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type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured tag-basics tag-faq entry" aria-label="Phase Locked Loop: A fundamental building block in wireless technology"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Phase Locked Loop: A fundamental building block in wireless technology</h1> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">April 10, 2017</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/author/janet-heath/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Janet Heath</span></a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_top"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_16 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.analogictips.com/faq-phase-locked-loop-pll/" data-a2a-title="Phase Locked Loop: A fundamental building block in wireless technology"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Ffaq-phase-locked-loop-pll%2F&linkname=Phase%20Locked%20Loop%3A%20A%20fundamental%20building%20block%20in%20wireless%20technology" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_x" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/x?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Ffaq-phase-locked-loop-pll%2F&linkname=Phase%20Locked%20Loop%3A%20A%20fundamental%20building%20block%20in%20wireless%20technology" title="X" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_linkedin" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/linkedin?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Ffaq-phase-locked-loop-pll%2F&linkname=Phase%20Locked%20Loop%3A%20A%20fundamental%20building%20block%20in%20wireless%20technology" title="LinkedIn" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div><p>A phase-lock(ed) loop (PLL) is a fundamental building block in wireless, radio frequency (RF), and telecommunication technologies. PLLs use a negative feedback circuit to match the phase of the frequency of another signal. PLLs synchronize the phase of the PLL’s output to the input signal’s frequency by tweaking the output of a voltage-driven oscillator; the PLL adjusts the oscillator to match what it sees at the PLL’s input. A feedback loop, or phase comparator, is used to compare the input signal with the output signal. PLLs are often used to duplicate or track the frequency of another signal. One use of a PLL is to synchronize the phase of a printed circuit board’s clock with an external signal.</p> <figure id="attachment_2861" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2861" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Fig-1-PLL-model.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-2861 size-medium" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Fig-1-PLL-model-300x100.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="100" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Fig-1-PLL-model-300x100.jpg 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Fig-1-PLL-model-1024x342.jpg 1024w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Fig-1-PLL-model-150x50.jpg 150w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Fig-1-PLL-model-768x256.jpg 768w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Fig-1-PLL-model.jpg 1511w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-2861" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1: Model of a PLL with main parts: PD, loop filter, VCO, and feedback. (Source: <a href="http://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/tutorials/MT-086.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Analog Devices, MT-086</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The above model of a PLL includes four basic elements.</p> <p>1) A feedback divider with a variable N is called the N counter or the N divider. Since N is programmable in PLL integrated chips, the output can be in lock-step with the input or N can be adjusted so that the output is always a set amount out of phase with the input signal.</p> <p>2) The error detector includes a phase-detector (PD) (which is also sometimes called a phase-frequency detector (PFD)), the node at which the reference frequency (input signal frequency, FREF) is compared with the feedback (output) signal. The charge pump is a source of current for the loop.</p> <p>3) A Loop Filter, which is a low-pass filter (Zs) that controls the rate of change (frequency) of the voltage that goes to the VCO. The charge pump and the filter convert the digital output of the phase detector into an analog signal.</p> <p>4) A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) offers the basis for oscillation in the circuit but is meant to be changed by feedback so that the output frequency (Fo) is a function of the reference frequency (F<sub>REF</sub>)and the adjustment of N.</p> <p>Important parameters in the datasheet for a PLL are the operating frequency range or bandwidth of the application (measured in Hz), phase noise inherent in the PLL (measured in dB), an indicator of signal quality; and supply voltage. Applications for PLLs include clock distribution around a PCB (clock synthesis) and as sampling clocks for ADCs and DACs. Nearly all RF devices have a PLL since PLLs generate and modulate the carrier frequency in RF transmitters. RF receivers use PLLs to generate clock signals locally and to recover bit rate from noisy signals.</p> <p>PLLs are used in cellular infrastructure, Wi-Fi, communications test equipment, microwave radios/backhaul, CATV equipment, satellite communications, optical modules, synchronous ethernet, broadcast video, wireless base stations, various military applications, and test and measurement.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/tag/basics/" rel="tag">basics</a>, <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article></main><aside class="sidebar sidebar-primary widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Primary Sidebar" 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Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out * `fieldset` elements in all browsers. */ legend { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ color: inherit; /* 2 */ display: table; /* 1 */ max-width: 100%; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 3 */ white-space: normal; /* 1 */ } /** * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera. */ progress { vertical-align: baseline; } /** * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+. */ textarea { overflow: auto; } /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10. * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10. */ [type="checkbox"], [type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome. */ [type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button, [type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button { height: auto; } /** * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari. * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari. */ [type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */ } /** * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS. */ [type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari. */ ::-webkit-file-upload-button { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */ font: inherit; /* 2 */ } /* Interactive ========================================================================== */ /* * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox. */ details { display: block; } /* * Add the correct display in all browsers. */ summary { display: list-item; } /* Misc ========================================================================== */ /** * Add the correct display in IE 10+. */ template { display: none; } /** * Add the correct display in IE 10. */ [hidden] { display: none; } #box { background-color: #1d2765; width: 300px; height: 250px; } .img-padding { padding-top: 5%; } .center { text-align: center; } #header { display: flex; } #header-text { font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 21px; color: #ffffff !important; line-height: 20px !important; text-align: center; display: inline-block; flex: 0 60%; } /* Style used in WP Ad, overriding here. */ #df-form input { box-shadow: none; padding: 0; } #df-form { display: flex; justify-content: center; margin-top: 5%; } #header-image { display: inline-block; flex: 0 40%; } #header-image img { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #search-input { background-color: #36428c; border: 10px solid #36428c; max-width: 70%; color:#fff; font-size: 12px; } #search-input::placeholder { color: #fff; } #submit-btn { color: #fff; background-color: #1074fb; border: 10px solid #1074fb; } </style><style>/*! normalize.css v8.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */ /* Document ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Correct the line height in all browsers. * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS. */ html { line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ } /* Sections ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the margin in all browsers. */ body { margin: 0; } /** * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari. */ h1 { font-size: 2em; margin: 0.67em 0; } /* Grouping content ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox. * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE. */ hr { box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */ height: 0; /* 1 */ overflow: visible; /* 2 */ } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ pre { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /* Text-level semantics ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10. */ a { background-color: transparent; } /** * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57- * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari. */ abbr[title] { border-bottom: none; /* 1 */ text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */ text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari. */ b, strong { font-weight: bolder; } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ code, kbd, samp { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font size in all browsers. */ small { font-size: 80%; } /** * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in * all browsers. */ sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } sup { top: -0.5em; } /* Embedded content ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10. */ img { border-style: none; } /* Forms ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers. * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari. */ button, input, optgroup, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 1 */ line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ margin: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Show the overflow in IE. * 1. Show the overflow in Edge. */ button, input { /* 1 */ overflow: visible; } /** * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE. * 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox. */ button, select { /* 1 */ text-transform: none; } /** * Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. */ button, [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: button; } /** * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox. */ button::-moz-focus-inner, [type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner { border-style: none; padding: 0; } /** * Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule. */ button:-moz-focusring, [type="button"]:-moz-focusring, [type="reset"]:-moz-focusring, [type="submit"]:-moz-focusring { outline: 1px dotted ButtonText; } /** * Correct the padding in Firefox. */ fieldset { padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em; } /** * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE. * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE. * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out * `fieldset` elements in all browsers. */ legend { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ color: inherit; /* 2 */ display: table; /* 1 */ max-width: 100%; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 3 */ white-space: normal; /* 1 */ } /** * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera. */ progress { vertical-align: baseline; } /** * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+. */ textarea { overflow: auto; } /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10. * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10. */ [type="checkbox"], [type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome. */ [type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button, [type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button { height: auto; } /** * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari. * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari. */ [type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */ } /** * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS. */ [type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari. */ ::-webkit-file-upload-button { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */ font: inherit; /* 2 */ } /* Interactive ========================================================================== */ /* * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox. */ details { display: block; } /* * Add the correct display in all browsers. */ summary { display: list-item; } /* Misc ========================================================================== */ /** * Add the correct display in IE 10+. */ template { display: none; } /** * Add the correct display in IE 10. */ [hidden] { display: none; } #box { background-color: #1d2765; width: 300px; height: 250px; } .img-padding { padding-top: 5%; } .center { text-align: center; } #header { display: flex; } #header-text { font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 21px; color: #ffffff !important; line-height: 20px !important; text-align: center; display: inline-block; flex: 0 60%; } /* 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