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href="#Domain_name_disputes_under_new_generic_top-level_domains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Domain name disputes under new generic top-level domains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domain_name_disputes_under_new_generic_top-level_domains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDRP" title="UDRP – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="UDRP" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDRP" title="UDRP – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="UDRP" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDRP" title="UDRP – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="UDRP" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDRP" title="UDRP – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="UDRP" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDRP" title="UDRP – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="UDRP" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy" title="Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%BC%EB%8F%84%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84%EB%B6%84%EC%9F%81%ED%95%B4%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85" title="통일도메인이름분쟁해결정책 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통일도메인이름분쟁해결정책" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E5%90%8D%E7%B4%9B%E4%BA%89%E5%87%A6%E7%90%86%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="統一ドメイン名紛争処理方針 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統一ドメイン名紛争処理方針" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDRP" title="UDRP – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="UDRP" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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<b>Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy</b> (<b>UDRP</b>) is a process established by the <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a> for the resolution of disputes regarding the registration of internet <a href="/wiki/Domain_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">domain names</a>. The UDRP currently applies to all generic top level domains (.com, .net, .org, etc.), some country code <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domains</a>, and to all new generic top-level domains (.xyz, .online, .top, etc.). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When ICANN was first set up, one of the core tasks assigned to it was "The Trademark Dilemma",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the use of trade marks as domain names without the trademark owner's consent. By the late 1990s, such use was identified as problematic and likely to lead to consumers being misled. In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a> described such domain names as "an instrument of fraud".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first steps was that Member States commissioned the United Nations <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO) to produce a report on the tension between <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain names</a>. Published on 30 April 1999, the WIPO Report recommended the establishment of a "mandatory administrative procedure concerning <b>abusive registrations</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would allow for a "neutral venue in the context of disputes that are often international in nature." The procedure was not intended to deal with cases with competing rights, nor would it exclude the jurisdiction of the courts. It would, however, be mandatory in the sense that "each domain name application would, in the domain name agreement, be required to submit to the procedure if a claim was initiated against it by a third party.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WIPO Report also set out the current <a href="#Process">three-stage test</a> of the UDRP. </p><p>At its meetings on August 25 and 26, 1999 in Santiago, Chile, the ICANN Board of Directors adopted the UDRP Policy,<sup id="cite_ref-ICANN_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICANN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the recommendations contained in the Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as comments submitted by registrars and other interested parties.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 24, 1999, the ICANN Board adopted a set of Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the UDRP Rules<sup id="cite_ref-icann.org_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icann.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) setting out the procedures and other requirements for each stage of the dispute resolution administrative procedure. The procedure is administered by dispute resolution service providers accredited by ICANN. </p><p>Following adoption by ICANN, the UDRP was launched on 1 December 1999, and the first case determined under it by WIPO was <i>World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc v. Michael Bosman</i>, involving the domain name worldwrestlingfederation.com.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then WIPO provides a globally-used Jurisprudential Overview to summarize case law on a range of common and important substantive and procedural issues under the UDRP.<sup id="cite_ref-WIPO_Panel_Overview_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIPO_Panel_Overview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The policy has been adopted by all ICANN-accredited <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registrar" title="Domain name registrar">registrars</a>. It has also been adopted by certain managers of <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">country-code top-level domains</a> (e.g., .nu, .tv, .ws). </p><p>The policy is then applicable due to the contract between the registrar (or other registration authority in the case of a country-code top-level domain) and its customer (the domain-name holder or registrant). When a registrant chooses a domain name, the registrant must "represent and warrant", among other things, that registering the domain name "will not infringe upon or otherwise violate the rights of any third party", and agree to participate in an <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a>-like proceeding should any third party assert such a claim.<sup id="cite_ref-ICANN_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICANN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The policy itself sets forth the terms and conditions in connection with a dispute between the registrant and any party (other than the registrar) over the registration and use of the Internet domain name registered by the registrant.<sup id="cite_ref-ICANN_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICANN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In case of a dispute, the complainant shall select one of the administrative-dispute-resolution service providers from among those approved by ICANN by submitting the complaint to that Provider. The selected Provider will administer the proceeding. Proceedings under this Policy will be conducted according to the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy,<sup id="cite_ref-icann.org_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icann.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the selected administrative-dispute-resolution service provider's supplemental rules.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Providers of the UDRP are: </p> <ul><li>The Arab Center for Dispute Resolution (ACDR)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Centre (ADNDRC)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Canadian International Internet Dispute Resolution Centre (CIIDRC)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Czech Arbitration Court, Arbitration Center for Internet Disputes<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(alternative_dispute_resolution)" title="Forum (alternative dispute resolution)">National Arbitration Forum</a> (NAF)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A complainant in a UDRP proceeding must establish three elements to succeed: </p> <ul><li>The domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> or <a href="/wiki/Service_mark" title="Service mark">service mark</a> in which the complainant has rights;</li> <li>The registrant does not have any rights or legitimate interests in the domain name; and</li> <li>The domain name has been registered and the domain name is being used in "<a href="/wiki/Bad_faith" title="Bad faith">bad faith</a>".</li></ul> <p>In a UDRP proceeding, a panel will consider several non-exclusive factors to assess bad faith, such as: </p> <ul><li>Whether the registrant registered the domain name primarily for the purpose of selling, renting, or otherwise transferring the domain name registration to the complainant who is the owner of the trademark or service mark;</li> <li>Whether the registrant registered the domain name to prevent the owner of the trademark or service mark from reflecting the mark in a corresponding domain name, if the domain name owner has engaged in a pattern of such conduct; and</li> <li>Whether the registrant registered the domain name primarily for the purpose of disrupting the business of a competitor; or</li> <li>Whether by using the domain name, the registrant has intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain, internet users to the registrant's website, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the complainant's mark.</li></ul> <p>The goal of the UDRP is to create a streamlined process for resolving such disputes. It was envisioned that this process would be quicker and less expensive than a standard legal challenge in a national or foreign court. In addition, the procedures are more informal than litigation and the decision-makers are experts in such areas as international trademark law, domain name issues, electronic commerce, the Internet and dispute resolution. It is also international in scope: it provides a single mechanism for resolving a domain name dispute regardless of where the registrar or the domain name holder or the complainant are located. </p><p>In order to file a UDRP complaint with a UDRP provider, the costs often start around <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,000 to $2,000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costs of the case will depend on the number of domain names involved and whether the case is decided by a single or by 3 panelists. For example, a case handled by the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, involving between 6 and 10 domain names and decided by 3 panelists would cost <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a> 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those fees do not include any payment that might have to be made to a lawyer representing a party in the administrative proceeding. Fees are available in Providers supplemental rules.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to assist parties in filing their pleadings, WIPO provides a guide of case law called the WIPO Overview; this resource summarizes almost 1,000 UDRP decisions from hundreds of expert panelists.<sup id="cite_ref-WIPO_Panel_Overview_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIPO_Panel_Overview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a party loses a UDRP proceeding, in many jurisdictions they may still bring a lawsuit against the domain name registrant under local law. For example, the administrative panel's UDRP decision can be challenged and in effect “overturned” in a U.S. court of law by means of e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Anticybersquatting_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act">Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act</a>. If a domain name registrant loses a UDRP proceeding, they can file a lawsuit against the trademark holder within ten business days to prevent a registrar from transferring the domain name in the relevant jurisdiction (either the location of the registrar's principal office or the registrant's location).<sup id="cite_ref-ICANN_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICANN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UDRP process has been used in a number of well-known cases. </p><p>In the <i>Madonna Ciccone, p/k/a Madonna v. Dan Parisi and "Madonna.com"</i> case (2000), the panel found against the defendant registrant based on all three of the above factors and ordered the domain name turned over to <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sumner_p/k/a_Sting_v_Michael_Urvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Sumner p/k/a Sting v Michael Urvan">Gordon Sumner p/k/a Sting v Michael Urvan</a></i> on the same year, American gamer Michael Urvan retained the right to domain name "sting.com" against the complaint of <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a>, since the panel found that 'sting' was a common dictionary word, it was not registered as a trademark, and that Urvan was using the name in <a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">good faith</a> rather than holding it to ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-sting_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sting-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Richard MacLeod d/b/a For Sale</i> case (2000),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the decision describes the practice of <a href="/wiki/Cybersquatting" title="Cybersquatting">cybersquatting</a>. The UDRP was adopted to prevent such behavior where a domain name registrant tries to extort money from trademark owners. In this case, the expert found that the evidence showed the registrant was not using the domain name “wal-martsucks.com” for a criticism site but instead try to get a payout from <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>. </p><p>The <i>Oki Data Americas, Inc. v. ASD, Inc.</i> case (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the most cited<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>" decisions under the UDRP, it raises the question of whether an authorized (and non-authorized) sales or service agent of trademarked goods can use the trademark in a domain name. </p><p><i>The Commissioners for HM Revenue and Customs v. Adil Khasanov</i> case (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides an example of the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Covid-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Covid-19">Covid-19</a> crisis in the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a>, and the increasing number of fraudulent domain name registrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domain_name_disputes_under_new_generic_top-level_domains">Domain name disputes under new generic top-level domains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domain name disputes under new generic top-level domains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, ICANN launched a process to create <a href="/wiki/.events" class="mw-redirect" title=".events">new generic top-level domains</a> (gTLDs). Over 1,900 applications were made.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the expansion of the domain name system, ICANN introduced a number of new brand protection mechanisms. Opinions differ as to whether or not these new processes will be effective. Industry commentators predict that the UDRP will continue to be used, and that there will be a "substantial increase in <a href="/wiki/Cybersquatting" title="Cybersquatting">cybersquatting</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence from previous expansions of the namespace, however, indicates the continued dominance of .com both in size and as the first-choice domain for cybersquatting (based on number of disputes).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center was appointed by ICANN as the exclusive provider of dispute resolution services for trademark based "pre-delegation" Legal Rights Objections (LRO) under ICANN New gTLD Program.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WIPO Center 2013 Report provides a resume and analysis in relation to the Legal Rights Objection (LRO) procedure where trademark owners could object to a new gTLD application they worried might infringe their rights.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersquatting" title="Cybersquatting">Cybersquatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">Top-level domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typosquatting" title="Typosquatting">Typosquatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_domain_hijacking" title="Reverse domain hijacking">Reverse domain hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/white-paper-2012-02-25-en">"Management of Internet Names and Addresses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> – via <a href="/wiki/ICANN.org" class="mw-redirect" title="ICANN.org">ICANN.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Management+of+Internet+Names+and+Addresses&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Commerce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Funthemed-pages%2Fwhite-paper-2012-02-25-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Telecommunications plc v One in a Million Ltd [1999] 1 WLR 903, <a href="/wiki/Aldous_LJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldous LJ">Aldous LJ</a> at 920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/amc/en/docs/report-final1.pdf">"The Management of Internet Names and Addresses: Intellectual Property Issues, 30 April 1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Management+of+Internet+Names+and+Addresses%3A+Intellectual+Property+Issues%2C+30+April+1999.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Famc%2Fen%2Fdocs%2Freport-final1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/processes/process1/report/finalreport.html">"WIPO Internet Domain Name Process"</a>. <i>www.wipo.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=WIPO+Internet+Domain+Name+Process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Famc%2Fen%2Fprocesses%2Fprocess1%2Freport%2Ffinalreport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICANN-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICANN_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICANN_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICANN_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICANN_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/policy-2012-02-25-en">"Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy"</a>. <i>ICANN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=Uniform+Domain+Name+Dispute+Resolution+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Fpages%2Fpolicy-2012-02-25-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/amc/en/docs/report-final1.pdf">"Final Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>WIPO</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=Final+Report+of+the+WIPO+Internet+Domain+Name+Process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Famc%2Fen%2Fdocs%2Freport-final1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/guide/#b3">"WIPO Guide to the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP)"</a>. <i>WIPO</i>.</cite><span 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Retrieved on 2014-04-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIPO_Panel_Overview-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WIPO_Panel_Overview_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIPO_Panel_Overview_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/search/overview3.0/">"WIPO Overview of WIPO Panel Views on Selected UDRP Questions, Third Edition ("WIPO Jurisprudential Overview 3.0")"</a>. 2017.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acdr.aipmas.org&rft.atitle=Arab+Center+for+Dispute+Resolution%28ACDR%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facdr.aipmas.org%2Fdefault.aspx%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adndrc.org">"Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Centre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+Domain+Name+Dispute+Resolution+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adndrc.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciidrc.org">"Canadian International Internet Dispute Resolution Center"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+International+Internet+Dispute+Resolution+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciidrc.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=WIPO+Portal+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fportal%2Findex.html.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internic.net/faqs/udrp.html"><i>InterNIC | FAQs on the UDRP</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-09</span></span></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=25+Most+Cited+Decisions+in+Complaint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Famc%2Fen%2Fdomains%2Fstatistics%2Fcases_cited.jsp%3Fparty%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/text/2020/d2020-1074.html">"WIPO Administrative Panel Decision: D2020-1074"</a>. <i>www.wipo.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=WIPO+Administrative+Panel+Decision%3A+D2020-1074&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Famc%2Fen%2Fdomains%2Fdecisions%2Ftext%2F2020%2Fd2020-1074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/about/program">"New Generic Top-Level Domain Program History"</a>. <i>ICANN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=New+Generic+Top-Level+Domain+Program+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewgtlds.icann.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fprogram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2013" class="citation web cs1">O'Toole, Thomas (January 2, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605073518/http://www.bna.com/cyberlaw-predictions-2013-b17179871639/">"Cyberlaw Predictions 2013"</a>. <i>Bloomberg BNA</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bna.com/cyberlaw-predictions-2013-b17179871639/">the original</a> on 2013-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BNA&rft.atitle=Cyberlaw+Predictions+2013&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bna.com%2Fcyberlaw-predictions-2013-b17179871639%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130108093055/http://www.emilytaylor.eu/2013/01/online-brand-protection-what-to-expect.html">"Online brand protection, what to expect in 2013"</a>. <i>Emily Taylor — Internet Law and Governance</i>. January 4, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emilytaylor.eu/2013/01/online-brand-protection-what-to-expect.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-08. <q>Previous expansions of the namespace have failed to capture the public imagination or to pose a competitive threat to the gorilla in the market, .com. According to WIPO, of 42,000 UDRP filings to date, 80% were for .com domains, and of the new gTLDs, only .info has attracted any volume of UDRP disputes (3% of cases filed)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emily+Taylor+%E2%80%94+Internet+Law+and+Governance&rft.atitle=Online+brand+protection%2C+what+to+expect+in+2013&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emilytaylor.eu%2F2013%2F01%2Fonline-brand-protection-what-to-expect.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/lro/">"Legal Rights Objections under ICANN's New gTLD Program"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=Legal+Rights+Objections+under+ICANN%27s+New+gTLD+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Famc%2Fen%2Fdomains%2Flro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/amc/en/docs/lroreport.pdf">"WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center End Report on Legal Rights Objection Procedure 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WIPO+Arbitration+and+Mediation+Center+End+Report+on+Legal+Rights+Objection+Procedure+2013&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Famc%2Fen%2Fdocs%2Flroreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Domain-Name+Dispute-Resolution+Policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/udrp/udrp.htm">ICANN Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/udrp/proceedings-list-name.htm">All cases by name, at ICANN site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/udrp/proceedings-list.htm">All cases by date, at ICANN site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciidrc.org/domain-name-disputes/ciidrc-decisions/">Cases decided through CIIDRC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetlibrary.com/topics/domain_name.cfm">Internet Library of Law and Court Decisions</a> Analysis of over 80 Court Decisions and UDRP Proceedings Resolving Domain Name Disputes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eudrp.com/">Uniform Domain Name Resolution Policy decisions EUDRP</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arbiter.wipo.int/domains/decisions/">Cases decided through WIPO (searchable)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arbforum.com/domains/decisions.asp">Cases decided through National Arbitration Forum (searchable)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514064829/http://www.adr-decisions.eu/">Full text search tool for UDRP decisions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trademark_law245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trademark_law" title="Template:Trademark law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trademark_law" title="Template talk:Trademark law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trademark_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trademark law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trademark_law245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_distinctiveness" title="Trademark distinctiveness">Distinctiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_dilution" title="Trademark dilution">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">Generic trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_off" title="Passing off">Passing off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_use_registration" title="Concurrent use registration">Concurrent use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_right" title="Priority right">Priority right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_mark_coexistence_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade mark coexistence agreement">Coexistence agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusing_similarity" title="Confusing similarity">Confusing similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionality_doctrine" title="Functionality doctrine">Functionality doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_interest_confusion" title="Initial interest confusion">Initial interest confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Rose_%E2%80%93_Rectanus_doctrine" title="Tea Rose – Rectanus doctrine">Good faith doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use_(U.S._trademark_law)" title="Fair use (U.S. trademark law)">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_liability" title="Secondary liability">Secondary liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_use" title="Nominative use">Nominative use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparagement" title="Disparagement">Disparagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_parasitism" title="Reputation parasitism">Reputation parasitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersquatting" title="Cybersquatting">Cybersquatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_import" title="Parallel import">Parallel import</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark#Well-known_status" title="Trademark">Well-known trademark</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="The word "R" within a circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RegisteredTM.svg/50px-RegisteredTM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RegisteredTM.svg/75px-RegisteredTM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RegisteredTM.svg/100px-RegisteredTM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid Agreement">Madrid Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol" title="Madrid Protocol">Madrid Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">TRIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Treaty_on_the_Law_of_Trademarks" title="Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks">Singapore Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Trade_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Trade Mark">Community Trade Mark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_trade_mark_law" title="Australian trade mark law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_trademark_law" title="Canadian trademark law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_law_of_China" title="Trademark law of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_mark_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Trade mark law of the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_trademark_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong trademark law">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_trademark_law" title="Indian trademark law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_trademark_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irish trademark law (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_trademark_law" title="Japanese trademark law">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_Law_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Trademark Law of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_trademark_law" title="Philippine trademark law">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_trade_mark_law" title="United Kingdom trade mark law">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_trademark_law" title="United States trademark law">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trademark_classification" title="Trademark classification">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_(Nice)_Classification_of_Goods_and_Services" title="International (Nice) Classification of Goods and Services">Standard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered trademark">Registered trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_mark" title="Service mark">Service mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unregistered_trademark" title="Unregistered trademark">Unregistered trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordmark" title="Wordmark">Wordmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certification_mark" title="Certification mark">Certification marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_mark" title="Chartered mark">Chartered marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective trademark">Collective trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive trademark">Defensive trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_registration_mark" title="Electronic registration mark">Electronic registration marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces" title="Intellectual property protection of typefaces">Font trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_mark" title="Ghost mark">Ghost marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">Protected designation of origin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-conventional_trademark" title="Non-conventional trademark">Non-conventional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_trade_mark" title="Colour trade mark">Colour trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram_trademark" title="Hologram trademark">Hologram trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion trademark">Motion trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scent_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent trademark">Scent trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_trademark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shape trademark (page does not exist)">Shape trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_trademark" title="Sound trademark">Sound trademarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Logo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trademark_Association" title="International Trademark Association">International Trademark Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Intellectual_Property_Office" title="European Union Intellectual Property Office">EUIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" 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symbol">Unregistered trademark symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budweiser_trademark_dispute" title="Budweiser trademark dispute">Budweiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian%E2%80%93Mozilla_trademark_dispute" title="Debian–Mozilla trademark dispute">Debian–Mozilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolichnaya_trademark_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolichnaya trademark dispute">Stolichnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugg_boots_trademark_dispute" title="Ugg boots trademark dispute">Ugg boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins_trademark_dispute" title="Washington Redskins trademark dispute">Washington Redskins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_attorney" title="Trademark attorney">Trademark attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_examiner" title="Trademark examiner">Trademark examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_infringement" title="Trademark infringement">Trademark infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_share" title="Trademark share">Trademark share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_troll" title="Trademark troll">Trademark troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trademark_Review" title="World Trademark Review">World Trademark Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trademark_law" title="Category:Trademark law">Category:Trademark law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trademark_case_law" title="List of trademark case law">Case laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" 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