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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Capacity and market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity_and_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability_and_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability_and_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reliability and quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability_and_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cable types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacket_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacket_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jacket material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacket_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fiber material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_coding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_coding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Color coding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Color_coding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Color coding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Color_coding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patch_cords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patch_cords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Patch cords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patch_cords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-fiber_cables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-fiber_cables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Multi-fiber cables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-fiber_cables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propagation_speed_and_delay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagation_speed_and_delay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Propagation speed and delay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagation_speed_and_delay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Losses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_cables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_cables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Hybrid cables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_cables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innerducts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innerducts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Innerducts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Innerducts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Innerducts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Innerducts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Placement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Placement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Placement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fiber-optic cable</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كبل الألياف الضوئية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كبل الألياف الضوئية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optik_kabel" title="Fiber-optik kabel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fiber-optik kabel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Оптичен кабел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптичен кабел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasfaserkabel" title="Glasfaserkabel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glasfaserkabel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valguskaabel" title="Valguskaabel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valguskaabel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika_kablo" title="Optika kablo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Optika kablo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کابل فیبر نوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کابل فیبر نوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ble_en_fibre_optique" title="Câble en fibre optique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Câble en fibre optique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%94" title="광케이블 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광케이블" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Թելքաօպտիկական մալուխ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թելքաօպտիկական մալուխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel_serat_optik" title="Kabel serat optik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kabel serat optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiskais_kabelis" title="Optiskais kabelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Optiskais kabelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Оптички кабел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оптички кабел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Шилэн кабель – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шилэн кабель" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB" title="光ケーブル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光ケーブル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84" title="نوري فایبر کیبل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوري فایبر کیبل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel_%C5%9Bwiat%C5%82owodowy" title="Kabel światłowodowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kabel światłowodowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablu_de_fibr%C4%83_optic%C4%83" title="Cablu de fibră optică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cablu de fibră optică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Волоконно-оптический кабель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Волоконно-оптический кабель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Фибер оптички кабл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фибер оптички кабл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒளிவடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளிவடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%A3-%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Сими нахӣ-оптикӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сими нахӣ-оптикӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Оптоволоконний кабель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптоволоконний кабель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1p_quang" title="Cáp quang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cáp quang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%A4%E7%94%B5%E7%BC%86" title="光纤电缆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光纤电缆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q197961#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_cable" title="View the 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decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_fiber_cable&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fiber cable">Optical fiber cable</a>)</span><br /> <div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Fiber-optic_cable">reviewed</a> on <i>15 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cable assembly containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg/220px-Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg/330px-Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg/440px-Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a> optical fiber cable with a clear jacket. These cables are used mainly for digital audio connections between devices.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fiber-optic cable</b>, also known as an <b>optical-fiber cable</b>, is an assembly similar to an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">electrical cable</a> but containing one or more <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fibers</a> that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable is used. Different types of cable<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are used for <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic communication</a> in different applications, for example long-distance <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_fiber_cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Optical_fiber_cable.jpg/220px-Optical_fiber_cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Optical_fiber_cable.jpg/330px-Optical_fiber_cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Optical_fiber_cable.jpg/440px-Optical_fiber_cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>A multi-fiber cable</figcaption></figure> <p>Optical fiber consists of a <a href="/wiki/Core_(optical_fiber)" title="Core (optical fiber)">core</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cladding_(fiber_optics)" title="Cladding (fiber optics)">cladding</a> layer, selected for <a href="/wiki/Total_internal_reflection" title="Total internal reflection">total internal reflection</a> due to the difference in the <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> between the two. In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a layer of <a href="/wiki/Acrylate_polymer" title="Acrylate polymer">acrylate polymer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">polyimide</a>. This coating protects the fiber from damage but does not contribute to its <a href="/wiki/Optical_waveguide" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical waveguide">optical waveguide</a> properties. Individual coated fibers (or fibers formed into ribbons or bundles) then have a tough <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffer_(optical_fiber)" title="Buffer (optical fiber)">buffer</a> layer or core tube(s) extruded around them to form the cable core. Several layers of protective sheathing, depending on the application, are added to form the cable. Rigid fiber assemblies sometimes put light-absorbing ("dark") glass between the fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from entering another. This reduces <a href="/wiki/Crosstalk" title="Crosstalk">crosstalk</a> between the fibers, or reduces <a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">flare</a> in fiber bundle imaging applications.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lc-sc-fiber-connectors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lc-sc-fiber-connectors.jpg/220px-Lc-sc-fiber-connectors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lc-sc-fiber-connectors.jpg/330px-Lc-sc-fiber-connectors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lc-sc-fiber-connectors.jpg/440px-Lc-sc-fiber-connectors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Left: <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_connector#Types" title="Optical fiber connector">LC/PC</a> connectors<br />Right: SC/PC connectors<br />All four connectors have white caps covering the <a href="/wiki/Ferrule" title="Ferrule">ferrules</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> For indoor applications, the jacketed fiber is generally enclosed, together with a bundle of flexible fibrous <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> <i>strength members</i> like <a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">aramid</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a>), in a lightweight plastic cover to form a simple cable. Each end of the cable may be <a href="/wiki/Fiber_cable_termination" title="Fiber cable termination">terminated</a> with a specialized <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_connector" title="Optical fiber connector">optical fiber connector</a> to allow it to be easily connected and disconnected from transmitting and receiving equipment. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg/220px-Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg/330px-Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg/440px-Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Fiber-optic cable in a <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a> pit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Technicians_investigating_a_fault_in_an_optical_fiber_cable_junction_box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Technicians_investigating_a_fault_in_an_optical_fiber_cable_junction_box.jpg/170px-Technicians_investigating_a_fault_in_an_optical_fiber_cable_junction_box.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Technicians_investigating_a_fault_in_an_optical_fiber_cable_junction_box.jpg/255px-Technicians_investigating_a_fault_in_an_optical_fiber_cable_junction_box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Technicians_investigating_a_fault_in_an_optical_fiber_cable_junction_box.jpg/340px-Technicians_investigating_a_fault_in_an_optical_fiber_cable_junction_box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Investigating a fault in a fiber cable junction box. The individual fiber cable strands within the junction box are visible.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_breakout_cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Optical_breakout_cable.jpg/220px-Optical_breakout_cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Optical_breakout_cable.jpg/330px-Optical_breakout_cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Optical_breakout_cable.jpg/440px-Optical_breakout_cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>An optical fiber breakout cable</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Fiber-optic ribbon cable</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RibbonCutout1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/RibbonCutout1.jpg/200px-RibbonCutout1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/RibbonCutout1.jpg/300px-RibbonCutout1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/RibbonCutout1.jpg/400px-RibbonCutout1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4069" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RibbonCutout2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RibbonCutout2.jpg/200px-RibbonCutout2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RibbonCutout2.jpg/300px-RibbonCutout2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RibbonCutout2.jpg/400px-RibbonCutout2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">'Ribbon' type fiber optic cables can house many more fibers than 'loose tube' types.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>For use in more strenuous environments, a much more robust cable construction is required. In <i>loose-tube construction</i> the fiber is laid <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helically</a> into semi-rigid tubes, allowing the cable to stretch without stretching the fiber itself. This protects the fiber from tension during laying and due to temperature changes. Loose-tube fiber may be "dry block" or gel-filled. Dry block offers less protection to the fibers than gel-filled, but costs considerably less. Instead of a loose tube, the fiber may be embedded in a heavy polymer jacket, commonly called "tight buffer" construction. Tight buffer cables are offered for a variety of applications, but the two most common are "<a href="/wiki/Breakout_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakout cable">Breakout</a>" and "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Distribution_cable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distribution cable (page does not exist)">Distribution</a>". Breakout cables normally contain a ripcord, two non-conductive dielectric strengthening members (normally a glass rod epoxy), an aramid yarn, and 3 mm buffer tubing with an additional layer of Kevlar surrounding each fiber. The ripcord is a parallel cord of strong yarn that is situated under the jacket(s) of the cable for jacket removal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distribution cables have an overall Kevlar wrapping, a ripcord, and a 900 micrometer buffer coating surrounding each fiber. These <i>fiber units</i> are commonly bundled with additional steel strength members, again with a helical twist to allow for stretching. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Domestic outdoor <a href="/wiki/FTTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTTP">FTTP</a> cable.</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FTTP_Dismantled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/FTTP_Dismantled.jpg/200px-FTTP_Dismantled.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/FTTP_Dismantled.jpg/300px-FTTP_Dismantled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/FTTP_Dismantled.jpg/400px-FTTP_Dismantled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FTTP_XS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/FTTP_XS.jpg/200px-FTTP_XS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/FTTP_XS.jpg/300px-FTTP_XS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/FTTP_XS.jpg/400px-FTTP_XS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Approximate diameters: Outer sheath: 5 mm, outer white paper wrapper: ⌀2.5 mm, inner white plastic sheath: ⌀890 μm, blue sheath: ⌀250 μm, optical fiber: ⌀150 μm</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A critical concern in outdoor cabling is to protect the fiber from damage by water. This is accomplished by use of solid barriers such as copper tubes, and water-repellent jelly or water-absorbing powder surrounding the fiber. </p><p>Finally, the cable may be armored to protect it from environmental hazards, such as construction work or gnawing animals. Undersea cables are more heavily armored in their near-shore portions to protect them from boat anchors, fishing gear, and even <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, which may be attracted to the electrical power that is carried to power amplifiers or repeaters in the cable. </p><p>Modern cables come in a wide variety of sheathings and armor, designed for applications such as direct burial in trenches, dual use as power lines, installation in conduit, lashing to aerial telephone poles, <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine installation</a>, and insertion in paved streets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capacity_and_market">Capacity and market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capacity and market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2012, NTT Japan demonstrated a single fiber cable that was able to transfer 1 <a href="/wiki/Petabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabit">petabit</a> per second (<span style="white-space:nowrap">10<sup>15</sup><span style="margin-left:0.25em">bits/s</span></span>) over a distance of 50 kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although larger cables are available,<sup id="cite_ref-cablinginstall_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cablinginstall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the highest strand-count single-mode fiber cable commonly manufactured is the 864-count, consisting of 36 ribbons each containing 24 strands of fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These high fiber count cables are used in <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cablinginstall_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cablinginstall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as distribution cables in <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fiber-coaxial" title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial">HFC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">PON</a> networks.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, only a small fraction of the fibers in a cable may actually be in use. Companies can lease or sell the unused fiber to other providers who are looking for service in or through an area. Depending on specific local regulations, companies may overbuild their networks for the specific purpose of having a large network of <a href="/wiki/Dark_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark fiber">dark fiber</a> for sale, reducing the overall need for trenching and municipal permitting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Alternatively, they may deliberately under-invest to prevent their rivals from profiting from their investment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliability_and_quality">Reliability and quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reliability and quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optical fibers are very strong, but the strength is drastically reduced by unavoidable microscopic surface flaws inherent in the manufacturing process. The initial fiber strength, as well as its change with time, must be considered relative to the stress imposed on the fiber during handling, cabling, and installation for a given set of environmental conditions. There are three basic scenarios that can lead to strength degradation and failure by inducing flaw growth: dynamic fatigue, static fatigues, and zero-stress aging. </p><p>Telcordia GR-20, <i>Generic Requirements for Optical Fiber and Optical Fiber Cable</i>, contains reliability and quality criteria to protect optical fiber in all operating conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criteria concentrate on conditions in an outside plant (OSP) environment. For the indoor plant, similar criteria are in Telcordia GR-409, <i>Generic Requirements for Indoor Fiber Optic Cable</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cable_types">Cable types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cable types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>OFC: Optical fiber, conductive</li> <li>OFN: Optical fiber, nonconductive</li> <li>OFCG: Optical fiber, conductive, general use</li> <li>OFNG: Optical fiber, nonconductive, general use</li> <li>OFCP: Optical fiber, conductive, plenum</li> <li>OFNP: Optical fiber, nonconductive, plenum</li> <li>OFCR: Optical fiber, conductive, riser</li> <li>OFNR: <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber,_nonconductive,_riser" title="Optical fiber, nonconductive, riser">Optical fiber, nonconductive, riser</a></li> <li>OPAC: <a href="/wiki/Optical_attached_cable" title="Optical attached cable">Optical attached cable</a></li> <li>OPGW: <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_composite_overhead_ground_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fiber composite overhead ground wire">Optical fiber composite overhead ground wire</a></li> <li>ADSS: <a href="/wiki/All-dielectric_self-supporting" class="mw-redirect" title="All-dielectric self-supporting">All-dielectric self-supporting</a></li> <li>OSP: Fiber optic cable, outside plant</li> <li>MDU: Fiber optics cable, multiple dwelling unit</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jacket_material">Jacket material</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jacket material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The jacket material is application-specific. The material determines the mechanical robustness, chemical and UV radiation resistance, and so on. Some common jacket materials are <a href="/wiki/Low_smoke_zero_halogen" title="Low smoke zero halogen">LSZH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">polybutylene terephthalate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">polyamide</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiber_material">Fiber material</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fiber material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main types of material used for optical fibers: glass and plastic. They offer widely different characteristics and find uses in very different applications. Generally, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_optical_fiber" title="Plastic optical fiber">plastic fiber</a> is used for very short-range and consumer applications, whereas glass fiber is used for short/medium-range (<a href="/wiki/Multi-mode_optical_fiber" title="Multi-mode optical fiber">multi-mode</a>) and long-range (<a href="/wiki/Single-mode_optical_fiber" title="Single-mode optical fiber">single-mode</a>) telecommunications.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_coding">Color coding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Color coding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patch_cords">Patch cords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patch cords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The buffer or jacket on patchcords is often color-coded to indicate the type of fiber used. The strain relief "boot" that protects the fiber from bending at a connector is color-coded to indicate the type of connection. Connectors with a plastic shell (such as <a href="/wiki/SC_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="SC connector">SC connectors</a>) typically use a color-coded shell. Standard color codings for jackets (or buffers) and boots (or connector shells) are shown below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cord jacket (or buffer) color </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Color</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:darkorange"> </td> <td>Orange</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multi-mode_optical_fiber" title="Multi-mode optical fiber">Multi-mode optical fiber</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:turquoise"></td> <td>Aqua</td> <td>OM3 or OM4 10 G laser-optimized 50/125 μm multi-mode optical fiber </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#c4618c"></td> <td>Erika violet<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>OM4 multi-mode optical fiber (some vendors)<sup id="cite_ref-Erika_Violet_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erika_Violet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#1cf913"></td> <td>Lime green<sup id="cite_ref-Lime_Green_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lime_Green-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>OM5 10 G + wideband 50/125 μm multi-mode optical fiber </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:darkgray"></td> <td>Grey</td> <td>Outdated color code for <a href="/wiki/Multi-mode_optical_fiber" title="Multi-mode optical fiber">multi-mode optical fiber</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:Yellow"></td> <td>Yellow</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single-mode_optical_fiber" title="Single-mode optical fiber">Single-mode optical fiber</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:dodgerblue"></td> <td>Blue</td> <td>Sometimes used to designate <a href="/wiki/Polarization-maintaining_optical_fiber" title="Polarization-maintaining optical fiber">polarization-maintaining optical fiber</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Connector boot (or shell) colors </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Color</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:dodgerblue"> </td> <td>Blue</td> <td>Physical contact (PC), 0°</td> <td>Mostly used for single mode fibers; some manufacturers use this for <a href="/wiki/Polarization-maintaining_optical_fiber" title="Polarization-maintaining optical fiber">polarization-maintaining optical fiber</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:limegreen"></td> <td>Green</td> <td>Angle polished (APC), 8°</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:Black"></td> <td>Black</td> <td>Physical contact (PC), 0°</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:darkgray"></td> <td>Grey</td> <td rowspan="2">Physical contact (PC), 0°</td> <td rowspan="2">Multimode fiber connectors </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:wheat"></td> <td>Beige </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:White"></td> <td>White</td> <td>Physical contact (PC), 0°</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:Red"></td> <td>Red</td> <td></td> <td>High optical power. Sometimes used to connect external pump lasers or Raman pumps. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Remark: It is also possible that a small part of a connector is additionally color-coded, e.g. the lever of an E-2000 connector or a frame of an <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_adapter" title="Fiber-optic adapter">fiber-optic adapter</a>. This additional color coding indicates the correct port for a patchcord, if many patchcords are installed at one point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-fiber_cables">Multi-fiber cables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Multi-fiber cables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual fibers in a multi-fiber cable are often distinguished from one another by color-coded jackets or buffers on each fiber. The identification scheme used by <a href="/wiki/Corning_Cable_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning Cable Systems">Corning Cable Systems</a> is based on EIA/TIA-598, "Optical Fiber Cable Color Coding" which defines identification schemes for fibers, buffered fibers, fiber units, and groups of fiber units within outside plant and premises optical fiber cables. This standard allows for fiber units to be identified by means of a printed legend. This method can be used for identification of fiber ribbons and fiber subunits. The legend will contain a corresponding printed numerical position number or color for use in identification.<sup id="cite_ref-interfacebus_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfacebus-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="font-size:90%" cellpadding="4"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>EIA598-A fiber color chart<sup id="cite_ref-interfacebus_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfacebus-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Jacket color</th> <th>Position</th> <th>Jacket color </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fiber_blue.svg/37px-Fiber_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fiber_blue.svg/56px-Fiber_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fiber_blue.svg/74px-Fiber_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />blue</td> <td>13</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_blue_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fiber_blue_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_blue_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fiber_blue_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_blue_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fiber_blue_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_blue_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />blue/black </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_orange.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fiber_orange.svg/37px-Fiber_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fiber_orange.svg/56px-Fiber_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fiber_orange.svg/74px-Fiber_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />orange</td> <td>14</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_orange_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fiber_orange_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_orange_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fiber_orange_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_orange_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fiber_orange_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_orange_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />orange/black </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fiber_green.svg/37px-Fiber_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fiber_green.svg/56px-Fiber_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fiber_green.svg/74px-Fiber_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />green</td> <td>15</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_green_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fiber_green_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_green_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fiber_green_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_green_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fiber_green_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_green_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />green/black </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_brown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fiber_brown.svg/37px-Fiber_brown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fiber_brown.svg/56px-Fiber_brown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fiber_brown.svg/74px-Fiber_brown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />brown</td> <td>16</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_brown_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fiber_brown_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_brown_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fiber_brown_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_brown_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fiber_brown_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_brown_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />brown/black </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_gray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fiber_gray.svg/37px-Fiber_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fiber_gray.svg/56px-Fiber_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fiber_gray.svg/74px-Fiber_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />slate</td> <td>17</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_gray_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fiber_gray_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_gray_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fiber_gray_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_gray_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fiber_gray_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_gray_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />slate/black </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_white.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fiber_white.svg/37px-Fiber_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fiber_white.svg/56px-Fiber_white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fiber_white.svg/74px-Fiber_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />white</td> <td>18</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_white_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fiber_white_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_white_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fiber_white_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_white_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fiber_white_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_white_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />white/black </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />red</td> <td>19</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_red_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fiber_red_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_red_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fiber_red_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_red_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fiber_red_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_red_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />red/black </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fiber_black.svg/37px-Fiber_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fiber_black.svg/56px-Fiber_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fiber_black.svg/74px-Fiber_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />black</td> <td>20</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_black_yellow_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fiber_black_yellow_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_black_yellow_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fiber_black_yellow_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_black_yellow_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fiber_black_yellow_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_black_yellow_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />black/yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_yellow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fiber_yellow.svg/37px-Fiber_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fiber_yellow.svg/56px-Fiber_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fiber_yellow.svg/74px-Fiber_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />yellow</td> <td>21</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_yellow_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fiber_yellow_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_yellow_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fiber_yellow_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_yellow_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fiber_yellow_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_yellow_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />yellow/black </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_violet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fiber_violet.svg/37px-Fiber_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fiber_violet.svg/56px-Fiber_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fiber_violet.svg/74px-Fiber_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />violet</td> <td>22</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_violet_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fiber_violet_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_violet_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fiber_violet_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_violet_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fiber_violet_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_violet_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />violet/black </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_rose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fiber_rose.svg/37px-Fiber_rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fiber_rose.svg/56px-Fiber_rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fiber_rose.svg/74px-Fiber_rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />rose</td> <td>23</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_rose_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fiber_rose_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_rose_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fiber_rose_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_rose_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fiber_rose_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_rose_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />rose/black </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_aqua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fiber_aqua.svg/37px-Fiber_aqua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fiber_aqua.svg/56px-Fiber_aqua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fiber_aqua.svg/74px-Fiber_aqua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />aqua</td> <td>24</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_aqua_black_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fiber_aqua_black_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_aqua_black_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fiber_aqua_black_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_aqua_black_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fiber_aqua_black_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_aqua_black_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />aqua/black </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Color coding of premises fiber cable<sup id="cite_ref-interfacebus_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfacebus-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Fiber type and class</th> <th>Diameter (μm)</th> <th colspan="2">Jacket color </th></tr> <tr> <td>Multimode Ia</td> <td>50/125</td> <td style="background:darkorange;color:black"> </td> <td>Orange </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multimode Ia</td> <td>62.5/125</td> <td style="background:Slategrey; color:white;"></td> <td>Slate </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multimode Ia</td> <td>85/125</td> <td style="background:dodgerblue;color:white"></td> <td>Blue </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multimode Ia</td> <td>100/140</td> <td style="background:limegreen;color:white"></td> <td>Green </td></tr> <tr> <td>Singlemode IVa</td> <td>All</td> <td style="background:Yellow;color:black"></td> <td>Yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td>Singlemode IVb</td> <td>All</td> <td style="background:Red;color:white"></td> <td>Red </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The color code used above resembles PE copper cables used in standard telephone wiring. </p><p>In the UK a different color code is followed. Each 12-fiber bundle or element within a Cable Optical Fibre 200/201 cable is colored as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>COF200/201 fiber color chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Jacket color</th> <th>Position</th> <th>Jacket color </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fiber_blue.svg/37px-Fiber_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fiber_blue.svg/56px-Fiber_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fiber_blue.svg/74px-Fiber_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />blue</td> <td>7</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_brown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fiber_brown.svg/37px-Fiber_brown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fiber_brown.svg/56px-Fiber_brown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fiber_brown.svg/74px-Fiber_brown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />brown </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_orange.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fiber_orange.svg/37px-Fiber_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fiber_orange.svg/56px-Fiber_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fiber_orange.svg/74px-Fiber_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />orange</td> <td>8</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_violet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fiber_violet.svg/37px-Fiber_violet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fiber_violet.svg/56px-Fiber_violet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fiber_violet.svg/74px-Fiber_violet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />violet </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fiber_green.svg/37px-Fiber_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fiber_green.svg/56px-Fiber_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fiber_green.svg/74px-Fiber_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />green</td> <td>9</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fiber_black.svg/37px-Fiber_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fiber_black.svg/56px-Fiber_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fiber_black.svg/74px-Fiber_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />black </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg/37px-Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg/56px-Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg/74px-Fiber_red_no_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />red</td> <td>10</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_white.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fiber_white.svg/37px-Fiber_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fiber_white.svg/56px-Fiber_white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fiber_white.svg/74px-Fiber_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />white </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_gray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fiber_gray.svg/37px-Fiber_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fiber_gray.svg/56px-Fiber_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fiber_gray.svg/74px-Fiber_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />grey</td> <td>11</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_rose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fiber_rose.svg/37px-Fiber_rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fiber_rose.svg/56px-Fiber_rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fiber_rose.svg/74px-Fiber_rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />pink </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_yellow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fiber_yellow.svg/37px-Fiber_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fiber_yellow.svg/56px-Fiber_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fiber_yellow.svg/74px-Fiber_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />yellow</td> <td>12</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber_aqua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fiber_aqua.svg/37px-Fiber_aqua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fiber_aqua.svg/56px-Fiber_aqua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fiber_aqua.svg/74px-Fiber_aqua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br />turquoise </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each element is in a tube within the cable (not a blown fiber tube) The cable elements start with the red tube and are counted around the cable to the green tube. Active elements are in white tubes and yellow fillers or dummies are laid in the cable to fill it out depending on how many fibers and units exists – can be up to 276 fibers or 23 elements for external cable and 144 fibers or 12 elements for internal. The cable has a central strength member normally made from fiberglass or plastic. There is also a copper conductor in external cables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propagation_speed_and_delay">Propagation speed and delay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Propagation speed and delay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optical cables transfer data at the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> in glass. This is the speed of light in vacuum divided by the <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of the glass used, typically around 180,000 to 200,000 km/s, resulting in 5.0 to 5.5 microseconds of latency per km. Thus the round-trip delay time for 1000 km is around 11 milliseconds.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Losses">Losses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Losses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Signal loss in optic fiber is measured in <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibels">decibels</a> (dB). A loss of 3 dB across a link means the light at the far end is only half the intensity of the light that was sent into the fiber. A 6 dB loss means only one quarter of the light made it through the fiber. Once too much light has been lost, the signal is too weak to recover and the link becomes unreliable and eventually ceases to function entirely. The exact point at which this happens depends on the transmitter power and the sensitivity of the receiver. </p><p>Typical modern multimode graded-index fibers have 3 dB per <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometre</a> of attenuation (signal loss) at a wavelength of <a href="/wiki/Light#Electromagnetic_spectrum_and_visible_light" title="Light">850 nm</a>, and 1 dB/km at 1300 nm. Singlemode loses 0.35 dB/km at 1310 nm and 0.25 dB/km at 1550 nm. Very high quality singlemode fiber intended for long distance applications is specified at a loss of 0.19 dB/km at 1550 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_optical_fiber" title="Plastic optical fiber">Plastic optical fiber</a> (POF) loses much more: 1 dB/m at 650 nm. POF is large core (about 1 mm) fiber suitable only for short, low speed networks such as <a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a> optical audio or for use within cars.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each connection between cables adds about 0.6 dB of average loss, and each joint (splice) adds about 0.1 dB.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fiber optic cable connections have a "loss budget" which is the maximum amount of loss that is allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Invisible infrared light (750 nm and larger) is used in commercial glass fiber communications because it has lower attenuation in such materials than visible light. However, the glass fibers will transmit visible light somewhat, which is convenient for simple testing of the fibers without requiring expensive equipment. Splices can be inspected visually, and adjusted for minimal light leakage at the joint, which maximizes light transmission between the ends of the fibers being joined. </p><p>The charts <i>Understanding wavelengths in fiber optics</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Optical power loss (attenuation) in fiber</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illustrate the relationship of visible light to the infrared frequencies used, and show the absorption water bands between 850, 1300 and 1550 nm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The infrared light used in telecommunications cannot be seen, so there is a potential <a href="/wiki/Laser_safety" title="Laser safety">laser safety</a> hazard to technicians. The eye's natural defense against sudden exposure to bright light is the <a href="/wiki/Blink_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Blink reflex">blink reflex</a>, which is not triggered by infrared sources.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases the power levels are high enough to damage eyes, particularly when lenses or microscopes are used to inspect fibers that are emitting invisible infrared light. Inspection microscopes with optical safety filters are available to guard against this. More recently indirect viewing aids are used, which can comprise a camera mounted within a handheld device, which has an opening for the connectorized fiber and a USB output for connection to a display device such as a laptop. This makes the activity of looking for damage or dirt on the connector face much safer. </p><p>Small glass fragments can also be a problem if they get under someone's skin, so care is needed to ensure that fragments produced when <a href="/wiki/Cleave_(fiber)" title="Cleave (fiber)">cleaving</a> fiber are properly collected and disposed of appropriately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hybrid_cables">Hybrid cables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hybrid cables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are hybrid optical and electrical cables that are used in wireless outdoor Fiber To The Antenna (FTTA) applications. In these cables, the optical fibers carry information, and the electrical conductors are used to transmit power. These cables can be placed in several environments to serve antennas mounted on poles, towers, and other structures. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Telcordia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telcordia">Telcordia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-3173&">GR-3173</a>, <i>Generic Requirements for Hybrid Optical and Electrical Cables for Use in Wireless Outdoor Fiber To The Antenna (FTTA) Applications,</i> these hybrid cables have optical fibers, twisted pair/quad elements, coaxial cables or current-carrying electrical conductors under a common outer jacket. The power conductors used in these hybrid cables are for directly powering an antenna or for powering tower-mounted electronics exclusively serving an antenna. They have a nominal voltage normally less than 60 VDC or 108/120 VAC.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other voltages may be present depending on the application and the relevant National Electrical Code (NEC). </p><p>These types of hybrid cables may also be useful in other environments such as Distributed Antenna System (DAS) plants where they will serve antennas in indoor, outdoor, and roof-top locations. Considerations such as fire resistance, Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) Listings, placement in vertical shafts, and other performance-related issues need to be fully addressed for these environments. </p><p>Since the voltage levels and power levels used within these hybrid cables vary, electrical safety codes consider the hybrid cable to be a power cable, which needs to comply with rules on clearance, separation, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Innerducts">Innerducts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Innerducts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reels_of_orange_HDPE_innerduct_-_Flickr_-_joncutrer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reels_of_orange_HDPE_innerduct_-_Flickr_-_joncutrer.jpg/120px-Reels_of_orange_HDPE_innerduct_-_Flickr_-_joncutrer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reels_of_orange_HDPE_innerduct_-_Flickr_-_joncutrer.jpg/180px-Reels_of_orange_HDPE_innerduct_-_Flickr_-_joncutrer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reels_of_orange_HDPE_innerduct_-_Flickr_-_joncutrer.jpg/240px-Reels_of_orange_HDPE_innerduct_-_Flickr_-_joncutrer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>HDPE innerduct</figcaption></figure> <p>Innerducts are installed in existing underground conduit systems to provide clean, continuous, low-friction paths for placing optical cables that have relatively low pulling tension limits. They provide a means for subdividing conventional <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduit" title="Electrical conduit">conduit</a> that was originally designed for single, large-diameter metallic conductor cables into multiple channels for smaller optical cables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innerducts are typically small-diameter, semi-flexible subducts. According to <a href="/wiki/Telcordia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telcordia">Telcordia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telecom-info.telcordia.com/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-356&">GR-356</a>, there are three basic types of innerduct: smoothwall, corrugated, and ribbed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These various designs are based on the profile of the inside and outside diameters of the innerduct. The need for a specific characteristic or combination of characteristics, such as pulling strength, flexibility, or the lowest coefficient of friction, dictates the type of innerduct required. </p><p>Beyond the basic profiles or contours (smoothwall, corrugated, or ribbed), innerduct is also available in an increasing variety of multiduct designs. Multiduct may be either a composite unit consisting of up to four or six individual innerducts that are held together by some mechanical means, or a single extruded product having multiple channels through which to pull several cables. In either case, the multiduct is coilable, and can be pulled into existing conduit in a manner similar to that of conventional innerduct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Placement">Placement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Placement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innerducts are primarily installed in underground conduit systems that provide connecting paths between <a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">manhole</a> locations. In addition to placement in conduit, innerduct can be directly buried, or aerially installed by lashing the innerduct to a steel suspension strand. </p><p>As stated in GR-356, cable is typically placed into innerduct in one of three ways. It may be </p> <ol><li>Pre-installed by the innerduct manufacturer during the extrusion process,</li> <li>Pulled into the innerduct using a mechanically assisted pull line, or</li> <li>Blown into the innerduct using a high air volume cable blowing apparatus.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI/TIA-568" title="ANSI/TIA-568">ANSI/TIA-568</a>, color coding for electrical cable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_splicing" title="Fusion splicing">Fusion splicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">ISO/IEC 11801</a>, structured cabling standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_power_meter" title="Optical power meter">Optical power meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_time-domain_reflectometer" title="Optical time-domain reflectometer">Optical time-domain reflectometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_optical_interface" title="Parallel optical interface">Parallel optical interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-over-fiber" title="Power-over-fiber">Power-over-fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_fiber-optic_cable_assembly" title="Tactical fiber-optic cable assembly">Tactical fiber-optic cable assembly</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber-optic_cable&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPosinna2014" class="citation web cs1">Posinna, Mariddetta (April 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hfcl.com/optical-fiber-cables/">"different types of fiber optic cables"</a>. HFCL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420184733/http://www.hfcl.com/optical-fiber-cables">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=different+types+of+fiber+optic+cables&rft.pub=HFCL&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.aulast=Posinna&rft.aufirst=Mariddetta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hfcl.com%2Foptical-fiber-cables%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ni.com/white-paper/14802/en/">"Light collection and propagation"</a>. <i>National Instruments' Developer Zone</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123547/http://www.ni.com/white-paper/14802/en/">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Instruments%27+Developer+Zone&rft.atitle=Light+collection+and+propagation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ni.com%2Fwhite-paper%2F14802%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecht2002" class="citation book cs1">Hecht, Jeff (2002). <i>Understanding Fiber Optics</i> (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-027828-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-027828-9"><bdi>0-13-027828-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Fiber+Optics&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-13-027828-9&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-031/_4623.htm">"Definition: rip cord"</a>. Its.bldrdoc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120012514/http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-031/_4623.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition%3A+rip+cord&rft.pub=Its.bldrdoc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.its.bldrdoc.gov%2Ffs-1037%2Fdir-031%2F_4623.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirgwin2012" class="citation web cs1">Chirgwin, Richard (September 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/09/23/ntt_petabit_fibre/">"NTT demos petabit transmission on single fibre"</a>. The Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221184507/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/09/23/ntt_petabit_fibre/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTT+demos+petabit+transmission+on+single+fibre&rft.pub=The+Register&rft.date=2012-09-23&rft.aulast=Chirgwin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2012%2F09%2F23%2Fntt_petabit_fibre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cablinginstall-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cablinginstall_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cablinginstall_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cablinginstall.com/data-center/article/14036590/prysmian-group-ultrahighfibercount-cables-require-care-during-installation-and-termination"><i>Ultra-high-fiber-count cables require care during installation and termination</i></a>, July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultra-high-fiber-count+cables+require+care+during+installation+and+termination&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cablinginstall.com%2Fdata-center%2Farticle%2F14036590%2Fprysmian-group-ultrahighfibercount-cables-require-care-during-installation-and-termination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fiber-optic-catalog.ofsoptics.com/Asset/AccuRibbonDuctSaver-web-.pdf">"OFS 864-strand singlemode fiber cable datasheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425045528/http://fiber-optic-catalog.ofsoptics.com/Asset/AccuRibbonDuctSaver-web-.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OFS+864-strand+singlemode+fiber+cable+datasheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiber-optic-catalog.ofsoptics.com%2FAsset%2FAccuRibbonDuctSaver-web-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitayama2014" class="citation book cs1">Kitayama, Ken-Ichi (April 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhcmAwAAQBAJ&dq=pon+network+star+fiber+cable&pg=PA27"><i>Optical Code Division Multiple Access: A Practical Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02616-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02616-2"><bdi>978-1-107-02616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optical+Code+Division+Multiple+Access%3A+A+Practical+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02616-2&rft.aulast=Kitayama&rft.aufirst=Ken-Ichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhcmAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpon%2Bnetwork%2Bstar%2Bfiber%2Bcable%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLargeFarmer2004" class="citation book cs1">Large, David; Farmer, James (January 13, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QOFWx2umt8sC&dq=high+fiber+count+cable+point+to+point+star&pg=PA743"><i>Modern Cable Television Technology</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051193-1"><bdi>978-0-08-051193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Cable+Television+Technology&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2004-01-13&rft.isbn=978-0-08-051193-1&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Farmer%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQOFWx2umt8sC%26dq%3Dhigh%2Bfiber%2Bcount%2Bcable%2Bpoint%2Bto%2Bpoint%2Bstar%26pg%3DPA743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidineAqqal2018" class="citation book cs1">Haidine, Abdelfatteh; Aqqal, Abdelhak (September 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DG-QDwAAQBAJ&dq=high+fiber+count+cable+pon&pg=PA254"><i>Broadband Communications Networks: Recent Advances and Lessons from Practice</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78923-742-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78923-742-9"><bdi>978-1-78923-742-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadband+Communications+Networks%3A+Recent+Advances+and+Lessons+from+Practice&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-78923-742-9&rft.aulast=Haidine&rft.aufirst=Abdelfatteh&rft.au=Aqqal%2C+Abdelhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDG-QDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhigh%2Bfiber%2Bcount%2Bcable%2Bpon%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-20&DATE=&CLASS=&COUNT=1000">"GR-20, Generic Requirements for Optical Fiber and Optical Fiber Cable"</a>. Telcordia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120140345/http://telecom-info.telcordia.com/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-20&DATE=&CLASS=&COUNT=1000">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GR-20%2C+Generic+Requirements+for+Optical+Fiber+and+Optical+Fiber+Cable&rft.pub=Telcordia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net%2Fsite-cgi%2Fido%2Fdocs.cgi%3FID%3DSEARCH%26DOCUMENT%3DGR-20%26DATE%3D%26CLASS%3D%26COUNT%3D1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-409&">"GR-409, Generic Requirements for Indoor Fiber Optic Cable"</a>. Telcordia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930165841/http://telecom-info.telcordia.com/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-409&">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GR-409%2C+Generic+Requirements+for+Indoor+Fiber+Optic+Cable&rft.pub=Telcordia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net%2Fsite-cgi%2Fido%2Fdocs.cgi%3FID%3DSEARCH%26DOCUMENT%3DGR-409%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiberstore.com/Single-Mode-VS.-Multimode-Fiber-Cable-aid-340.html">"Single-Mode VS. Multimode Fiber Cable"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929135715/http://www.fiberstore.com/Single-Mode-VS.-Multimode-Fiber-Cable-aid-340.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Single-Mode+VS.+Multimode+Fiber+Cable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiberstore.com%2FSingle-Mode-VS.-Multimode-Fiber-Cable-aid-340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span><br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Erika violet" is RAL 4003, according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgb.to/ral/4003">rgb.to</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018204613/http://rgb.to/ral/4003">Archived</a> 2016-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Similar to Pantone 675U or RGB (196,97,140)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erika_Violet-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erika_Violet_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2013" class="citation web cs1">Crawford, Dwayne (September 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belden.com/blog/datacenters/Who-is-Erika-Violet-and-What-is-She-Doing-in-My-Data-Center.cfm">"Who is Erika Violet and what is she doing in my data center?"</a>. <i>Tech Topics</i>. Belden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043552/http://www.belden.com/blog/datacenters/Who-is-Erika-Violet-and-What-is-She-Doing-in-My-Data-Center.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+Topics&rft.atitle=Who+is+Erika+Violet+and+what+is+she+doing+in+my+data+center%3F&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Dwayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belden.com%2Fblog%2Fdatacenters%2FWho-is-Erika-Violet-and-What-is-She-Doing-in-My-Data-Center.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lime_Green-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lime_Green_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cablinginstall.com/data-center/article/16481505/tia-approves-lime-green-as-identifying-color-for-om5-fiberoptic-cable">"TIA approves lime green as identifying color for OM5 fiber-optic cable"</a>. Cabling Installation and Maintenance. May 14, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806173856/https://www.cablinginstall.com/data-center/article/16481505/tia-approves-lime-green-as-identifying-color-for-om5-fiberoptic-cable">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TIA+approves+lime+green+as+identifying+color+for+OM5+fiber-optic+cable&rft.pub=Cabling+Installation+and+Maintenance&rft.date=2017-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cablinginstall.com%2Fdata-center%2Farticle%2F16481505%2Ftia-approves-lime-green-as-identifying-color-for-om5-fiberoptic-cable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interfacebus-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interfacebus_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interfacebus_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interfacebus_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeroy_Davis2007" class="citation web cs1">Leroy Davis (February 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfacebus.com/Fiber_Insulation_Color_Code.html">"Fiber wire color coding"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212054046/http://www.interfacebus.com/Fiber_Insulation_Color_Code.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiber+wire+color+coding&rft.date=2007-02-21&rft.au=Leroy+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfacebus.com%2FFiber_Insulation_Color_Code.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber-optic+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkcabling.co.za/latency_and_jitter_1/"><i>Latency and Jitter</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427151725/http://www.networkcabling.co.za/latency_and_jitter_1/">Archived</a> 2016-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 2016-04-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span 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<li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_connector" title="Optical fiber connector">Connectors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_wireless_communications" title="Optical wireless communications">Optical wireless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_light_communication" title="Visible light communication">Visible light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_communication_in_space" title="Laser communication in space">In space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_IR" title="Consumer IR">Consumer IR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Transport_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Transport Network">Optical Transport Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Carrier_transmission_rates" title="Optical Carrier transmission rates">OC Rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensity_modulation" title="Intensity modulation">Intensity modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulating_retro-reflector" title="Modulating retro-reflector">Modulating retro-reflector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Optical_communications" title="Category:Optical communications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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