aires" title="Palermo, Buenos Aires">Palermo, Buenos Aires</a>, 1876</figcaption></figure> Rosas failed to realize that discontent was steadily growing throughout the country. Throughout the 1840s he became increasingly secluded in his country house in <a href="/wiki/Palermo,_Buenos_Aires" title="Palermo, Buenos Aires">Palermo</a>, some miles away from Buenos Aires. There he ruled and lived under heavy protection provided by guards and patrols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981177,_209-127">[122]</a> He declined to meet with his ministers and relied solely on secretaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981297-128">[123]</a> His daughter <a href="/wiki/Manuela_Rosas" title="Manuela Rosas">Manuela</a> replaced his wife at his right hand and became the link between Rosas and the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981177Quesada2001327-129">[124]</a> The reason for Rosas's increasing isolation was given by a member of his secretariat: "The dictator is not stupid: he knows the people hate him; he goes in constant fear and always has one eye on the chance to rob and abuse them and the other on making a getaway. He has a horse ready saddled at the door of his office day and night".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200196-95">[90]</a> Meanwhile, Brazil, now ascendant under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, provided support to the Uruguayan government that still held out in Montevideo, as well as to the ambitious <a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a>, a caudillo in Entre Ríos who rebelled against Rosas. Once one of Rosas' most trusted lieutenants, Urquiza now claimed to fight for a constitutional government, although his ambition to become head of state was barely disguised. In retaliation, Rosas declared war on Brazil on 18 August 1851, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199334Calabrese1975182Lynch2001144-130">[125]</a> The army under Oribe in Uruguay surrendered to Urquiza in October. With arms and financial aid given by Brazil, Urquiza then marched through Argentine territory heading to Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942343,_351Lynch1981319–321Quesada2001335–336-131">[126]</a> Uncharacteristically, Rosas remained passive throughout the conflict. The Argentine ruler lost heart once he realized that he had fallen into a trap. Even if he defeated Urquiza, his forces would probably be weakened enough to prevent him from challenging the Brazilian army that was ready to invade Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942350–351Lynch1981318–327-132">[127]</a> With no other alternative, Rosas remarked: "There is no other way; we have to play for the high stakes and go for everything. Here we are, and from here there is no retreat."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981330-133">[128]</a> After an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caseros" title="Battle of Caseros">unsuccessful battle</a> against Urquiza on 3 February 1852, Rosas fled to Buenos Aires. Once there, he disguised himself and boarded a ship that took him to Britain to live in exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199334Fernandez1983362Lynch2001319–331Quesada2001336-134">[129]</a> Embittered, he remarked: "It is not the people who have overthrown me. It is the monkeys, the Brazilians."<a href="#cite_note-136">[F]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_and_death">Exile and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Exile and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_exiled.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painted half-length portrait depicting a gray-haired man with a thin face dressed in a plain black coat over a red vest and high-collared white shirt and sitting in front of a half-opened drape revealing an avenue with a building in the distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_exiled.JPG/170px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_exiled.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_exiled.JPG/255px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_exiled.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_exiled.JPG/340px-Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_exiled.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption>An elderly Rosas during his exile</figcaption></figure> Rosas arrived in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> in England on 26 April 1852. The British gave him asylum, paid for his travel and welcomed him with a <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">21-gun salute</a>. These honours were granted because, according to the British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury</a>, "General Rosas was no common refugee, but one who had shown great distinction and kindness to the British merchants who had traded with his country".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981336-137">[131]</a> Months before his fall, Rosas had arranged with the British <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gore_(MP)" title="Robert Gore (MP)">Robert Gore</a> for protection and asylum in the event of his defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981337-138">[132]</a> Both his children by Encarnación followed him into exile, although Juan Bautista soon returned with his family to Argentina. His daughter Manuela married the son of an old associate of Rosas, an act which the former dictator never forgave. A domineering father, Rosas wanted his daughter to remain devoted to him alone. Although he forbade her from writing or visiting, Manuela remained loyal to him and maintained contact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981337–338-139">[133]</a> The new Argentine government confiscated all of Rosas' properties and tried him as a criminal, later sentencing him to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981339–340-140">[134]</a> Rosas was appalled that most of his friends, supporters and allies abandoned him and became either silent or openly critical of him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981340–341-141">[135]</a> Rosismo vanished overnight. "The landed class, supporters and beneficiaries of Rosas, now had to make their peace—and their profits—with his successors. Survival, not allegiance, was their politics", argued Lynch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981341-142">[136]</a> Urquiza, a one-time ally and later an enemy, reconciled with Rosas and sent him financial assistance, hoping for political support in return—although Rosas had scant political capital left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981342-143">[137]</a> Rosas followed Argentina's developments while in exile, always hoping for an opportunity to return, but he never again insinuated himself into Argentine affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981342-143">[137]</a> In exile Rosas was not destitute, but he lived modestly amid financial constraints during the remainder of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981344–345-144">[138]</a> A very few loyal friends sent him money, but it was never enough.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981344-145">[139]</a> He sold one of his estancias before the confiscation and became a <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swaythling" title="Swaythling">Swaythling</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>. He employed a housekeeper and two to four labourers, to whom he paid above-average wages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981343–344,_346–347-146">[140]</a> Despite constant concern over his shortage of funds, Rosas found joy in farm life, once remarking: "I now consider myself happy on this farm, living in modest circumstances as you see, earning a living the hard way by the sweat of my brow".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981358-147">[141]</a> A contemporary described him in final years: "He was then eighty, a man still handsome and imposing; his manners were most refined, and the modest environment did nothing to lessen his air of a great lord, inherited from his family."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981357-148">[142]</a> After a walk on a cold day, Rosas caught pneumonia and died at 07:00 on the morning of 14 March 1877. Following a private mass attended by his family and a few friends, he was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Old_Cemetery" title="Southampton Old Cemetery">town cemetery</a> of Southampton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981358-147">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas">Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas%27s_body" title="Repatriation of Juan Manuel de Rosas's body">Repatriation of Juan Manuel de Rosas's body</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recoleta_112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing a mausoleum building of gray ashlar construction with metal wreaths and plaques attached to the outside walls, a metal barred gate at the entrance and surmounted by a square cupola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Recoleta_112.jpg/220px-Recoleta_112.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Recoleta_112.jpg/330px-Recoleta_112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Recoleta_112.jpg/440px-Recoleta_112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Rosas' family vault at <a href="/wiki/La_Recoleta_Cemetery" title="La Recoleta Cemetery">La Recoleta Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> Serious attempts to reassess Rosas's reputation began in the 1880s with the publication of scholarly works by <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Sald%C3%ADas" title="Adolfo Saldías">Adolfo Saldías</a> and Ernesto Quesada. Later, a more blatant "Revisionist" movement would flourish under <a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a> (Nationalism). Nacionalismo was a political movement that appeared in Argentina in the 1920s and reached its apex in the 1930s. It was the Argentine equivalent of the authoritarian ideologies that arose during the same period, such as <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a>. Argentine Nationalism was an authoritarian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995102Goebel201143–44Chamosa201040,_118Nállim201238-149">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995104–105,_119Goebel201143Chamosa201040,_118-150">[144]</a> racist<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995103,_106-151">[145]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogynistic</a> political movement with support for racially based pseudo-scientific theories such as <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995103-152">[146]</a> Revisionismo (Revisionism) was the historiographical wing of Argentine Nacionalismo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995120Goebel20117,_48Chamosa201044Nállim201239-153">[147]</a> The main goal of Argentine Nacionalismo was to establish a national dictatorship. For the Nacionalismo movement, Rosas and his regime were idealized and portrayed as paragons of governmental virtue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995108,_119Nállim201239DeutschDolkart199315-154">[148]</a> Revisionismo served as a useful tool, as the main purpose of the revisionists within the Nacionalismo agenda was to rehabilitate Rosas's image.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamosa201044Shumway2004114Goebel201150Miller1999224Nállim201239-155">[149]</a> Despite a decades-long struggle, Revisionismo failed to be taken seriously. According to Michael Goebel, the revisionists had a "lack of interest in scholarly standards" and were known for "their institutional marginality in the intellectual field".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoebel201156,_115–116-156">[150]</a> They also never succeeded in changing mainstream views regarding Rosas. William Spence Robertson said in 1930: "Among the enigmatical personages of the 'Age of Dictators' in South America none played a more spectacular role than the Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, whose gigantic and ominous figure bestrode the Plata River for more than twenty years. So despotic was his power that Argentine writers have themselves styled this age of their history as 'The Tyranny of Rosas'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1930125-157">[151]</a> In 1961, William Dusenberry said: "Rosas is a negative memory in Argentina. He left behind him the black legend of Argentine history—a legend which Argentines in general wish to forget. There is no monument to him in the entire nation; no park, plaza, or street bears his name."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDusenberry1961514-158">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ID_076_Vta_de_Obligado,_Monumento_de_la_batalla_-_CAZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ID_076_Vta_de_Obligado%2C_Monumento_de_la_batalla_-_CAZ.jpg/220px-ID_076_Vta_de_Obligado%2C_Monumento_de_la_batalla_-_CAZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ID_076_Vta_de_Obligado%2C_Monumento_de_la_batalla_-_CAZ.jpg/330px-ID_076_Vta_de_Obligado%2C_Monumento_de_la_batalla_-_CAZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ID_076_Vta_de_Obligado%2C_Monumento_de_la_batalla_-_CAZ.jpg/440px-ID_076_Vta_de_Obligado%2C_Monumento_de_la_batalla_-_CAZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture with the image of Rosas at the Monument to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vuelta_de_Obligado" title="Battle of Vuelta de Obligado">Battle of Vuelta de Obligado</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1980s, Argentina was a fractured, deeply divided nation, having faced <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">military dictatorships</a>, severe <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation#Argentina" title="Hyperinflation">economic crises</a> and a defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> decided to repatriate Rosas's remains and take advantage of the occasion to unite the Argentines. Menem believed that if the Argentines could forgive Rosas and his regime, they might do the same regarding the more recent and vividly remembered past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumway2004118–125-159">[153]</a> On 30 September 1989, an elaborate and enormous cortege organized by the government was held, after which the remains of the Argentine ruler were interred in his family vault at <a href="/wiki/La_Recoleta_Cemetery" title="La Recoleta Cemetery">La Recoleta Cemetery</a>, Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumway2004125–128-160">[154]</a> A week after the repatriation Menem felt able to pardon nearly 300 military personnel convicted of abuses in the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumway2004131-161">[155]</a> Closely allied with neorevisionists, Menem (and his fellow <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Peronist</a> presidential successors <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a>) have honoured Rosas on <a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso#Banknotes" title="Argentine peso">banknotes</a>, postage stamps and monuments, causing mixed reactions among the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamosa2010107Goebel2011217–218,_220Shumway2004108,_133Lanctot20141,_4-162">[156]</a> Rosas remains a controversial figure among Argentines, who "have long been fascinated and outraged" by him, as historian John Lynch noted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamosa2010107Shumway2004108Lewis2003207Lynch2001ix-163">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The full title was "Restorer of the Laws and Institutions of the Province of Buenos Aires". It was given to Rosas by the House of Representatives of Buenos Aires on 18 December 1829.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires18423-3">[3]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%9334)" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Campaign (1833–34)">Desert Campaign (1833–34)</a> he was called the "Conqueror of the desert" (Conquistador del desierto).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200119-4">[4]</a> As his dictatorship became more repressive, Rosas became known as the "Tiger of Palermo", after his main residence in <a href="/wiki/Palermo,_Buenos_Aires" title="Palermo, Buenos Aires">Palermo</a>, then located outside the town of Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch19819-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1918107–108-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> According to his birth certificate, his given name was "Juan Manuel José Domingo". His surname, as seen on his marriage certificate, was "Ortiz de Rosas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradère197017–19-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bontine_Cunninghame_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham">Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham</a> described them as "herdsmen, who lived on horseback ... In their great plains, roamed over by enormous herds of cattle, and countless horses in semi-feral state, each Gaucho lived in his own reed-built rancho [ranch] daubed with mud to make its weathertight often without another neighbour nearer than a league away. His wife and children and possibly two or three other herdsmen, usually unmarried, to help him in the management of the cattle, made up his society. Generally he had some cattle of his own, and possibly a flock of sheep; but the great herds belonged to some proprietor who perhaps lived two or three leagues away."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1933121–122-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> An anecdote circulated in which Rosas supposedly related how he left his childhood home with no belongings, determined to start a new life, never to return. The story says that he went so far as to change the spelling of his surname at that point. Rosas denied the version of events contained in this tale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch198114-17">[14]</a> Although he was left a portion of his father's estate, he assigned this to his mother. He did not reclaim the inheritance upon his mother's death, and instead split it between her maid, his siblings and charities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch198114-17">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> wrote in his journal in 1833: "He is a man of extraordinary character, and has a most predominant influence in the country, which it seems that he will use to its prosperity and advancement." Later, in 1845, he greatly revised his assertion, saying "This prophecy has turned out entirely and miserably wrong."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin200879-37">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> This comment was a racial nod to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">soldiers of African ancestry</a> within Brazilian ranks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981333-135">[130]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClaudia_Peiró2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Claudia Peiró (20 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2020/06/20/pedro-el-hijo-secreto-de-manuel-belgrano-que-fue-adoptado-por-juan-manuel-de-rosas/">"Pedro, el hijo secreto de Manuel Belgrano que fue adoptado por Juan Manuel de Rosas"</a>. Infobae (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infobae&rft.atitle=Pedro%2C+el+hijo+secreto+de+Manuel+Belgrano+que+fue+adoptado+por+Juan+Manuel+de+Rosas&rft.date=2020-06-20&rft.au=Claudia+Peir%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Fsociedad%2F2020%2F06%2F20%2Fpedro-el-hijo-secreto-de-manuel-belgrano-que-fue-adoptado-por-juan-manuel-de-rosas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSáenz_Quesada,_María2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1enz_Quesada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María Sáenz Quesada (page does not exist)">Sáenz Quesada, María</a> (2012). Mujeres de Rosas. Sudamericana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mujeres+de+Rosas&rft.pub=Sudamericana&rft.date=2012&rft.au=S%C3%A1enz+Quesada%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires18423-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires18423_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires18423_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires1842">Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 1842</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200119-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200119_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch19819-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch19819_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1918107–108-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1918107–108_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHudson1918">Hudson 1918</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradère197017–19-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradère197017–19_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPradère1970">Pradère 1970</a>, pp. 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20012-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20012_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20012_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20011-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20011_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20011_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20012Bassi194238–39-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20012Bassi194238–39_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1933121–122-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1933121–122_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham1933">Graham 1933</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200145–46Bassi194239–41-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200145–46Bassi194239–41_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 45–46; <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 39–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200138–40-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200138–40_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch198114-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch198114_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch198114_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi194239–40Lynch20012,_8,_26Shumway201316,_106-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi194239–40Lynch20012,_8,_26Shumway201316,_106_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 39–40; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 2, 8, 26; <a href="#CITEREFShumway2013">Shumway 2013</a>, pp. 16, 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200128-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200128_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20013Shumway1993119-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20013Shumway1993119_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, pp. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20013-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20013_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199318Lynch20019Rock198793-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199318Lynch20019Rock198793_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi194243–45Lynch20019Rock198793–94,_104SzuchmanBrown1994214-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi194243–45Lynch20019Rock198793–94,_104SzuchmanBrown1994214_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 43–45; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, pp. 93–94, 104; <a href="#CITEREFSzuchmanBrown1994">Szuchman & Brown 1994</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20019SzuchmanBrown1994214–215-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20019SzuchmanBrown1994214–215_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFSzuchmanBrown1994">Szuchman & Brown 1994</a>, pp. 214–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200126–27Bethell199324-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200126–27Bethell199324_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 26–27; <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20011,_8,_13,_43–44-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20011,_8,_13,_43–44_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 1, 8, 13, 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199319–20Lynch200110-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199319–20Lynch200110_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, pp. 19–20; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199320,_22Lynch200110-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199320,_22Lynch200110_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, pp. 20, 22; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200110-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200110_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200110_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200110_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199320Lynch200111Rock1987103-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199320Lynch200111Rock1987103_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200112Rock1987103-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200112Rock1987103_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200112-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200112_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeisler2005155Shumway1993117-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeisler2005155Shumway1993117_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler2005">Geisler 2005</a>, p. 155; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001125-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001125_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastro200169Crow1980580Geisler2005155Lynch1981121Mejía200162Shumway1993117-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastro200169Crow1980580Geisler2005155Lynch1981121Mejía200162Shumway1993117_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastro2001">Castro 2001</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFCrow1980">Crow 1980</a>, p. 580; <a href="#CITEREFGeisler2005">Geisler 2005</a>, p. 155; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 121; <a href="#CITEREFMejía2001">Mejía 2001</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin200879-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin200879_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin2008">Darwin 2008</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200186-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200186_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942158,_184,_247Bethell199320Lynch200112Rock1987104Shumway1993117-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942158,_184,_247Bethell199320Lynch200112Rock1987104Shumway1993117_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 158, 184, 247; <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 20,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBilbao1919">Bilbao 1919</a>, p. 14,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCalabrese1975">Calabrese 1975</a>, p. 21,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCevasco2006">Cevasco 2006</a>, p. 29,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFClaytonConniff2005">Clayton & Conniff 2005</a>, p. 72,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2008">Edwards 2008</a>, p. 28,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFFernandez1983">Fernandez 1983</a>, pp. 51, 59,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGoebel2011">Goebel 2011</a>, p. 24,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHanway2003">Hanway 2003</a>, p. 4,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHooker2008">Hooker 2008</a>, p. 15,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKraayWhigham2004">Kraay & Whigham 2004</a>, p. 188,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLeuchars2002">Leuchars 2002</a>, p. 16,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLewis2003">Lewis 2003</a>, p. 47,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLewis2006">Lewis 2006</a>, p. 84,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 164,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMeade2016">Meade 2016</a>, p. 145,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMoreno1999">Moreno 1999</a>, p. 17,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 319,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRein1998">Rein 1998</a>, p. 73,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 106,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRotker2002">Rotker 2002</a>, p. 57,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSagastizábal2000">Sagastizábal 2000</a>, p. 99,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, p. 113,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 53.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200175,_163Shumway1993119-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200175,_163Shumway1993119_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 75, 163; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200116Rock1987105Shumway1993117-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200116Rock1987105Shumway1993117_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 105; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001164-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001164_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200122-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200122_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200115-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200115_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200116Rock1987105-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200116Rock1987105_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200116,_22-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200116,_22_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 16, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200116-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200116_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200116_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch198142–43-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch198142–43_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch198149,_159–160,_300-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch198149,_159–160,_300_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 49, 159–160, 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200117-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200117_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200118-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200118_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200118_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20016,_18–20-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch20016,_18–20_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 6, 18–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200120-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200120_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981160–162-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981160–162_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 160–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981162Rock1987106-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981162Rock1987106_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 162; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200151-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200151_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199326Lynch200149–50-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199326Lynch200149–50_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199326Lynch200181-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199326Lynch200181_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200190-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200190_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200150-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200150_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200138–40,_78Shumway1993118-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200138–40,_78Shumway1993118_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 38–40, 78; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch198138-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch198138_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981175-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981175_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch200182-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch200182_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981180,_184-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981180,_184_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 180, 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200177Shumway1993118–120-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200177Shumway1993118–120_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 77; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, pp. 118–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch1981165,_183Shumway1993120-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch1981165,_183Shumway1993120_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 165, 183; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942150Lynch200115-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942150Lynch200115_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, p. 150; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200177-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200177_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200183-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200183_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch1981178Rock1987106-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch1981178Rock1987106_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 178; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981179Bassi1942168-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981179Bassi1942168_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 179; <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981179-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981179_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942166Bethell199327Lynch1981180Rock1987106-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942166Bethell199327Lynch1981180Rock1987106_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, p. 166; <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 180; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942167Bethell199327Lynch200184Rock1987106Shumway1993119-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942167Bethell199327Lynch200184Rock1987106Shumway1993119_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, p. 167; <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 84; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 106; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch200185-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199327Lynch200185_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200122,_91-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200122,_91_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 22, 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200149-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200149_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200153–54-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200153–54_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200176–77-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200176–77_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200155–56-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200155–56_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200145–46-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200145–46_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942248Bethell199329Hooker200815Lewis200357Loveman1999289Lynch200196,_108,_164Quesada2001316Rock1987106Shumway1993120-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942248Bethell199329Hooker200815Lewis200357Loveman1999289Lynch200196,_108,_164Quesada2001316Rock1987106Shumway1993120_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, p. 248; <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFHooker2008">Hooker 2008</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFLewis2003">Lewis 2003</a>, p. 57; <a href="#CITEREFLoveman1999">Loveman 1999</a>, p. 289; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 96, 108, 164; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 316; <a href="#CITEREFRock1987">Rock 1987</a>, p. 106; <a href="#CITEREFShumway1993">Shumway 1993</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199329Lynch200196-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199329Lynch200196_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200197-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200197_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200197_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942261Bethell199329Lynch2001102-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942261Bethell199329Lynch2001102_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, p. 261; <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001101-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001101_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942265–266Lynch200199-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942265–266Lynch200199_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 265–266; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942265–266Lynch1981214-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942265–266Lynch1981214_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 265–266; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001118-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001118_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199326–27Lynch200181,_97-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199326–27Lynch200181,_97_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, pp. 26–27; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 81, 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199330Lynch200196-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199330Lynch200196_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200196-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200196_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200196_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981201–202-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981201–202_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 201–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199331Lynch1981202-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199331Lynch1981202_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199331Lynch1981202_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199331Lynch1981202Quesada2001314–315-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199331Lynch1981202Quesada2001314–315_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 202; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, pp. 314–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942293Lynch1981203–204Quesada2001314-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942293Lynch1981203–204Quesada2001314_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, p. 293; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 203–204; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981206Quesada2001314-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981206Quesada2001314_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 206; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981205–207-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981205–207_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 205–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942293–297Lynch1981207Quesada2001315Sagastizábal2000245-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942293–297Lynch1981207Quesada2001315Sagastizábal2000245_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 293–297; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 207; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 315; <a href="#CITEREFSagastizábal2000">Sagastizábal 2000</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199331–33Lynch1981267–268-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199331–33Lynch1981267–268_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, pp. 31–33; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 267–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942300–301Lynch1981207–208Sagastizábal2000245-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942300–301Lynch1981207–208Sagastizábal2000245_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 300–301; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 207–208; <a href="#CITEREFSagastizábal2000">Sagastizábal 2000</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires1842169,_179–180-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires1842169,_179–180_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires1842">Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 1842</a>, pp. 169, 179–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200187–88-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200187–88_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001123-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001123_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001123–124-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001123–124_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001123–124_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200182,_130-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200182,_130_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 82, 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrias1970120-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrias1970120_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrias1970">Trias 1970</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch200183Quesada2001319-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch200183Quesada2001319_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 83; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001131Sagastizábal2000100-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001131Sagastizábal2000100_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFSagastizábal2000">Sagastizábal 2000</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981373-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981373_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981339-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981339_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981169-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981169_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981262-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981262_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981164-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981164_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001140Quesada2001334-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001140Quesada2001334_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 140; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981273–275-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981273–275_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 273–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981288-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981288_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981288_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981270,_273-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981270,_273_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 270, 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981280-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981280_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981284–288-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981284–288_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 284–288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981294–295-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981294–295_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 294–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001128,_130Quesada2001318–319-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001128,_130Quesada2001318–319_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 128, 130; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 318–319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2001115–116,_124Quesada2001328-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch2001115–116,_124Quesada2001328_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 115–116, 124; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981177,_209-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981177,_209_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 177, 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981297-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981297_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981177Quesada2001327-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981177Quesada2001327_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 177; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199334Calabrese1975182Lynch2001144-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199334Calabrese1975182Lynch2001144_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFCalabrese1975">Calabrese 1975</a>, p. 182; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942343,_351Lynch1981319–321Quesada2001335–336-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942343,_351Lynch1981319–321Quesada2001335–336_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 343, 351; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 319–321; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, pp. 335–336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi1942350–351Lynch1981318–327-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassi1942350–351Lynch1981318–327_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassi1942">Bassi 1942</a>, pp. 350–351; <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 318–327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981330-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981330_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell199334Fernandez1983362Lynch2001319–331Quesada2001336-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell199334Fernandez1983362Lynch2001319–331Quesada2001336_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFFernandez1983">Fernandez 1983</a>, p. 362; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, pp. 319–331; <a href="#CITEREFQuesada2001">Quesada 2001</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981333-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981333_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981336-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981336_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981337-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981337_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981337–338-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981337–338_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 337–338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981339–340-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981339–340_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 339–340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981340–341-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981340–341_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 340–341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981341-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981341_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981342-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981342_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981342_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981344–345-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981344–345_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 344–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981344-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981344_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981343–344,_346–347-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981343–344,_346–347_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, pp. 343–344, 346–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981358-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981358_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981358_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1981357-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1981357_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1981">Lynch 1981</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995102Goebel201143–44Chamosa201040,_118Nállim201238-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock1995102Goebel201143–44Chamosa201040,_118Nállim201238_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRock1995">Rock 1995</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFGoebel2011">Goebel 2011</a>, pp. 43–44; <a href="#CITEREFChamosa2010">Chamosa 2010</a>, pp. 40, 118; <a href="#CITEREFNállim2012">Nállim 2012</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995104–105,_119Goebel201143Chamosa201040,_118-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock1995104–105,_119Goebel201143Chamosa201040,_118_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRock1995">Rock 1995</a>, pp. 104–105, 119; <a href="#CITEREFGoebel2011">Goebel 2011</a>, p. 43; <a href="#CITEREFChamosa2010">Chamosa 2010</a>, pp. 40, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995103,_106-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock1995103,_106_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRock1995">Rock 1995</a>, pp. 103, 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995103-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock1995103_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRock1995">Rock 1995</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995120Goebel20117,_48Chamosa201044Nállim201239-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock1995120Goebel20117,_48Chamosa201044Nállim201239_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRock1995">Rock 1995</a>, p. 120; <a href="#CITEREFGoebel2011">Goebel 2011</a>, pp. 7, 48; <a href="#CITEREFChamosa2010">Chamosa 2010</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFNállim2012">Nállim 2012</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock1995108,_119Nállim201239DeutschDolkart199315-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock1995108,_119Nállim201239DeutschDolkart199315_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRock1995">Rock 1995</a>, pp. 108, 119; <a href="#CITEREFNállim2012">Nállim 2012</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFDeutschDolkart1993">Deutsch & Dolkart 1993</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamosa201044Shumway2004114Goebel201150Miller1999224Nállim201239-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamosa201044Shumway2004114Goebel201150Miller1999224Nállim201239_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamosa2010">Chamosa 2010</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFShumway2004">Shumway 2004</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFGoebel2011">Goebel 2011</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFMiller1999">Miller 1999</a>, p. 224; <a href="#CITEREFNállim2012">Nállim 2012</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoebel201156,_115–116-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoebel201156,_115–116_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoebel2011">Goebel 2011</a>, pp. 56, 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1930125-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1930125_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertson1930">Robertson 1930</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDusenberry1961514-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDusenberry1961514_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDusenberry1961">Dusenberry 1961</a>, p. 514. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumway2004118–125-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumway2004118–125_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShumway2004">Shumway 2004</a>, pp. 118–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumway2004125–128-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumway2004125–128_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShumway2004">Shumway 2004</a>, pp. 125–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShumway2004131-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShumway2004131_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShumway2004">Shumway 2004</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamosa2010107Goebel2011217–218,_220Shumway2004108,_133Lanctot20141,_4-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamosa2010107Goebel2011217–218,_220Shumway2004108,_133Lanctot20141,_4_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamosa2010">Chamosa 2010</a>, p. 107; <a href="#CITEREFGoebel2011">Goebel 2011</a>, pp. 217–218, 220; <a href="#CITEREFShumway2004">Shumway 2004</a>, pp. 108, 133; <a href="#CITEREFLanctot2014">Lanctot 2014</a>, pp. 1, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamosa2010107Shumway2004108Lewis2003207Lynch2001ix-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamosa2010107Shumway2004108Lewis2003207Lynch2001ix_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamosa2010">Chamosa 2010</a>, p. 107; <a href="#CITEREFShumway2004">Shumway 2004</a>, p. 108; <a href="#CITEREFLewis2003">Lewis 2003</a>, p. 207; <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch 2001</a>, p. ix. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassi1942" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bassi, Angel C. (1942). El Tirano Rosas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claridad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Tirano+Rosas&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Editorial+Claridad&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Bassi&rft.aufirst=Angel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bethell" title="Leslie Bethell">Bethell, Leslie</a> (1993). Argentina since independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43376-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43376-2"><bdi>0-521-43376-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina+since+independence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-43376-2&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilbao1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bilbao, Manuel (1919). Historia de Rosas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Casa Vaccaro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Rosas&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Casa+Vaccaro&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Bilbao&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalabrese1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calabrese, Humberto (1975). Juan Manuel de Rosas (in Spanish). La Plata: Instituto Cardenal Cisneros.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Manuel+de+Rosas&rft.place=La+Plata&rft.pub=Instituto+Cardenal+Cisneros&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Calabrese&rft.aufirst=Humberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2001" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Donald S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afroargentineina0000cast">The Afro-Argentine in Argentine Culture: El Negro Del Acordeón</a>. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-7389-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7734-7389-0"><bdi>0-7734-7389-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afro-Argentine+in+Argentine+Culture%3A+El+Negro+Del+Acorde%C3%B3n&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7734-7389-0&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafroargentineina0000cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCevasco2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cevasco, Aníbal César (2006). Argentina violenta (in Spanish). Los Angeles: Dunken. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/987-02-1922-5" title="Special:BookSources/987-02-1922-5"><bdi>987-02-1922-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina+violenta&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Dunken&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=987-02-1922-5&rft.aulast=Cevasco&rft.aufirst=An%C3%ADbal+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamosa2010" class="citation book cs1">Chamosa, Oscar (2010). The Argentine Folklore Movement: Sugar Elites, Criollo Workers, and the Politics of Cultural Nationalism, 1900–1955. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2847-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2847-9"><bdi>978-0-8165-2847-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Argentine+Folklore+Movement%3A+Sugar+Elites%2C+Criollo+Workers%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Cultural+Nationalism%2C+1900%E2%80%931955&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2847-9&rft.aulast=Chamosa&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaytonConniff2005" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Lawrence A.; Conniff, Michael L. (2005). A History of Modern Latin America (2 ed.). Belmont, California: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-62158-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-62158-9"><bdi>0-534-62158-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Latin+America&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Thomson+Learning+Academic+Resource+Center&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-534-62158-9&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft.au=Conniff%2C+Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrow1980" class="citation book cs1">Crow, John Armstrong (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow">The Epic of Latin America</a> (3 ed.). Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03776-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03776-6"><bdi>0-520-03776-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Latin+America&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-520-03776-6&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=John+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepicoflatinameri00crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (2008). The Voyage of the Beagle. New York: Cosimo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-565-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-565-6"><bdi>978-1-60520-565-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+of+the+Beagle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60520-565-6&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutschDolkart1993" class="citation book cs1">Deutsch, Sandra McGee; Dolkart, Ronald H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/argentinerightit00deut">The Argentine Right: Its History and Intellectual Origins, 1910 to the Present</a>. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2418-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2418-2"><bdi>0-8420-2418-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Argentine+Right%3A+Its+History+and+Intellectual+Origins%2C+1910+to+the+Present&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8420-2418-2&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Sandra+McGee&rft.au=Dolkart%2C+Ronald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fargentinerightit00deut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDusenberry1961" class="citation journal cs1">Dusenberry, William (November 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-41.4.495">"Juan Manuel de Rosas as Viewed by Contemporary American Diplomats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" title="The Hispanic American Historical Review">The Hispanic American Historical Review</a>. 41 (4). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 495–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-41.4.495">10.1215/00182168-41.4.495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Juan+Manuel+de+Rosas+as+Viewed+by+Contemporary+American+Diplomats&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=495-514&rft.date=1961-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-41.4.495&rft.aulast=Dusenberry&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%252F00182168-41.4.495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2008" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Todd L. (2008). Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-986-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-986-3"><bdi>978-1-85109-986-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%3A+A+Global+Studies+Handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-986-3&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Todd+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernandez, Fernando (1983). El Dictador (in Spanish). 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Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58465-436-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58465-436-8"><bdi>1-58465-436-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Symbols%2C+Fractured+Identities%3A+Contesting+The+National+Narrative&rft.place=Lebanon%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58465-436-8&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebel2011" class="citation book cs1">Goebel, Michael (2011). Argentina's Partisan Past: Nationalism and the Politics of History. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-238-0"><bdi>978-1-84631-238-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%27s+Partisan+Past%3A+Nationalism+and+the+Politics+of+History&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-238-0&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bontine_Cunninghame_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham">Graham, Robert Bontine Cunninghame</a> (1933). Portrait of a dictator. 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Nottingham: Foundry Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901543-15-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901543-15-5"><bdi>978-1-901543-15-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paraguayan+War&rft.place=Nottingham&rft.pub=Foundry+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-901543-15-5&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Terry+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1918" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, William Henry (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_EF0_AAAAIAAJ#page/n121/mode/2up">Far Away and Long Ago</a>. London and Toronto: J.M. 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Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2762-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2762-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-2762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+die+with+my+country%3A+perspectives+on+the+Paraguayan+War%2C+1864%E2%80%931870&rft.place=Dexter%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Thomson-Shore&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2762-0&rft.aulast=Kraay&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft.au=Whigham%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanctot2014" class="citation book cs1">Lanctot, Brendan (2014). Beyond Civilization and Barbarism: Culture and Politics in Postrevolutionary Argentina. Lanham, Maryland: Bucknell University Press/Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61148-545-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61148-545-5"><bdi>978-1-61148-545-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Civilization+and+Barbarism%3A+Culture+and+Politics+in+Postrevolutionary+Argentina&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press%2FRowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61148-545-5&rft.aulast=Lanctot&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuchars2002" class="citation book cs1">Leuchars, Chris (2002). To the bitter end: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32365-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32365-8"><bdi>0-313-32365-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+bitter+end%3A+Paraguay+and+the+War+of+the+Triple+Alliance&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-313-32365-8&rft.aulast=Leuchars&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2003" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Daniel K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofargenti00lewi">The History of Argentina</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6254-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6254-5"><bdi>1-4039-6254-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Argentina&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4039-6254-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Daniel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofargenti00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2006" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Paul H. (2006). Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, And Tyrants. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3739-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-3739-0"><bdi>0-7425-3739-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authoritarian+Regimes+in+Latin+America%3A+Dictators%2C+Despots%2C+And+Tyrants&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7425-3739-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoveman1999" class="citation book cs1">Loveman, Brian (1999). For la Patria: Politics and the Armed Forces in Latin America. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2772-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2772-6"><bdi>0-8420-2772-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+la+Patria%3A+Politics+and+the+Armed+Forces+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8420-2772-6&rft.aulast=Loveman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">Lynch, John</a> (1981). Argentine dictator: Juan Manuel De Rosas, 1829–1852. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821129-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821129-5"><bdi>0-19-821129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentine+dictator%3A+Juan+Manuel+De+Rosas%2C+1829%E2%80%931852&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-19-821129-5&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">Lynch, John</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/argentinecaudill0000lync">Argentine Caudillo: Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> (2 ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2897-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2897-8"><bdi>0-8420-2897-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentine+Caudillo%3A+Juan+Manuel+de+Rosas&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8420-2897-8&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fargentinecaudill0000lync&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Meade" title="Teresa Meade">Meade, Teresa A.</a> (2016). A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present (2 ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77248-5"><bdi>978-1-118-77248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Latin+America%3A+1800+to+the+Present&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-77248-5&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=Teresa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMejía2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Ramos_Mej%C3%ADa" title="José María Ramos Mejía">Mejía, José María Ramos</a> (2001). Rosas y su tiempo (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emecé.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rosas+y+su+tiempo&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Emec%C3%A9&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mej%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Ramos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Nicola (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inshadowofstate00nico">In the Shadow of the State: Intellectuals and the Quest for National Identity in Twentieth-century Spanish America</a>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-738-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-738-2"><bdi>1-85984-738-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+State%3A+Intellectuals+and+the+Quest+for+National+Identity+in+Twentieth-century+Spanish+America&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85984-738-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finshadowofstate00nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moreno, Isidoro J. Ruiz (1999). Alianza contra Rosas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Academia Nacional de la Historia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-9843-52-0" title="Special:BookSources/950-9843-52-0"><bdi>950-9843-52-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alianza+contra+Rosas&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Academia+Nacional+de+la+Historia&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=950-9843-52-0&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=Isidoro+J.+Ruiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNállim2012" class="citation book cs1">Nállim, Jorge (2012). Transformations and Crisis of Liberalism in Argentina, 1930–1955. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6203-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6203-8"><bdi>978-0-8229-6203-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations+and+Crisis+of+Liberalism+in+Argentina%2C+1930%E2%80%931955&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-6203-8&rft.aulast=N%C3%A1llim&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradère1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pradère, Juan A. (1970). Juan Manuel de Rosas, su iconografía (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Buenos Aires: Editorial Oriente.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Manuel+de+Rosas%2C+su+iconograf%C3%ADa&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Editorial+Oriente&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Prad%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Juan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuesada2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quesada, María Sáenz (2001). La Argentina: Historia del país y de su gente (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-07-1877-4" title="Special:BookSources/950-07-1877-4"><bdi>950-07-1877-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Argentina%3A+Historia+del+pa%C3%ADs+y+de+su+gente&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Editorial+Sudamericana&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=950-07-1877-4&rft.aulast=Quesada&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+S%C3%A1enz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRein1998" class="citation book cs1">Rein, Mónica Esti (1998). Politics and Education in Argentina: 1946–1962. New York: M. E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0209-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0209-1"><bdi>0-7656-0209-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Education+in+Argentina%3A+1946%E2%80%931962&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7656-0209-1&rft.aulast=Rein&rft.aufirst=M%C3%B3nica+Esti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1930" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, William Spence (May 1930). "Foreign Estimates of the Argentine Dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 10 (2). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Foreign+Estimates+of+the+Argentine+Dictator%2C+Juan+Manuel+de+Rosas&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1930-05&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=William+Spence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRock1987" class="citation book cs1">Rock, David (1987). Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín. Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06178-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06178-0"><bdi>0-520-06178-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%2C+1516%E2%80%931987%3A+From+Spanish+Colonization+to+Alfons%C3%ADn&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-520-06178-0&rft.aulast=Rock&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRock1995" class="citation book cs1">Rock, David (1995). Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20352-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20352-6"><bdi>0-520-20352-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authoritarian+Argentina%3A+The+Nationalist+Movement%2C+Its+History+and+Its+Impact&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-520-20352-6&rft.aulast=Rock&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotker2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susana_Rotker" title="Susana Rotker">Rotker, Susana</a> (2002). Captive Women: Oblivion and Memory in Argentina. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-4029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-4029-7"><bdi>0-8166-4029-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captive+Women%3A+Oblivion+and+Memory+in+Argentina&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8166-4029-7&rft.aulast=Rotker&rft.aufirst=Susana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagastizábal2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sagastizábal, Leandro de, ed. (2000). La Configuración de la República Independiente, 1810–1914. Nueva Historia de la Nación Argentina (in Spanish). Vol. V. Buenos Aires: Editorial Planeta Argentina/Academia Nacional de la Historia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-49-0249-9" title="Special:BookSources/950-49-0249-9"><bdi>950-49-0249-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Configuraci%C3%B3n+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Independiente%2C+1810%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.series=Nueva+Historia+de+la+Naci%C3%B3n+Argentina&rft.pub=Editorial+Planeta+Argentina%2FAcademia+Nacional+de+la+Historia&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=950-49-0249-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSala_de_Representantes_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires1842" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1842). Rasgos de la vida publica de S. E. el sr. brigadier general d. Juan Manuel de Rosas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Imprenta del Estado.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rasgos+de+la+vida+publica+de+S.+E.+el+sr.+brigadier+general+d.+Juan+Manuel+de+Rosas&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Imprenta+del+Estado&rft.date=1842&rft.au=Sala+de+Representantes+de+la+Provincia+de+Buenos+Aires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShumway2004" class="citation book cs1">Shumway, Jeffrey M. (2004). ""Sometimes Knowing How to Forget Is Also Having Memory": The Repatriation of Juan Manuel de Rosas and the Healing of Argentina". In Johnson, Lyman L. (ed.). Death, Dismemberment, and Memory: Body Politics in Latin America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-3200-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-3200-5"><bdi>0-8263-3200-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Sometimes+Knowing+How+to+Forget+Is+Also+Having+Memory%22%3A+The+Repatriation+of+Juan+Manuel+de+Rosas+and+the+Healing+of+Argentina&rft.btitle=Death%2C+Dismemberment%2C+and+Memory%3A+Body+Politics+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8263-3200-5&rft.aulast=Shumway&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShumway2013" class="citation web cs1">Shumway, Jeffrey (30 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024708/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0069.xml">"Juan Manuel de Rosas"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199766581-0069">10.1093/OBO/9780199766581-0069</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0069.xml">the original</a> on 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Juan+Manuel+de+Rosas&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199766581-0069&rft.aulast=Shumway&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199766581%2Fobo-9780199766581-0069.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShumway1993" class="citation book cs1">Shumway, Nicolas (1993). The Invention of Argentina. Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08284-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08284-7"><bdi>978-0-520-08284-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Argentina&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08284-7&rft.aulast=Shumway&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzuchmanBrown1994" class="citation book cs1">Szuchman, Mark D.; Brown, Jonathan Charles (1994). Revolution and Restoration: The Rearrangement of Power in Argentina, 1776–1860. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4228-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4228-X"><bdi>0-8032-4228-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Restoration%3A+The+Rearrangement+of+Power+in+Argentina%2C+1776%E2%80%931860&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8032-4228-X&rft.aulast=Szuchman&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Jonathan+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrias1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trias, Vivian (1970). Juan Manuel de Rosas (in Spanish). Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Manuel+de+Rosas&rft.place=Montevideo&rft.pub=Ediciones+de+la+Banda+Oriental&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Trias&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhigham2002" class="citation book cs1">Whigham, Thomas L. (2002). The Paraguayan War: Causes and early conduct. Vol. 1. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4786-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-4786-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paraguayan+War%3A+Causes+and+early+conduct&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4786-4&rft.aulast=Whigham&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuan+Manuel+de+Rosas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamonte" title="Juan José Viamonte">Juan José Viamonte</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Governor of Buenos Aires Province">Governor of Buenos Aires Province</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">Head of State of Argentina</a>) 1829–1832 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Balcarce" title="Juan Ramón Balcarce">Juan Ramón Balcarce</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Vicente_Maza" title="Manuel Vicente Maza">Manuel Vicente Maza</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Governor of Buenos Aires Province">Governor of Buenos Aires Province</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">Head of State of Argentina</a>) 1835–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primera_Junta" title="Primera Junta">Primera Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_Grande" title="Junta Grande">Junta Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate_(Argentina)" title="First Triumvirate (Argentina)">First Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate_(Argentina)" title="Second Triumvirate (Argentina)">Second Triumvirate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Argentina"><img alt="Flag of Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/50px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/75px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/100px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Argentina</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Director_of_the_United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">Supreme directors of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a> (1814–1820)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gervasio_Antonio_de_Posadas" title="Gervasio Antonio de Posadas">Gervasio Antonio de Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Alvear" title="Carlos María de Alvear">Carlos María de Alvear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamonte" title="Juan José Viamonte">Juan José Viamonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rondeau" title="José Rondeau">José Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_%C3%81lvarez_Thomas" title="Ignacio Álvarez Thomas">Ignacio Álvarez Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Balcarce" title="Antonio González de Balcarce">Antonio González de Balcarce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Pueyrred%C3%B3n" title="Juan Martín de Pueyrredón">Juan Martín de Pueyrredón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rondeau" title="José Rondeau">José Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pedro_Aguirre" title="Juan Pedro Aguirre">Juan Pedro Aguirre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitarian Republic – First Presidential Government (1826–1827)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_y_Planes" title="Vicente López y Planes">Vicente López y Planes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacto_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacto Federal">Pacto Federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a> (1827–1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego" title="Manuel Dorrego">Manuel Dorrego</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Balcarce" title="Juan Ramón Balcarce">Juan Ramón Balcarce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamonte" title="Juan José Viamonte">Juan José Viamonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Vicente_Maza" title="Manuel Vicente Maza">Manuel Vicente Maza</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Derqui" title="Santiago Derqui">Santiago Derqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Esteban_Pedernera" title="Juan Esteban Pedernera">Juan Esteban Pedernera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Organization – <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine Republic</a> (1862–1880)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2780" title="Generation of '80">Generation of '80</a> – Oligarchic Republic (1880–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Ju%C3%A1rez_Celman" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman">Miguel Juárez Celman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pellegrini" title="Carlos Pellegrini">Carlos Pellegrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Luis Sáenz Peña">Luis Sáenz Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Evaristo_Uriburu" title="José Evaristo Uriburu">José Evaristo Uriburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quintana" title="Manuel Quintana">Manuel Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa_Alcorta" title="José Figueroa Alcorta">José Figueroa Alcorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Roque Sáenz Peña">Roque Sáenz Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorino_de_la_Plaza" title="Victorino de la Plaza">Victorino de la Plaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> terms, after <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a_Law" title="Sáenz Peña Law">secret ballot</a> (1916–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Torcuato_de_Alvear" title="Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear">Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decade" title="Infamous Decade">Infamous Decade</a> (1930–1943)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Uriburu" title="José Félix Uriburu">José Félix Uriburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pedro_Justo" title="Agustín Pedro Justo">Agustín Pedro Justo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mar%C3%ADa_Ortiz" title="Roberto María Ortiz">Roberto María Ortiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castillo" title="Ramón Castillo">Ramón Castillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">Revolution of '43</a> – Military Dictatorships (1943–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Rawson" title="Arturo Rawson">Arturo Rawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Pedro Pablo Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Juli%C3%A1n_Farrell" title="Edelmiro Julián Farrell">Edelmiro Julián Farrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronist</a> terms (1946–1955)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Domingo Perón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a> – Military Dictatorships (1955–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Eugenio_Aramburu" title="Pedro Eugenio Aramburu">Pedro Eugenio Aramburu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fragile Civilian Governments – Proscription of Peronism (1958–1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Guido" title="José María Guido">José María Guido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia">Arturo Umberto Illia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Revolución Argentina</a> – Military Dictatorships (1966–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_M._Levingston" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto M. Levingston">Roberto M. Levingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Agust%C3%ADn_Lanusse" title="Alejandro Agustín Lanusse">Alejandro Agustín Lanusse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Return of Perón (1973–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A1mpora" title="Héctor José Cámpora">Héctor José Cámpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alberto_Lastiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Raúl Alberto Lastiri">Raúl Alberto Lastiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Domingo Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a> – Military Dictatorships (1976–1983)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Eduardo_Viola" title="Roberto Eduardo Viola">Roberto Eduardo Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Galtieri" title="Leopoldo Galtieri">Leopoldo Galtieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Bignone" title="Reynaldo Bignone">Reynaldo Bignone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Return to Democracy (1983–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Sa%C3%A1" title="Adolfo Rodríguez Saá">Adolfo Rodríguez Saá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Duhalde" title="Eduardo Duhalde">Eduardo Duhalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alberto Fernández">Alberto Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Argentina" title="Portal:Argentina">Portal:Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Argentina" title="Politics of Argentina">Politics of Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">List of heads of state of Argentina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Argentine_Civil_Wars_(1814–76)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Argentine_Civil_War" title="Template:Argentine Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Argentine_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Argentine Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Argentine_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Argentine Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Argentine_Civil_Wars_(1814–76)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">Argentine Civil Wars (1814–76)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties involved (leaders)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federales_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federales (Argentina)">Federalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">José Gervasio Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Vera" title="Mariano Vera">Mariano Vera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_L%C3%B3pez" title="Estanislao López">Estanislao López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ram%C3%ADrez_(governor)" title="Francisco Ramírez (governor)">Francisco Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Bustos" title="Juan Bautista Bustos">Juan Bautista Bustos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego" title="Manuel Dorrego">Manuel Dorrego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga" title="Facundo Quiroga">Facundo Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Heredia" title="Alejandro Heredia">Alejandro Heredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Echag%C3%BCe" title="Pascual Echagüe">Pascual Echagüe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_L%C3%B3pez_Jord%C3%A1n" title="Ricardo López Jordán">Ricardo López Jordán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Varela" title="Felipe Varela">Felipe Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Vicente_Pe%C3%B1aloza" title="Ángel Vicente Peñaloza">Chacho Peñaloza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Alvear" title="Carlos María de Alvear">Carlos María de Alvear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Pueyrred%C3%B3n" title="Juan Martín de Pueyrredón">Juan Martín de Pueyrredón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rondeau" title="José Rondeau">José Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lavalle" title="Juan Lavalle">Juan Lavalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Paz" title="José María Paz">José María Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Esteban_Pedernera" title="Juan Esteban Pedernera">Juan Esteban Pedernera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Ar%C3%A1oz_de_Lamadrid" title="Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid">Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Pedro Ferré">Pedro Ferré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cepeda_(1820)" title="Battle of Cepeda (1820)">Cepeda (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Navarro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Navarro (page does not exist)">Navarro (1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Roque" title="Battle of San Roque">San Roque (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1rquez_Bridge" title="Battle of Márquez Bridge">Márquez Bridge (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Tablada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of La Tablada (page does not exist)">La Tablada (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Oncativo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Oncativo (page does not exist)">Oncativo (1830)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sauce_Grande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sauce Grande (page does not exist)">Sauce Grande (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famaill%C3%A1" title="Battle of Famaillá">Famaillá (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caaguaz%C3%BA" title="Battle of Caaguazú">Caaguazú (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laguna_Limpia" title="Battle of Laguna Limpia">Laguna Limpia (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caseros" title="Battle of Caseros">Caseros (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cepeda_(1859)" title="Battle of Cepeda (1859)">Cepeda (1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pav%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Pavón">Pavón (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pozo_de_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pozo de Vargas (page does not exist)">Pozo de Vargas (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Don_Gonzalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Don Gonzalo (page does not exist)">Don Gonzalo (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pilar" title="Treaty of Pilar">Pilar (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Benegas" title="Treaty of Benegas">Benegas (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Treaty" title="Quadrilateral Treaty">Quadrilateral (1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1uelas_Pact" title="Cañuelas Pact">Cañuelas Pact (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Pact" title="Federal Pact">Federal Pact (1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocol_of_Palermo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protocol of Palermo (page does not exist)">Protocol of Palermo (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s_Agreement" title="San Nicolás Agreement">San Nicolás (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Flores" title="Pact of San José de Flores">Pact of San José de Flores (1859)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Federal">League of the Free Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arequito_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arequito Revolt">Arequito Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Restorers" title="Revolution of the Restorers">Revolution of the Restorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_League" title="Unitarian League">Unitarian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Uruguayan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemen_of_the_South" title="Freemen of the South">Freemen of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_11_September_1852" title="Revolution of 11 September 1852">Revolution of 11 September 1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Buenos_Aires" title="State of Buenos Aires">State of Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1853" title="Argentine Constitution of 1853">Argentine Constitution of 1853</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121334956">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54182829">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1802609/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxMjxVdG6WmXy36vRGJXd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118602586">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082051">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12133790p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12133790p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35690395">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1562005">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06970192X">Netherlands</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p130555320">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8070311">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000041613">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000022751">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810699245205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/198384">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267236205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058609796306706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1044093">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118602586.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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