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Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryt_(geologie)" title="Kryt (geologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kryt (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreide_(Geologie)" title="Kreide (Geologie) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kreide (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="العصر الطباشيري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الطباشيري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceu" title="Cretaceu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cretaceu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99ba%C5%9Fir_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Təbaşir dövrü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təbaşir dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapur_(pariuda)" title="Kapur (pariuda) – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kapur (pariuda)" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta-k%C3%AD" title="Creta-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Creta-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Аҡбур осоро – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡбур осоро" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Мелавы перыяд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мелавы перыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Крэйдавы пэрыяд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крэйдавы пэрыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Креда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Креда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreda_(period)" title="Kreda (period) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kreda (period)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretase" title="Kretase – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kretase" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaci" title="Cretaci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cretaci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80%C4%95" title="Пурă тапхăрĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пурă тапхăрĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99%C3%ADda" title="Křída – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křída" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretasaidd" title="Cretasaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cretasaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kridt_(geologisk_periode)" title="Kridt (geologisk periode) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kridt (geologisk periode)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreide_(Geologie)" title="Kreide (Geologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreide (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriit_(ajastu)" title="Kriit (ajastu) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kriit (ajastu)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κρητιδική περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρητιδική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cretaceous" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cret%C3%A1cico" title="Cretácico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cretácico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretaceo" title="Kretaceo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kretaceo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretazeoa" title="Kretazeoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kretazeoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87" title="کرتاسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرتاسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9tac%C3%A9" title="Crétacé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crétacé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tr%C3%A9imhse_Chailceach" title="An Tréimhse Chailceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tréimhse Chailceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cret%C3%A1ceo" title="Cretáceo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cretáceo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%95%85%EA%B8%B0" title="백악기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백악기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B3%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Կավճի ժամանակաշրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կավճի ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="चाकमय कल्प – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाकमय कल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreda_(geolo%C5%A1ko_razdoblje)" title="Kreda (geološko razdoblje) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kreda (geološko razdoblje)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapur_(zaman)" title="Kapur (zaman) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapur (zaman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceo" title="Cretaceo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cretaceo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Мелон период – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мелон период" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%ADtart%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Krítartímabilið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krítartímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretacico" title="Cretacico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cretacico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קרטיקון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרטיקון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ცარცული სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცარცული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Бор кезеңі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бор кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бор мезгили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бор мезгили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94" title="ຍຸກຄຣີເຕຊຽດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຍຸກຄຣີເຕຊຽດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceum" title="Cretaceum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cretaceum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%ABts_(periods)" title="Krīts (periods) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krīts (periods)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A4id_(Geologie)" title="Kräid (Geologie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kräid (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreida_(periodas)" title="Kreida (periodas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kreida (periodas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriet_(geologie)" title="Kriet (geologie) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kriet (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretasica" title="Cretasica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cretasica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A9ta_(id%C5%91szak)" title="Kréta (időszak) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kréta (időszak)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Креда (период) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Креда (период)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്രിറ്റേഷ്യസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിറ്റേഷ്യസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87" title="کرتاسه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کرتاسه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapur_(geologi)" title="Kapur (geologi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapur (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83h-%C3%A1uk-g%C4%AB" title="Băh-áuk-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Băh-áuk-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA)" title="မြေဖြူယုဂ် (ခရီတေးရှတ်ယုဂ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေဖြူယုဂ် (ခရီတေးရှတ်ယုဂ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krijt_(periode)" title="Krijt (periode) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krijt (periode)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="खरीढुङ्गा युग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खरीढुङ्गा युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%9C%E7%B4%80" title="白亜紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白亜紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritj_(Geologii)" title="Kritj (Geologii) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kritj (Geologii)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritt_(geologi)" title="Kritt (geologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kritt (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krittida" title="Krittida – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krittida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretac%C3%A8u" title="Cretacèu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cretacèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CA%BBr_davri" title="Boʻr davri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boʻr davri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کریٹیشیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کریٹیشیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%BC%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کرېټیسوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کرېټیسوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretass" title="Cretass – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cretass" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kried_(Geologie)" title="Kried (Geologie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kried (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreda_(okres)" title="Kreda (okres) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kreda (okres)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cret%C3%A1ceo" title="Cretáceo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cretáceo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretacic" title="Cretacic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cretacic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isku_Unaq" title="Isku Unaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Isku Unaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Меловой период – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Меловой период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cretaceous" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Cretaceous" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieda_(geochronologick%C3%A1_jednotka)" title="Krieda (geochronologická jednotka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krieda (geochronologická jednotka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreda" title="Kreda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kreda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurad_(da%27da)" title="Nuurad (da'da) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nuurad (da'da)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Креда (периода) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Креда (периода)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreda_(period)" title="Kreda (period) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kreda (period)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapur_(period%C3%A9)" title="Kapur (periodé) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kapur (periodé)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liitukausi" title="Liitukausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liitukausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krita_(geologisk_period)" title="Krita (geologisk period) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krita (geologisk period)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretasiko" title="Kretasiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kretasiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரீத்தேசியக் காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரீத்தேசியக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Акбур чоры – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Акбур чоры" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA" title="ยุคครีเทเชียส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคครีเทเชียส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretase" title="Kretase – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kretase" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Крейдовий період – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крейдовий період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کریٹیشیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کریٹیشیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B7_Ph%E1%BA%A5n_Tr%E1%BA%AFng" title="Kỷ Phấn Trắng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỷ Phấn Trắng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A0%8A%E7%B4%80" title="白堊紀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="白堊紀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cretaceous" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白垩纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cgb%C3%A0_%E1%BA%B8l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81fun" title="Ìgbà Ẹlẹ́fun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìgbà Ẹlẹ́fun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A0%8A%E7%B4%80" title="白堊紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白堊紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白垩纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44626#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_cliffs_of_dover_09_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/White_cliffs_of_dover_09_2004.jpg/250px-White_cliffs_of_dover_09_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/White_cliffs_of_dover_09_2004.jpg/375px-White_cliffs_of_dover_09_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/White_cliffs_of_dover_09_2004.jpg/500px-White_cliffs_of_dover_09_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>White cliffs of <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, made of Jurassic and Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosasaur_skull.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mosasaur_skull.JPG/250px-Mosasaur_skull.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mosasaur_skull.JPG/375px-Mosasaur_skull.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mosasaur_skull.JPG/500px-Mosasaur_skull.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>The impressive skull of a <a href="/wiki/Mosasaur" title="Mosasaur">mosasaur</a>, a giant <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> of the Cretaceous.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Cretaceous</b> period is the ninth and longest period in the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> eon, lasting 80 million years from 145 to 65 million years ago (mya). It followed the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period, and is the third and last period of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> era. After it came the <a href="/wiki/Cainozoic" title="Cainozoic">Cainozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cretaceous period has just two very long <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" title="Epoch (geology)">epochs</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous" title="Upper Cretaceous">Upper Cretaceous</a> 100.5 million years ago (mya) to 65 mya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a> 145.5 mya to 100.5 mya.</li></ul> <p>The Lower Cretaceous at ~45 million years, is the longest epoch in the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eon" title="Eon">eon</a>. </p><p>Though famous for its land <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, the Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> rose much higher than today. <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> was partly covered by an epicontinental <a href="/wiki/Inland_sea" title="Inland sea">inland sea</a>, and half of <a href="/wiki/Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain">Britain</a> was under water. One account goes as follows: "During the Late Cretaceous (94–64 mya) sea level was up to 650 metres higher than at the start of the Albian, when it was perhaps about the same as it is today... The peak transgressions (sea levels) can be seen world-wide. There were rises of sea level of about 10–90 metres per m.y." <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Upper Cretaceous, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, was laid down in warm shallow seas. Chalk is 95% to 99% made up of <a href="/wiki/Coccolith" title="Coccolith">coccoliths</a>, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plates which tiny single-celled <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> (coccolithophorids) produce. At its end came the famous <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> strike which, with the <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> flood <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalts</a> spewed out in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>), ended so many of the dominant life-forms: see <a href="/wiki/K/T_extinction_event" title="K/T extinction event">K/T extinction event</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretaceous&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretaceous&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin, Harold 2006. <i>The Earth through time</i>. Wiley, Hoboken N.J. Chapters 13 & 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hancock J.M. & Kauffman E.G. 1979. <i>Journal of the Geological Society of London</i> <b>136</b>, 175/186. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.136.2.0175">[1]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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years)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(the last 2.588 million years)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (the last 11,650 years)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11,650 years ago–2.588 million years ago)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(2.588 million years ago–23.03</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Mya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya">mya</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.588–5.333 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.333–23.03 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Palaeogene" title="Palaeogene">Palaeogene <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(23.03 million years ago–66 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.03–33.9 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeocene" title="Palaeocene">Palaeocene (56.0–66.0 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic era<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(66 million years ago–251.902 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cretaceous <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(66 million years ago–145.0 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100.5 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100.5–145.0 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(145 million years ago–201.3 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145.0–163.5 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (163.5–174.1 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174.1–201.3 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(201.3–251.902 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Triassic">Late (201.3–237 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247.2 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Triassic">Early (247.2–251.902 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic era<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(251.902–541.0 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(251.902–298.9 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopingian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lopingian (not yet started)">Lopingian (251.902–259.8 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalupian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalupian (not yet started)">Guadalupian (259.8–272.3 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272.3–298.9 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(298.9–358.9 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian" title="Pennsylvanian">Pennsylvanian (298.9–323.2 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian">Mississippian (323.2–358.9 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(358.9–419.2 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Devonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Late Devonian (not yet started)">Late (358.9–382.7 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Devonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Devonian (not yet started)">Middle (382.7–393.3 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Devonian">Early (393.3–419.2 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(419.2–443.8 Mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pridoli_epoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pridoli epoch (not yet started)">Pridoli (419.2–423.0 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludlow_epoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludlow epoch (not yet started)">Ludlow (423.0–427.4 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_(Silurian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenlock (Silurian)">Wenlock (427.4–433.4 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Llandovery_epoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llandovery epoch (not yet started)">Llandovery (433.4–443.8 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(443.8–485.4 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Ordovician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Late Ordovician (not yet started)">Late (443.8–458.4 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Ordovician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Ordovician (not yet started)">Middle (458.4–470.0 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Ordovician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Ordovician (not yet started)">Early (470.0–485.4 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(485.4–541.0 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furongian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furongian (not yet started)">Furongian (485.4–497 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaolingian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miaolingian (not yet started)">Miaolingian (497–509 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian_Series_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambrian Series 2 (not yet started)">Series 2 (509–521 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terreneuvian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terreneuvian (not yet started)">Terreneuvian (521–541.0 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic eon<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(541.0 mya–2.5 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic era <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(541.0 mya–1 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (541.0–~635 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (~635–~720 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (~720 mya–1 Gya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic era <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Gya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Palaeoproterozoic" title="Palaeoproterozoic">Palaeoproterozoic era <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Gya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" class="mw-redirect" title="Archean">Archean eon <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eras" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeoarchean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeoarchean (not yet started)">Palaeoarchean (3.2–3.6 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" class="mw-redirect" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Gya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean eon <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tya_(unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tya (unit) (not yet started)">kya</a> = thousands years ago. <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a> = millions years ago. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Billion_years&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billion years (not yet started)">Gya</a> = billions years ago. <br /><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>,</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44626#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671803">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span title="Crétacé" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975339c">France</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="Crétacé" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975339c">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4135819-3">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560660205171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="Paleontology--Cretaceous" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85097127">United 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