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<span>Informal control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Informal_control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Informal control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Informal_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Social values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sanctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reward_and_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reward_and_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reward and punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reward_and_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_bias_within_the_modern_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_bias_within_the_modern_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Theoretical bias within the modern media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_bias_within_the_modern_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formal control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formal_control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formal control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formal_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanctions_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sanctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broken_windows_theory_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broken_windows_theory_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Broken windows theory in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broken_windows_theory_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="ضبط اجتماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضبط اجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_social" title="Control social – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Control social" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_social" title="Control social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Control social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_kontrola" title="Sociální kontrola – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální kontrola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_kontrol" title="Social kontrol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Social kontrol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziale_Kontrolle" title="Soziale Kontrolle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziale Kontrolle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaalne_kontroll" title="Sotsiaalne kontroll – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaalne kontroll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κοινωνικός έλεγχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινωνικός έλεγχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_social" title="Control social – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Control social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socia_kontrolo" title="Socia kontrolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socia kontrolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte_kontrol" title="Gizarte kontrol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte kontrol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="کنترل اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنترل اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contr%C3%B4le_social" title="Contrôle social – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contrôle social" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3" title="સામાજિક નિયંત્રણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સામાજિક નિયંત્રણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C_%ED%86%B5%EC%A0%9C" title="사회 통제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회 통제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սոցիալական վերահսկողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալական վերահսկողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="सामाजिक नियंत्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक नियंत्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controllo_sociale" title="Controllo sociale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Controllo sociale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociale_controle" title="Sociale controle – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociale controle" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" title="社会統制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会統制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrola_spo%C5%82eczna" title="Kontrola społeczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kontrola społeczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlo_social" title="Controlo social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Controlo social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Социальный контроль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальный контроль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social control" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%A9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ڕێککاری کۆمەڵایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێککاری کۆمەڵایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Друштвена контрола – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друштвена контрола" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_kontroll" title="Social kontroll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Social kontroll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyal_kontrol" title="Sosyal kontrol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyal kontrol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Соціальний контроль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальний контроль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%83m_so%C3%A1t_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Kiểm soát xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiểm soát xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="社会控制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社会控制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623971#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="View the 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept within the disciplines of the social sciences and within political science</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Social_control_theory" title="Social control theory">Social control theory</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summerfairesign.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Summerfairesign.JPG/220px-Summerfairesign.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Summerfairesign.JPG/330px-Summerfairesign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Summerfairesign.JPG/440px-Summerfairesign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Signs warning of prohibited activities; an example of social control</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Social control</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_(law)" title="Sanctions (law)">sanctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(sociology)" title="Mechanism (sociology)">mechanisms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">systems</a> that restrict the behaviour of individuals in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">orders</a>. Through both informal and formal means, individuals and groups exercise social control both <a href="/wiki/Internalization_(sociology)" title="Internalization (sociology)">internally</a> and externally. As an area of <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a>, social control is studied by researchers of various fields, including <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Innes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Innes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social control is considered one of the foundations of social order.<sup id="cite_ref-E.A._Ross_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E.A._Ross-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociologists</a> identify two basic forms of social control. Informal means of control refer to the <a href="/wiki/Internalisation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internalisation (sociology)">internalization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">norms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">values</a> through <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal means comprise external sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Lawlessness" title="Lawlessness">chaos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">anomie</a> in society. Some theorists, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, refer to formal control as <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social control developed together with civilization, as a rational measure against the uncontrollable forces of nature which <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal</a> organisations were at prey to within archaic tribal societies.<sup id="cite_ref-D.S._McIntosh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D.S._McIntosh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criminal persecutions first emerged around sixth century B.C. as a form of formal social control in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece. The purpose of these persecutions were to check certain groups and protect them from malicious interests.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> also provided an informal moral influence on communities and individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the wider use of the term "social control", <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social philosophers</a> referred to the concept in early works. In <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> discusses how the state exerts social order using civil and military power. <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_Crimes_and_Punishments" title="On Crimes and Punishments">On Crimes and Punishments</a></i> argues that people will avoid criminal behavior if their acts result in harsher punishment, and that changes in punishment act as a form of social control.<sup id="cite_ref-obo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> also explored social control in the work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Division_of_Labour_in_Society" title="The Division of Labour in Society">The Division of Labour in Society</a></i>, discussing the paradox of deviance and arguing that social control is what makes us abide by laws in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "social control" was first introduced to sociology by <a href="/wiki/Albion_Woodbury_Small" title="Albion Woodbury Small">Albion Woodbury Small</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Edgar_Vincent" title="George Edgar Vincent">George Edgar Vincent</a> in 1894. However, at the time, sociologists only showed sporadic interest in the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the concept of social control has been around since the formation of organized sociology, the meaning has been altered over time. Originally, the concept simply referred to society's ability to regulate itself.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the 1930s, the term took on its more modern meaning of an individual's conversion to <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics began to study <a href="/wiki/Social_control_theory" title="Social control theory">social control theory</a> as a separate field in the early 20th century. Within the 20th century, social scientists presumed that religion was still a principal factor of social control.<sup id="cite_ref-R._Stark,_W.S._Bainbridge_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R._Stark,_W.S._Bainbridge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the decades leading up to the end of the 1980s, an increased prevalence of the <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individual</a> as a feature within society led to new <a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">psychotherapeutic modalities</a>, suggesting the use of therapy as a means of social control.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informal_control">Informal control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Informal control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_values">Social values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social values are result of an individual internalizing certain norms and values.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social values present in individuals are products of informal social control, exercised implicitly by a society through particular <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">norms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a>. Individuals internalize the values of their society, whether conscious or not of the indoctrination. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional values">Traditional society</a> relies mostly on informal social control embedded in its customary <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> to socialize its members. The internalization of these values and norms is known as a process called <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a>. </p><p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward A. Ross">Edward A. Ross</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> systems exert a greater control on human behavior than laws imposed by government, no matter what form the beliefs take.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions">Sanctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sanctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Informal sanctions may include <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_ridicule" title="Appeal to ridicule">ridicule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">criticism</a>, and disapproval, which can cause an individual to stray towards the social norms of the society. In extreme cases sanctions may include social <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">exclusion</a>. Informal social control usually has more effect on individuals because the social values become <a href="/wiki/Internalization_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internalization (psychology)">internalized</a>, thus becoming an aspect of the individual's <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reward_and_punishment">Reward and punishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reward and punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway" title="Mesolimbic pathway">Mesolimbic pathway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">Reward system</a></div> <p>Informal controls reward or <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punish</a> acceptable or unacceptable behavior (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">deviance</a>) and are varied from individual to individual, group to group, and society to society. For example, at a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Institutes_(British)" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Institutes (British)">Women's Institute</a> meeting, a disapproving look might convey the message that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">criminal gang</a>, on the other hand, a stronger sanction applies in the case of someone threatening to inform to the police of illegal activity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social control by use of reward is known as <a href="/wiki/Positive_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive reinforcement">positive reinforcement</a>. In society and the laws and regulations implemented by the government tend to focus on punishment or the enforcing negative sanctions to act as a deterrent as means of social control.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_bias_within_the_modern_media">Theoretical bias within the modern media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theoretical bias within the modern media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> have argued that <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">systemic bias</a> exists in the modern media.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> industries have thus been said to utilize <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communications</a> to aid the interests of certain political and business elites. Powerful ideological, economic and religious <a href="/wiki/Lobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbyists">lobbyists</a> have often used school systems and centralized electronic communications to influence <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formal_control">Formal control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Formal control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions_2">Sanctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sanctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formal sanctions are usually imposed by the government and organizations in the form of laws to reward or punish behavior. Some formal sanctions include fines and <a href="/wiki/Incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarceration">incarceration</a> in order to deter negative behavior. Other forms of formal social control can include other sanctions that are more severe depending on the behavior seen as negative such as <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, expulsion, and limits on <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of this can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>. If a person breaks a law set forth by the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> and is caught, they will have to go to court and depending on the severity, will have to pay <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a> or face harsher consequences. </p><p>According to a study on crime in cities, those where <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> make more arrests for public offenses and have higher incarceration rates tend to experience lower crime rates.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techniques">Techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> is a technique used for the purposes of social control.<sup id="cite_ref-Roscoe_Pound_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roscoe_Pound-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, there are certain laws regarding appropriate sexual relationships; these are largely based on societal values. Historically, homosexuality has been criminalised in the West. In modern times, due to shifts in societal values, Western societies have mostly decriminalized homosexual relations. However, there are still laws regarding age of consent and incest, as these are still deemed as issues in society that require means of control.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mechanism of social control occurs through the use of selective incentives.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selective incentives are <a href="/wiki/Private_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Private goods">private goods</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-P._Oliver_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P._Oliver-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are gifts or services,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made available to people depending on whether they do or don't contribute to the good of a group, collective, or the common good. If people do contribute, they are rewarded, if they don't they are punished. <a href="/wiki/Mancur_Olson" title="Mancur Olson">Mancur Olson</a> gave rise to the concept in its first instance (c.f. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Collective_Action" title="The Logic of Collective Action">The Logic of Collective Action</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-P._Oliver_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P._Oliver-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oberschall, in his work, identifies three elements to the pragmatics of social control as they exist in our current society. These are, confrontational control, such as <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crowd_control" title="Crowd control">crowd control</a>, preventative measures to deter non-normal behaviors, which is legislation outlining expected boundaries for behavior, and measures complementary to preventative measures, which amount to punishment of criminal offences.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_Oberschall_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_Oberschall-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cities can implement park exclusion orders (prohibiting individuals from frequenting some or all of the parks in a city for an extended period due to a previous infraction), trespass laws (privatizing areas generally thought of as public so police can choose which individuals to interrogate), and off-limit orders (Stay Out of Drug Areas (SODA) and Stay Out of Areas of Prostitution (SOAP) that obstruct access to these spaces). These are just a few of the new social control techniques cities use to displace certain individuals to the margins of society.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several common themes are apparent in each of these control mechanisms. The first is the ability to spatially constrain individuals in their own city. Defying any of the above statutes is a criminal offense resulting in possible incarceration.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not all individuals subjected to an exclusion order obey it, these individuals are, at the very least, spatially hindered through decreased mobility and freedom throughout the city.<sup id="cite_ref-ten_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ten-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spatial constrain on individuals leads to disruption and interference in their lives. Homeless individuals generally frequent parks since the area provides benches for sleeping, public washrooms, occasional public services, and an overall sense of security by being near others in similar conditions. Privatizing areas such as libraries, public transportation systems, college campuses, and commercial establishments that are generally public gives the police permission to remove individuals as they see fit, even if the individual has ethical intent in the space. Off-limit orders attempting to keep drug addicts, prostitutes, and others out of concentrated areas of drug and sex crimes commonly restricts these individuals' ability to seek social services beneficial to rehabilitation, since these services are often located within the SODA and SOAP territories.<sup id="cite_ref-ten_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ten-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Broken_windows_theory_in_the_United_States">Broken windows theory in the United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Broken windows theory in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, early societies were able to easily expel individuals deemed undesirable from public space through <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy (people)">vagrancy</a> laws and other forms of banishment. In the 1960s and 1970s, however, these exclusion orders were denounced as unconstitutional in America<sup id="cite_ref-nine_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently were rejected by the US Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Broken_windows_theory" title="Broken windows theory">broken windows theory</a> in the 1980s transformed the concepts cities used to form policies, to circumvent the previous issue of unconstitutionality.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the theory, the environment of a particular space signals its health to the public, including to potential vandals. By maintaining an organized environment, individuals are dissuaded from causing disarray in that particular location. However, environments filled with disorder, such as broken windows or graffiti, indicate an inability for the neighborhood to supervise itself, therefore leading to an increase in criminal activity.<sup id="cite_ref-tented_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tented-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of focusing on the built environment, policies substantiated by the Broken Windows Theory overwhelmingly emphasize undesirable human behavior as the environmental disorder prompting further crime.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civility laws, originating in the late 1980s and early 1990s, provide an example of the usage of this latter aspect of the Broken Windows Theory as legitimization for discriminating against individuals considered disorderly in order to increase the sense of security in urban spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These civility laws effectively criminalize activities considered undesirable, such as sitting or lying on sidewalks, sleeping in parks, urinating or <a href="/wiki/Drinking_in_public" title="Drinking in public">drinking in public</a>, and begging,<sup id="cite_ref-ten_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ten-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an attempt to force the individuals doing these and other activities to relocate to the margins of society.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not surprisingly then, <a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homelessness" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminalization of homelessness">these restrictions disproportionally affect the homeless</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals are deemed undesirable in urban space because they do not fit into <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">social norms</a>, which causes unease for many residents of certain neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fear has been deepened by the Broken Windows Theory and exploited in policies seeking to remove undesirables from visible areas of society.<sup id="cite_ref-tented_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tented-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial city</a>, concerned primarily with retail, tourism, and the service sector,<sup id="cite_ref-eight_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the increasing pressure to create the image of a livable and orderly city has no doubt aided in the most recent forms of social control.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new techniques involve even more intense attempts to spatially expel certain individuals from urban space since the police are entrusted with considerably more power to investigate individuals, based on suspicion rather than on definite evidence of illicit actions.<sup id="cite_ref-ten_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ten-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority_bias" title="Authority bias">Authority bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countercontrol" title="Countercontrol">Countercontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilt society">Guilt society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Mind control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_corridor" title="Opinion corridor">Opinion corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power (social and political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Shame society">Shame society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Social relations">Social relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaking_truth_to_power" title="Speaking truth to power">Speaking truth to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of revolution">Sociology of revolution</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-M._Innes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M._Innes_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFM._Innes2003" class="citation book cs1">M. Innes (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yXo5ARzFaMC&q=Understanding+Social+Control%3A+Crime+and+Social+Order+in+Late+Modernity"><i>Understanding Social Control: Crime and Social Order in Late Modernity - Deviance, crime and social order</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780335209408" title="Special:BookSources/9780335209408"><bdi>9780335209408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Social+Control%3A+Crime+and+Social+Order+in+Late+Modernity+-+Deviance%2C+crime+and+social+order&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education+%28UK%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780335209408&rft.au=M.+Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yXo5ARzFaMC%26q%3DUnderstanding%2BSocial%2BControl%253A%2BCrime%2Band%2BSocial%2BOrder%2Bin%2BLate%2BModernity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20control">"Social Control"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster</i>. Merriam Webster Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>social control [...]: the rules and standards of society that circumscribe individual action through the inculcation of conventional sanctions and the imposition of formalized mechanisms</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Social+Control&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsocial%2520control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael2012" class="citation web cs1">Carmichael, Jason (26 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756384/obo-9780199756384-0048.xml">"Social Control"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199756384-0048">10.1093/OBO/9780199756384-0048</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Social+Control&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199756384-0048&rft.aulast=Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199756384%2Fobo-9780199756384-0048.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E.A._Ross-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E.A._Ross_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFE._A._Ross2009" class="citation book cs1">E. A. Ross (2009). <i>Social Control: A Survey of the Foundations of Order</i>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412834278" title="Special:BookSources/9781412834278"><bdi>9781412834278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Control%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Foundations+of+Order&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781412834278&rft.au=E.+A.+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindzey, Gardner (Ed), (1954). ':/Handbook of social psychology<i>. I. Theory and method. II. Special fields and applications (2 vols), (pp. II, 655–692). Oxford, England: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., xx, 1226 pp.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D.S._McIntosh-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D.S._McIntosh_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD.S._McIntosh1963" class="citation journal cs1">D.S. McIntosh (1963). "Power and Social Control". <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>57</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">619–</span>631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1952567">10.2307/1952567</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1952567">1952567</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147546364">147546364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Power+and+Social+Control&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E619-%3C%2Fspan%3E631&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147546364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1952567%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1952567&rft.au=D.S.+McIntosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHagenJeffery1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hagen, John; Jeffery, Leon (1977). "Rediscovering Delinquency: Social History, Political Ideology and the Sociology of Law". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 588. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2094557">10.2307/2094557</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2094557">2094557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+Delinquency%3A+Social+History%2C+Political+Ideology+and+the+Sociology+of+Law.&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=588&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2094557&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2094557%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Jeffery%2C+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirbyKiddKoubelBarter2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, Mark; Kidd, Warren; Koubel, Francine; Barter, John; Hope, Tanya; Kirton, Alison; Madry, Nick; Manning, Paul; Triggs, Karen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NE7fykwlOl8C"><i>Sociology in Perspective</i></a>. AQA Series. Oxford: Heinemann. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435331603" title="Special:BookSources/9780435331603"><bdi>9780435331603</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>Briefly, religion [...] contributes to social control through ideology [...]. [...] Conflict theories such as Marxism and neo-Marxism tend to stress the control functions of religion. Religion is seen as another agent of ideology which performs a similar role to the education system and the mass media.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+Perspective&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=AQA+Series&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780435331603&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Kidd%2C+Warren&rft.au=Koubel%2C+Francine&rft.au=Barter%2C+John&rft.au=Hope%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Kirton%2C+Alison&rft.au=Madry%2C+Nick&rft.au=Manning%2C+Paul&rft.au=Triggs%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNE7fykwlOl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConley2017" class="citation book cs1">Conley, Dalton (2017). <i>You may ask yourself: An introduction to thinking like a sociologist</i> (Core 5th ed.). 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Pound (1997) [1942]. <i>Social Control Through Law</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560009160" title="Special:BookSources/9781560009160"><bdi>9781560009160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Control+Through+Law&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781560009160&rft.au=R.+Pound&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoffee2015" class="citation book cs1">Roffee, James A. (2015). "When Yes Actually Means Yes". <i>Roffee, James (2015). When Yes Actually Means Yes in Rape Justice. 72–91</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137476159_5">10.1057/9781137476159_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137476159" title="Special:BookSources/9781137476159"><bdi>9781137476159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+Yes+Actually+Means+Yes&rft.btitle=Roffee%2C+James+%282015%29.+When+Yes+Actually+Means+Yes+in+Rape+Justice.+72%E2%80%9391&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137476159_5&rft.isbn=9781137476159&rft.aulast=Roffee&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Janky, K. Takacs - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Efficient+and+inefficient+social+control+in+collective+action.-a0284936605">Report</a> published by CEU Political Science Journal September 1, 2010 [Retrieved 2015-12-04]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P._Oliver-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P._Oliver_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P._Oliver_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFP._Oliver2013" class="citation book cs1">P. Oliver (2013). "Selective Incentives". <i>Abstract</i>. published by <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing Ltd.">Blackwell Publishing Ltd.</a> January 14, 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470674871.wbespm185">10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405197731" title="Special:BookSources/9781405197731"><bdi>9781405197731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Selective+Incentives&rft.btitle=Abstract&rft.pub=published+by+Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.+January+14%2C+2013&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470674871.wbespm185&rft.isbn=9781405197731&rft.au=P.+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvard University Press - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674537514">summary of The Logic of Collective Action Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, by Mancur Olson, Jr.</a> Harvard Economic Studies 124 [Retrieved 2015-12-04]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_Oberschall-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_Oberschall_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Oberschall1995" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Oberschall (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JT8761v8-x4C&pg=PA111"><i>Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412834360" title="Special:BookSources/9781412834360"><bdi>9781412834360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Movements%3A+Ideologies%2C+Interests%2C+and+Identities&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781412834360&rft.au=Anthony+Oberschall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJT8761v8-x4C%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eight-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eight_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eight_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckett, Katherine and Steve Herbert. 2008. Dealing with disorder: Social control in the post-industrial city. <i>Theoretical Criminology</i>. 12: 5–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ten-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ten_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ten_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ten_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ten_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckett, Katherine and Steve Herbert. 2010. "Penal boundaries: Banishment and the expansion of punishment". <i>Law and Social Inquiry</i>. 35: 1–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nine-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nine_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nine_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nine_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert, Steve and Katherine Beckett. 2009. Zoning out disorder: Assessing contemporary practices of urban social control. <i>Studies in Law, Politics, and Society</i>. 47: 1–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcourt, Bernard and Jens Ludwig. 2005. "Broken windows: New evidence from New York City and a five-city <a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">social experiment</a>". <i>The University of Chicago Law Review</i>. 73: 271-320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tented-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tented_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tented_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ranasinghe, Prashan. 2010. Public disorder and its relation to the community-civility-consumption triad: A case study on the uses and users of contemporary urban public space. <i>Urban Studies</i>. 48: 1925–1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">England, Marcia. Stay out of drug areas: Drugs, othering, and regulation of public space in Seattle, Washington. <i>Space and Polity</i>. 12: 197–213.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_control&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Social_control" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Social control">Social control</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Deflem, Mathieu. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deflem.blogspot.com/2018/05/socialcontrol.html">“Social Control.”</a> In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory, edited by Bryan S. Turner. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Deflem, Mathieu. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deflem.blogspot.com/2015/03/socialcontrol.html">"Social Control (Deviance and)."</a> pp. 30–44 in The Handbook of Deviance, edited by Erich Goode. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/200/socontrl.html">The Sociology of Social Control</a> - Summary of ideas.</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Social+Control&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Social Control</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a 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