Stone Sculpture: History, Types, Materials, Techniques

<html> <head> <title>Stone Sculpture: History, Types, Materials, Techniques</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta name="description" content="Stone Sculpture (30,000 BCE - present): Characteristics of Ancient and Modern Stone Statues, Reliefs and Figurines"> <meta name="keywords" content="Stone Sculpture, Famous Statues, Relief Work, Stone Sculptors, Romanesque Sculpture, Gothic Reliefs, Easter Island Moai, MOHS Scale of Mineral Hardness, Carving Techniques, Soapstone, Alabaster, Limestone, Sandstone, Marble, Granite, Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, Constantin Brancusi, Jacob Epstein, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Jacques Lipchitz, Modigliani, Henry Moore"> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"> <div id="fb-root"></div> <script>(function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_GB/all.js#xfbml=1"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td> Stone Sculpture History, Types, Materials, Techniques: Famous Stone Statues, Reliefs. <a href="../site/search.htm">MAIN A-Z INDEX</a> - <a href="../site/sculpture.htm">A-Z of SCULPTURE</a> <div class="fb-like" data-href="http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/stone.htm" data-width="450" data-show-faces="true" data-send="true"></div> <a href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" class="pin-it-button" count-layout="none"><img src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/PinExt.png" alt="Pin it" / ></a> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js"></script> </td> </tr> </table> <hr width="750" size="1"> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> <img src="../images-new/moai-easter-island.jpg" width="200" height="196"> The famous Easter Island Moai stone sculptues (c.1250-1500 CE). </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <h1>Stone Sculpture (c.30,000 BCE - present)</h1> Contents <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a> <a href="#history">History</a> <a href="#prehistoric">Prehistoric Stone Sculpture</a> <a href="#ancient">Ancient Stone Sculpture</a> <a href="#romanesque">Romanesque</a> <a href="#gothic">Gothic</a> <a href="#moai">Moai Sculptures from Easter Island</a> <a href="#modern">Modern Stone Sculpture</a> <a href="#materials">Sculpting Methods and Materials</a> <a href="#types">Types of Stone</a> <a href="#carving">Stone Carving Techniques</a> <a href="#sculptures">Famous Stone Sculptures</a> </td> </tr> </table> <hr width="750" size="1"> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> <img src="../images-sculptures/sui-dynasty.jpg" width="109" height="320"> Avalokitesvara Boddhisattva Stone Sculpture (581-618) of the era of <a href="../east-asian-art/sui-dynasty.htm">Sui Dynasty art</a>. Cernuschi Museum, Paris. For more such works, see: <a href="../east-asian-art/chinese-buddhist-sculpture.htm">Chinese Buddhist Sculpture</a> (c.100-present) CHINESE STONE STATUES For the most important Chinese stone sculpture, see the Buddhist statues of: <a href="../east-asian-art/tang-dynasty.htm">Tang Dynasty Art</a> (618-906) <a href="../east-asian-art/song-dynasty.htm">Song Dynasty Art</a> (960-1279) </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <a name="introduction"></a>Introduction If <a href="../prehistoric/petroglyphs.htm">petroglyphs</a> (including the extraordinary cultural phenomena known as <a href="../prehistoric/cupules.htm">cupules</a>) constitute the world's <a href="../prehistoric/oldest-art.htm">oldest art</a>, stone sculpture is the oldest mobiliary (portable) art. For instance, the Stone Age sculptural effigies known as the <a href="../prehistoric/venus-of-berekhat-ram.htm">Venus of Berekhat Ram</a> (basalt) and the <a href="../prehistoric/venus-of-tan-tan.htm">Venus of Tan-Tan</a> (quartzite) are at least 200,000 years old, while the limestone figurine known as the <a href="../prehistoric/venus-of-willendorf.htm">Venus of Willendorf</a> dates from around 30,000 BCE. One reason we know about these examples of <a href="../prehistoric-art.htm">prehistoric art</a>, is precisely because they were fashioned out of a weather-resistant material like stone. Of course, <a href="wood-carving.htm">wood carving</a> and also <a href="ivory-carving.htm">ivory carving</a> are equally traditional, but wood is too perishable, while ivory and animal bones are only useful for certain types of small-scale figures. As well as being relatively easy to obtain, stone - at least certain types of it - is easy to carve and very durable, without having (like bronze) any great intrinsic value. True, marble is much rarer and far more expensive than (say) limestone or sandstone, but marble is a special case and is dealt with separately, see: <a href="marble.htm">marble sculpture</a>. Another special case, is <a href="../prehistoric/megalithic-art.htm">Megalithic art</a>, whose sculptural reliefs overlap with regular <a href="../definitions/plastic-art.htm">plastic art</a>, but these too are dealt with elsewhere, as is precious stone like Jade (greenstone), which features so widely in Chinese art. Up until the 20th century, almost all the <a href="../sculptors.htm">greatest sculptors</a> would have practiced stone carving before progressing onto marble or <a href="bronze.htm">bronze sculpture</a>, while some, like the eminent Irish artist <a href="../irish-sculpture/seamus-murphy.htm">Seamus Murphy</a> (1907-1975), spent their whole lives sculpting in stone. Stone sculpture really dazzled during the cathedral and abbey building programs in the era of <a href="romanesque.htm">Romanesque sculpture</a> (c.1000-1200 CE) and <a href="gothic-sculpture.htm">Gothic Sculpture</a> (c.1150-1300), since which time it has gradually declined, except for the carving of the extraordinary Moai tuff sculptures (c.1250-1500) at Rano Raraku, Easter Island. Despite its decline, stone, along with steel, remains the foremost medium for large-scale outdoor works, as exemplified by the Women's Titanic Memorial (1931, Washington DC), by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney. See also: <a href="../how-to-appreciate-sculpture.htm">How to Appreciate Sculpture</a>. For later works, please see: <a href="../how-to-appreciate-modern-sculpture.htm">How to Appreciate Modern Sculpture</a>. </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"><img src="../images-photographic/holocaust-treblinka-memorial.jpg" width="200" height="214"> The Treblinka Memorial (1958-64) An unforgettable piece of <a href="../definitions/holocaust-art.htm">Holocaust art</a> carved out of granite, it was designed by Polish artists Franciszek Duszenko and Adam Haupt.</td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/ArtEncyclopedia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img src="../images/facebookimage.jpg" width="80" height="80" border="0"></a> </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <a name="history"></a>History <a name="prehistoric"></a>Prehistoric Stone Sculpture Leaving aside the earlier but more controversial effigies, and the flat engravings seen in Paleolithic <a href="../prehistoric/rock-art.htm">rock art</a>, the first <a href="../prehistoric/sculpture.htm">prehistoric sculpture</a> in stone was the series of <a href="../prehistoric/venus-figurines.htm">Venus figurines</a> which began appearing across Europe from about 30,000 BCE. They include: the Austrian <a href="../prehistoric/venus-of-galgenberg.htm">Venus of Galgenberg</a> (also known as the Stratzing Figurine), the French <a href="../prehistoric/venus-of-monpazier.htm">Venus of Monpazier</a> (Steatite), the Italian <a href="../prehistoric/savignano-venus.htm">Venus of Savignano</a> (Serpentine), the Russian <a href="../prehistoric/gagarino-venus.htm">Venus of Gagarino</a> (basalt), and the Swiss Venuses of Engen and Monruz/Neuchatel (both carved in jet stone). Friezes of stone relief sculpture were also a popular feature of Paleolithic <a href="../prehistoric/cave-art.htm">cave art</a>, as exemplified by those at Cap Blanc, Roc de Sers and Roc-aux-Sorciers. Examples of Neolithic stone sculpture have also been discovered in various parts of Central and Eastern Europe, including Turkey (see the animal reliefs at <a href="../prehistoric/gobekli-tepe.htm">Gobekli Tepe</a> c.9000 BCE) and Serbia (see the Fish God of Lepenski Vir c.5000 BCE, National Museum, Belgrade). See also: <a href="../ancient-art.htm">Ancient art</a>. <blockquote> Note: In China, <a href="../east-asian-art/jade-carving.htm">jade carving</a> was the most prestigious form of stone sculpture. For more about the evolution of stone sculpture (mostly Buddhist) in China, see: <a href="../chinese-art-timeline.htm">Chinese Art Timeline</a> (18,000 BCE - present). </blockquote> <a name="ancient"></a>Ancient Stone Sculpture <a href="../ancient-art/egyptian-sculpture.htm">Egyptian sculpture</a> also made full use of stone in both statues and reliefs - see, for instance, the sandstone Statue of Akhenaten (c.1350 BCE), and the greywacke Psametek Protected by Hathor Cow (c.550 BCE) both in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo - as well as monumental works like the Great Sphinx at Giza (c.2575-2465 BCE). Stone was also used heavily in <a href="../ancient-art/persian.htm">Ancient Persian art</a> and also in <a href="../ancient-art/mesopotamia.htm">Mesopotamian art</a> and <a href="../ancient-art/mesopotamian-sculpture.htm">Mesopotamian sculpture</a>. See for instance the Human-headed Winged Bull and Lion (859 BCE) from Ashurnasirpal's palace at Nimrud, a typical example of <a href="../ancient-art/assyrian.htm">Assyrian art</a> (c.1500-612 BCE). Stone masons and craftsmen from these ancient cultures are believed to have been a key influence on <a href="../antiquity/greek-sculpture.htm">Greek sculpture</a>, notably the less sophisticated style of <a href="../antiquity/greek-sculpture-archaic-style.htm">Archaic Greek sculpture</a> (c.650-480 BCE), as in the limestone statue known as "The Auxerre Kore" (c.630 BCE, Louvre). Thereafter most 3-D Greek art, including that of the <a href="../antiquity/parthenon.htm">Parthenon</a>, created during the glorious golden age of <a href="../antiquity/greek-sculpture-high-classical-period.htm">High Classical Greek sculpture</a> (450-400 BCE), was made out of marble or bronze. An exception was the 100-foot high Colossus of Rhodes - a huge <a href="statue.htm">statue</a> of the god Helios, built on the island of Rhodes by Chares of Lindos about 280 BCE, during the era of <a href="../antiquity/greek-sculpture-hellenistic-period.htm">Hellenistic Greek sculpture</a>. Deemed one of the <a href="../ancient-art/seven-wonders.htm">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, it was made from stone (and earth) decorated with bronze plates. Before its rickety structure collapsed in 226 BCE, following an earthquake - it was one of the <a href="../greatest-sculptures-ever.htm">greatest sculptures</a> ever seen. The use of stone sculpture was widespread during the Roman Empire, which made full propaganda use of items like <a href="portrait-busts.htm">portrait busts</a> of the Emperor, as well as historical stone reliefs such as <a href="../antiquity/trajans-column.htm">Trajan's Colum</a> (106-113, Rome), designed by Apollodorus of Damascus; the frieze on the <a href="../antiquity/ara-pacis-augustae.htm">Ara Pacis Augustae</a> (13-9 BCE), the frieze on the Column of Marcus Aurelius (c.180-193 CE), and the reliefs on the Arch of Constantine (312-15 CE). Stone sculpture was also a decorative motif of Christian sarcophagi, during the era of <a href="../cultural-history-of-ireland/early-christian-art.htm">early Christian art</a> (c.150-550). </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <a name="romanesque"></a>Romanesque Stone Sculpture The zenith of stone carving occurred during the period 1000-1300, when Rome and its monastic orders instituted their massive program of church building, based on a new style of church architecture, known as Romanesque. (See also: <a href="medieval.htm">Medieval sculpture</a>.) This led to a huge demand for a wide range of new statues and reliefs to decorate each new cathedral, church and abbey. In France, important centres of <a href="../history-of-art/romanesque-art.htm">Romanesque art</a> included Cluny, Autun, Vezelay, Toulouse and Moissac. In Italy, there were located at Como, Modena, Verona, Ferrara, Parma, Pisa, Lucca and the Apulian cities. In Spain, Romanesque sculpture was centred at Leon, Madrid and Santiago de Compostela. In Ireland, the monastic authorities erected <a href="../irish-sculpture/celtic-high-cross-sculptures.htm">Celtic High Cross Sculptures</a> - the largest body of free-standing sculpture since the Renaissance. Famous stone sculptors of the period included: the Frenchman <a href="gislebertus.htm">Gislebertus</a> (noted for his work at the Cathedral of Saint Lazare); the <a href="master-of-cabestany.htm">Master of Cabestany</a> (named after his Romanesque-style tympanum, at Cabestany); the Spaniard <a href="master-mateo.htm">Master Mateo</a> (famous for his Portico de la Gloria at Santiago de Compostela cathedral); and <a href="benedetto-antelami.htm">Benedetto Antelami</a> (known for his work at Parma and elsewhere). <blockquote> NOTE: For an interesting comparison with Eastern stone sculpture from the same period, see: the extraordinary stone figures at the 12th century <a href="../east-asian-art/angkor-wat.htm">Angkor Wat Khmer Temple</a> in Cambodia, and the 11th century <a href="../east-asian-art/kandariya-mahadeva-temple.htm">Kandariya Mahadeva Temple</a> at Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh. The <a href="../east-asian-art/indian-sculpture.htm">Indian sculpture</a> at Khajuraho is notorious for its explicit 'adult' content. </blockquote> <a name="gothic"></a>Gothic Stone Sculpture After the Romanesque era came the golden age of stone work, in the form of <a href="../history-of-art/gothic-architecture.htm">Gothic architecture</a>, exemplified by the great French Cathedrals of Chartres, Notre Dame de Paris, Amiens, and Reims, with their soarching vaults, huge stained glass windows, perched gargoyles, Biblical <a href="relief.htm">relief sculpture</a> and ranks of column statues. In fact these awesome structures contained the greatest collection of three-dimensional <a href="../religious-art.htm">religious art</a> ever seen in the <a href="../sculpture-history.htm">history of sculpture</a>. Like a 3-D version of Michelangelo's fresco paintings on the roof and walls of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, the exteriors and interiors of these monumental churches displayed a massive array of Saints, Apostles, members of the Holy Family, along with various angels and other gospel figures, plus narrative reliefs depicting the Birth of Jesus, The Passion of Christ and other Biblical events. Famous Gothic sculptors, all of whom sculpted in stone, included: <a href="nicola-pisano.htm">Nicola Pisano</a> (c.1206-1278), the leader of the Italian school; his son <a href="giovanni-pisano.htm">Giovanni Pisano</a> (c.1250-1314), who created the marble altar at Arezzo; <a href="arnolfo-cambio.htm">Arnolfo di Cambio</a> (c.12401310), who specialized in tomb sculpture and funerary art; and <a href="giovanni-balduccio.htm">Giovanni di Balduccio</a> (c.12901339), noted for the Shrine of St Peter Martyr at S. Eustorgio, Milan. Late Gothic stone sculptors included <a href="andre-beauneveu.htm">Andre Beauneveu</a> (c.1335-1400), who served the French King Charles V, and Duke Jean de Berry; and <a href="claus-sluter.htm">Claus Sluter</a> (c.1340-1406), leader of the Dijon school. <blockquote> For a comparison with marble sculpture, see <a href="david-by-michelangelo.htm">David by Michelangelo</a> (1501-4, Academy of Arts Gallery, Florence). </blockquote> <a name="moai"></a>Moai Sculptures from Easter Island The Polynesian territory of Easter Island is home to a particularly striking and unusually durable type of <a href="../ancient-art/oceanic.htm">Oceanic art</a> - the famous Moai or mo'ai. These are a series of 887 monolithic human figures - also known as "Easter Island heads" - carved out of volcanic tuff during the period 1250-1500. Averaging about 13 feet tall, about 5 feet wide at the base, and weighing about 14 tons, their elliptical eye sockets were intended to hold coral "eyes", with pupils made from black obsidian or red scoria. Many moai are still at the Rano Raraku quarry, but a large number have been moved to stone platforms (ahu) around the island's perimeter. Some 13 moai are made from basalt, 17 from fragile red scoria and 22 from trachyte. <a name="modern"></a>Modern Stone Sculpture Modern stone carvers have included <a href="jean-baptiste-carpeaux.htm">Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux</a> (1827-1875), famous for his wonderfully animated Dance (1865-9, Musee d'Orsay); <a href="constantin-brancusi.htm">Constantin Brancusi</a> (1876-1957), who produced The Kiss (1907, Kunsthalle, Hamburg); <a href="jacob-epstein.htm">Jacob Epstein</a> (18801959) responsible for the evocative Adam (1938, Harewood House); the Gothic-inspired German expressionist sculptor <a href="wilhelm-lehmbruck.htm">Wilhelm Lehmbruck</a> (1881-1919), creator of Kneeling Woman (1911, MOMA); <a href="henri-gaudier-brzeska.htm">Henri Gaudier-Brzeska</a> (1891-1915), noted for the Red Stone Dancer (1913, Tate Gallery); <a href="henry-moore.htm">Henry Moore</a> (1898-1986), noted for Mother and Child (1924-5, Manchester Art Gallery); the painters Andre Derain (1880-1954), famous for his Standing Nude (1907, Pompidou Centre) and <a href="../famous-artists/modigliani.htm">Modigliani</a> (1884-1920), who always preferred to carve directly in stone; and others. And as far as monumental stone works go, look no further than Gutzon Borglum's Presidential Portraits on Mount Rushmore (1941). Interestingly, in nearly all these examples of stone carvings, the form of the person seems to emerge from out of the stone. <a name="materials"></a>Sculpting Methods and Materials <a name="types"></a>Types of Stone Stone comes in many different varieties, giving artists plenty of choice in respect of colour, quality and hardness. The hardest and most weatherproof stone is igneous rock, formed by the cooling of molten rock, such as granite, diorite and basalt. Sedimentary stones like alabaster (gypsum) may also be used, although they contain noticeable strata. Metamorphic stones, formed by changes to igneous and sedimentary rock caused by extreme temperature or pressure, are very popular with sculptors: the best example being the different types of marble. In general, the softer the stone, the easier it is to carve. According to the MOHS Scale of Mineral Hardness, invented by the German geologist Carl Friedrich Mohs (1773-1839), Soapstone, with a MOHS hardness of about 2, is one of the easiest stones to work. Next, comes Alabaster, and softer kinds of serpentine, all with a MOHS value of about 3. Stones that have a value of 4 include Limestone and sandstone. Harder stone, with a MOHS value of 6, includes travertine, marble, and onyx, with granite and ultimately basalt (both 8) being the most durable but the most difficult to carve. <a name="carving"></a>Stone Carving Techniques The carving begins with the chiseling away of large chunks of redundant rock (a process known as "roughing out", "pitching", or "knocking off"), using a point chisel and a wedge-shaped pitching chisel, together with a masons driving hammer. Once a rough figure emerges, more precise markings are made with charcoal, pencil or crayon on the stone, and the sculptor then uses basic hammer and point work technique to create more definition. Other specific tools (like a toothed chisel, claw chisel, rasps and rifflers) are used to create the final figure. During the Renaissance period these the main tools for a sculptors would include: a set of chisels (Gli Scalpelli) including flat (Scalpello), pointed (Subbia), round-ended (Unghietto), toothed (Gradina), and splitting (Scapezzatore) chisels; a mallet (La Mazza) used to strike the chisel. As well as this, the sculptor would use several different hammers - to strike the edge-tools like the chisels and also the stone itself. In addition to these traditional tools, 20th-century sculptors had access to pneumatic hammers, as well as other power tools like a diamond-bladed angle-grinder, and numerous hand drills. Today, in keeping with the principles of <a href="../postmodernism.htm">postmodernist art</a>, stone carvers may use even more sophisticated equipment, such as oxy-acetylene torches, lasers and jet heat torches. The latter was used to create the granite Crazy Horse Memorial at Mount Rushmore. <a name="sculptures"></a>Famous Stone Sculptures Celebrated stone statues and reliefs can be seen in some of the <a href="../art-museums.htm">best art museums</a> and sculpture gardens around the globe. Masterpieces include: Prehistoric Stone Carvings - Venus of Berekhat Ram (230,000 - 700,000 BCE) Basalt Effigy, Golan. - Venus of Tan-Tan (200,000 - 500,000 BCE) Quartzite effigy, Morocco. - Venus of Galgenberg (c.30,000 BCE) Serpentine, Austria. - Venus of Monpazier (c.25,000 BCE) Green Steatite figurine, France. - Venus of Willendorf (Austria) (25,000 BCE) Oolitic Limestone. - Venus of Savignano (c.25,000 BCE) Greenish-yellow Serpentine, Italy. - Venus of Gagarino (c.20,000 BCE) Volcanic rock, Don River, Russia. - <a href="../prehistoric/venus-of-engen.htm">Venus of Engen</a> (c.13,000 BCE) Jet stone, Germany. - <a href="../prehistoric/venus-of-monruz.htm">Venus of Monruz-Neuchatel</a> (c.10,000 BCE) Jet stone, Switzerland. - Ain Sakhri Lovers (c.9000 BCE) Calcite cobble, Bethlehem. - Gobekli Tepe Animal Reliefs (c.9000 BCE) Stone, Turkey. - Fish God of Lepenski Vir (5000 BCE) Sandstone cobble, Belgrade. - <a href="../prehistoric/stonehenge.htm">Stonehenge Megalithic Monument</a> (c.3100-1100 BCE), Wilts, UK. - Head of Queen Nefertiti (c.1360 BCE) Quartzite, Egyptian Museum, Cairo. - Statue of Akhenaten (c.1350 BCE) Sandstone, Egyptian Museum, Cairo. - "The Auxerre Kore" (c.630 BCE) Limestone, Louvre, Paris. - Psametek Protected by Hathor Cow (c.550 BCE) Egyptian Museum, Cairo. - The Tetrarchs: Diocletian, Maxentius, Chlorus, Galerius (350 CE) Porphyry. - Giant Buddha (c.713-803 CE) Leshan, Sichuan province. Medieval Stone Carvings Romanesque - Canterbury Cathedral Stone Reliefs (10th Century), England. - Saint-Lazare Cathedral Stone Reliefs (10th/11th Century) Autun, France. - Sainte-Marie Abbey Stone Reliefs (10th/11th Century) Souillac, France. - Sainte-Foy Abbey Church Reliefs (12th Century) Conques-en-Rouergue. Gothic - <a href="../architecture/notre-dame-paris.htm">Notre Dame Cathedral</a> Reliefs & Statues (c.1160-1250) Paris. - <a href="../architecture/chartres-cathedral.htm">Chartres Cathedral</a> Reliefs & Statues (after 1194) France. - Reims Cathedral Reliefs & Statues (begun 1211) France. - <a href="../architecture/cologne-cathedral.htm">Cologne Cathedral</a> Reliefs & Statues (c.1250-1880) Germany. Oceanic - Moai monolithic human figures (c.1250-1500) Rano Raraku, Easter Island. Modern Stone Carvings - The Dance (1865-9) Musee d'Orsay. By Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux. - Standing Nude (1907) Pompidou Centre. By Andre Derain. - The Kiss (1907) Hamburgerkunsthalle. By Constantin Brancusi. - The Kneeling Woman (1911) MOMA, New York. By Wilhelm Lehmbruck. - Head (1911-13) Guggenheim Museum, New York. By Modigliani. - Red Stone Dancer (1913) Tate Gallery. By Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. - Man With Guitar (1915) MOMA, New York. By Jacques Lipchitz. - Head (1915) MOMA, New York. By Modigliani. - Christ the Redeemer (1922-31) Soapstone, Rio de Janeiro. Paul Landowski. - Mother and Child (1924-5) Manchester Art Gallery. By Henry Moore. - Women's Titanic Memorial (1931) Washington DC. By Gertrude Whitney. - Adam (1938) Harewood House, UK. By Jacob Epstein. - Presidential Portraits (1941) Mount Rushmore. By Gutzon Borglum. - The Motherland Calls (1967) Concrete/Stone, Volgagrad. By Y. Vuchetich. - Ushiku Daibutsu, Amitabha Buddha (1995) Stone, Japan. - Spring Temple Buddha (2002) Stone, Concrete, Copper cast, Henan, China. </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td> For more details about stone carving, see: <a href="../index.htm">Visual Arts Encyclopedia</a>. <hr size="1"> <a rel="author" href="https://profiles.google.com/115076279462378566554#115076279462378566554"> <img src="http://www.google.com/images/icons/ui/gprofile_button-16.png" width="16" height="16"></a> ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCULPTURE © visual-arts-cork.com. All rights reserved. </td> </tr> </table> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> try { var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-5047599-1"); pageTracker._trackPageview(); } catch(err) {}</script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Stone Sculpture: History, Types, Materials, Techniques