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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_Arctic_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Initial Arctic expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_Arctic_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Greenland_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Greenland_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second Greenland expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Greenland_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1898–1902_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1898–1902_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1898–1902 expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1898–1902_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905–1906_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905–1906_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1905–1906 expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905–1906_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claiming_to_reach_the_North_Pole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claiming_to_reach_the_North_Pole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Claiming to reach the North Pole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claiming_to_reach_the_North_Pole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_the_Inuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_the_Inuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Treatment of the Inuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_the_Inuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_surrounding_North_Pole_claim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_surrounding_North_Pole_claim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Controversy surrounding North Pole claim</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy_surrounding_North_Pole_claim-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy surrounding North Pole claim subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy_surrounding_North_Pole_claim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lack_of_independent_validation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_independent_validation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Lack of independent validation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_independent_validation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Omissions_in_navigational_documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omissions_in_navigational_documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Omissions in navigational documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omissions_in_navigational_documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inconsistent_speeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inconsistent_speeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Inconsistent speeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inconsistent_speeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Review_of_Peary's_diary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Review_of_Peary's_diary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Review of Peary's diary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Review_of_Peary's_diary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984_and_1989_National_Geographic_Society_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984_and_1989_National_Geographic_Society_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.4</span> <span>1984 and 1989 National Geographic Society studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984_and_1989_National_Geographic_Society_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Review_of_depth_soundings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Review_of_depth_soundings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.5</span> <span>Review of depth soundings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Review_of_depth_soundings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-creation_of_expedition_in_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-creation_of_expedition_in_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Re-creation of expedition in 2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-creation_of_expedition_in_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Peary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="روبرت إدوين بيري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت إدوين بيري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Piri" title="Robert Piri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Piri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Роберт Піры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Піры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Робърт Пири – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Пири" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Peary" title="Robert Edwin Peary – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Edwin Peary" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Peary" title="Robert Edwin Peary – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Edwin Peary" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Peary" title="Robert Edwin Peary – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Edwin Peary" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="رابرت پری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت پری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%ED%94%BC%EC%96%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="로버트 피어리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 피어리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%8A%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Ռոբերտ Պիրի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Պիրի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="राबर्ट पियरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राबर्ट पियरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Peary" title="Robert Edwin Peary – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Edwin Peary" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Peary" title="Robert Edwin Peary – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Edwin Peary" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99" title="רוברט פירי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט פירי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ პირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ პირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_P%C4%ABrijs" title="Roberts Pīrijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Pīrijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="റോബർട്ട് പിയറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബർട്ട് പിയറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89" title="روبرت ادوين بيرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت ادوين بيرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Peary" title="Robert Edwin Peary – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Edwin Peary" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ロバート・ピアリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・ピアリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੌਬਰਟ ਪੀਅਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੌਬਰਟ ਪੀਅਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Peary" title="Robert Edwin Peary – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Edwin Peary" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Пири, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пири, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Piri" title="Robert Piri – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Robert Piri" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Peary" title="Robert Edwin Peary – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Edwin Peary" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="రాబర్ట్ పియరీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాబర్ట్ పియరీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Peary" title="Robert Edwin Peary – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Edwin Peary" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Роберт Пірі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Пірі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Peary" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E9%87%8C" title="罗伯特·皮里 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗伯特·皮里" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E9%87%8C" title="罗伯特·皮里 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·皮里" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American Arctic explorer (1856–1920)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For United States Navy ships named after Robert Peary, see <a href="/wiki/USS_Robert_E._Peary" title="USS Robert E. Peary">USS Robert E. Peary</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert Peary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Peary_self-portrait,_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Robert_Peary_self-portrait%2C_1909.jpg/220px-Robert_Peary_self-portrait%2C_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Robert_Peary_self-portrait%2C_1909.jpg/330px-Robert_Peary_self-portrait%2C_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Robert_Peary_self-portrait%2C_1909.jpg/440px-Robert_Peary_self-portrait%2C_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="3203" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">At <a href="/wiki/Cape_Sheridan" title="Cape Sheridan">Cape Sheridan</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>, 1909</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Edwin Peary</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1856-05-06</span>)</span>May 6, 1856<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cresson,_Pennsylvania" title="Cresson, Pennsylvania">Cresson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 20, 1920<span style="display:none">(1920-02-20)</span> (aged 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Claim to have reached the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_North_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic North Pole">geographic North Pole</a> on his travels with Matthew Henson.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Diebitsch_Peary" title="Josephine Diebitsch Peary">Josephine Diebitsch</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="August 11, 1888">1888</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cullum_Geographical_Medal" title="Cullum Geographical Medal">Cullum Geographical Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Daly_Medal" title="Charles P. Daly Medal">Charles P. Daly Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Medal" title="Hubbard Medal">Hubbard Medal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service years</th><td class="infobox-data">1881–1911</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">Rear admiral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineer_Corps" title="Civil Engineer Corps">Civil Engineer Corps</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Edwin Peary Sr.</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; May 6, 1856 – February 20, 1920) was an American explorer and officer in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> who made several expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was long credited as being the discoverer of the geographic <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> in April 1909, having led the first expedition to have claimed this achievement, although it is now considered unlikely that he actually reached the Pole. </p><p>Peary was born in <a href="/wiki/Gallitzin,_Pennsylvania" title="Gallitzin, Pennsylvania">Cresson, Pennsylvania</a>, but, following his father's death at a young age, was raised in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Elizabeth,_Maine" title="Cape Elizabeth, Maine">Cape Elizabeth, Maine</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a>, then joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a> as a draftsman. He enlisted in the navy in 1881 as a civil engineer. In 1885, he was made chief of surveying for the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">Nicaragua Canal</a>, which was never built. He visited the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> for the first time in 1886, making an unsuccessful attempt to cross <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dogsled" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogsled">dogsled</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Peary_expedition_to_Greenland_of_1891%E2%80%931892" title="Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892">Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892</a>, he was much better prepared, and by reaching <a href="/wiki/Independence_Fjord" title="Independence Fjord">Independence Fjord</a> in what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Peary_Land" title="Peary Land">Peary Land</a>, he proved conclusively that Greenland was an island. He was one of the first Arctic explorers to study <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> survival techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During an expedition in 1894, he was the first Western explorer to reach the <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_meteorite" title="Cape York meteorite">Cape York meteorite</a> and its fragments, which were then taken from the native Inuit population who had relied on it for creating tools. During that expedition, Peary deceived six indigenous individuals, including <a href="/wiki/Minik_Wallace" title="Minik Wallace">Minik Wallace</a>, into traveling to America with him by promising they would be able to return with tools, weapons and gifts within the year. This promise was unfulfilled and four of the six Inuit died of illnesses within a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his 1898–1902 expedition, Peary set a new "<a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a>" record by reaching Greenland's northernmost point, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Morris_Jesup" title="Cape Morris Jesup">Cape Morris Jesup</a>. Peary made two more expeditions to the Arctic, in 1905–1906 and in 1908–1909. During the latter, he claimed to have reached the North Pole. Peary received several <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned society</a> awards during his lifetime, and, in 1911, received the <a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a> and was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a>. He served two terms as president of <a href="/wiki/The_Explorers_Club" title="The Explorers Club">The Explorers Club</a> before retiring in 1911. </p><p>Peary's claim to have reached the North Pole was widely debated along with a competing claim made by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Frederick Cook</a>, but eventually won widespread acceptance. In 1989, British explorer <a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Wally Herbert</a> concluded Peary did not reach the pole, although he may have come within 60 mi (97 km).<sup id="cite_ref-Noose_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noose-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education,_and_career"><span id="Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_career"></span>Early life, education, and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photographic portrait of Peary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Peary.jpg/220px-Peary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Peary.jpg/330px-Peary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Peary.jpg/440px-Peary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2931" /></a><figcaption>Peary <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Robert Edwin Peary was born on May 6, 1856, in <a href="/wiki/Cresson,_Pennsylvania" title="Cresson, Pennsylvania">Cresson, Pennsylvania</a>, to Charles N. and Mary P. Peary. After his father died in 1859, Peary and his mother moved to <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NavalHistory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavalHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peary attended <a href="/wiki/Portland_High_School_(Maine)" title="Portland High School (Maine)">Portland High School (Maine)</a> where he graduated in 1873. Peary made his way to <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a>, some 36 mi (58 km) to the north, where he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a> fraternity and the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> <a href="/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">honor society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bowdoin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowdoin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also part of the rowing team.<sup id="cite_ref-bowdoin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowdoin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated in 1877 with a <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-bowdoin_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowdoin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mills510_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills510-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1878 to 1879, Peary lived in <a href="/wiki/Fryeburg,_Maine" title="Fryeburg, Maine">Fryeburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. During that time, he made a profile survey from the top of Fryeburg's Jockey Cap Rock. The 360-degree survey names the larger hills and mountains visible from the summit. After Peary's death, his boyhood friend, Alfred E. Burton, suggested that the profile survey be made into a monument. It was cast in bronze and set atop a granite cylinder and erected to his memory by the Peary family in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After college, Peary worked as a draftsman making technical drawings at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a> office in Washington, D.C. He joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and on October 26, 1881, was commissioned in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineer_Corps" title="Civil Engineer Corps">Civil Engineer Corps</a>, with the relative rank of lieutenant.<sup id="cite_ref-NavalHistory_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavalHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1884 to 1885, he was an assistant engineer on the surveys for the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">Nicaragua Canal</a> and later became the engineer in charge. As reflected in a diary entry he made in 1885, during his time in the Navy, he resolved to be the first man to reach the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills510_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills510-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1886, he wrote a paper for the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> proposing two methods for crossing Greenland's ice cap. One was to start from the west coast and trek about 400 mi (640 km) to the east coast. The second, more difficult path, was to start from <a href="/wiki/Whale_Sound" title="Whale Sound">Whale Sound</a> at the top of the known portion of <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a> and travel north to determine whether Greenland was an island or if it extended all the way across the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills511_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills511-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peary was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander on January 5, 1901, and to commander on April 6, 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-NavalHistory_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavalHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_Arctic_expeditions">Initial Arctic expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial Arctic expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peary made his first expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> in 1886, intending to cross Greenland by <a href="/wiki/Dog_sled" title="Dog sled">dog sled</a>, taking the first of his own suggested paths. He was given six months' leave from the Navy, and he received $500 from his mother to book passage north and buy supplies. He sailed on a <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whaler</a> to Greenland, arriving in <a href="/wiki/Qeqertarsuaq" title="Qeqertarsuaq">Godhavn</a> on June 6, 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills510_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills510-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peary wanted to make a solo trek, but Christian Maigaard, a young Danish official, convinced him he would die if he went out alone. Maigaard and Peary set off together and traveled nearly 100 mi (160 km) due east before turning back because they were short on food. This was the second-farthest penetration of Greenland's ice sheet at the time. Peary returned home knowing more of what was required for long-distance ice trekking.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills511_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills511-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthew_Henson_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Matthew Henson dressed in polar gear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Matthew_Henson_1910.jpg/170px-Matthew_Henson_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Matthew_Henson_1910.jpg/255px-Matthew_Henson_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Matthew_Henson_1910.jpg/340px-Matthew_Henson_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Matthew Henson</a>, Peary's assistant, in 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Back in Washington attending with the US Navy, in November 1887 Peary was ordered to survey likely routes for a proposed Nicaragua Canal. To complete his tropical outfit he needed a sun hat. He went to a men's clothing store where he met 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Matthew Henson</a>, a black man working as a sales clerk. Learning that Henson had six years of seagoing experience as a <a href="/wiki/Cabin_boy" title="Cabin boy">cabin boy</a>, Peary immediately hired him as a personal <a href="/wiki/Valet" title="Valet">valet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuttall855_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuttall855-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On assignment in the jungles of Nicaragua, Peary told Henson of his dream of Arctic exploration. Henson accompanied Peary on every one of his subsequent Arctic expeditions, becoming his field assistant and "first man", a critical member of his team.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills511_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills511-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nuttall855_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuttall855-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Greenland_expedition">Second Greenland expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Greenland expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Peary_expedition_to_Greenland_of_1891%E2%80%931892" title="Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892">Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892</a>, Peary took the second, more difficult route that he laid out in 1886: traveling farther north to find out whether Greenland was a larger landmass extending to the North Pole. He was financed by several groups, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Geographic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Geographic Society">American Geographic Society</a>, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences (now the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Drexel_University" title="Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University">Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences">Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences</a>. Members of this expedition included Peary's aide Henson, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick A. Cook">Frederick A. Cook</a>, who served as the group's surgeon; the expedition's ethnologist, Norwegian skier <a href="/wiki/Eivind_Astrup" title="Eivind Astrup">Eivind Astrup</a>; bird expert and marksman Langdon Gibson, and John M. Verhoeff, who was a weatherman and mineralogist. Peary also took his wife along as dietitian, though she had no formal training.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills511_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills511-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspaper reports criticized Peary for bringing his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Conefrey_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conefrey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Peary in civilian clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portrait_of_Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portrait_of_Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portrait_of_Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption> Peary in civilian clothing</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 6, 1891, the party left Brooklyn, New York, in the seal hunting ship SS <i>Kite</i>. In July, as <i>Kite</i> was ramming through sheets of surface ice, the ship's iron <a href="/wiki/Tiller" title="Tiller">tiller</a> suddenly spun around and broke Peary's lower leg; both bones snapped between the knee and ankle.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills511_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills511-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conefrey_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conefrey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Journal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peary was unloaded with the rest of the supplies at a camp they called Red Cliff, at the mouth of <a href="/wiki/MacCormick_Fjord" title="MacCormick Fjord">MacCormick Fjord</a> at the north west end of <a href="/wiki/Inglefield_Gulf" title="Inglefield Gulf">Inglefield Gulf</a>. A dwelling was built for his recuperation during the next six months. <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Diebitsch_Peary" title="Josephine Diebitsch Peary">Josephine Peary</a> stayed with Peary. Gibson, Cook, Verhoeff, and Astrup hunted game by boat and became familiar with the area and the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills511_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills511-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Peary dressed in furs to survive winter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg/170px-Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg/255px-Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg/340px-Robert_Edwin_Peary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1498" /></a><figcaption> Peary was one of the first Arctic explorers to study Inuit survival techniques.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike most previous explorers, Peary had studied <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> survival techniques; he built <a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">igloos</a> during the expedition and dressed in practical furs in the native fashion. By wearing furs to preserve body heat and building igloos, he was able to dispense with the extra weight of tents and sleeping bags when on the march. Peary also relied on the Inuit as hunters and dog-drivers on his expeditions. He pioneered the system of using support teams and establishing supply caches for Arctic travel, which he called the "Peary system". The Inuit were curious about the Americans and came to visit Red Cliff. Josephine was bothered by the Inuit body odor from not bathing, their flea infestations, and their food. She studied the people and kept a journal of her experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Conefrey_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conefrey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Journal_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1891, Peary's men and dog sled teams pushed inland onto the ice sheet to lay caches of supplies. They did not go farther than 30 mi (48 km) from Red Cliff.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills511_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills511-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891, Peary shattered his leg in a shipyard accident but it healed by February 1892. By April 1892, he made some short trips with Josephine and an Inuit dog sled driver to native villages to purchase supplies. On May 3, 1892, Peary finally set out on the intended trek with Henson, Gibson, Cook, and Astrup. After 150 mi (240 km), Peary continued on with Astrup. They found the 3,300 ft (1,000 m) high view from Navy Cliff, saw <a href="/wiki/Independence_Fjord" title="Independence Fjord">Independence Fjord</a>, and concluded that <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> was an island. They trekked back to Red Cliff and arrived on August 6, having traveled a total of 1,250 mi (2,010 km).<sup id="cite_ref-Mills511_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills511-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896, Peary, a <a href="/wiki/Master_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Mason">Master Mason</a>, received his degrees in Kane Lodge No. 454, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freemasons_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freemasons-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1898–1902_expeditions"><span id="1898.E2.80.931902_expeditions"></span>1898–1902 expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1898–1902 expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipy-conger1_figure-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a building at Fort Conger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ipy-conger1_figure-01.jpg/220px-Ipy-conger1_figure-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ipy-conger1_figure-01.jpg/330px-Ipy-conger1_figure-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ipy-conger1_figure-01.jpg/440px-Ipy-conger1_figure-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="2193" /></a><figcaption> Peary used abandoned <a href="/wiki/Fort_Conger" title="Fort Conger">Fort Conger</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a> during his 1898–1902 expedition</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of Peary's 1898–1902 expedition, he claimed an 1899 visual discovery of "Jesup Land" west of <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed that this sighting of <a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a> was prior to its discovery by Norwegian explorer <a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Otto Sverdrup</a>'s expedition around the same time. This contention has been universally rejected by exploration societies and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the American Geographical Society and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Geographical Society of London">Royal Geographical Society of London</a> honored Peary for tenacity, mapping of previously uncharted areas, and his discovery in 1900 of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Morris_Jesup" title="Cape Morris Jesup">Cape Morris Jesup</a> at the north tip of Greenland. Peary also achieved a "farthest north" for the western hemisphere in 1902 north of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>. Peary was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(Royal_Navy)" title="Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)">lieutenant commander</a> in the Navy in 1901 and to <a href="/wiki/Commander_(Royal_Navy)" title="Commander (Royal Navy)">commander</a> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1905–1906_expedition"><span id="1905.E2.80.931906_expedition"></span>1905–1906 expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1905–1906 expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peary's next expedition was supported by fundraising through the <a href="/wiki/Peary_Arctic_Club" title="Peary Arctic Club">Peary Arctic Club</a>, with gifts of $50,000 from George Crocker, the youngest son of banker <a href="/wiki/Charles_Crocker" title="Charles Crocker">Charles Crocker</a>, and $25,000 from <a href="/wiki/Morris_K._Jesup" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris K. Jesup">Morris K. Jesup</a>, to buy Peary a new ship.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a> navigated through the ice between <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>, establishing an American hemisphere "farthest north by ship". The 1906 "Peary System" dogsled drive for the pole across the rough sea ice of the Arctic Ocean started from the north tip of Ellesmere at 83° north latitude. The parties made well under 10 mi (16 km) a day until they became separated by a storm. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peary%27s_steamer_Roosevelt,_Hudson-Fulton_Parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the SS Roosevelt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Peary%27s_steamer_Roosevelt%2C_Hudson-Fulton_Parade.jpg/220px-Peary%27s_steamer_Roosevelt%2C_Hudson-Fulton_Parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Peary%27s_steamer_Roosevelt%2C_Hudson-Fulton_Parade.jpg/330px-Peary%27s_steamer_Roosevelt%2C_Hudson-Fulton_Parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Peary%27s_steamer_Roosevelt%2C_Hudson-Fulton_Parade.jpg/440px-Peary%27s_steamer_Roosevelt%2C_Hudson-Fulton_Parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><i>Roosevelt</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%E2%80%93Fulton_Celebration" title="Hudson–Fulton Celebration">Hudson–Fulton parade</a> in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result, Peary was without a companion sufficiently trained in navigation to verify his account from that point northward. With insufficient food, and uncertainty whether he could negotiate the ice between himself and land, he made the best possible dash and barely escaped with his life from the melting ice. On April 20, he was no farther north than 86°30' latitude. This latitude was never published by Peary. It is in a typescript of his April 1906 diary, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Wally Herbert</a> in his assessment commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. The typescript suddenly stopped there, one day before Peary's April 21 purported "farthest". The original of the April 1906 record is the only missing diary of Peary's exploration career.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed the next day to have achieved a <a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> world record at 87°06' and returned to 86°30' without camping. This implied a trip of at least 72 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (133 km; 83 mi) between sleeping, even assuming direct travel with no detours. </p><p>After returning to <i>Roosevelt</i> in May, Peary began weeks of difficult travel in June heading west along the shore of Ellesmere. He discovered Cape Colgate, from whose summit he claimed in his 1907 book<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he had seen a previously undiscovered far-north "<a href="/wiki/Crocker_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocker Land">Crocker Land</a>" to the northwest on June 24, 1906. A later review of his diary for this time and place found that he had written, "No land visible."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 15, 1906, the National Geographic Society of the United States, certified Peary's 1905–1906 expedition and "Farthest" with its highest honor, the <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Medal" title="Hubbard Medal">Hubbard Medal</a>. No major professional geographical society followed suit. In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Baxter_MacMillan" title="Donald Baxter MacMillan">Donald Baxter MacMillan</a> and Fitzhugh Green's expedition found that Crocker Land did not exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claiming_to_reach_the_North_Pole">Claiming to reach the North Pole</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Claiming to reach the North Pole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_the_Robert_Peary_Sledge_Party_Posing_with_Flags_at_the_North_Pole_-_NARA_-_542472.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Robert Peary Sledge Party Posing with Flags at what was assumed to be the North Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Photograph_of_the_Robert_Peary_Sledge_Party_Posing_with_Flags_at_the_North_Pole_-_NARA_-_542472.jpg/170px-Photograph_of_the_Robert_Peary_Sledge_Party_Posing_with_Flags_at_the_North_Pole_-_NARA_-_542472.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Photograph_of_the_Robert_Peary_Sledge_Party_Posing_with_Flags_at_the_North_Pole_-_NARA_-_542472.jpg/255px-Photograph_of_the_Robert_Peary_Sledge_Party_Posing_with_Flags_at_the_North_Pole_-_NARA_-_542472.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Photograph_of_the_Robert_Peary_Sledge_Party_Posing_with_Flags_at_the_North_Pole_-_NARA_-_542472.jpg/340px-Photograph_of_the_Robert_Peary_Sledge_Party_Posing_with_Flags_at_the_North_Pole_-_NARA_-_542472.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2185" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption> The party at what was assumed to be the North Pole</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 6, 1908, the <i>Roosevelt</i> departed New York City with Peary's eighth Arctic expedition of 22 men. Besides Peary as expedition commander, it included master of the <i>Roosevelt</i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Robert Bartlett</a>, surgeon Dr. J.W. Goodsell, along with <a href="/wiki/Ross_Gilmore_Marvin" title="Ross Gilmore Marvin">Ross Gilmore Marvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Baxter_MacMillan" title="Donald Baxter MacMillan">Donald Baxter MacMillan</a>, George Borup, and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Matthew Henson</a>. After recruiting several Inuit and their families at <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_(Greenland)" title="Cape York (Greenland)">Cape York (Greenland)</a>, the expedition wintered near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Sheridan" title="Cape Sheridan">Cape Sheridan</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>. The expedition used the "Peary system" for the sledge journey, with Bartlett and the Inuit, Poodloonah, "Harrigan," and Ooqueah, composing the pioneer division. Borup, with three Inuit, Keshunghaw, Seegloo, and Karko, composed the advance supporting party. On February 15, Bartlett's pioneer division departed the <i>Roosevelt</i> for <a href="/wiki/Cape_Columbia" title="Cape Columbia">Cape Columbia</a>, followed by 5 advance divisions. Peary, with the two Inuit, Arco and Kudlooktoo, departed on February 22, bringing to the total effort 7 expedition members, 19 Inuit, 140 dogs, and 28 sledges. On February 28, Bartlett, with three Inuit, Ooqueah, Pooadloonah, and Harrigan, accompanied by Borup, with three Inuit, Karko, Seegloo, and Keshungwah, headed North.<sup id="cite_ref-rp_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> </p><p>On March 14, the first supporting party, composed of Dr. Goodsell and the two Inuit, Arco and Wesharkoupsi, turned back towards the ship. Peary states this was at a latitude of 84°29'. On March 20, Borup's third supporting party, with three Inuit, started back to the ship. Peary states this was at a latitude of 85°23'. On March 26, Marvin, with Kudlooktoo and Harrigan, headed back to the ship, from a latitude estimated by Marvin as 86°38'. Marvin died on this return trip south. On 1 April, Bartlett's party started their return to the ship, after Bartlett estimated a latitude of 87°46'49". Peary, with two Inuit, Egingwah and Seeglo, and Henson, with two Inuit, Ootah and Ooqueah, using 5 sledges and 40 dogs, planned 5 marches over the estimated 130 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> to the pole. On 2 April, Peary led the way north.<sup id="cite_ref-rp_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235, 243, 252–254, 268–271, 274">: 235, 243, 252–254, 268–271, 274 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Negro_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the final stage of the journey toward the North Pole, Peary told Bartlett to stay behind. He continued with five others: Henson, Ootah, Egigingwah, Seegloo, and Ooqueah. No one except Henson, who had served on the <a href="/wiki/Peary_expedition_to_Greenland_of_1891%E2%80%931892" title="Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892">Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892</a>, had experience of naval-type observations. On April 6, 1909, Peary established Camp Jesup within 3 mi (5 km) of the pole, according to his own readings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peary estimated the latitude as 89°57', after making an observation at approximate local noon using the Columbia meridian. Peary used a sextant, with a mercury trough and glass roof for an artificial horizon, to make measurements of the Sun. Peary claims, "I had now taken in all thirteen single, or six and one-half double, altitudes of the sun, at two different stations, in three different directions, at four different times." Peary states some of these observations were "beyond the Pole," and "...at some moment during these marches and counter-marches, I had passed over or very near the point where north and south and east and west blend into one."<sup id="cite_ref-rp_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287–298">: 287–298 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Negro_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72–75">: 72–75 </span></sup> Henson scouted ahead to what was thought to be the North Pole site; he returned with the greeting, "I think I'm the first man to sit on top of the world," much to Peary's chagrin.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 7, 1909, Peary's group started their return journey, reaching Cape Columbia on April 23, and the <i>Roosevelt</i> on April 26. MacMillan and the doctor's party had reached the ship earlier, on March 21, Borup's party on April 11, Marvin's Inuit on April 17, and Bartlett's party on April 24. On July 18, the <i>Roosevelt</i> departed for home.<sup id="cite_ref-rp_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 302, 316–317, 325, 332">: 302, 316–317, 325, 332 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Negro_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78–81">: 78–81 </span></sup> </p><p>Upon returning, Peary learned that Dr. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick A. Cook">Frederick A. Cook</a>, a surgeon and ethnographer on the <a href="/wiki/Peary_expedition_to_Greenland_of_1891%E2%80%931892" title="Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892">Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892</a>, claimed to have reached the North pole in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovered_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovered-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite remaining doubts, a committee of the National Geographic Society, as well as the Naval Affairs Subcommittee of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, credited Peary with reaching the North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovered_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovered-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reassessment of Peary's notebook in 1988 by polar explorer <a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Wally Herbert</a> found it "lacking in essential data", thus renewing doubts about Peary's discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-Doubts_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doubts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-First_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Three_Polar_Stars,_1913_(8889621500).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Roald Amundsen, Ernest Shackleton and Peary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg/220px-The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg/330px-The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg/440px-The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4548" data-file-height="3639" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a>, and Peary, in January 1913</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peary_daughter_at_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peary_daughter_at_grave.jpg/220px-Peary_daughter_at_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peary_daughter_at_grave.jpg/330px-Peary_daughter_at_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peary_daughter_at_grave.jpg/440px-Peary_daughter_at_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Edwin Denby and Peary's daughter at grave, <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, April 6, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Peary was promoted to the rank of captain in the Navy in October 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By his lobbying, Peary headed off a move among some U.S. Congressmen to have his claim to the pole evaluated by other explorers. Eventually recognized by Congress for "reaching" the pole, Peary was given the <a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a> by a special act in March 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the same Act of Congress, Peary was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a> in the Navy Civil Engineer Corps, retroactive to April 6, 1909. He retired from the Navy the same day, to <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Island_(Casco_Bay,_Maine)" title="Eagle Island (Casco Bay, Maine)">Eagle Island</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, in the town of Harpswell. His home there has been designated a Maine State Historic Site.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After retiring, Peary received many honors from scientific societies for his Arctic explorations and discoveries. He served twice as president of <a href="/wiki/The_Explorers_Club" title="The Explorers Club">The Explorers Club</a>, from 1909 to 1911, and from 1913 to 1916. </p><p>In early 1916, Peary became chairman of the National Aerial Coast Patrol Commission, a private organization created by the <a href="/wiki/Aero_Club_of_America" title="Aero Club of America">Aero Club of America</a>. It advocated the use of aircraft to detect warships and submarines off the U.S. coast.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peary used his celebrity to promote the use of military and naval aviation, which led directly to the formation of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Navy Reserve</a> aerial coastal patrol units during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. After the war, Peary proposed a system of eight airmail routes, which became the genesis of the U.S. Postal Service's airmail system.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1914, Peary bought the house at 1831 Wyoming Avenue NW in the <a href="/wiki/Adams_Morgan" title="Adams Morgan">Adams Morgan</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, where he lived until his death on February 20, 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began renovating the house in 1920, shortly before his death, after which the renovation was taken over by Josephine. She sold the house in 1927, receiving a $12,000 promissory note.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew Henson was honored by being re-interred nearby on April 6, 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josephine_Peary_portrait_1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Josephine Diebitsch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Josephine_Peary_portrait_1892.jpg/170px-Josephine_Peary_portrait_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Josephine_Peary_portrait_1892.jpg/255px-Josephine_Peary_portrait_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Josephine_Peary_portrait_1892.jpg/340px-Josephine_Peary_portrait_1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Diebitsch_Peary" title="Josephine Diebitsch Peary">Josephine Diebitsch</a> in 1892</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 11, 1888, Peary married <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Diebitsch_Peary" title="Josephine Diebitsch Peary">Josephine Diebitsch</a>, a business school valedictorian who thought that women should be more than just mothers. Diebitsch had started working at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> when she was 19 or 20 years old, replacing her father after he became ill and filling his position as a <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a>. In 1886, she resigned from the Smithsonian upon becoming engaged to Peary. </p><p>The newlyweds honeymooned in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City, New Jersey</a>, then moved to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where Peary was assigned. Peary's mother accompanied them on their honeymoon, and she moved into their Philadelphia apartment, which caused friction between the two women. Josephine told Peary that his mother should return to live in Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Peary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Peary's daughter, Marie Ahnighito Peary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marie_Peary.jpg/170px-Marie_Peary.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marie_Peary.jpg/255px-Marie_Peary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marie_Peary.jpg/340px-Marie_Peary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2635" data-file-height="3478" /></a><figcaption>Peary's daughter, Marie Ahnighito Peary (born 1893)</figcaption></figure> <p>They had two children together, Marie Ahnighito (born 1893) and Robert Peary, Jr. His daughter wrote several books, including <i>The Red Caboose</i> (1932) a children's book about the Arctic adventures published by <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow and Company</a>. As an explorer, Peary was frequently gone for years at a time. In their first 23 years of marriage, he spent only three with his wife and family. </p><p>Peary and his aide, Henson, both had relationships with Inuit women outside of marriage and fathered children with them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peary appears to have started a relationship with Aleqasina (<i>Alakahsingwah</i>) when she was about 14 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Noose_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noose-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plug_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plug-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had at least two children, including a son called Kaala,<sup id="cite_ref-plug_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plug-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karree,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Kali.<sup id="cite_ref-shoulders_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shoulders-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French explorer and ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Malaurie" title="Jean Malaurie">Jean Malaurie</a> was the first to report on Peary's descendants after spending a year in Greenland in 1951–52.<sup id="cite_ref-plug_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plug-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/S._Allen_Counter" title="S. Allen Counter">S. Allen Counter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> neuroscience professor interested in Henson's role in the Arctic expeditions, went to Greenland in 1986. He found Peary's son Kali and Henson's son Anaukaq, then octogenarians, and some of their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-shoulders_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shoulders-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counter arranged to bring the men and their families to the United States to meet their American relatives and see their fathers' gravesites.<sup id="cite_ref-shoulders_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shoulders-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Counter wrote about the episode in his book, <i>North Pole Legacy: Black, White, and Eskimo</i> (1991). He also gained national recognition of Henson's role in the expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-shoulders_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shoulders-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A documentary by the same name was also released. Wally Herbert also noted the relationship and children in his book <i>The Noose of Laurels</i>, published in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Noose_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noose-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_of_the_Inuit">Treatment of the Inuit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatment of the Inuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg/220px-Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg/330px-Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg/440px-Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal</a> tusk lance with an iron head made from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_meteorite" title="Cape York meteorite">Cape York meteorite</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minik_in_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Minik_in_New_York.jpg/220px-Minik_in_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Minik_in_New_York.jpg/330px-Minik_in_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Minik_in_New_York.jpg/440px-Minik_in_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minik_Wallace" title="Minik Wallace">Minik</a>, one of the Inuit whom Peary took back to America for study.</figcaption></figure> <p>Peary has received criticism for his treatment of the Inuit, including fathering children with Aleqasina. Renée Hulan and Lyle Dick have both reported that Peary and his crew sexually exploited Inuit women on his 1908–1909 expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peary has also been harshly criticized for bringing back a group of <a href="/wiki/Inughuit" title="Inughuit">Inughuit Greenlandic Inuit</a> to the United States along with the <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_meteorite" title="Cape York meteorite">Cape York meteorite</a>. The meteorite was of significant local economic importance: Although the Greenlanders had been obtaining the iron they needed from whalers, the Cape York meteorite was the only source of iron for tools. Peary sold it for $40,000 in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Working at the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> had requested that Peary bring back an Inuit for study.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GiveMe_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GiveMe-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meteor_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteor-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his expedition to retrieve the meteorite, Peary convinced six people, including a man named Qisuk and his child <a href="/wiki/Minik_Wallace" title="Minik Wallace">Minik</a>, to travel to America with him by promising they would be able to return with tools, weapons and gifts within the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peary left the people at the museum when he returned with the meteorite in 1897, where they were kept in damp, humid conditions unlike their homeland. Within a few months, four died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>; their remains were dissected and the bones of Qisuk were put on display after Minik was shown a fake burial.<sup id="cite_ref-Meteor_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteor-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GiveMe_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GiveMe-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking as a teenager to the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">San Francisco Examiner</a></i> about Peary, <a href="/wiki/Minik_Wallace" title="Minik Wallace">Minik</a> said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the start, Peary was kind enough to my people. He made them presents of ornaments, a few knives and guns for hunting and wood to build sledges. But as soon as he was ready to start home his other work began. Before our eyes he packed up the bones of our dead friends and ancestors. To the women’s crying and the men’s questioning he answered that he was taking our dead friends to a warm and pleasant land to bury them. Our sole supply of flint for lighting and iron for hunting and cooking implements was furnished by a huge meteorite. This Peary put aboard his steamer and took from my poor people, who needed it so much. After this he coaxed my father and that brave man Natooka, who were the strongest hunters and the wisest heads for our tribe, to go with him to America. Our people were afraid to let them go, but Peary promised them that they should have Natooka and my father back within a year, and that with them would come a great stock of guns and ammunition, and wood and metal and presents for the women and children … We were crowded into the hold of the vessel and treated like dogs. Peary seldom came near us.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Peary eventually helped Minik travel home in 1909, though it is speculated that this was to avoid any bad press surrounding his anticipated celebratory return after reaching the North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-Meteor_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteor-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Kenn_Harper" title="Kenn Harper">Kenn Harper</a> wrote a book about Minik, entitled <i>Give Me My Father's Body</i>. Convinced that the remains of Qisuk and the three adult Inuit should be returned to Greenland, he tried to persuade the Museum of Natural History to do this, as well as working through the "red tape" of the US and Canadian governments. In 1993, Harper succeeded in having the Inuit remains returned.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Qaanaaq" title="Qaanaaq">Qaanaaq</a>, he witnessed the Inuit funeral ceremony for the remains of Qisuk and the three tribesmen [Shaman Atangana (ca. 1840–1898) with her husband, renowned hunter Nuktaq (ca. 1848–1898), their adoptive daughter Aviaq (ca. 1885–1898)] that had been taken to New York. </p><p>Peary had employed the Inughuit in his expeditions for more than a decade, paying them in firearms, ammunition and other Western goods on which they had come to rely, and leaving them in a dire situation in 1909. The demands of the American expeditions had also resulted in the caribou of North Greenland being hunted to near extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Schledermann2003_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schledermann2003-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_surrounding_North_Pole_claim">Controversy surrounding North Pole claim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controversy surrounding North Pole claim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commander_Robert_E._Peary_-_10713770703.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Commander_Robert_E._Peary_-_10713770703.jpg/240px-Commander_Robert_E._Peary_-_10713770703.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Commander_Robert_E._Peary_-_10713770703.jpg/360px-Commander_Robert_E._Peary_-_10713770703.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Commander_Robert_E._Peary_-_10713770703.jpg/480px-Commander_Robert_E._Peary_-_10713770703.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Commander Robert E. Peary speaks at the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountain_Club" title="Appalachian Mountain Club">Appalachian Mountain Club</a> in February 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Peary's claim to have reached the North Pole has long been subject to doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-Doubts_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doubts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Discovered_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovered-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some polar historians believe that Peary honestly thought he had reached the pole. Others have suggested that he was guilty of deliberately exaggerating his accomplishments. Peary's account has been newly criticized by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a> (2001) and Bruce Henderson (2005). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_independent_validation">Lack of independent validation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lack of independent validation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peary did not submit his evidence for review to neutral national or international parties or to other explorers.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovered_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovered-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peary's claim was certified by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> (NGS) in 1909 after a cursory examination of Peary's records, as NGS was a major sponsor of his expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovered_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovered-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a few weeks before Cook's Pole claim was rejected by a Danish panel of explorers and navigational experts. </p><p>The National Geographic Society limited access to Peary's records. At the time, his proofs were not made available for scrutiny by other professionals, as had been done by the Danish panel.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovered_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovered-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor</a> persuaded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a> not to get involved. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> (RGS) of London gave Peary a one-off medal (created by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Scott" title="Kathleen Scott">Kathleen Scott</a>, later widow of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>), in 1910,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite internal council splits which only became known in the 1970s. The RGS based their decision on the belief that the NGS had performed a serious scrutiny of the "proofs", which was not the case.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Neither the <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a> nor any of the geographical societies of semi-Arctic <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> has recognized Peary's North Pole claim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peary_Channel_(Greenland)" title="Peary Channel (Greenland)">Peary Channel (Greenland)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Robert_Peary" title="Special:EditPage/Robert Peary">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Robert+Peary%22">"Robert Peary"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Robert+Peary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Robert+Peary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Robert+Peary%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Robert+Peary%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Robert+Peary%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Omissions_in_navigational_documentation">Omissions in navigational documentation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Omissions in navigational documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party that accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey did not include anyone trained in navigation who could either confirm or contradict Peary's own navigational work. This was further exacerbated by Peary's failure to produce records of observed data for steering, for the direction ("<a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">variation</a>") of the compass, for his longitudinal position at any time, or for zeroing-in on the pole either latitudinally or transversely beyond Bartlett Camp.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inconsistent_speeds">Inconsistent speeds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inconsistent speeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PearyBartlett.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Peary and Robert Bartlett" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PearyBartlett.png/220px-PearyBartlett.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PearyBartlett.png/330px-PearyBartlett.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PearyBartlett.png/440px-PearyBartlett.png 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption> Peary and Robert Bartlett at <a href="/wiki/Battle_Harbour" title="Battle Harbour">Battle Harbour</a> in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>The last five marches when Peary was accompanied by a navigator (Capt. Bob Bartlett) averaged no better than 13 mi (21 km) marching north. But once the last support party turned back at "Camp Bartlett", where Bartlett was ordered southward, at least 133 nmi (246 km; 153 mi) from the pole, Peary's claimed speeds immediately doubled for the five marches to Camp Jesup. The recorded speeds quadrupled during the two and a half-day return to Camp Bartlett – at which point his speed slowed drastically. Peary's account of a beeline journey to the pole and back—which would have assisted his claim of such speed—is contradicted by his companion Henson's account of tortured detours to avoid "pressure ridges" (ice floes' rough edges, often a few meters high) and "leads" (open water between those floes). </p><p>In his official report, Peary claimed to have traveled a total of 304 nautical miles between April 2, 1909, (when he left Bartlett's last camp) and April 9 (when he returned there), 133 nmi (246 km; 153 mi) to the pole, the same distance back, and 38 nmi (70 km; 44 mi) in the vicinity of the pole.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These distances are counted without detours due to drift, leads and difficult ice, i.e. the distance traveled must have been significantly higher to make good the distance claimed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Peary and his party arrived back in Cape Columbia on the morning of April 23, 1909, only about two and a half days after Capt Bartlett, yet Peary claimed he had traveled a minimum of 304 nmi (563 km; 350 mi) more than Bartlett (to the Pole and vicinity).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The conflicting and unverified claims of Cook and Peary prompted <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> to take extensive precautions in navigation during <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> so as to leave no room for doubt concerning his 1911 attainment of the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, which—like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>'s a month later in 1912—was supported by the sextant, <a href="/wiki/Theodolite" title="Theodolite">theodolite</a>, and compass observations of several other navigators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Review_of_Peary's_diary"><span id="Review_of_Peary.27s_diary"></span>Review of Peary's diary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Review of Peary's diary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diary_of_Robert_E._Peary_-_NARA_-_304960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Peary's diary entry for his arrival at the North pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diary_of_Robert_E._Peary_-_NARA_-_304960.jpg/220px-Diary_of_Robert_E._Peary_-_NARA_-_304960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diary_of_Robert_E._Peary_-_NARA_-_304960.jpg/330px-Diary_of_Robert_E._Peary_-_NARA_-_304960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diary_of_Robert_E._Peary_-_NARA_-_304960.jpg/440px-Diary_of_Robert_E._Peary_-_NARA_-_304960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption> Peary's diary entry for arrival at the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The diary that Robert E. Peary kept on his 1909 polar expedition was finally made available for research in 1986. Historian <a href="/wiki/Larry_Schweikart" title="Larry Schweikart">Larry Schweikart</a> examined it, finding that: the writing was consistent throughout (giving no evidence of post-expedition alteration), there were consistent <a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">pemmican</a> and other stains on all pages, and all evidence was consistent with a conclusion that Peary's observations were made on the spot he claimed. Schweikart compared the reports and experiences of Japanese explorer <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Uemura" title="Naomi Uemura">Naomi Uemura</a>, who reached the North Pole alone in 1978, to those of Peary and found they were consistent.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Peary made no entries in the diary on the crucial days of April 6 and 7, 1909, and his famous words "The Pole at Last!", allegedly written in his diary at the pole, were written on loose slips of paper that were inserted into the diary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1984_and_1989_National_Geographic_Society_studies">1984 and 1989 National Geographic Society studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1984 and 1989 National Geographic Society studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> (NGS), a major sponsor of Peary's expeditions, commissioned <a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Wally Herbert</a>, an Arctic explorer himself, to write an assessment of Peary's original 1909 diary and astronomical observations. As Herbert researched the material, he came to believe that Peary falsified his records and concluded that he did not reach the North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-Doubts_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doubts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book, <i>The Noose of Laurels</i>, caused a furor when it was published in 1989. If Peary did not reach the pole in 1909, Herbert would claim the record of being the first to reach the pole on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noose_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noose-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, the NGS also conducted a two-dimensional photogrammetric analysis of the shadows in photographs and a review of ocean depth measures taken by Peary; its staff concluded that he was no more than 5 mi (8 km) away from the pole. Peary's original camera, a 1908 #4 Folding Pocket <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, did not survive. As such cameras were made with at least six different lenses from various manufacturers, the focal length of the lens, and hence the shadow analysis based on it, must be considered uncertain at best. The NGS has never released Peary's photos for an independent analysis. Specialists questioned the conclusions of the NGS. The NGS commissioned the Foundation for the Promotion of the Art of Navigation to resolve the issue, which concluded that Peary had indeed reached the North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-First_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Review_of_depth_soundings">Review of depth soundings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Review of depth soundings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supporters of Peary and Henson assert that the depth soundings they made on the outward journey have been matched by recent surveys, and so their claim of having reached the Pole is confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since only the first few of the Peary party's soundings, taken nearest the shore, touched bottom; experts have said their usefulness is limited to showing that he was above deep water. Peary's expedition possessed 4,000 fathoms of sounding line, but he took only 2,000 with him over an ocean already established as being deeper in many regions. Peary stated in 1909 Congressional hearings about the expedition that he made no longitudinal observations during his trip, only latitude observations, yet he maintained he stayed on the "Columbia meridian" all along, and that his soundings were made on this meridian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The pack ice was moving all the time, so he had no way of knowing where he was without longitudinal observations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-creation_of_expedition_in_2005">Re-creation of expedition in 2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Re-creation of expedition in 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, British explorer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Avery" title="Tom Avery">Tom Avery</a> and four companions re-created the outward portion of Peary's journey using replica wooden sleds and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Eskimo_Dog" title="Canadian Eskimo Dog">Canadian Eskimo Dog</a> teams. They ensured their sled weights were the same as Peary's sleds throughout their journey. They reached the North Pole in 36 days, 22 hours—nearly five hours faster than Peary. However, Avery's fastest 5-day march was 90 nautical miles (170 km), significantly short of the 135 nautical miles (250 km) claimed by Peary. </p><p>After reaching the Pole, Avery and his team were airlifted off the ice rather than returning by dogsled.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Peary_monument_at_Cape_York,_Greenland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Peary monument at Cape York, Greenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Robert_Peary_monument_at_Cape_York%2C_Greenland.jpg/220px-Robert_Peary_monument_at_Cape_York%2C_Greenland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Robert_Peary_monument_at_Cape_York%2C_Greenland.jpg/330px-Robert_Peary_monument_at_Cape_York%2C_Greenland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Robert_Peary_monument_at_Cape_York%2C_Greenland.jpg/440px-Robert_Peary_monument_at_Cape_York%2C_Greenland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption> Peary monument at <a href="/wiki/Cape_York,_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape York, Greenland">Cape York</a>, northwest <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several United States Navy ships have been named <a href="/wiki/USS_Robert_E._Peary" title="USS Robert E. Peary">USS <i>Robert E. Peary</i></a>. The <a href="/wiki/Peary%E2%80%93MacMillan_Arctic_Museum" title="Peary–MacMillan Arctic Museum">Peary–MacMillan Arctic Museum</a> at Bowdoin College is named for Peary and fellow Arctic explorer <a href="/wiki/Donald_Baxter_MacMillan" title="Donald Baxter MacMillan">Donald Baxter MacMillan</a>. Robert E. Peary Middle School, Gardena,CA. In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> issued a 22-cent postage stamp in honor of Peary and Henson;<sup id="cite_ref-postal_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postal-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peary_Land" title="Peary Land">Peary Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peary_Glacier" title="Peary Glacier">Peary Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peary_Nunatak" title="Peary Nunatak">Peary Nunatak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Peary" title="Cape Peary">Cape Peary</a> in Greenland, <a href="/wiki/Peary_Bay" title="Peary Bay">Peary Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peary_Channel" title="Peary Channel">Peary Channel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Peary" title="Mount Peary">Mount Peary</a> in Antarctica, are named in his honor. The lunar crater <a href="/wiki/Peary_(crater)" title="Peary (crater)">Peary</a>, located at the Moon's north pole, is also named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Camp_Peary" title="Camp Peary">Camp Peary</a> in York County, Virginia is named for Admiral Peary. Originally established as a Navy <a href="/wiki/Seabee" title="Seabee">Seabee</a> training center during World War II, it was repurposed in the 1950s as a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> training facility. It is commonly called "The Farm". </p><p>Admiral Peary Vocational Technical School, located in a neighboring community very close to his birthplace of Cresson, PA, was named for him and was opened in 1972. Today the school educates over 600 students each year in numerous technical education disciplines. </p><p>A section of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_22" title="U.S. Route 22">U.S. Route 22</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cambria County, Pennsylvania">Cambria County, Pennsylvania</a>, is named the Admiral Peary Highway </p><p>Major General <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Adolphus Greely</a>, leader of the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> from 1881 to 1884, noted that no Arctic expert questioned that Peary courageously risked his life traveling hundreds of miles from land, and that he reached regions adjacent to the pole. After initial acceptance of Peary's claim, he later came to doubt Peary's having reached 90°. </p><p>In his book <i>Ninety Degrees North</i>, polar historian Fergus Fleming describes Peary as "undoubtedly the most driven, possibly the most successful and probably the most unpleasant man in the annals of polar exploration".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, an expedition was made by Robert Bartlett and Marie Ahnighito Peary Stafford, Peary's daughter, on the <i><a href="/wiki/Effie_M._Morrissey" title="Effie M. Morrissey">Effie M. Morrissey</a></i> to erect a monument to Peary at <a href="/wiki/Cape_York,_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape York, Greenland">Cape York, Greenland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Robert_Peary" title="Special:EditPage/Robert Peary">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Robert+Peary%22">"Robert Peary"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Robert+Peary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Robert+Peary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Robert+Peary%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Robert+Peary%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Robert+Peary%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Medals </p> <ul><li>American Geographical Society, <a href="/wiki/Cullum_Geographical_Medal" title="Cullum Geographical Medal">Cullum Geographical Medal</a> (1896)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>American Geographical Society, <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Daly_Medal" title="Charles P. Daly Medal">Charles P. Daly Medal</a> (1902)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>National Geographic Society, <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Medal" title="Hubbard Medal">Hubbard Medal</a> (1906)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Royal Geographical Society of London, special great gold medal</li> <li>National Geographic Society of Washington, the special great gold medal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Society_of_Philadelphia" title="Geographical Society of Philadelphia">Geographical Society of Philadelphia</a>, great gold medal</li> <li>Chicago Geographical Society, Helen Culver medal</li> <li>Imperial German Geographical Society, Nachtigall gold medal</li> <li>Royal Italian Geographical Society, King Humbert gold medal</li> <li>Imperial Austrian Geographical Society</li> <li>Hungarian Geographical Society gold medal</li> <li>Royal Belgian Geographical Society gold medal</li> <li>Royal Geographical Society of Antwerp gold medal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Campaign_Medal" title="Spanish Campaign Medal">Spanish Campaign Medal</a></li></ul> <p>Honorary degrees </p> <ul><li>Bowdoin College – Doctor of laws</li> <li>Edinburgh University – Doctor of laws</li></ul> <p>Honorary memberships </p> <ul><li>New York Chamber of Commerce honorary member.</li> <li>Pennsylvania Society Honorary member</li> <li>Manchester Geographical Society Honorary membership</li> <li>Royal Netherlands Geographical Society of Amsterdam Honorary membership<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other </p> <ul><li>Royal Scottish Geographical Society, special trophy, a replica in silver of the ships used by Hudson, Baffin, and Davis.</li> <li>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Legion of Honor</a>, awarded 1913<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Arlington National Cemetery on April 6, 1922, the Admiral Robert Edwin Peary monument was unveiled by his daughter, Mrs. Marie Peary Stafford.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous government officials, including <a href="/wiki/President_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="President Harding">President Harding</a> and Former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Edwin Denby</a> were in attendance.</li> <li>On May 28, 1986, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> issued a 22 cent <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> in his and Matthew Henson's honor.<sup id="cite_ref-postal_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postal-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neil_Munro_(writer)" title="Neil Munro (writer)">Neil Munro</a> gives a satirical account of the rival claims of Peary and Cook in his Erchie Macpherson story "Erchie Explains the Polar Situation", first published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Evening_News" title="Glasgow Evening News">Glasgow Evening News</a></i> of 4th October 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many Inuit consider the term "<a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a>" to be unacceptable and even pejorative, although it continues to be used within historical, linguistic, archaeological, and cultural contexts.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Northern-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetrone1992" class="citation book cs1">Petrone, Penny (January 1992). <i>Northern Voices: Inuit Writing in English</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802077172" title="Special:BookSources/9780802077172"><bdi>9780802077172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Voices%3A+Inuit+Writing+in+English&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1992-01&rft.isbn=9780802077172&rft.aulast=Petrone&rft.aufirst=Penny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noose-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noose_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noose_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noose_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noose_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert, Wally</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343"><i>The Noose of Laurels</i></a></span>. Atheneum. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343/page/206">206–207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780689120343" title="Special:BookSources/9780689120343"><bdi>9780689120343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Noose+of+Laurels&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780689120343&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Wally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780689120343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NavalHistory-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NavalHistory_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NavalHistory_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NavalHistory_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/seabee/explore/civil-engineer-corps-history/robert-e--peary.html">"Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary, US Navy 1856–1920"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107040240/http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/peary_roberte.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rear+Admiral+Robert+E.+Peary%2C+US+Navy+1856%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fmuseums%2Fseabee%2Fexplore%2Fcivil-engineer-corps-history%2Frobert-e--peary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowdoin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bowdoin_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowdoin_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowdoin_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bowdoin.edu/arctic-museum/educational-resources/arctic-biographies/peary.html">"Robert E. Peary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+E.+Peary&rft.pub=Bowdoin+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowdoin.edu%2Farctic-museum%2Feducational-resources%2Farctic-biographies%2Fpeary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills510-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills510_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills510_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills510_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills 2003, p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainetrailfinder.com/trails/trail/jockey-cap">"Jockey Cap – Maine Trail Finder"</a>. Maine Trail Finder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jockey+Cap+%E2%80%93+Maine+Trail+Finder&rft.pub=Maine+Trail+Finder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainetrailfinder.com%2Ftrails%2Ftrail%2Fjockey-cap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills511-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills511_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills511_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills511_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills511_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills511_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills511_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills511_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills511_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills 2003, p. 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuttall855-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nuttall855_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nuttall855_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nuttall 2012, p. 855–856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conefrey-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conefrey_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conefrey_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conefrey_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConefrey2011" class="citation book cs1">Conefrey, Mick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4UbYjoz0-EC&pg=PT103"><i>How to Climb Mt. Blanc in a Skirt: A Handbook for the Lady Adventurer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230112421" title="Special:BookSources/9780230112421"><bdi>9780230112421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Climb+Mt.+Blanc+in+a+Skirt%3A+A+Handbook+for+the+Lady+Adventurer&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230112421&rft.aulast=Conefrey&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4UbYjoz0-EC%26pg%3DPT103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journal-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Journal_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journal_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeary1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Diebitsch_Peary" title="Josephine Diebitsch Peary">Peary, Josephine Diebitsch</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myarcticjournaly00pear"><i>My Arctic Journal: A Year among Ice-fields and Eskimos</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Longmans_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Longmans Green">Longmans Green</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myarcticjournaly00pear/page/24">24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Arctic+Journal%3A+A+Year+among+Ice-fields+and+Eskimos&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Longmans+Green&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Peary&rft.aufirst=Josephine+Diebitsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyarcticjournaly00pear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html">"List of famous freemasons"</a>. <i>freemasonry.bcy.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011004153632/http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freemasonry.bcy.ca&rft.atitle=List+of+famous+freemasons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Ftextfiles%2Ffamous.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freemasons-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freemasons_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stjohnslodgedc.org/famous-masons">"Famous Freemasons in the course of history"</a>. St. John's Lodge, Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116030150/http://www.stjohnslodgedc.org/famous-masons">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+Freemasons+in+the+course+of+history&rft.pub=St.+John%27s+Lodge%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstjohnslodgedc.org%2Ffamous-masons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Herbert_Hobbs1937" class="citation journal cs1">William Herbert Hobbs (1937). "The Progress of Discovery and Exploration Within the Arctic Region". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Association_of_American_Geographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the Association of American Geographers">Annals of the Association of American Geographers</a></i>. <b>27</b> (1): 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00045603709357155">10.1080/00045603709357155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=The+Progress+of+Discovery+and+Exploration+Within+the+Arctic+Region&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00045603709357155&rft.au=William+Herbert+Hobbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Horwood2010" class="citation book cs1">Harold Horwood (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v6THcynQQDMC"><i>Bartlett: The Great Explorer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_Canada" title="Doubleday Canada">Doubleday Canada</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385674355" title="Special:BookSources/9780385674355"><bdi>9780385674355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bartlett%3A+The+Great+Explorer&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780385674355&rft.au=Harold+Horwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6THcynQQDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Navy. Editions of 1902 and 1903.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1905/07/13/archives/peary-gets-50000-mk-jesup-gives-25000-fund-for-trip-to-reach-north.html">"Peary Gets $50,000; M.K. Jesup Gives $25,000"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. July 13, 1905. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Peary+Gets+%2450%2C000%3B+M.K.+Jesup+Gives+%2425%2C000&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1905-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1905%2F07%2F13%2Farchives%2Fpeary-gets-50000-mk-jesup-gives-25000-fund-for-trip-to-reach-north.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.dartmouth.edu/arctica-beta/html/EA15-55.html">"Robert Edwin Peary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Edwin+Peary&rft.pub=Dartmouth+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.dartmouth.edu%2Farctica-beta%2Fhtml%2FEA15-55.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Peary, <i>Nearest the Pole</i>, 1907, pp. 202, 207, 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#ypcx">"Contributions Dennis Rawlins 2"</a>. <i>dioi.org</i>. The International Journal of Scientific History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dioi.org&rft.atitle=Contributions+Dennis+Rawlins+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fcot.htm%23ypcx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rp-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rp_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeary1986" class="citation book cs1">Peary, Robert (1986). <i>The North Pole: Its Discovery in 1906 Under the Auspices of the Peary Arctic Club</i>. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 23, 25, 42, 72, 121, 201–203, 213–214, 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486251292" title="Special:BookSources/0486251292"><bdi>0486251292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Pole%3A+Its+Discovery+in+1906+Under+the+Auspices+of+the+Peary+Arctic+Club&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23%2C+25%2C+42%2C+72%2C+121%2C+201-203%2C+213-214%2C+298&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0486251292&rft.aulast=Peary&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Negro-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Negro_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Negro_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Negro_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenson1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson, Matthew</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vfvfyQEACAAJ"><i>A Negro Explorer at the North Pole</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Dodo_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodo Press">Dodo Press</a>. pp. 52, 57, 61, 63, 68–71, 318–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781406553741" title="Special:BookSources/9781406553741"><bdi>9781406553741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Negro+Explorer+at+the+North+Pole&rft.pages=52%2C+57%2C+61%2C+63%2C+68-71%2C+318-319&rft.pub=Dodo+Press&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=9781406553741&rft.aulast=Henson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvfvfyQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBRENDLE2003" class="citation web cs1">BRENDLE, ANNA (January 10, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/profile-african-american-north-pole-explorer-matthew-henson">"Profile: African-American North Pole Explorer Matthew Henson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile%3A+African-American+North+Pole+Explorer+Matthew+Henson&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2003-01-10&rft.aulast=BRENDLE&rft.aufirst=ANNA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Fprofile-african-american-north-pole-explorer-matthew-henson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/did-you-know/first-man">"Did You Know... A Customs Employee was the 'First Man to Sit on Top of the World?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+You+Know...+A+Customs+Employee+was+the+%27First+Man+to+Sit+on+Top+of+the+World%3F%27&rft.pub=U.S.+Customs+and+Border+Protection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fdid-you-know%2Ffirst-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discovered-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discovered_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovered_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovered_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovered_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovered_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovered_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Henderson, Bruce (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-discovered-the-north-pole-116633746/">"Who Discovered the North Pole?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Who+Discovered+the+North+Pole%3F&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fwho-discovered-the-north-pole-116633746%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doubts-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doubts_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doubts_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doubts_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford1988" class="citation news cs1">Wilford, John N. (August 22, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1988/08/22/031988.html?zoom=14.63&pageNumber=27">"Doubts cast on Peary's claim to Pole"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Doubts+cast+on+Peary%27s+claim+to+Pole&rft.date=1988-08-22&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1988%2F08%2F22%2F031988.html%3Fzoom%3D14.63%26pageNumber%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-First-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney2009" class="citation news cs1">Tierney, John (September 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/07/who-was-first-at-the-north-pole">"Who Was First at the North Pole?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Was+First+at+the+North+Pole%3F&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F07%2Fwho-was-first-at-the-north-pole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/research-guides/z-files/zb-files/zb-files-p/peary-robert-e.html">"Robert Edwin Peary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Edwin+Peary&rft.pub=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fresearch-guides%2Fz-files%2Fzb-files%2Fzb-files-p%2Fpeary-robert-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navalhistory.org/2013/01/18/peary-at-the-north-pole">"Peary at the North pole"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>. January 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peary+at+the+North+pole&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navalhistory.org%2F2013%2F01%2F18%2Fpeary-at-the-north-pole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2013" class="citation news cs1">Curtis, Abigail (December 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bangordailynews.com/2013/12/09/news/north-pole-explorers-maine-home-nominated-as-national-historic-landmark/">"North Pole explorer's Maine home nominated as National Historic Landmark"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News" title="Bangor Daily News">Bangor Daily News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=North+Pole+explorer%27s+Maine+home+nominated+as+National+Historic+Landmark&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbangordailynews.com%2F2013%2F12%2F09%2Fnews%2Fnorth-pole-explorers-maine-home-nominated-as-national-historic-landmark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/naval-aviation/dictionary-of-american-naval-aviation-squadrons-volume-2/pdfs/Chap_1.pdf"><i>Origins of Navy Patrol Aviation, 1911 to 1920s</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Navy+Patrol+Aviation%2C+1911+to+1920s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnhhc%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fnaval-aviation%2Fdictionary-of-american-naval-aviation-squadrons-volume-2%2Fpdfs%2FChap_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c84q815p/entire_text/">"Guide to the Frederick A. 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Peary (originally for Adm. Robert E. Peary), 1831 Wyoming Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C."</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architectural+drawing+for+alterations+to+a+row+house+%28%22residence%22%29+for+Josephine+D.+Peary+%28originally+for+Adm.+Robert+E.+Peary%29%2C+1831+Wyoming+Avenue%2C+N.W.%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpictures%2Fcollection%2Fade%2Fitem%2F95858654%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Notable-Graves/Explorers/Robert-Peary">"Robert Peary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Peary&rft.pub=Arlington+National+Cemetery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlingtoncemetery.mil%2FExplore%2FNotable-Graves%2FExplorers%2FRobert-Peary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Notable-Graves/Explorers/Matthew-Henson">"Matthew Alexander Henson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matthew+Alexander+Henson&rft.pub=Arlington+National+Cemetery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlingtoncemetery.mil%2FExplore%2FNotable-Graves%2FExplorers%2FMatthew-Henson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcticportal.org/ap-library/arctic-deeply/1945-the-forgotten-indigenous-women-of-robert-peary-s-arctic-expeditions">"The Forgotten Indigenous Women of Robert Peary's Arctic Expeditions"</a>. 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July 13, 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Anaukaq+Henson%2C+80%2C+dies&rft.date=1987-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1987%2F07%2F13%2Fanaukaq-henson-80-dies%2F5406beb9-9bf7-4f31-839d-f1ac55079fe8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shoulders-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shoulders_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shoulders_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shoulders_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shoulders_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2009" class="citation news cs1">George, Jane (April 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/Matthew_Hensons_descendants_honour_their_ancestor/">"Standing on the shoulders of a giant; Matthew Henson's descendants honour their ancestor"</a>. <i>Nunatsiaq News Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nunatsiaq+News+Online&rft.atitle=Standing+on+the+shoulders+of+a+giant%3B+Matthew+Henson%27s+descendants+honour+their+ancestor&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnunatsiaq.com%2Fstories%2Farticle%2FMatthew_Hensons_descendants_honour_their_ancestor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hulan, Renée (2023). 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February 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+Arctic+Explorer+Matthew+Henson&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fadventure%2Farticle%2Fthe-legacy-of-arctic-explorer-matthew-henson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2000" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David H. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Give+Me+My+Father%27s+Body%3A+The+Life+of+Minik%2C+the+New+York+Eskimo%27&rft.pub=Washington+Square+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780743410052&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Kenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwK2-ONmUk0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteor-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meteor_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meteor_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meteor_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2013" class="citation web cs1">Meier, Allison (March 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://narratively.com/minik-and-the-meteor/">"Minik and the 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Geography&rft.atitle=The+Minik+Affair%3A+The+Role+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-52&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F789609352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140717778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1088-937X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PolGe..26...39H&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Kenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F789609352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schledermann2003-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schledermann2003_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchledermann2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schledermann, Peter (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic&rft.atitle=The+Muskox+Patrol%3A+High+Arctic+Sovereignty+Revisited&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=102&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14430%2Farctic606&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40512169%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schledermann&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalhosting.ucalgary.ca%2Findex.php%2Farctic%2Farticle%2Fview%2F63665%2F47601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090908201355/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/23/opinion/c-a-correction-310788.html?scp=3&sq=%20Cook%20Peary%20correction%20north%20pole%20neither&st=cse">"A Correction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. August 23, 1988. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/23/opinion/c-a-correction-310788.html">the original</a></span> on September 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Peary"</a>. <i>The Historian</i>. <b>48</b> (3): 341–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1986.tb00698.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1986.tb00698.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24447539">24447539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Polar+Revisionism+and+the+Peary+Claim%3A+The+Diary+of+Robert+E.+Peary&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-358&rft.date=1986-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1986.tb00698.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24447539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schweikart&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24447539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouton1989" class="citation news cs1">Bouton, Katherine (August 13, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/13/books/not-quite-on-top-of-the-world.html">"NOT QUITE ON TOP OF THE WORLD"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NOT+QUITE+ON+TOP+OF+THE+WORLD&rft.date=1989-08-13&rft.aulast=Bouton&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F08%2F13%2Fbooks%2Fnot-quite-on-top-of-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeary1989" class="citation news cs1">Leary, Warren E. (August 13, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/12/us/peary-made-it-to-the-pole-after-all-study-concludes.html">"Peary Made It to the Pole After All, Study Concludes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Peary+Made+It+to+the+Pole+After+All%2C+Study+Concludes&rft.date=1989-08-13&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=Warren+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F12%2F12%2Fus%2Fpeary-made-it-to-the-pole-after-all-study-concludes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRensberger1991" class="citation news cs1">Rensberger, Boyce (June 9, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1991/06/09/pearys-polar-mystery/7655c951-fb71-423d-a6c7-c5b75f9817fe/">"PEARY'S POLAR MYSTERY"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=PEARY%27S+POLAR+MYSTERY&rft.date=1991-06-09&rft.aulast=Rensberger&rft.aufirst=Boyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1991%2F06%2F09%2Fpearys-polar-mystery%2F7655c951-fb71-423d-a6c7-c5b75f9817fe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020603060320/https://matthewhenson.com/northpoleproofDEPTH2.htm">"Proof Henson & Peary reached Pole (1909 Depth Soundings)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Matthew Henson</a>. August 16, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matthewhenson.com/northpoleproofDEPTH2.htm">the original</a> on June 3, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proof+Henson+%26+Peary+reached+Pole+%281909+Depth+Soundings%29&rft.pub=Matthew+Henson&rft.date=2022-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatthewhenson.com%2FnorthpoleproofDEPTH2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.countrylife.co.uk/out-and-about/sporting-country-pursuits/interview-tom-avery-polar-explorer-29629">"Interview: Tom Avery, polar explorer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)" title="Country Life (magazine)">Country Life</a></i>. April 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Country+Life&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Tom+Avery%2C+polar+explorer&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrylife.co.uk%2Fout-and-about%2Fsporting-country-pursuits%2Finterview-tom-avery-polar-explorer-29629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-postal-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-postal_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-postal_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/the-black-experience/exploration-matthew-henson">"Exploration: Matthew Henson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Museum" title="National Postal Museum">National Postal Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploration%3A+Matthew+Henson&rft.pub=National+Postal+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fexhibition%2Fthe-black-experience%2Fexploration-matthew-henson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4627">"Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Peary on Moon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planetary+Names%3A+Crater%2C+craters%3A+Peary+on+Moon&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F4627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'HARE2020" class="citation news cs1">O'HARE, MICK (December 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news-the-race-to-the-north-pole-6600156/">"The race to the North Pole and a controversy that has yet to thaw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+European&rft.atitle=The+race+to+the+North+Pole+and+a+controversy+that+has+yet+to+thaw&rft.date=2020-12-19&rft.aulast=O%27HARE&rft.aufirst=MICK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theneweuropean.co.uk%2Fbrexit-news-the-race-to-the-north-pole-6600156%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bowdoin.edu/arctic-museum/exhibits/2004/peary-monument.html">"Peary-MacMillan Arctic Museum, Exhibition: Building the Peary Monument"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peary-MacMillan+Arctic+Museum%2C+Exhibition%3A+Building+the+Peary+Monument&rft.pub=Bowdoin+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowdoin.edu%2Farctic-museum%2Fexhibits%2F2004%2Fpeary-monument.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americangeo.org/honors/medals-and-awards/cullum-geographical-medal/">"CULLUM GEOGRAPHICAL MEDAL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CULLUM+GEOGRAPHICAL+MEDAL&rft.pub=American+Geographical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericangeo.org%2Fhonors%2Fmedals-and-awards%2Fcullum-geographical-medal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americangeo.org/honors/medals-and-awards/charles-p-daly-medal/">"CHARLES P. DALY MEDAL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHARLES+P.+DALY+MEDAL&rft.pub=American+Geographical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericangeo.org%2Fhonors%2Fmedals-and-awards%2Fcharles-p-daly-medal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210914170715/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/events/awards/hubbard/">"HUBBARD MEDAL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/events/awards/hubbard/">the original</a> on September 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HUBBARD+MEDAL&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fevents%2Fawards%2Fhubbard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeary1910" class="citation book cs1">Peary, Robert Edwin (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1ugAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA365"><i>The North Pole: its discovery in 1909 under the auspices of the Peary Arctic club</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Stokes" title="Frederick A. 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Stokes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Pole%3A+its+discovery+in+1909+under+the+auspices+of+the+Peary+Arctic+club&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Peary&rft.aufirst=Robert+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1ugAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs1921" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert_Hobbs" title="William Herbert Hobbs">Hobbs, William Herbert</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2560855">"Memoir of Robert Edwin Peary"</a>. <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>11</b>: 93–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00045602109357023">10.1080/00045602109357023</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2560855">2560855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Memoir+of+Robert+Edwin+Peary&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=93-108&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00045602109357023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2560855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=William+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2560855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1922-04-07/ed-1/seq-15/">"Dignitaries of the Nation Brave Rain to Honor Peary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>. April 7, 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Dignitaries+of+the+Nation+Brave+Rain+to+Honor+Peary&rft.date=1922-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn84026749%2F1922-04-07%2Fed-1%2Fseq-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munro, Neil, "Erchie Explains the Polar Situation", in Osborne, Brian D. & Armstrong, Ronald (eds.) (2002), <i>Erchie, My Droll Friend</i>, <a href="/wiki/Birlinn_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Birlinn Limited">Birlinn Limited</a>, Edinburgh, pp. 379 -382, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841582023" title="Special:BookSources/9781841582023">9781841582023</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Berton, Pierre</a> (2001). <i>The Arctic Grail</i>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385658454" title="Special:BookSources/9780385658454"><bdi>9780385658454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arctic+Grail&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780385658454&rft.aulast=Berton&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendle2003" class="citation news cs1">Brendle, Anna (January 9, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/profile-african-american-north-pole-explorer-matthew-henson">"Profile: African-American North Pole Explorer Matthew Henson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+African-American+North+Pole+Explorer+Matthew+Henson&rft.date=2003-01-09&rft.aulast=Brendle&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Fprofile-african-american-north-pole-explorer-matthew-henson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce1997" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Robert M. (1997). <i>Cook & Peary: the polar controversy, resolved</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780689120343" title="Special:BookSources/9780689120343"><bdi>9780689120343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cook+%26+Peary%3A+the+polar+controversy%2C+resolved&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780689120343&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe2003" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Brian (2003). <i>Kodak Cameras: The First Hundred Years</i>. Hove Foto Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781874707370" title="Special:BookSources/9781874707370"><bdi>9781874707370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kodak+Cameras%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.pub=Hove+Foto+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781874707370&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies" class="citation web cs1">Davies, Thomas D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020206210630/http://www.northpole1909.com/daviesframesets.htm">"<i>New Evidence Places Peary at The Pole</i>"</a>. <i>northpole1909.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northpole1909.com/daviesframesets.htm">the original</a> on February 6, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=northpole1909.com&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+Places+Peary+at+The+Pole&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northpole1909.com%2Fdaviesframesets.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2009" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Thomas D. (2009). <i>Robert E. Peary at the North Pole</i>. Starpath Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780914025207" title="Special:BookSources/9780914025207"><bdi>9780914025207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+E.+Peary+at+the+North+Pole&rft.pub=Starpath+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780914025207&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan1992" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Sean (1992). <i>Matthew Henson (Junior World Biographies)</i>. Chelsea Juniors.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+Henson+%28Junior+World+Biographies%29&rft.pub=Chelsea+Juniors&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2001" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Fergus (2001). <i>Ninety degrees north: the quest for the North Pole</i>. <a href="/wiki/Granta_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Granta Books">Granta Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862074491" title="Special:BookSources/9781862074491"><bdi>9781862074491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninety+degrees+north%3A+the+quest+for+the+North+Pole&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781862074491&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2005" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Bruce (2005). <i>True North: Peary, Cook, and the Race to the Pole</i>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton and Company">W. W. Norton and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393327380" title="Special:BookSources/9780393327380"><bdi>9780393327380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+North%3A+Peary%2C+Cook%2C+and+the+Race+to+the+Pole&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780393327380&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert, Wally</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343"><i>The noose of laurels: Robert E. Peary and the race to the North Pole</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Atheneum_Books" title="Atheneum Books">Atheneum Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780689120343" title="Special:BookSources/9780689120343"><bdi>9780689120343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+noose+of+laurels%3A+Robert+E.+Peary+and+the+race+to+the+North+Pole&rft.pub=Atheneum+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780689120343&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Wally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780689120343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2006" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Dolores (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onward00dolo/"><i>Onward: A Photobiography of African-American Polar Explorer Matthew Henson</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onward%3A+A+Photobiography+of+African-American+Polar+Explorer+Matthew+Henson&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Dolores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonward00dolo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, William James (2003). <i>Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576074220" title="Special:BookSources/9781576074220"><bdi>9781576074220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Polar+Frontiers%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781576074220&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=William+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuttall2012" class="citation book cs1">Nuttall, Mark (2012). <i>Encyclopedia of the Arctic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579584368" title="Special:BookSources/9781579584368"><bdi>9781579584368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Arctic&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781579584368&rft.aulast=Nuttall&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlins1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Rawlins" title="Dennis Rawlins">Rawlins, Dennis</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pearyatnorthpole00denn"><i>Peary at the North Pole: fact or fiction?</i></a>. Washington: Robert B. Luce. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883310427" title="Special:BookSources/9780883310427"><bdi>9780883310427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peary+at+the+North+Pole%3A+fact+or+fiction%3F&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Robert+B.+Luce&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780883310427&rft.aulast=Rawlins&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpearyatnorthpole00denn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Michael F. (2006). <i>The Coldest Crucible: Arctic Exploration and American Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226721842" title="Special:BookSources/9780226721842"><bdi>9780226721842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coldest+Crucible%3A+Arctic+Exploration+and+American+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780226721842&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweikart1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schweikart" title="Larry Schweikart">Schweikart, Larry</a> (May 1986). <i>Polar Revisionism and the Peary Claim: The Diary of Robert E. Peary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polar+Revisionism+and+the+Peary+Claim%3A+The+Diary+of+Robert+E.+Peary&rft.date=1986-05&rft.aulast=Schweikart&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Peary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Peary&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Peary" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Robert_Edwin_Peary" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Robert Edwin Peary">Robert Peary</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/5915">Works by Robert Peary</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186585#P4081" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9598">Works by Robert Peary</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL346162A">Works by Robert Peary</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186585#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8383">Works by Robert Peary</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Peary%2C%20Robert%20Edwin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Peary%2C%20Robert%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Peary%2C%20R%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Edwin%20Peary%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20E%2E%20Peary%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22R%2E%20E%2E%20Peary%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Peary%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Peary%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Edwin%20Peary%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20E%2E%20Peary%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20E%2E%20Peary%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20Edwin%20Peary%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Peary%2C%20Robert%20Edwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Peary%2C%20Robert%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Peary%2C%20R%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Peary%2C%20R%2E%20Edwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Peary%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Peary%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Edwin%20Peary%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20E%2E%20Peary%22%20OR%20title%3A%22R%2E%20E%2E%20Peary%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Peary%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Edwin%20Peary%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20E%2E%20Peary%22%20OR%20description%3A%22R%2E%20E%2E%20Peary%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Peary%2C%20Robert%20Edwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Peary%2C%20Robert%20E%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Peary%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Peary%2C%20Robert%22%29%20OR%20%28%221856-1920%22%20AND%20Peary%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Robert Peary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013349">Newspaper clippings about Robert Peary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1086">Peary-Cook Controversy Collection</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2853">Robert Peary papers</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1142">Arthur Malcolm Dodge Photographs and Article on 1896 Peary Expedition</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2989">George Putnam Diary and Photo Album from the 1896 Peary Greenland Expedition</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/3219">Personal Diary of J.M. Wiseman fireman of S.S. Roosevelt</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photolib.noaa.gov/Collections/NOAA-People/Coast-Geodetic-Survey/Coast-Geodetic-Survey/emodule/545/eitem/8693">Photo at NOAA Photo Library "Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary, who during his quest for the Pole conducted tidal observations in the Arctic Ocean"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186585#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083710497">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34499743">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16828/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4d896wmrJMCRB4vmmVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118739778">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Peary, Robert E. (Robert Edwin), 1856-1920"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50049394">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12177409z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12177409z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00515464">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35414384">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20000082608&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000044420&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4847164">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069015317">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90096185">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000350915&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000145206">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500036635">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fa3346bc-0a80-4b70-8845-b9a326ebfa11">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/388311">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/46466f39-5ec9-41bd-aef5-2a4709a93c78">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/62710">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102090">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/robert-peary">National Gallery of Canada</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/944283">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118739778.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118739778">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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