CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913656741c771658',cH: 'XmqAOXnZE.rhNEci1is2GC1cPp2iXGzSBl1BNOShPeg-1739801183-1.2.1.1-ix9MfNHLQQbrav91_bXTG2XEsVt5175uQ23CiJyG.bM0dS8FxvthR0tgg09KNFbO',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=African%20Union&__cf_chl_tk=Y1Na0dXWAI5gmLlatZWu0EdFVNusCMJZqPqD6rw2dJU-1739801183-1.0.1.1-TYVYGQ1ETOzF2U_s4cNcXAEQd5hzXZ0TEFIsCmhbhjc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739801183',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=African%20Union&__cf_chl_f_tk=Y1Na0dXWAI5gmLlatZWu0EdFVNusCMJZqPqD6rw2dJU-1739801183-1.0.1.1-TYVYGQ1ETOzF2U_s4cNcXAEQd5hzXZ0TEFIsCmhbhjc",md: "fHwaCbtXjbncpYzL1Qi9qH4A9YWbjR7Z4ars_pB19JM-1739801183-1.2.1.1-iF1VF1bX_nA2JTYYt3XQjsX8vefJ22YP4oLLF1PvLMGvz9aHTgC7PSL_DnQYM3w1tL7cMQ8PcK32mPMa2jrtpNB5HyGEXFx2r8QRL3YhKDb9O_uysLTvr9A2Q4bdaABfeNQX8EfECtuMHhK0LVU3SvS76nXwM0vU61BNZAvhXzsJ8xQFIp3wZigGwrTEFulKd5.hsEBi_cEjd_3vvdFy0_ac.6QO3_CbEIP1XNKtvOOFKBx8UmBNqhaDISPIKhT4wftr4KBigF5B9Txp5LPSiB_IpTK7ujzT1a4dSUpYoCXWazCkuyxJkRCrxwNgOImW.xPYKXIjhV5p8OOMA_vNG5SIbS8MZ.FvGizPaIXoPQaM0DstqCfityEOiUM9kCaHEqG43YAlwhMpPBWtuCXc_yPJOmG6_NBzYW5yju7GwhId7PyeKLgaoCJfUGVRi27TskF3wHwxfwaYB.BfNso3FBCnE1JdgysN1lzPS_uoPGDExXgU2Tra21TmfNniQVkPjqZFWNsCT0xWRjeousGXamXt3VxYGpy4rvW2sVaRm5ogVFxcBmrXplTAwWKT.vx.txUdtIgtBR6DK.ylmyNoDajT35Q_VPSMkAEku1R3jmEMBuMbquyzDxOMH4jlsKeEgHUzAvfym78SWob_uKOvOhNj8rMVOuaYWao31CVf0nmazmWAQPehahiRcKOLUIaZiI8MXfn1Chl5dQO.2LLOnvIhLf6KS7Jr5pj8iokkrIP3Np3vPlKbcckPVWjJ_I3rBMicdDNMmYQK6ZqxEIfPc02gWgwxJqWo0Zb5UO1_g4Dyiz6gOx9bmxk0SEfEn8Lv7L_nvu1qgjcg0nRs1UR97O1S15Zld.qgADWl6Mgy2Isq8DssYfEowkn5RxzNAOY.RyRcLbSpE5xrk1Jyglf8z4Eg4B0YOxdY5s2oM80rqUExgIFuhTJhPN4hSbahLnvH.sptSUhOvc6lYP6xS8wM8UDJzDDG6WedBIODhwPuIgXBI6CjxnWkgUYg6yQPU4a1s3DkHu0LVkh.qPnjsh1VFq1NM8nNTTkI6iTnEk1p4zl50oOa2TqTvpTsRlLFyzgblakFT5_KVAtuM56akPJwMz3OgOl.j95OHmkJam2M32uTV8TNsSLyKdPP_h9f2RW6Ists5od8ob184k5CkTw8RJ352ysrPHJ6wCLNehGdeD46ajlI1t6K8Y7Se6S6z4fuuqBoXbV4cEvEBRCkEmy26OXpnge1xlOIYP.Zy5oclVLT96euY8xvRkU_MJa04KVLEm8Ia2Fb4FpZq9ObEIF8DzPCXXY8cgzwT3UaHBaTQltOBHTqqtDiw_phb2ED0mVHT1qRr1Z8vQz3aw8BNwgcROHCIvQftsy16XdQYzUls37qwZxgXdVR3omREjVG2IoaWPv2_gj_9XKhFidYb2k9O8KJzIa6Qm9LcZMkLd39o5cwjEiUyyMjBmXHGLmQbNKWIJzh5VR0hoOtbGdhMSZNLbb5XFefCKjkyb_ANk1yy9fWbE8OlzIehglS_Ddif3bOH7eKRL2G7L812TVkRdbMjrnP2WBtTjox2oEZ0yQsmAi5myY6JVWTvm0w_YaCN04qfRoHOFV3B4gLLPf_ZBFDGVSPI2ft8xPCh.Hc0IfPLBdg4HGG5YAc26H2J_k5favxGaggAlLnChYvxSJlEIKRDvBSEGsuxYXhCAwIJpNF2Mgh6qSqqHCDzDjjJEAxw1O_cGlDKD2dGAAHHtKrfynGSGXGTcwkJf_YwM4c0e45h3XpaaKWDOHjBnxl6Ad9nHyEQS8lMvIpf5entdX0rGiZiiojzQSDL6XURb0GD2OgABOq7KpfnRfJuSnSrfr76ttaz0ayloQxYRl2eEZDgEdP5X7ccWDdvfPKZUxkpGKoEF39kRPW1dlB2ZPH.6gGC8jcN1nPoRYCEm_.vWGqXk4WsweoA7QNM7CcQwtF.PUP8hU",mdrd: "ylINLerAB18Lo9.AXsfyjdz4AL1rY_zsYku9_Zr.JrE-1739801183-1.2.1.1-JJFurdg2fG9pFRyotlTfPvRiIXZTxJWkbbhmOYgTbpFddt6HqrLMF63Om_MRbO..8knjW0ydh4M9fgzDYUCuWJKbTi.BHDwJCRyFrp8neXa41ZDzGGbVba6rIJMxeESZl5odmQ5vlqpMJKHeeDgv_MtTrN29uE668JE0JVPz0MOM0Txh5VkIxOa_u.fhR7fO0h1nZIags2KFRwzcvWXjseq0lZUWwLQUj_RmOnC2_VbRTsnZyXNJwSIcnT.JbN7mxRAV0PaZ8QzoitPngyKUTQydS3mWS9fRdzFYkYZAiJJUlPeUHgKwNfEkqGqqxtoMRzKFOCGDDlospf1B8nG0C4SzbQLQM2QYdU2MOe4Umb5U4xePSJtz.tAZU.UON9nqlm0AazVqrPCpzejMoSnn3P5OIlo9InaF1xyrKCzaOhagvVkahxShG2dv.bFeKB.M17RuT_g464uzIMJmCTLrsioU7y9pIb.yLBvGpLhJtJCyYqWOuF9IdGHXf7mjNEXLkoFbQWgM4YXAgyRpuJVqaZb1eDLjG9KCYkr1IpRCiCODk7dcbAYvOgcu8xvonRGG73jG2UUgPH60lx0WldYdE.C4CR6UlPm237JEqH67I2uE1oo9CzBJTazeONEBY89kQnWHOvuQgWtFIQ0YP_G8RMmI2a_YAcNu2r0bj5YuJclrqDwxWgtz84rEP3yvgpxodYrvemgJdwEPZc7aELX_etJ_5aqxUZO1o476Rfntcx4DmCNRwuBGoAH0aAoBU9JGyxe79B5.gqjOWxvpGIRbtbJkZOxaLFaCo2COYzmNh5wJzspH.U8.B2O9B6dbXodwhFk44IPKI6LH4SvEpfgeGRci3NhHQN.H_7WkMqjvX9uSHD6a_FG7AixDqaVlhwYm7OvnFd1uQTCZH8inqUbtU4V8Sm.6R8ntBBvelO9Nq6yem_mKbjwW0ToJUvJCEqr17fCUCrGZM0vvi3ERrI3RVXziZ9DW6wR2T3dBepBI2VOqbhpCzFEzPuHzRAb5_EveZbm1Xu8FBageTcPo5uE.lUuIeTJJWJ3JTU1UGERpjkplpVtK5w32muHAIDW2TcoOnOi68N2_n1LFAvlDDG96o68L7ebbiYuSnoU2HKE6oOUD_ZUWaDS7PM.RIO73I49sZiqPeLJ2b0vNsku4YqPmmcKDZnnt0FER7pVVhILji06r0GVChLOlucJRIlTLkLG4dA4neCg2tmx5YQ1zyfoXPLikGp5RB6IGGDYSaV2Xyy.OQLLa9kOGm9teG1U6mZrS9RkxiXA4eVsxbb0rPKDS_Sl_fEv9mn_q0XitMTg1vxZJmyQKZq.Do5ZdJQiXgGKoTcZlSOsZAVAJc4TxN8TMOaKnMCfODUpmX1WMVUIKy5muiRzmNnUKTqkKkvSOkalcmioD.fxKJh6xVNIZ5orbTPIBMGmZHNWmwiwUZkd.kxRvARRptWIuATGrTL1kyr7O85fe7kxj8BOUOpflxuO0Ez_xxDFFAicVkuWXKoG9wXIsn2bgGgsoPAyTKYmFfMLpuNVvEvQoEgN7Z1pOZcpaWbjc9uKbyX2seQMeaRZHtZ162MGGMIzzEnu9lyl_Q8VOJo4CQRYmxPAJ_EQgbdj74IlfqArIAwjn6K7eeY9rKWNDWlyEVpjSOK9nnRfPjzjozuXLxq2.lvgCzx0V9VJe2uv.HbRNbHvf8j2qKS5jFmFJt1Cv1PsAH6xiKJpgQ2b6OcfQ3GaxDatD8bMXbqLoxh6cArXehS20PQjrpQURAj6RXbjQZ8_.ZO1KNGI3wUHcY1PJR02iKQeKNQ6GYOkOM.Euv0VY0Z0H7JJHAxvGZ1I5VwP6QXSExG6PLWbHtt8ZZSbV1to2GWVEZtX9tf4JNMQ02evAXcrdJWiuCNvihZ56lItLEV29157mSUUatsFQN.KakuEMjft8sIQiboqQHSo43z1VFp6dyu2jrH8UEH38uGrwHvVPQw7K8U8LtSdQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913656741c771658';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=African%20Union&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Y1Na0dXWAI5gmLlatZWu0EdFVNusCMJZqPqD6rw2dJU-1739801183-1.0.1.1-TYVYGQ1ETOzF2U_s4cNcXAEQd5hzXZ0TEFIsCmhbhjc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>