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gossypii</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: aphis gossypii"> <meta name="keywords" content="aphis gossypii"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="aphis gossypii"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 14</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: aphis gossypii</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> The Effect of Different Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Varieties on Growth and Development Time of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rochelyn%20Dona">Rochelyn Dona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20F.%20Nur"> Mohamed F. Nur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serdar%20Satar"> Serdar Satar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The biological response of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom. Aphididae) was investigated on the effects of seven cucumber varieties (Cucumis sativus L.) such as Kitir, Muhika, Ayda, Beit, 14-F1, Ruzgar, and Ptk in the laboratory condition at 24±1°C, 65±5% relative humidity (RH) and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hour. The results were related that the developmental time of A. gossypii at the nymphal stages was presented a significant difference only on the first instar stage. From the lowest to the highest respectively, 0.98 days on ruzgar to 1.18 days on Kitir, the second nymphal stage 0.98 days to Beit alfa, 1.08 days on Muhika, the third from 0.94 days to Kitir, from 1.16 days to 14-F1, and the last instar 1.22 days on Ptk, 1.48 days on Kitir were investigated. The total development time was evaluated at 4.46 days Beit on alfa 4.72 days on Kitir. The offspring number was 60.42 aphids on ayda and 83.72 aphids on muhika, the significant differences between varieties were based on one-way ANOVA (Tukey test). The lifetime of A. gossypii was recorded 19.10 days on Kitir, 27.64 days on Ptk. The results showed that cucumber cultivars were affected by the biological life of A. gossypii. The combination of this study with the other methods of the IPM tactics can serve as the best strategy for controlling this pest on cucumber varieties into the greenhouse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucumber%20cultivars" title="cucumber cultivars">cucumber cultivars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fecundity" title=" fecundity"> fecundity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrinsic%20rate" title=" intrinsic rate"> intrinsic rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140349/the-effect-of-different-cucumber-cucumis-sativus-l-varieties-on-growth-and-development-time-of-aphis-gossypii-glover-hemiptera-aphididae" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140349.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Persistent Toxicity of Imidacloprid to Aphis gossypii Glover and Amarasca biguttula biguttula Ishida on Okra</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Pawar">M. A. Pawar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20S.%20Patil"> C. S. Patil </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Investigations were carried out to evaluate the persistent toxicity of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dimethoate to Aphis gossypii and Amrasca biguttula biguttula under laboratory condition during 2012. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications in the glass house of department of Entomology M. P. K. V. Rahuri. Okra plants were raised in glass house following all recommended agronomic practices. The 21 days old plants were used for assessing the effect of insecticides on aphids and jassids. The insecticides were diluted with distilled water to make desired concentrations and used for foliar application. The insecticides included in the study were imidacloprid 17.8 SL, imidacloprid 70 WG, thiamethoxam 25 WG and dimethoate 30 EC. Untreated check was maintained by spraying with distilled water. The mortality of aphids and jassids on treated leaf were recorded at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, and 25 days after spray till zero per cent mortality observed for each treatment. Treated leaves from the glasshouse were brought to laboratory and were put in tube with moist cotton swab at the bottom of leaf and sucking apparatus was fit to the tube. Ten jassids were sucked in each tube from the plants in the field. Evaluated insecticides differed in their persistence and index of persistence toxicity against both insects of different treatments. Recommended dose of imidacloprid (25 g a.i/ha) persisted for 21 days against both aphids and jassids. However dimethoate, a conventional insecticide persisted for 11 days. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amrasca%20biguttula%20biguttula" title="Amrasca biguttula biguttula">Amrasca biguttula biguttula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aphis%20gossypii" title=" Aphis gossypii"> Aphis gossypii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imidacloprid" title=" imidacloprid"> imidacloprid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persistent%20toxicity" title=" persistent toxicity"> persistent toxicity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78206/persistent-toxicity-of-imidacloprid-to-aphis-gossypii-glover-and-amarasca-biguttula-biguttula-ishida-on-okra" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78206.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Host Preference, Impact of Host Transfer and Insecticide Susceptibility among Aphis gossypii Group (Order: Hemiptera) in Jamaica</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Desireina%20Delancy">Desireina Delancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tannice%20Hall"> Tannice Hall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Garraway"> Eric Garraway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dwight%20Robinson"> Dwight Robinson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aphis gossypii, as a pest, directly damages its host plant by extracting phloem sap (sucking) and indirectly damages it by the transmission of viruses, ultimately affecting the yield of the host. Due to its polyphagous nature, this species affects a wide range of host plants, some of which may serve as a reservoir for colonisation of important crops. In Jamaica, there have been outbreaks of viral plant pathogens that were transmitted by Aphis gossypii. Three such examples are Citrus tristeza virus, the Watermelon mosaic virus, and Papaya ringspot virus. Aphis gossypii also heavily colonized economically significant host plants, including pepper, eggplant, watermelon, cucumber, and hibiscus. To facilitate integrated pest management, it is imperative to understand the biology of the aphid and its host preference. Preliminary work in Jamaica has indicated differences in biology and host preference, as well as host variety within the species. However, specific details of fecundity, colony growth, host preference, distribution, and insecticide resistance of Aphis gossypii were unknown to the best of our knowledge. The aim was to investigate the following in relation to Aphis gossypii: influence of the host plant on colonization, life span, fecundity, population size, and morphology; the impact of host transfer on fecundity and population size as a measure of host preference and host transfer success and susceptibility to four commonly used insecticides. Fecundity and colony size were documented daily from aphids acclimatized on Capsicum chinense Jacquin 1776, Cucumis sativus Linnaeus 1630, Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus 1751 and Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench 1794 for three generations. The same measures were used after third instar aphids were transferred among the hosts as a measure of suitability and success. Mortality, and fecundity of survivors, were determined after aphids were exposed to varying concentrations of Actara®, Diazinon™, Karate Zeon®, and Pegasus®. Host preference results indicated that, over a 24-day period, Aphis gossypii reached its largest colony size on G. hirsutum (x̄ 381.80), with January – February being the most fecund period. Host transfer experiments were all significantly different, with the most significant occurring between transfers from C. chinense to C. sativus (p < 0.05). Colony sizes were found to increase significantly every 5 days, which has implications for regimes implemented to monitor and evaluate plots. Insecticides ranked on lethality are Karate Zeon®> Actara®> Pegasus® > Diazinon™. The highest LC50 values were obtained for aphids on G. hirsutum and C. chinense was with Pegasus® and for those on C. sativus with Diazinon™. Survivors of insecticide treatments had colony sizes on average that were 98 % less than untreated aphids. Cotton was preferred both in the field and in the glasshouse. It is on cotton the aphids settled first, had the highest fecundity, and the lowest mortality. Cotton can serve as reservoir for (re)populating other cotton or different host species based on migration due to overcrowding, heavy showers, high wind, or ant attendance. Host transfer success between all three hosts is highly probable within an intercropping system. Survivors of insecticide treatments can successfully repopulate host plants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aphis%20gossypii" title="Aphis gossypii">Aphis gossypii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=host-plant%20preference" title=" host-plant preference"> host-plant preference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colonization%20sequence" title=" colonization sequence"> colonization sequence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=host%20transfers" title=" host transfers"> host transfers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecticide%20susceptibility" title=" insecticide susceptibility"> insecticide susceptibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162191/host-preference-impact-of-host-transfer-and-insecticide-susceptibility-among-aphis-gossypii-group-order-hemiptera-in-jamaica" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Predatory Potential of Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus on Different Prey Species</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adnan%20A.%20E.%20Darwish">Adnan A. E. Darwish</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The predatory potential and preference of both larvae and adult of seven-spot ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and the eleven-spot ladybird, Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman were investigated under laboratory conditions at varying prey densities at faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour university, Egypt. There were significant differences between the consumed numbers of the four different species by the two different lady beetle species. The most consumed prey by C. septempunctata was the A. gossypii followed by R. padi then M. persicae and finally T. tabaci and these results were repeated in case of C. undecimpunctata. As the grubs of C. septempunctata and C. undecimpunctata developed from 1st to 4th larval instars, the consumption rate from aphid species and thrips increased. The consumption rate of M. persicae, A. gossypii, R. padi and T. tabaci significantly increased with the advancement in the larval stage of the predator. The forth larval instar of C. septempunctata and C. undecimpunctata exhibited the highest predatory potential comparing to the first, second and third larval instars. The number of prey eaten by adult stage or different instars of larvae of the two predators increased significantly with prey density, reaching the maximum value when 150 preys were provided compared with 50 and 100 preys. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predatory%20potential" title="predatory potential">predatory potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coccinella%20septempunctata" title=" Coccinella septempunctata"> Coccinella septempunctata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coccinella%20undecimpunctata" title=" Coccinella undecimpunctata"> Coccinella undecimpunctata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thrips%20tabaci" title=" Thrips tabaci"> Thrips tabaci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Myzus%20persicae" title=" Myzus persicae"> Myzus persicae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aphis%20gossypii" title=" Aphis gossypii"> Aphis gossypii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rhopalosiphum%20padi" title=" Rhopalosiphum padi"> Rhopalosiphum padi</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90461/predatory-potential-of-coccinella-septempunctata-linnaeus-and-coccinella-undecimpunctata-linnaeus-on-different-prey-species" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90461.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus Thuringiensis Strain AH-2 Against Hemiptera Insects Pests: Aphis. Gossypii, and Lepidoptera Insect Pests: Plutella Xylostella and Hyphantria Cunea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajuna%20B.%20Henry">Ajuna B. Henry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent decades, climate change has demanded biological pesticides; more Bt strains are being discovered worldwide, some containing novel insecticidal genes while others have been modified through molecular approaches for increased yield, toxicity, and wider host target. In this study, B. thuringiensis strain AH-2 (Bt-2) was isolated from the soil and tested for insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Lepidoptera insect pests: fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). A commercial strain B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk), and a chemical pesticide, imidacloprid (for Hemiptera) and chlorantraniliprole (for Lepidoptera), were used as positive control and the same media (without bacterial inoculum) as a negative control. For aphidicidal activity, Bt-2 caused a mortality rate of 70.2%, 78.1% or 88.4% in third instar nymphs of A. gossypii (3N) at 10%, 25% or 50% culture concentrations, respectively. Moreover, Bt-2 was effectively produced in cost-effective (PB) supplemented with either glucose (PBG) or sucrose (PBS) and maintained high aphicidal efficacy with 3N mortality rates of 85.9%, 82.9% or 82.2% in TSB, PBG or PBS media, respectively at 50% culture concentration. Bt-2 also suppressed adult fecundity by 98.3% compared to only 65.8% suppression by Btk at similar concentrations but was slightly lower than chemical treatment, which caused 100% suppression. Partial purification of 60 – 80% (NH4)2SO4 fraction of Bt-2 aphicidal proteins purified on anion exchange (DEAE-FF) column revealed a 105 kDa aphicidal protein with LC50 = 55.0 ng/µℓ. For Lepidoptera pests, chemical pesticide, Bt-2, and Btk cultures, mortality of 86.7%, 60%, and 60% in 3rd instar larvae of P. xylostella, and 96.7%, 80.0%, and 93.3% in 6th instar larvae of H. cunea, after 72h of exposure. When the entomopathogenic strains were cultured in a cost-effective PBG or PBS, the insecticidal activity in all strains was not significantly different compared to the use of a commercial medium (TSB). Bt-2 caused a mortality rate of 60.0%, 63.3%, and 50.0% against P. xylostella larvae and 76.7%, 83.3%, and 73.3% against H. cunea when grown in TSB, PBG, and PBS media, respectively. Bt-2 (grown in cost-effective PBG medium) caused a dose-dependent toxicity of 26.7%, 40.0%, and 63.3% against P. xylostella and 46.7%, 53.3%, and 76.7% against H. cunea at 10%, 25% and 50% culture concentration, respectively. The partially purified Bt-2 insecticidal proteins fractions F1, F2, F3, and F4 (extracted at different ratios of organic solvent) caused low toxicity (50.0%, 40.0%, 36.7%, and 30.0%) against P. xylostella and relatively high toxicity (56.7%, 76.7%, 66.7%, and 63.3%) against H. cunea at 100 µg/g of artificial diets. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that a128kDa protein is associated with toxicity of Bt-2. Our result demonstrates a medium and strong larvicidal activity of Bt-2 against P. xylostella and H. cunea, respectively. Moreover, Bt-2 could be potentially produced using a cost-effective PBG medium which makes it an effective alternative biocontrol strategy to reduce chemical pesticide application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocontrol" title="biocontrol">biocontrol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insect%20pests" title=" insect pests"> insect pests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=larvae%2Fnymph%20mortality" title=" larvae/nymph mortality"> larvae/nymph mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost-effective%20media" title=" cost-effective media"> cost-effective media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aphis%20gossypii" title=" aphis gossypii"> aphis gossypii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plutella%20xylostella" title=" plutella xylostella"> plutella xylostella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyphantria%20cunea" title=" hyphantria cunea"> hyphantria cunea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacillus%20thuringiensi" title=" bacillus thuringiensi"> bacillus thuringiensi</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189820/insecticidal-activity-of-bacillus-thuringiensis-strain-ah-2-against-hemiptera-insects-pests-aphis-gossypii-and-lepidoptera-insect-pests-plutella-xylostella-and-hyphantria-cunea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189820.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">19</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Preliminary Prospecting on the Distribution of the Disease of Citrus Tristeza Orchards in the Province of Chlef</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Djelloul%20Berkane">Ibrahim Djelloul Berkane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A survey was conducted to assess the presence of the virus in Citrus tristeza one of the main citrus regions of Algeria, namely the Chlef region, using the technique of Direct Tissue Print Immunoprinting Assay (DTBIA) and the Double Sandwich ELISA antibodies. A nursery citrus, lumber yards, and commercial orchards, which are the main varieties cultivated citrus were subjected to samples collected samples for laboratory analysis. 0.91% of the plants tested orchards were infected with CTV, while no positive case was detected at the nursery the yard, however, it is reported that an alarming rate of 10,5% of orchards tested at the common Chettia were infected with tristeza virus. The investigation was launched to identify the vector species tristeza revealed the presence of a vector is important Aphis gossypii. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aphis" title="aphis">aphis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlef" title=" chlef"> chlef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrus" title=" citrus"> citrus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DAS-ELISA" title=" DAS-ELISA"> DAS-ELISA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DTBIA" title=" DTBIA"> DTBIA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tristeza" title=" tristeza"> tristeza</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56707/preliminary-prospecting-on-the-distribution-of-the-disease-of-citrus-tristeza-orchards-in-the-province-of-chlef" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56707.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Aromatogram Test to Control Aphis Fabae Using Essential Oils of Mentha rotundifolia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bouziane%20Zehaira">Bouziane Zehaira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Essential oils derived from aromatic or medicinal plants have recently proven useful in a variety of fields, including the production of medicines, perfumes and foodstuffs. The purpose of this research is to determine the insecticidal activity of essential oils extracted from Mentha rotundifolia species against Aphis fabae. The bioassay used to determine essential oils toxicity to pest insect Aphis fabae revealed a very high effective repellent. The effects with concentrations of 100% and 30% were found to be statistically significant (F=64.800, P<0.0001) with an average of 7.66 and 7, respectively. According to the findings, the plant under consideration is promising as a source of natural pesticides and lends itself well to research in the field of pest control using biochemical alternatives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pest" title="pest">pest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mentha" title=" mentha"> mentha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective" title=" effective"> effective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocontrol" title=" biocontrol"> biocontrol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repellent" title=" repellent"> repellent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193145/aromatogram-test-to-control-aphis-fabae-using-essential-oils-of-mentha-rotundifolia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193145.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">13</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Impact of a Biopesticide Formulated an Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium Anisopliae et Abstracts of Two Different Plants Sage (Salvia officinalis) and American Paper (Schinus molle) on Aphis Fabae (Homoptera - Aphididae)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hicham%20Abidallah">Hicham Abidallah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work we realized a formulation of an entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae with a dose of 1,7 x 105 spores/ml, and aqueous abstracts of two different plants sage (Salvia officinalis) and American paper (Schinus molle) with they’re full dose and half dose, on a black bean aphid populations (Aphis fabae) on a bean crop planted in pots at semi-controlled conditions. Five formulations were achieved (Met, Fd, F1/2d, Sd et S1/2d) and tested on six blocks each one contained six pots. This study revealed that four (04) formulations exercised an influence over black bean aphid (Met, Fd, F1/2d, Sd), of which Metarhizium marked the most elevated and aggressive toxicity with an efficiency of 99,24%, however, sage formulation with the half dose (S1/2d ) marked a weak toxicity with an efficiency of 18%. Test of Metarhizium anisopliae on bees didn’t show toxicity, and no mortality has been marked, and no trace of green Muscardine observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Metarhizium%20anisopliae" title="Metarhizium anisopliae">Metarhizium anisopliae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salvia%20officinalis" title=" salvia officinalis"> salvia officinalis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schinus%20molle" title=" Schinus molle"> Schinus molle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aphis%20fabae" title=" Aphis fabae"> Aphis fabae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency%20degree" title=" efficiency degree"> efficiency degree</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15071/impact-of-a-biopesticide-formulated-an-entomopathogenic-fungus-metarhizium-anisopliae-et-abstracts-of-two-different-plants-sage-salvia-officinalis-and-american-paper-schinus-molle-on-aphis-fabae-homoptera-aphididae" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15071.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Insecticidal Activity of Extracts Essential Oils of Mentha Rotundifolia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bouziane%20Zehaira">Bouziane Zehaira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Essential oils derived from aromatic or medicinal plants have recently proven useful in a variety of fields including the production of medicines, perfumes and foodstuffs. The purpose of this research is to determine the insecticidal activity of essential oils extracted from Mentha rotundifolia species against Aphis fabae. The bioassay used to determine essential oils toxicity to pest insect Aphis fabae revealed a very high effective repellent. The effect with concentrations of 100% and 30% were found to be statistically significant (F=64.800, P<0.0001) with an average of 7.66 and 7, respectively. According to the findings, the plant under consideration is promising as a source of natural pesticides and lends itself well to research in the field of pest control using biochemical alternatives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pest" title="pest">pest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mentha" title=" mentha"> mentha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activity" title=" activity"> activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective" title=" effective"> effective</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183809/insecticidal-activity-of-extracts-essential-oils-of-mentha-rotundifolia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183809.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Bioefficacy of Novel Insecticide Flupyradifurone Sl 200 against Leaf Hoppers, Aphids and Whitefly in Cotton</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20V.%20V.%20S.%20D.%20Prasad">N. V. V. S. D. Prasad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Field experiments were conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India for two seasons during 2011-13 to evaluate the efficacy of flupyradifurone SL 200 a new class of insecticide in butenolide group against leaf hoppers, aphids and whitefly in Cotton. The test insecticide flupyradifurone 200 was evaluated at three doses @ 150, 200 and 250 g ai/ha ha along with imidacloprid 200 SL @ 20g ai/ha, acetamiprid 20 SP @ 20g ai/ha, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 25g ai/ha and monocrotophos 36 SL @ 360 g ai/ha as standards. Flupyradifurone SL 200 even at lower dose of 150g ai/ha exhibited superior efficacy against cotton leafhopper, Amrasca devastans than the neonicotinoids which are widely used for control of sucking pests in cotton. Against cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii. Flupyradifurone SL 200 @ 200 and 250 g ai/ha ha was proved to be effective and the lower dose @ 150g ai/ha performed better than some of the neonicotinoids. The effect of flupyradifurone SL 200 on cotton against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci was evident at higher doses of 200 and 250 g ai/ha and superior to all standard treatments, however, the lower dose is at par with neonicotinoids. The seed cotton yield of flupyradifurone 200 SL at all the doses tested was superior than imidacloprid 200 SL @ 20g ai/ha and acetamiprid 20 SP @ 20g ai/ha. There is no significant difference among the insecticidal treatments with regards to natural enemies. The results clearly suggest that flupyradifurone is a new tool to combat sucking pest problems in cotton and can well fit in IRM strategies in light of wide spread insecticide resistance in cotton sucking pests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cotton" title="cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flupyradifurone" title=" flupyradifurone"> flupyradifurone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neonicotinoids" title=" neonicotinoids"> neonicotinoids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sucking%20pests" title=" sucking pests"> sucking pests</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77184/bioefficacy-of-novel-insecticide-flupyradifurone-sl-200-against-leaf-hoppers-aphids-and-whitefly-in-cotton" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77184.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Releasing Two Insect Predators to Control of Aphids Under Open-field Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Ahmed%20Gesraha">Mohamed Ahmed Gesraha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amany%20Ramadan%20Ebeid"> Amany Ramadan Ebeid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aphids are noxious and serious persistent pests in the open fields worldwide. Many authors studied the possibility of aphid control by applying Ladybirds and Lacewings at different releasing rates under open-field conditions. Results clarify that releasing 3rd instar larvae of Coccinella undecimpunctata at the rate of 1 larva:50 aphid was more effective than 1:100 or 1:200 rates for controlling Aphis gossypii population in Okra field; reflecting more than 90% reduction in the aphid population within 15 days. When Chrysoperla carnea 2nd larval instar were releasing at 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20 (predator: aphid), it was noticed that the former rate was the most effective one, inducing 98.93% reduction in aphid population; while the two other rates reflecting less reduction. Additionally, in the case of double releases, the reduction percentage at the 1:5 rate was 99.63%, emphasize that this rate was the most effective one; the other rates induced 97.05 and 95.64% reduction. Generally, a double release was more effective in all tested rates than the single one because of the cumulative existence of the predators in large numbers at the same period of the experiment. It could be concluded that utilizing insect predators (Coccinella undecimpunctata or Chrysoperla carnea) at an early larval stag were faire enough to reduce the aphids’ populations under open fields conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=releasing%20predators" title="releasing predators">releasing predators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lacewings" title=" lacewings"> lacewings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ladybird" title=" ladybird"> ladybird</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20fields" title=" open fields"> open fields</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142852/releasing-two-insect-predators-to-control-of-aphids-under-open-field-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142852.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Effect of Temperatures on Growth and Development Time of Aphis fabae Scopoli (Homoptera: Aphididae): On Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rochelyn%20Dona">Rochelyn Dona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serdar%20Satar"> Serdar Satar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological parameters of A. fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Developmental, survival, and reproductive data were collected for Aphis fabae reared on detached bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ‘pinto beans’ at five temperature regimes (12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 °C), 65% relative humidity (RH), relative and a photoperiod of 16:8 (LD) h. The developmental times of immature stages ranged from 16, 65 days at 12°C to 5.70 days at 24°C, but a slight increase again at 28°C (6.62 days). At 24°C from this study presented the developmental threshold for A. fabae slightly to 24°C. The average longevity of mature females significantly decreased from 42.32 days at 12°C to 16.12 days at 28°C. The reproduction rate per female was 62.27 at 16°C and 12.72 at 28°C. The mean generation period of the population ranged from 29.24 at 12°C to 11.50 at 28°C. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm = 0.41) were recorded at 24°C, the lowest at 12°C (rm = 0.15). It was evident that temperatures over 28°C augmented the development time, accelerated the death ratio of the nymphal stages, Shrunk Adult longevity, and reduced fecundity. The optimal range of temperature for the population growth of A. fabae on the bean was 16°C-24°C, according to this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developmental%20time" title="developmental time">developmental time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrinsic%20rate" title=" intrinsic rate"> intrinsic rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reproduction%20period" title=" reproduction period"> reproduction period</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20dependence" title=" temperature dependence"> temperature dependence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140346/effect-of-temperatures-on-growth-and-development-time-of-aphis-fabae-scopoli-homoptera-aphididae-on-bean-phaseolus-vulgaris-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140346.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Biodiversity of Aphid Species (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Hyderabad District, Sindh, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahpara%20Pirzada">Mahpara Pirzada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansoor%20Ali%20Shah"> Mansoor Ali Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saima%20Pthan"> Saima Pthan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamal%20Khan"> Kamal Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faiza"> Faiza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Present study based on biodiversity of aphid in different crops of Hyderabad district and its, surrounding area to observe the biodiversity of aphids, host plant range of the aphids in Hyderabad and their population also infestation and yield loss aphid on different crops. We have surveyed different fields of Hyderabad, Jamshoro, and collected the aphids from various parts of plants, grasses, and herb with the help of camel brush. They have been brought to the laboratory into plastic jars and preserved in Glycerin (Glycerol). As a result, 383 individuals belonging to 3 species were identified. These identified species were Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae, and Brevicoryne brassicae. Out of the 3 habitats the maximum richness, evenness, and diversity were recorded in agriculture crops followed by flowering vegetables and minimum in fodder crops. The most abundant specie is Myzus persicae. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aphid%20species" title="aphid species">aphid species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiversity" title=" biodiversity"> biodiversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Homoptera%3AAphididae" title=" Homoptera:Aphididae"> Homoptera:Aphididae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80643/biodiversity-of-aphid-species-homoptera-aphididae-in-hyderabad-district-sindh-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80643.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> The Efficacy of Salicylic Acid and Puccinia Triticina Isolates Priming Wheat Plant to Diuraphis Noxia Damage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huzaifa%20Bilal">Huzaifa Bilal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Kurdjumov) is considered an economically important wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pest worldwide and in South Africa. The RWA damages wheat plants and reduces annual yields by more than 10%. Even though pest management by pesticides and resistance breeding is an attractive option, chemicals can cause harm to the environment. Furthermore, the evolution of resistance-breaking aphid biotypes has out-paced the release of resistant cultivars. An alternative strategy to reduce the impact of aphid damage on plants, such as priming, which sensitizes plants to respond effectively to subsequent attacks, is necessary. In this study, wheat plants at the seedling and flag leaf stages were primed by salicylic acid and isolate representative of two races of the leaf rust pathogen Puccinia triticina Eriks. (Pt), before RWA (South African RWA biotypes 1 and 4) infestation. Randomized complete block design experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to study plant-pest interaction in primed and non-primed plants. Analysis of induced aphid damage indicated salicylic acid differentially primed wheat cultivars for increased resistance to the RWASA biotypes. At the seedling stage, all cultivars were primed for enhanced resistance to RWASA1, while at the flag leaf stage, only PAN 3111, SST 356 and Makalote were primed for increased resistance. The Puccinia triticina efficaciously primed wheat cultivars for excellent resistance to RWASA1 at the seedling and flag leaf stages. However, Pt failed to enhance the four Lesotho cultivars' resistance to RWASA4 at the seedling stage and PAN 3118 at the flag leaf stage. The induced responses at the seedling and flag leaf stages were positively correlated in all the treatments. Primed plants induced high activity of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. High antioxidant activity indicates activation of resistant responses in primed plants (primed by salicylic acid and Puccina triticina). Isolates of avirulent Pt races can be a worthy priming agent for improved resistance to RWA infestation. Further confirmation of the priming effects needs to be evaluated at the field trials to investigate its application efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Russian%20wheat%20aphis" title="Russian wheat aphis">Russian wheat aphis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salicylic%20acid" title=" salicylic acid"> salicylic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=puccina%20triticina" title=" puccina triticina"> puccina triticina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=priming" title=" priming"> priming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139395/the-efficacy-of-salicylic-acid-and-puccinia-triticina-isolates-priming-wheat-plant-to-diuraphis-noxia-damage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139395.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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