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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Bernard Ades</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernard_Ades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders photo of Bernard Ades" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/Bernard_Ades.jpg/220px-Bernard_Ades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/Bernard_Ades.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="360" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ades in 1933</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1903-07-03</span>)</span>July 3, 1903<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 27, 1986<span style="display:none">(1986-05-27)</span> (aged 82)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Lawyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Ethel Hechler <br /> Dora Rubinfine Ziebel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military Career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_International_Brigades.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emblem_of_the_International_Brigades.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_International_Brigades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emblem_of_the_International_Brigades.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_International_Brigades.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emblem_of_the_International_Brigades.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_International_Brigades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">First Lieutenant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/XV_International_Brigade" title="XV International Brigade">The "Abraham Lincoln" XV International Brigade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bernard Ades</b> (July 3, 1903 – May 27, 1986) was an American <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> who is most known for his defense of Euel Lee, an <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> accused of murdering a white family in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in 1931. During a murder trial which was still heavily influenced by "<a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a>" laws, Ades set precedents that allowed a <a href="/wiki/Change_of_venue" title="Change of venue">change of venue</a> outside a highly prejudiced environment, and he fought for the right to have African Americans serve on jury panels. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Ades&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bernard Ades was born in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, the second child of Harry and Fanny Levine Ades. His father, a Russian born and devout traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a>, moved to <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> and started an umbrella manufacturing business with his brother, Simon Ades.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would later be of significance during the <a href="/wiki/McCarthy_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarthy Era">McCarthy Era</a> when Bernard Ades would be put under special surveillance for his ties to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and his Communist beliefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Ades&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ades graduated from <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_City_College" title="Baltimore City College">Baltimore City College</a> (a secondary school). Afterward, he attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland Law School">University of Maryland Law School</a> for his LLB and later earned a bachelor's degree in economics at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Ades&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Ades&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ades was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a> which influenced the types of legal cases he took. For the Euel Lee, “Orphan Jones” Case in 1931, Ades was employed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Defense" title="International Labor Defense">International Labor Defense</a> (affiliated with the Communist Party) in a campaign against <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a>. Among others he represented Euel Lee (aka Orphan Jones) whose capital case captured national attention. </p><p>Euel Lee, an African American farmhand, was accused of murdering a white family of four for refusing to pay his full wages. The case took place in the Eastern Shore of Maryland, still heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow Laws">Jim Crow Laws</a> with <a href="/wiki/Institutionalized_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutionalized discrimination">institutionalized discrimination</a>. The tactics that Ades used to ensure a fair trial brought him infamy in Maryland and resulted in one instance of being mobbed and beaten.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Ades won his client a change of venue, two new trials and the right to have African Americans on jury panels,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ades lost the trial and Lee was soon after executed by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a> on October 28, 1933. However, his defense of Lee set precedents that would be used throughout the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fight ensued over the body where Ades demanded the right to bury Euel Lee in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> as he was granted the right to his client's body in Lee's <a href="/wiki/Last_will_and_testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Last will and testament">last will and testament</a>. Fearing riots and further racial unrest, Ades was denied the right to bury the body in New York and is currently interred in an unmarked grave in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, Maryland">Brooklyn, Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charges of unprofessional conduct were lodged in Maryland and before the US <a href="/wiki/Bar_association" title="Bar association">Bar</a> for his handling of the case, and the ensuing social unrest which the coverage of the case caused.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ades were defended by Charles Houston of <a href="/wiki/Howard_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard University Law School">Howard University Law School</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">“Young Thurgood” Marshall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>. This also set a precedent as the first case of a white man being defended in court by an African American.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The Maryland Bar publicly reprimanded Ades for his conduct while also praising his defense of Lee: "It does not seem to the court that the extreme punishment of disbarment should be inflicted. Much that *482 is blameworthy in the respondent's conduct carries its own antidote, for no one can succeed at the bar who comports himself as he has done. Taking into consideration the unquestioned service rendered in the Lee case, the injuries which the respondent suffered at the hands of lawless men while acting as counsel in that case, and the fact that he has already suffered a suspension from the bar of this court for approximately five months, it is believed that a public reprimand will suffice. This will be the judgment of the court." (RE Ades Court Case) </p><p>Re Ades sets the precedent that organizations could provide counsel to individuals, thus setting up the later defense for the NAACP in the school desegregation cases of the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brief_political_aspirations">Brief political aspirations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Ades&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brief political aspirations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934 Ades ran for Governor of Maryland on the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Maryland" title="Communist Party of Maryland">Communist Party</a> ticket and received less than 8,000 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the support of the African American community,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he lost by a significant margin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_volunteer">Military volunteer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Ades&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military volunteer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 20, 1937 Ades sailed to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/SS_%C3%8Ele_de_France" title="SS Île de France">SS Île de France</a></i> to join in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Loyalists</a>. Later he was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a> and served as Company <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">Commissar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Brigade">Lincoln Brigade</a> which was part of a volunteer based military organization known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> who were dedicated to fighting <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. He fought in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Brunete" title="Brunete">Brunete</a>, Villanueva, Pardillo and at Fuentes de Ebro. He returned to the United States on September 30, 1937 aboard the <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Normandie" title="SS Normandie">SS Normandie</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Ades&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After returning to the United States, Ades was employed as an auditor with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Housing Authority">Federal Housing Authority</a> by 1940. Following his exposure by <a href="/wiki/Congressman" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressman">Congressman</a> Del’Assandro of Baltimore for being a Communist, he was forced to resign in 1941 and was placed on <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>’s list for security detention in case of war. </p><p>In 1941 New York State certified Ades as a Public Accountant<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he practiced out of offices at 505 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY. His clients included <i>Our World</i> magazine (published by his best friend <a href="/wiki/John_P._Davis" title="John P. Davis">John P. Davis</a>), <a href="/wiki/United_Electrical_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Electrical Workers">United Electrical Workers</a>, the American Soviet Trading Organization (AMTORG), and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the United States of America">Communist Party of the United States of America</a> as well as a slew of smaller left wing organizations. </p><p>Active in the Bronx Reform Democrats Ades served as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Constitutional Convention">New York State Constitutional Convention</a>. He opposed the war in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, participated in the marches on Washington against it and helped start the <a href="/wiki/Dump_Johnson_movement" title="Dump Johnson movement">Dump Johnson movement</a> in the Bronx. </p><p>In 1940, the FBI began their surveillance of Ades which only ceased when he entered Isabella House, a nursing home, in 1979. He died there and was buried in Baltimore Hebrew Congregation Cemetery, 2100 Belair Road, Maryland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal">Personal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Ades&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early marriage was dissolved by divorce. In 1935 Ades married Mary Ethel Hechler, also a Communist Party devotee and had two daughters, Janet and Judith. Widowed in 1959 he married Dora Rubinfine Ziebel who predeceased him by four years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentary">Documentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Ades&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Documentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“Red Father” is a documentary directed by <a href="/wiki/Tova_Beck-Friedman" title="Tova Beck-Friedman">Tova Beck-Friedman</a> which explores the life of Ades through the eyes of his daughter Janet. She admires his wisdom, his generosity and his world outlook, and though as a child she thought him larger than life, as an adult she questions his ideology, its implementation and her father's <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> involvement. Throughout his trial and later tribulations, Ades remained true to his ideals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Ades&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1990" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Jacob Rader (January 1, 1990). <i>United States Jewry, 1776-1985</i> (1st ed.). Wayne State University Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814321867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814321867"><bdi>978-0814321867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Jewry%2C+1776-1985&rft.pages=102&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0814321867&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Rader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Ades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/bernard-ades">"Bernard Ades"</a>. <i>www.alba-valb.org</i>. The Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alba-valb.org&rft.atitle=Bernard+Ades&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alba-valb.org%2Fvolunteers%2Fbernard-ades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Ades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Governor's Aid Sought in Case of Orphan Jones". The Afro American. 7 November 1931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Governor Will "Wash Hands" in Murder Case". The Afro American. November 14th, 1931. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Guard Lee Judges After 'Crank's' Note". <i>The Sunday Morning Star</i>. 24 Jan 2934. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José F. (2009). "Freedom of Association, the Communist Party, and the Hollywood Ten: The Forgotten First Amendment Legacy of Charles Hamilton Houston".McGeorge Law Review 40 (25): 25–54. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Joseph E. (7 Nov 2011). Murder on Maryland's Eastern Shore: Race, Politics and the Case of Orphan Jones. The History Press. pp. 160, 202–204.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614230953" title="Special:BookSources/9781614230953">9781614230953</a>. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthews, Ralph (December 15, 1934). "Watching the Big Parade". The Afro American. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burghardt Du Bois, William Edward (1973). The Correspondence of W. E. B. Du Bois: Selections, 1877-1934. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 39. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558491038" title="Special:BookSources/9781558491038">9781558491038</a>. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bernard Ades Promises Something". The Afro American. 13 October 1934. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bernard Ades to Speak at Forum" (November 24, 1934). <i>Baltimore Afro-American</i>. Retrieved 1 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111204110/http://edit.alba-valb.org/volunteers/bernard-ades">"Bernard Ades"</a>. <i>The Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives</i>. Plone CMS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edit.alba-valb.org/volunteers/bernard-ades">the original</a> on 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Abraham+Lincoln+Brigade+Archives&rft.atitle=Bernard+Ades&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedit.alba-valb.org%2Fvolunteers%2Fbernard-ades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Ades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Joseph Felipe (2009). "Freedom of Association, the Communist Party, and the Hollywood Ten: The Forgotten First Amendment Legacy of Charles Hamilton Houston". <i>McGeorge Law Review</i>. <b>40</b>: 25–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McGeorge+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+Association%2C+the+Communist+Party%2C+and+the+Hollywood+Ten%3A+The+Forgotten+First+Amendment+Legacy+of+Charles+Hamilton+Houston&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=25-39&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Felipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernard+Ades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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