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<span>Pre-1850</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1850-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Late 19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Late 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1850s–60s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1850s–60s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1850s–60s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1850s–60s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crinolettes_and_1880s_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crinolettes_and_1880s_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Crinolettes and 1880s revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crinolettes_and_1880s_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Critical response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crinoline</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="إعظامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعظامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinolinenn" title="Krinolinenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krinolinenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirinyac" title="Mirinyac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mirinyac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кринолин – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кринолин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinol%C3%ADna" title="Krinolína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krinolína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinoline" title="Krinoline – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krinoline" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinoliin" title="Krinoliin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Krinoliin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Κρινολίνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρινολίνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miri%C3%B1aque" title="Miriñaque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miriñaque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinolino" title="Krinolino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krinolino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoline" title="Crinoline – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crinoline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Կրինոլին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրինոլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinolino" title="Krinolino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krinolino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%ADn%C3%B3l%C3%ADna" title="Krínólína – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krínólína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinolina" title="Crinolina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crinolina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="קרינולינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרינולינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoline" title="Crinoline – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Crinoline" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinolin_(ruha)" title="Krinolin (ruha) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Krinolin (ruha)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="ക്രിനോലൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിനോലൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirt_gegelang" title="Skirt gegelang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skirt gegelang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoline" title="Crinoline – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Crinoline" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="クリノリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリノリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinoline" title="Krinoline – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krinoline" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinoline" title="Krinoline – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krinoline" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krynolina" title="Krynolina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krynolina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinolina" title="Crinolina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crinolina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinolin%C4%83" title="Crinolină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crinolină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кринолин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кринолин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinol%C3%ADna" title="Krinolína – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krinolína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannehame" title="Vannehame – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vannehame" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinolin" title="Krinolin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krinolin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krinolin" title="Krinolin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Krinolin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Кринолін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кринолін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E8%AB%BE%E6%9E%97%E8%A3%99%E8%A5%AF" title="克里諾林裙襯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里諾林裙襯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Petticoat designed to hold out a skirt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crin" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crin (disambiguation)">Crin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:424px;max-width:424px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Dagmar_of_Denmark_with_her_dog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Princess_Dagmar_of_Denmark_with_her_dog.jpg/200px-Princess_Dagmar_of_Denmark_with_her_dog.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Princess_Dagmar_of_Denmark_with_her_dog.jpg/300px-Princess_Dagmar_of_Denmark_with_her_dog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Princess_Dagmar_of_Denmark_with_her_dog.jpg/400px-Princess_Dagmar_of_Denmark_with_her_dog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Princess Dagmar of Denmark</a> wearing a crinoline in the 1860s</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crinoline,_1860-1870._MoMu_-_Fashion_Museum_Province_of_Antwerp,_www.momu.be._Photo_by_Hugo_Maertens,_Bruges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Crinoline%2C_1860-1870._MoMu_-_Fashion_Museum_Province_of_Antwerp%2C_www.momu.be._Photo_by_Hugo_Maertens%2C_Bruges.jpg/216px-Crinoline%2C_1860-1870._MoMu_-_Fashion_Museum_Province_of_Antwerp%2C_www.momu.be._Photo_by_Hugo_Maertens%2C_Bruges.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Crinoline%2C_1860-1870._MoMu_-_Fashion_Museum_Province_of_Antwerp%2C_www.momu.be._Photo_by_Hugo_Maertens%2C_Bruges.jpg/324px-Crinoline%2C_1860-1870._MoMu_-_Fashion_Museum_Province_of_Antwerp%2C_www.momu.be._Photo_by_Hugo_Maertens%2C_Bruges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Crinoline%2C_1860-1870._MoMu_-_Fashion_Museum_Province_of_Antwerp%2C_www.momu.be._Photo_by_Hugo_Maertens%2C_Bruges.jpg/432px-Crinoline%2C_1860-1870._MoMu_-_Fashion_Museum_Province_of_Antwerp%2C_www.momu.be._Photo_by_Hugo_Maertens%2C_Bruges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cage crinoline underskirt, 1860s, <a href="/wiki/ModeMuseum_Provincie_Antwerpen" class="mw-redirect" title="ModeMuseum Provincie Antwerpen">ModeMuseum, Antwerp</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>crinoline</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> is a stiff or structured <a href="/wiki/Petticoat" title="Petticoat">petticoat</a> designed to hold out a skirt, popular at various times since the mid-19th century. Originally, crinoline described a stiff fabric made of <a href="/wiki/Horsehair" title="Horsehair">horsehair</a> ("<b>crin</b>") and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> which was used to make underskirts and as a dress lining. The term crin or crinoline continues to be applied to a nylon stiffening tape used for interfacing and lining hemlines in the 21st century. </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/1850s_in_Western_fashion" title="1850s in Western fashion">1850s</a> the term crinoline was more usually applied to the fashionable silhouette provided by horsehair petticoats, and to the <a href="/wiki/Hoop_skirt" title="Hoop skirt">hoop skirts</a> that replaced them in the mid-1850s. In form and function these hoop skirts were similar to the 16th- and 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Farthingale" title="Farthingale">farthingale</a> and to 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)" title="Pannier (clothing)">panniers</a>, in that they too enabled skirts to spread even wider and more fully. </p><p>The steel-hooped <b>cage crinoline</b>, first patented in April 1856 by R.C. Milliet in Paris, and by their agent in Britain a few months later, became extremely popular. Steel cage crinolines were mass-produced in huge quantity, with factories across the Western world producing tens of thousands in a year. Alternative materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Whalebone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whalebone">whalebone</a>, cane, <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a>, and even inflatable <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">caoutchouc</a> (natural rubber) were all used for hoops, although steel was the most popular. At its widest point, the crinoline could reach a circumference of up to six yards, although by the late 1860s, crinolines were beginning to reduce in size. By the early 1870s, the smaller <b>crinolette</b> and the <a href="/wiki/Bustle" title="Bustle">bustle</a> had largely replaced the crinoline. </p><p>Crinolines were worn by women of every social standing and class across the Western world, from royalty to factory workers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs verification from a reliable source (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This led to widespread media scrutiny and criticism, particularly in satirical magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs verification from a reliable source (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They were also hazardous if worn without due care. Thousands of women died in the mid-19th century as a result of their hooped skirts catching fire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs verification from a reliable source (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Alongside fire, other hazards included the hoops being caught in machinery, carriage wheels, gusts of wind, or other obstacles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs verification from a reliable source (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The crinoline silhouette was revived several times in the 20th century, particularly in the late 1940s as a result of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior" title="Christian Dior">Christian Dior</a>'s "New Look" of 1947. The flounced nylon and net petticoats worn in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s to poof out skirts also became known as crinolines even when there were no hoops in their construction. In the mid-1980s <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a> designed the mini-crini, a <a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">mini</a>-length crinoline which was highly influential on <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_fashion" title="1980s in fashion">1980s fashion</a>. Late 20th and early 21st century designers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Galliano" title="John Galliano">John Galliano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McQueen" title="Alexander McQueen">Alexander McQueen</a> have become famous for their updated crinoline designs. Since the 1980s and well into the 21st century the crinoline has remained a popular option for formal evening dresses, wedding dresses, and <a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">ball gowns</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology"><span class="anchor" id="Horsehair_braid"></span><span class="anchor" id="Crinoline_tape"></span><span class="anchor" id="Crin_trim"></span>Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horsehair_braid-crinoline_tape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Horsehair_braid-crinoline_tape.jpg/170px-Horsehair_braid-crinoline_tape.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Horsehair_braid-crinoline_tape.jpg/255px-Horsehair_braid-crinoline_tape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Horsehair_braid-crinoline_tape.jpg/340px-Horsehair_braid-crinoline_tape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Crin tape</figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>crinoline</i> is often described as a combination of the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">crinis</i></span> ("hair") and/or the French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">crin</i></span> ("horsehair"); with the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">linum</i></span> ("thread" or "<a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>," which was used to make <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>), describing the materials used in the original textile.<sup id="cite_ref-yarwood_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yarwood-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infra_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infra-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, the term crin is still used to describe a type of woven nylon flat braid, available in various widths and used for stiffening and providing bulk-free body to hemlines, serving the same purpose as the original crin/crinoline.<sup id="cite_ref-dreha_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dreha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-redig_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crin tape/trim is typically transparent, though it also comes in black, white, and cream colors. It is also described as horsehair braid or crinoline tape.<sup id="cite_ref-dreha_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dreha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-1850">Pre-1850</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:331px;max-width:331px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horsehair_petticoat_MET_CI43.126.26_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Horsehair_petticoat_MET_CI43.126.26_F.jpg/150px-Horsehair_petticoat_MET_CI43.126.26_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Horsehair_petticoat_MET_CI43.126.26_F.jpg/225px-Horsehair_petticoat_MET_CI43.126.26_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Horsehair_petticoat_MET_CI43.126.26_F.jpg/300px-Horsehair_petticoat_MET_CI43.126.26_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="2055" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Horsehair crinoline, 1840s (<a href="/wiki/Anna_Wintour_Costume_Center" title="Anna Wintour Costume Center">MET</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petticoat_MET_1986.106.8_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Petticoat_MET_1986.106.8_F.jpg/173px-Petticoat_MET_1986.106.8_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Petticoat_MET_1986.106.8_F.jpg/260px-Petticoat_MET_1986.106.8_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Petticoat_MET_1986.106.8_F.jpg/346px-Petticoat_MET_1986.106.8_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Down-quilted petticoat, British, 1860s (MET)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The crinoline was not the first garment designed to support the wearer's skirts in a fashionable shape. Whilst the bell-shaped skirts seen on <a href="/wiki/Snake_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake Goddess">statuettes</a> from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a> are often compared to crinolines, particularly under the assumption that hoops were required to retain their shape, there is no evidence to confirm this and the theory is usually dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crinoline's ancestors are more typically recognised as the Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">verdugada</i></span>, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Farthingale" title="Farthingale">farthingale</a>, widely worn in Europe from the late 15th century to the early 17th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)" title="Pannier (clothing)">side-hoops and panniers</a> worn throughout the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-yarwood_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yarwood-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alison44_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison44-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The horsehair fabric called crinoline was first noted by 1829, when it was offered for lining and dress-making.<sup id="cite_ref-cun89_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cun89-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Ackermann" title="Rudolph Ackermann">Rudolph Ackermann</a>'s <i>Repository of Fashions</i> described the new textile as a "fine clear stuff, not unlike in appearance to <a href="/wiki/Leno_weave" title="Leno weave">leno</a>, but of a very strong and durable description: it is made in different colours; grey, and the colour of unbleached <a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">cambric</a> are most in favour."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Petticoats made of horsehair crinoline appeared around 1839, proving so successful that the name 'crinoline' began to refer to supportive petticoats in general, rather than solely to the material.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1847, crinoline fabric was being used as a stiffening for skirt linings, although English women preferred separate crinoline fabric petticoats which were beginning to collapse under the increasing weight of the skirts.<sup id="cite_ref-cun145_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cun145-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One alternative to horsehair crinoline was the quilted petticoat stuffed with down or feathers, such as that reportedly worn in 1842 by Lady Aylesbury.<sup id="cite_ref-cunder147_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunder147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, quilted skirts were not widely produced until the early 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-cunder147_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunder147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In about 1849, it was possible to buy stiffened and corded cotton fabric for making petticoats, marketed as 'crinoline', and designed as a substitute for the horsehair textile.<sup id="cite_ref-cun165_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cun165-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artificial crinoline with hoops did not emerge until the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-cun145_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cun145-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_19th_century">Late 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Late 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman%27s_Cage_Crinoline_LACMA_M.2007.211.380.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Woman%27s_Cage_Crinoline_LACMA_M.2007.211.380.jpg/170px-Woman%27s_Cage_Crinoline_LACMA_M.2007.211.380.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Woman%27s_Cage_Crinoline_LACMA_M.2007.211.380.jpg/255px-Woman%27s_Cage_Crinoline_LACMA_M.2007.211.380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Woman%27s_Cage_Crinoline_LACMA_M.2007.211.380.jpg/340px-Woman%27s_Cage_Crinoline_LACMA_M.2007.211.380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Cage crinoline with steel hoops, 1865 (<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">LACMA</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1850s–60s"><span id="1850s.E2.80.9360s"></span>1850s–60s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1850s–60s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cage crinoline made out of <a href="/wiki/Spring_steel" title="Spring steel">spring steel</a> wire was first introduced in the 1850s, with the earliest British patent for a metal crinoline (described as a "skeleton petticoat of steel springs fastened to tape") granted in July 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-alison45_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-breward_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breward-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alison Gernsheim suggests that the unidentified French inventor was probably R. C. Milliet of <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, as the July 1856 patent was filed by their British agent, C. Amet.<sup id="cite_ref-alison45_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milliet had already patented a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">'tournure de femme'</i></span> in Paris on 24 April 1856 which was described as comprising "elastic extensible circles joined together by vertical bands."<sup id="cite_ref-alison45_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following its introduction, the women's rights advocate <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a> felt that her concerns about the hampering nature of multiple petticoats had been resolved, and dropped dress reform as an issue.<sup id="cite_ref-dalleva_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalleva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diana de Marly, in her biography of the couturier <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Worth" title="Charles Frederick Worth">Charles Frederick Worth</a>, noted that by 1858 there existed steel factories catering solely to crinoline manufacturers, and shops that sold nothing else but crinolines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most significant manufacturers of crinolines was that of Thomson & Co., founded by an American with branches across Europe and the United States. At the height of their success, up to four thousand crinolines were produced by Thomson's London factory in a day, whilst another plant in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> manufactured 9.5 million crinolines over a twelve-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-alison46_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison46-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, the New York factory, which employed about a thousand girls, used 300,000 yards (270,000 m) of steel wire every week to produce between three and four thousand crinolines per day, while the rival Douglas & Sherwood factory in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> used one ton of steel each week in manufacturing hoop skirts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dressing_for_the_Ball_in_1857,_Punch%27s_Pocket_Book_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dressing_for_the_Ball_in_1857%2C_Punch%27s_Pocket_Book_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Dressing_for_the_Ball_in_1857%2C_Punch%27s_Pocket_Book_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dressing_for_the_Ball_in_1857%2C_Punch%27s_Pocket_Book_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Dressing_for_the_Ball_in_1857%2C_Punch%27s_Pocket_Book_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dressing_for_the_Ball_in_1857%2C_Punch%27s_Pocket_Book_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Dressing_for_the_Ball_in_1857%2C_Punch%27s_Pocket_Book_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Inflatable crinoline. 1857 caricature by <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a> for <i>Punch's Pocket Book</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The crinoline needed to be rigid enough to support the skirts in their accustomed shape, but also flexible enough to be temporarily pressed out of shape and spring back afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-vam_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other materials used for crinolines included <a href="/wiki/Whalebone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whalebone">whalebone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vulcanised" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanised">vulcanised</a> <a href="/wiki/Caoutchouc" class="mw-redirect" title="Caoutchouc">caoutchouc</a> (natural rubber).<sup id="cite_ref-whales_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whales-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of inflatable hoops was short-lived as they were easily punctured, prone to collapse, and due to the use of brimstone in the manufacture of rubber, they smelled unpleasant.<sup id="cite_ref-whales_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whales-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although hard rubber hoops of gutta-percha worked satisfactorily at first, they were brittle and easily crushed without recovering their form.<sup id="cite_ref-whales_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whales-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite objections that the sharp points of snapped steels were hazardous,<sup id="cite_ref-whales_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whales-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lightweight steel was clearly the most successful option.<sup id="cite_ref-vam_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reduced the number of petticoats and their weight, and offered increased freedom of movement of the legs.<sup id="cite_ref-vam_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, hasty or careless movements in a hoop skirt could lead to accidentally revealing more than intended.<sup id="cite_ref-vam_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An advertisement published in <i>The Lady's Newspaper</i> in 1863 for a cage crinoline with waved hoops attempted to reassure the potential customer that while wearing it, activities such as climbing stairs, passing to her theatre seat, dropping into armchairs, and leaning against furniture would be possible without hindrance either to herself or to others around her.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crinoline_joke_photograph_sequence_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Crinoline_joke_photograph_sequence_04.jpg/220px-Crinoline_joke_photograph_sequence_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Crinoline_joke_photograph_sequence_04.jpg/330px-Crinoline_joke_photograph_sequence_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Crinoline_joke_photograph_sequence_04.jpg/440px-Crinoline_joke_photograph_sequence_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Comic photograph, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite some claims, such as that by the historian Max von Boehm, that the largest crinolines measured up to 10 yards (30 ft) around, the photo-historian Alison Gernsheim concluded that the maximum realistic circumference was in fact between 5.5–6 yards (5.0–5.5 m).<sup id="cite_ref-alison47_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison47-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst a loosely gathered skirt draped over a large hoop would certainly require a higher yardage, Gernsheim noted that 10 yards (9.1 m) hems were highly improbable.<sup id="cite_ref-alison48_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison48-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Staged photographs showing women wearing exaggeratedly large crinolines were quite popular, such as a widely published sequence of five <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a> views showing a woman dressing with the assistance of several maids who require long poles to lift her dress over her head and other ingenious means of navigating her enormous hoopskirt.<sup id="cite_ref-gins45_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gins45-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such photographs, which re-enacted contemporary caricatures rather than accurately reflecting reality, were aimed towards the <a href="/wiki/Voyeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyeur">voyeur</a>'s market.<sup id="cite_ref-gins45_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gins45-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was a fact that the size of the crinoline often caused difficulties in passing through doors, boarding carriages and generally moving about. By the late 1860s many crinolines were of a significantly reduced size, as noted by a <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> curator observing the sizes of cage crinolines in the museum's collection.<sup id="cite_ref-crinolettes_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crinolettes-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crinolettes_1872-75.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Crinolettes_1872-75.jpg/220px-Crinolettes_1872-75.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Crinolettes_1872-75.jpg/330px-Crinolettes_1872-75.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Crinolettes_1872-75.jpg/440px-Crinolettes_1872-75.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5466" data-file-height="4419" /></a><figcaption>Two English crinolettes, 1872–75 (LACMA)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crinolettes_and_1880s_revival">Crinolettes and 1880s revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crinolettes and 1880s revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crinoline began to fall out of fashion from about 1866. A modified version, the <b>crinolette</b>, was a transitional garment bridging the gap between the cage crinoline and the bustle. Fashionable from 1867 through to the mid-1870s, the crinolette was typically composed of half-hoops, sometimes with internal lacing or ties designed to allow adjustment of fullness and shape.<sup id="cite_ref-crinolettes_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crinolettes-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crinolette was still worn in the early 1880s, with an 1881 article describing it as sticking out solely behind, as opposed to projecting "hideously at the side" like the crinoline.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that some of the smaller crinolines that survive were worn in combination with separate bustles, rather than in isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-koda_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koda-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1880s the cage crinoline was revived, with hoop petticoats designed to accommodate the extremely large bustles of the period and support the skirt hems.<sup id="cite_ref-koda_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koda-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the mid-1880s styles was called the lobster pot due to its resemblance to a <a href="/wiki/Lobster_trap" title="Lobster trap">lobster trap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-koda_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koda-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the extreme weight of the fabrics of the decade, the hoops of the crinolines were crossed over each other behind the legs in order to support and hold the skirts firmly in place.<sup id="cite_ref-koda_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koda-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the earlier cage crinolines, sprung steel, wire and cane were used.<sup id="cite_ref-koda_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koda-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_response">Critical response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Critical response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maid_and_mistress_in_crinoline._Punch_Almanack_for_1862-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Maid_and_mistress_in_crinoline._Punch_Almanack_for_1862-2.png/220px-Maid_and_mistress_in_crinoline._Punch_Almanack_for_1862-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Maid_and_mistress_in_crinoline._Punch_Almanack_for_1862-2.png/330px-Maid_and_mistress_in_crinoline._Punch_Almanack_for_1862-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Maid_and_mistress_in_crinoline._Punch_Almanack_for_1862-2.png/440px-Maid_and_mistress_in_crinoline._Punch_Almanack_for_1862-2.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Caricature showing a lady scolding her maid for wearing a crinoline. <i>Punch</i>, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Farthingale" title="Farthingale">farthingales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)" title="Pannier (clothing)">panniers</a>, the crinoline was worn by women of every social class. The fashion swiftly became the subject of intense scrutiny in Western media.<sup id="cite_ref-palgrave_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palgrave-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crinolinemania_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crinolinemania-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical articles on the crinoline were published by the Hungarian journal <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Az Üstökös</i></span> (1858) and the Bulgarian journalist <a href="/wiki/Petko_Slaveykov" title="Petko Slaveykov">Petko Slaveykov</a> in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-palgrave_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palgrave-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1850s, the Welsh poet <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Jones_(Dewi_Dywyll)" title="Dafydd Jones (Dewi Dywyll)">Dafydd Jones</a> wrote a ballad decrying the fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-palgrave_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palgrave-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar sentiment was expressed by a Russian song published in 1854, where the singer complains about his wife having assumed the fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-palgrave_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palgrave-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855, an observer of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s state visit to Paris complained that despite the number of foreigners present, Western fashions such as the crinoline had diluted national dress to such an extent that everyone, whether Turkish, Scottish, Spanish, or Tyrolean, dressed alike.<sup id="cite_ref-blau154_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blau154-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victoria herself is popularly said to have detested the fashion, inspiring a song in <i>Punch</i> that started: "Long live our gracious Queen/Who won't wear crinoline!"<sup id="cite_ref-alison44a_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison44a-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gernsheim has noted that the Queen was often photographed in crinolines, and suggests that this misunderstanding came from a request made by Victoria that female guests attending her <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal#Marriage" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">daughter's marriage</a> in 1858 should leave their hoops off due to limited space in the Chapel Royal at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alison44_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison44-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crinoline was perceived as a signifier of social identity, with a popular subject for cartoons being that of <a href="/wiki/Maid" title="Maid">maids</a> wearing crinolines like their mistresses, much to the higher-class ladies' disapproval.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The questions of servants in crinoline and the related social concerns were raised by <a href="/wiki/George_Routledge" title="George Routledge">George Routledge</a> in an etiquette manual published in 1875, where he criticised London housemaids for wearing hoops at work.<sup id="cite_ref-rout_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rout-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the girls knelt to scrub the doorsteps, Routledge described how their hoops rose to expose their lower bodies, inspiring <a href="/wiki/Street_harassment" title="Street harassment">street harassment</a> from <a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">errand boys</a> and other male passers-by.<sup id="cite_ref-rout_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rout-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Routledge firmly opined that servants ought to save their fashionable garments for their leisure periods, and dress appropriately for their work.<sup id="cite_ref-rout_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rout-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this was challenged by some servants who saw attempts to control their dress as equivalent to controlling their liberty, and refused to work for employers who tried to forbid crinolines.<sup id="cite_ref-rout_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rout-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarah_Davies_(n%C3%A9e_Forbes_Bonetta).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sarah_Davies_%28n%C3%A9e_Forbes_Bonetta%29.jpg/170px-Sarah_Davies_%28n%C3%A9e_Forbes_Bonetta%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sarah_Davies_%28n%C3%A9e_Forbes_Bonetta%29.jpg/255px-Sarah_Davies_%28n%C3%A9e_Forbes_Bonetta%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sarah_Davies_%28n%C3%A9e_Forbes_Bonetta%29.jpg/340px-Sarah_Davies_%28n%C3%A9e_Forbes_Bonetta%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sara_Forbes_Bonetta" title="Sara Forbes Bonetta">Sara Forbes Bonetta</a> by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Silvy" title="Camille Silvy">Camille Silvy</a>, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Munby" title="Arthur Munby">Arthur Munby</a> observed that in the "barbarous locality" of <a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>, the sight of a female <a href="/wiki/Colliery" class="mw-redirect" title="Colliery">colliery</a> worker wearing trousers was "not half as odd as a woman wearing a crinoline."<sup id="cite_ref-dalleva_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalleva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, poorer rural women were photographed posing outside their <a href="/wiki/Slab_hut" title="Slab hut">slab huts</a>, wearing their best dresses with crinolines.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French sociologist and economist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Frédéric le Play</a> carried out surveys of French working-class families' wardrobes from 1850 to 1875, in which he found that two women had crinolines in their wardrobe, both wives of skilled workers.<sup id="cite_ref-crane_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crane-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One, the fashion-conscious wife of a glove-maker, owned two crinolines and eleven dresses, although her usual everyday clothing consisted of <a href="/wiki/Sabot_(shoe)" title="Sabot (shoe)">wooden shoes</a> and printed aprons.<sup id="cite_ref-crane_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crane-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In America, the mid-19th century crinoline has become popularly associated with the image of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_belle" title="Southern belle">Southern Belle</a>, a young woman from the American Deep South's upper socioeconomic, slave-owning <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter</a> classes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, as in Europe and elsewhere, the crinoline was far from exclusively worn by wealthy women.<sup id="cite_ref-oedel_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oedel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both black and white women in America of all classes and social standings wore hooped skirts, including First Lady <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a> and her African-American dressmaker, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a>, who created many of Lincoln's own extravagant crinolines.<sup id="cite_ref-oedel_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oedel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difficulties associated with the garment, such as its size, the problems and hazards associated with wearing and moving about in it, and the fact that it was worn so widely by women of all social classes, were frequently exaggerated and parodied in satirical articles and illustrations such as those in <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch magazine">Punch</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-vam_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crinolinemania_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crinolinemania-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander Maxwell has summarised crinoline mockery as expressing the male authors' insecurity and fears that women, whose crinolines took up "enough space for five," would eventually "conquer" mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-palgrave_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palgrave-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julia Thomas, observing the extent of <i>Punch'</i>s anti-crinoline sentiment and mockery, noted that the magazine's attacks, rather than crushing the fashion, exacerbated and even invented the phenomenon of "crinolinemania."<sup id="cite_ref-crinolinemania_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crinolinemania-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hazards">Hazards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_wearing_crinolines_set_on_fire,_ca._1860,_lithograph_Wellcome_V0048935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Women_wearing_crinolines_set_on_fire%2C_ca._1860%2C_lithograph_Wellcome_V0048935.jpg/170px-Women_wearing_crinolines_set_on_fire%2C_ca._1860%2C_lithograph_Wellcome_V0048935.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Women_wearing_crinolines_set_on_fire%2C_ca._1860%2C_lithograph_Wellcome_V0048935.jpg/255px-Women_wearing_crinolines_set_on_fire%2C_ca._1860%2C_lithograph_Wellcome_V0048935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Women_wearing_crinolines_set_on_fire%2C_ca._1860%2C_lithograph_Wellcome_V0048935.jpg/340px-Women_wearing_crinolines_set_on_fire%2C_ca._1860%2C_lithograph_Wellcome_V0048935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="2994" /></a><figcaption>A crinoline fire, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The flammability of the crinoline was widely reported. Although trustworthy statistics on crinoline-related fatalities are rare, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> estimated that at least 630 women died from their clothes catching fire in 1863–1864.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such incident, the death of a 14-year-old kitchenmaid called Margaret Davey was reported in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> on 13 February 1863. Her dress, "distended by a crinoline," ignited as she stood on the fender of the <a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplace</a> to reach some spoons on the mantelpiece, and she died as a result of extensive burns. The Deputy-Coroner, commenting that he was "astonished to think that the mortality from such a fashion was not brought more conspicuously under the notice of the Registrar-General," passed a verdict of "Accidental death by fire, caused through crinoline."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar case was reported later that year, when 16-year-old Emma Musson died after a piece of burning <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> rolled from the kitchen fire to ignite her crinoline.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month later, on 8 December 1863, a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Company_Fire" title="Church of the Company Fire">serious fire</a> at the Church of the Company of Jesus in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile, killed between two and three thousand people. The severity of the death toll is credited in part to the large amounts of flammable fabric that made up the women's crinoline dresses.<sup id="cite_ref-alison47_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison47-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two notable victims of crinoline fires were <a href="/wiki/William_Wilde" title="William Wilde">William Wilde</a>'s illegitimate daughters, Emily and Mary, who died in November 1871 of burns sustained after their gowns caught fire.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although flame-retardant fabrics were available, these were thought unattractive and were unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-kingston_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingston-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other risks associated with the crinoline were that it could get caught in other people's feet, carriage wheels or furniture, or be caught by sudden gusts of wind, blowing the wearer off her feet.<sup id="cite_ref-alison47_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison47-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, while participating in a <a href="/wiki/Paper_Chase_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper Chase (game)">paper chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire" title="Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire">Louisa, Duchess of Manchester</a>, caught her hoop while climbing over a <a href="/wiki/Stile" title="Stile">stile</a>, and was left with the entirety of her crinoline and skirts thrown over her head, revealing her scarlet <a href="/wiki/Bloomers_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomers (clothing)">drawers</a> to the assembled company.<sup id="cite_ref-alison47_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alison47-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crinoline was worn by some factory workers, leading to the textiles firm <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a> instructing female employees in 1860 to leave their hoops and crinolines at home.<sup id="cite_ref-vam_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Willett_Cunnington" title="Cecil Willett Cunnington">Cecil Willett Cunnington</a> described seeing a photograph of female employees in the <a href="/wiki/Bryant_and_May" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryant and May">Bryant and May</a> match factories wearing crinolines while at work.<sup id="cite_ref-cun207_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cun207-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cork_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cork Examiner">The Cork Examiner</a></i> of 2 June 1864 recorded the death of Ann Rollinson from injuries sustained after her crinoline was caught by a revolving machinery shaft in a <a href="/wiki/Mangle_(machine)" title="Mangle (machine)">mangling room</a> at Firwood bleach works.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_crinoline,_L%27Art_et_la_Mode,_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/War_crinoline%2C_L%27Art_et_la_Mode%2C_1916.jpg/170px-War_crinoline%2C_L%27Art_et_la_Mode%2C_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/War_crinoline%2C_L%27Art_et_la_Mode%2C_1916.jpg/255px-War_crinoline%2C_L%27Art_et_la_Mode%2C_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/War_crinoline%2C_L%27Art_et_la_Mode%2C_1916.jpg/340px-War_crinoline%2C_L%27Art_et_la_Mode%2C_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>War crinoline, 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the "war crinoline" became fashionable, between 1915 and 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style featured wide, full mid-calf length skirts, and was described as practical (for enabling freedom of walking and movement) and patriotic, as the sight of attractively dressed women was expected to cheer up soldiers on leave.<sup id="cite_ref-steele_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steele-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full skirts of the war crinoline endured in the <a href="/wiki/Robe_de_style" title="Robe de style">robe de style</a> of the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1930s, just before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, there was a revival of the hooped crinoline from designers such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Molyneux" title="Edward Molyneux">Edward Molyneux</a>, who put hoops in both day skirts and evening gowns,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hartnell" title="Norman Hartnell">Norman Hartnell</a>, whose late 1930s <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Winterhalter</a>-inspired crinoline designs for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> were so successful that the Queen is popularly (if inaccurately) credited with having single-handedly brought crinolines back into fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both as Queen, and as the Queen Mother, Elizabeth adopted the traditional bell-shaped crinoline as her signature look for evening wear and state occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i>, released in 1939, inspired the American fashion for <a href="/wiki/Prom" title="Prom">prom</a> dresses with crinolines in Spring 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22,_Fall-Winter_1954_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_01.jpg/170px-Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_01.jpg/255px-Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_01.jpg/340px-Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Dior evening gown and crinoline petticoat, 1954 (<a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following World War II, crinolines were once again revived by designers such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior" title="Christian Dior">Christian Dior</a>, whose 1947 "New Look" featured full skirts supported by stiffened underskirts.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loschek has suggested that, by explicitly referencing the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a> era and reviving historic styles of corsets and crinolines in his "New Look," Dior was the first designer to introduce the idea of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> to fashion, albeit unconsciously.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crinolines were popular throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s. These were sold in a few clothing stores as late as 1970. </p><p>The American designer <a href="/wiki/Anne_Fogarty" title="Anne Fogarty">Anne Fogarty</a> was particularly noted for her full-skirted designs worn over crinoline petticoats, which were always separate garments from the dress to enable ease of movement and travelling.<sup id="cite_ref-nyf50s_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyf50s-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> reported in 1953 on how one of Fogarty's crinoline designs from 1951 was almost exactly duplicated by a design in Dior's latest collection.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooped, tiered and/or ruffled crinoline petticoats in nylon, net and cotton were widely worn, as were skirts with integrated hoops.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivienne_Westwood_Mini_Crini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vivienne_Westwood_Mini_Crini.jpg/170px-Vivienne_Westwood_Mini_Crini.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vivienne_Westwood_Mini_Crini.jpg/255px-Vivienne_Westwood_Mini_Crini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vivienne_Westwood_Mini_Crini.jpg/340px-Vivienne_Westwood_Mini_Crini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Westwood's 'mini-crini', 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-1980s <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a> revisited the crinoline, taking inspiration from the ballet <i><a href="/wiki/Petrushka_(ballet)" title="Petrushka (ballet)">Petrushka</a></i> to produce <a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">miniskirt</a> length versions that she christened the "mini-crini."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mini-crini silhouette influenced the work of other designers such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lacroix" title="Christian Lacroix">Christian Lacroix</a>'s "puffball" skirts.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Westwood mini-crini was described in 1989 as a combination of two conflicting ideals – the crinoline, representing a "mythology of restriction and encumbrance," and the miniskirt, representing an "mythology of liberation."<sup id="cite_ref-evansthornton_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evansthornton-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late 20th- and early 21st-century fashion designers such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McQueen" title="Alexander McQueen">Alexander McQueen</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Galliano" title="John Galliano">John Galliano</a> often used crinolines in their designs, with the skirt of one of Galliano's ballgowns for Dior in 1998 reaching a width of 9 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galliano specifically visited the original crinoline manufacturers that Christian Dior himself had used in order to inform and influence his own designs.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McQueen was fascinated by the crinoline and often referenced it in his collections, cutting away leather ballgowns to reveal the cage beneath, or making it out of silver-decorated cut metal.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of McQueen's most notable crinoline designs was modelled by the amputee model <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a> in a series of photographs by <a href="/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)" title="Nick Knight (photographer)">Nick Knight</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Dazed" title="Dazed">Dazed and Confused</a></i>, in which Mullin's cage crinoline, deliberately worn without overskirts in order to reveal her prosthetic legs, was described as suggesting both a <a href="/wiki/Walker_(mobility)" title="Walker (mobility)">walking frame</a> and a cage to "contain the unruliness of the unwhole".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images from this shoot were declared among the most significant commercial images of 1998, representing Knight and McQueen's dedication to presenting alternatives to the traditional concepts of fashion and physical beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After McQueen's death in 2010, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Burton" title="Sarah Burton">Sarah Burton</a>, continued the tradition of designing crinolines for the McQueen brand.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Square_Dance_Group_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Western_Square_Dance_Group_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Western_Square_Dance_Group_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Western_Square_Dance_Group_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Western_Square_Dance_Group_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Western_Square_Dance_Group_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Western_Square_Dance_Group_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Square dancer, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Crinolines continue to be worn well into the 21st century, typically as part of formal outfits such as <a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">evening gowns</a>, prom dresses, <a href="/wiki/Quincea%C3%B1era" title="Quinceañera">quinceañera</a> dresses, and <a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">wedding dresses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kara_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kara-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1950s and 1960s style net crinolines are a traditional element of costumes for <a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square dancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clogging" title="Clogging">clogging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also popular garments for attending 1950s and 1960s influenced <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a> events such as Viva Las Vegas.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a> movement has also appropriated cage crinolines along with other elements of 19th century fashion such as corsets and the <a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top hat</a> for its costuming.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aos_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aos-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_bride_-_New_Orleans_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_bride_-_New_Orleans_crop.jpg/170px-The_bride_-_New_Orleans_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_bride_-_New_Orleans_crop.jpg/255px-The_bride_-_New_Orleans_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_bride_-_New_Orleans_crop.jpg/340px-The_bride_-_New_Orleans_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Wedding dress, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>In some contexts, the traditional hooped crinoline may be seen as controversial, as in early 2015 when the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> reportedly requested hoop skirts not be worn to certain fraternity events due to their perceived association with Southern Belles and the slave-owning, upper socioeconomic classes of the American Deep South.<sup id="cite_ref-kara_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kara-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shearer_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shearer-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for the proposed ban was linked to the <a href="/wiki/2015_University_of_Oklahoma_Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon_racism_incident" title="2015 University of Oklahoma Sigma Alpha Epsilon racism incident">SAE racism incident</a> earlier that year, with several articles noting it was a well-intentioned attempt to avoid the University of Georgia fraternities facing charges of racial insensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-oedel_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oedel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shearer_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shearer-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was noted that hoop skirts and crinolines had been worn by both black and white women of all classes and social standings during the historical period in question, and that despite popular associations, they were not exclusive to the image of the Southern Belle.<sup id="cite_ref-oedel_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oedel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-yarwood-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yarwood_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yarwood_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UdP_sSKIxf0C&pg=PA125">Yarwood, pp. 125–127</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infra-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infra_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-Vwu3GmwtAC&pg=PA119">Martin & Koda, p. 119</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steele, <i>Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion</i>, p. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YFfWji_tES8C&pg=PA146">Flecker</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dreha-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dreha_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dreha_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaynard2010" class="citation book cs1">Maynard, Lynda (2010). <i>The Dressmaker's Handbook of Couture Sewing Techniques</i>. London: Quarto Publishing plc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-408-12759-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-408-12759-9"><bdi>978-1-408-12759-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dressmaker%27s+Handbook+of+Couture+Sewing+Techniques&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quarto+Publishing+plc&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-408-12759-9&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redig-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-redig_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Reader's Digest Complete Guide to Sewing</i>. London: The Reader's Digest Association Limited. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Digest+Complete+Guide+to+Sewing&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Reader%27s+Digest+Association+Limited&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xgHnT3xNzvQC&pg=PA75">Glotz</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjyNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Wace</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTaCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">Cleland, Davies & Llewellyn-Jones</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zplVikMZOXgC&pg=PA78">Watt</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alison44-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alison44_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alison44_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg7DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44">Gernsheim</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cun89-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cun89_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunnington, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckermann1829" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Ackermann" title="Rudolph Ackermann">Ackermann, Rudolph</a>, ed. (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rackermannsrepo00manugoog"><i>R. Ackermann's Repository of fashions</i></a>. London: Ackermann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rackermannsrepo00manugoog/page/n140">78</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.+Ackermann%27s+Repository+of+fashions&rft.place=London&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Ackermann&rft.date=1829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frackermannsrepo00manugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgvICQAAQBAJ&pg=PT181">Waugh</a>, p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cun145-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cun145_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cun145_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunnington, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cunder147-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cunder147_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunder147_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUXDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">Cunnington & Cunnington</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cun165-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cun165_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunnington, pp. 165–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alison45-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alison45_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alison45_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alison45_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg7DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">Gernsheim</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-breward-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-breward_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MpEwlPqTwnAC&pg=PA157">Breward, pp. 157–160</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dalleva-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dalleva_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalleva_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=PA243">D'Alleva</a>, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Marly, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alison46-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alison46_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg7DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Gernsheim</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxcL8PmV_ZwC&pg=PA45">Wosk</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vam-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vam_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vam_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vam_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vam_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vam_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vam_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion/"><i>Corsets and Crinoline</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whales-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whales_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whales_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whales_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whales_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KX5RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA537"><i>Crinoline and Whales</i></a>, Dublin University Magazine, pp. 537–538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Lady's Newspaper</i>, 1863, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214234431/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion/">cited by Johnston</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alison47-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alison47_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alison47_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alison47_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alison47_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg7DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Gernsheim</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alison48-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alison48_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg7DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Gernsheim</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gins45-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gins45_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gins45_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginsburg, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeller2005" class="citation book cs1">Zeller, Bob (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMUfEait_9AC&pg=PA156"><i>The blue and gray in black and white: a history of Civil War photography</i></a> (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Praeger. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275982430" title="Special:BookSources/9780275982430"><bdi>9780275982430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+blue+and+gray+in+black+and+white%3A+a+history+of+Civil+War+photography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780275982430&rft.aulast=Zeller&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMUfEait_9AC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crinolettes-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crinolettes_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crinolettes_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806052437/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/crinolines-crinolettes-bustles-corsets-1860-1880/">Johnston; <i>Crinolines, Crinolettes, Bustles and Corsets</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewing, pp. 55–56."'The crinoline projected hideously at the side, whereas the crinolette will only stick out at the back', commented <i>The World</i> in July 1881"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koda-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koda_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koda_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koda_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koda_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koda_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rL-19_S0-PMC&pg=PA130">Koda</a>, pp. 130–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palgrave-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palgrave_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palgrave_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palgrave_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palgrave_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palgrave_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7dCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">Maxwell, pp. 16–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crinolinemania-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crinolinemania_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crinolinemania_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crinolinemania_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhZBsN73AK8C&pg=PT91">Thomas</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612050248/http://education.gtj.org.uk/cy/item1/25265">"Baled – 'Can Newydd, sef Fflangell Geiniog, i Chwipio y Cylchau o Beisiau y Merched y Crinolines' gan Dafydd Jones, tudalen 1"</a>. <i>Culturenet Cymru</i> (in Welsh). The National Library of Wales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.gtj.org.uk/cy/item1/25265">the original</a> on 12 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culturenet+Cymru&rft.atitle=Baled+%E2%80%93+%27Can+Newydd%2C+sef+Fflangell+Geiniog%2C+i+Chwipio+y+Cylchau+o+Beisiau+y+Merched+y+Crinolines%27+gan+Dafydd+Jones%2C+tudalen+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.gtj.org.uk%2Fcy%2Fitem1%2F25265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blau154-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blau154_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAgKlO2dfgC&pg=PA154">Blau</a>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alison44a-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alison44a_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg7DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44">Gernsheim</a>, p. 44. NB: Gernsheim misquotes the rhyme as "God Save our gracious Queen."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarcom_Graves2014" class="citation book cs1">Larcom Graves, Charles (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02aVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT103"><i>Mr. Punch's History of Modern England Vol. II—1857–1874</i></a>. Cassell & Company, Ltd. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Punch%27s+History+of+Modern+England+Vol.+II%E2%80%941857%E2%80%931874&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Company%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Larcom+Graves&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02aVBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRKOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Barnard</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rout-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rout_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rout_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rout_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rout_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oTE9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT127">Routledge</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IejqWWdxeoC&pg=PA111">Maynard</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crane-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crane_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crane_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VT_r8GgEoKkC&pg=PA57">Crane</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oedel-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oedel_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oedel_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oedel_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oedel_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOedel2015" class="citation news cs1">Oedel, Dave (21 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maconmonitor.com/2015/03/21/hoop-skirt-hoopla-at-uga/">"Hoop Skirt Hoopla at UGA"</a>. <i>Macon Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macon+Monitor&rft.atitle=Hoop+Skirt+Hoopla+at+UGA&rft.date=2015-03-21&rft.aulast=Oedel&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaconmonitor.com%2F2015%2F03%2F21%2Fhoop-skirt-hoopla-at-uga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Rebecca N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=rebecca-n-mitchell-15-august-1862-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-cage-crinoline">"15 August 1862: The Rise and Fall of the Cage Crinoline"</a>. <i>BRANCH: Britain, Representation, and Nineteenth-Century History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BRANCH%3A+Britain%2C+Representation%2C+and+Nineteenth-Century+History&rft.atitle=15+August+1862%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Cage+Crinoline&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.branchcollective.org%2F%3Fps_articles%3Drebecca-n-mitchell-15-august-1862-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-cage-crinoline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNightingale1876" class="citation book cs1">Nightingale, Florence (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fDLvARQRq0YC&q=nightingale+%22notes+on+nursing%22+with+a+chapter+children"><i>Notes on Nursing for the Labouring Classes</i></a> (New ed.). London: Harrison. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Nursing+for+the+Labouring+Classes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=42&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Harrison&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Nightingale&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfDLvARQRq0YC%26q%3Dnightingale%2B%2522notes%2Bon%2Bnursing%2522%2Bwith%2Ba%2Bchapter%2Bchildren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2561578/the_times/">"DEATH BY FIRE"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. No. 24481, column F. 13 February 1863. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=DEATH+BY+FIRE&rft.issue=24481%2C+column+F&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1863-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F2561578%2Fthe_times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2561633/the_times/">"BURNT TO DEATH"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. No. 24716, column D. 14 November 1863. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=BURNT+TO+DEATH&rft.issue=24716%2C+column+D&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1863-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F2561633%2Fthe_times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2001" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Joseph (2001). <i>The unmasking of Oscar Wilde</i>. London: HarperCollins. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002740517" title="Special:BookSources/978-0002740517"><bdi>978-0002740517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+unmasking+of+Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0002740517&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1967" class="citation book cs1">White, Terence de Vere (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parentsofoscarwi0000whit"><i>The Parents of Oscar Wilde: Sir William and Lady Wilde</i></a></span>. Hodder and Stoughton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parentsofoscarwi0000whit/page/216">216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parents+of+Oscar+Wilde%3A+Sir+William+and+Lady+Wilde&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Terence+de+Vere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparentsofoscarwi0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingston-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kingston_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Kingston2014" class="citation journal cs1">Anne Kingston (9 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/culture/arts/deadly-victorian-fashions/">"Deadly Victorian fashions"</a>. <i>Maclean's</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Deadly+Victorian+fashions&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft.au=Anne+Kingston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fculture%2Farts%2Fdeadly-victorian-fashions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVane2004" class="citation book cs1">Vane, Henry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/affairofstatebio0000vane/page/25"><i>Affair of state: a biography of the 8th Duke and Duchess of Devonshire</i></a>. London: Peter Owen. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/affairofstatebio0000vane/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780720612332" title="Special:BookSources/9780720612332"><bdi>9780720612332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affair+of+state%3A+a+biography+of+the+8th+Duke+and+Duchess+of+Devonshire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Peter+Owen&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780720612332&rft.aulast=Vane&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faffairofstatebio0000vane%2Fpage%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cun207-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cun207_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunnington, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer1864" class="citation news cs1">Staff writer (2 June 1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irelandoldnews.com/Cork/1864/JUN.html">"Machinery Accident through Crinoline"</a>. <i>The Cork Examiner</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cork+Examiner&rft.atitle=Machinery+Accident+through+Crinoline&rft.date=1864-06-02&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irelandoldnews.com%2FCork%2F1864%2FJUN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waloschek, Morris & Seeling, p. 60. "In 1915 [...] the war crinoline was introduded [...] two years later it vanished."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steele-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-steele_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steele (1988), pp. 237–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milford-Cottam, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehnert, p. 17. "The war crinoline lived on in the form of the "robe de style..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O15570/evening-dress-edward-molyneux/">"Evening dress, Edward Molyneux, 1939"</a>. <i>Search the Collections</i>. Victoria and Albert Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Search+the+Collections&rft.atitle=Evening+dress%2C+Edward+Molyneux%2C+1939&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO15570%2Fevening-dress-edward-molyneux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cumming, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glynn, p. 117: "<a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">Albert, Duke of York</a> [...] indicated to Hartnell that a return to the crinoline dresses shown in the Winterhalter portraits at the Palace would be in order..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O138933/evening-dress-hartnell-norman/">"Evening dress worn by HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, 1953"</a>. <i>Search the Collections</i>. Victoria and Albert Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Search+the+Collections&rft.atitle=Evening+dress+worn+by+HM+Queen+Elizabeth+the+Queen+Mother%2C+1953&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO138933%2Fevening-dress-hartnell-norman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MvilOZhaRkAC&pg=PR58">Hill</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAgKlO2dfgC&pg=PA49">Blau</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbI4UYThM4cC&pg=PA83">Polan & Tredre</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZN7HC67MBoC&pg=PA184">Loschek</a>, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyf50s-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyf50s_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milbank, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer1953" class="citation magazine cs1">Staff writer (31 August 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FEgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76">"Fogarty was Ahead of Dior"</a>. <i>Life</i>. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Fogarty+was+Ahead+of+Dior&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1953-08-31&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFEgEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pt-o5xnJXvkC&pg=PA91">Young & Young</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pX5r8p1dPjUC&pg=PA119">Ewing</a>, pp. 119–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/v/vivienne-westwood-designs/">"Vivienne Westwood designs"</a>. Victoria and Albert Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vivienne+Westwood+designs&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Fv%2Fvivienne-westwood-designs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THRGcg6viZwC&pg=PA149">Evans</a>, in Breward, Ehrman & Evans, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evansthornton-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evansthornton_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans & Thornton, pp. 148–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rL-19_S0-PMC&pg=PA125">Koda</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackLeonard2006" class="citation book cs1">Black, Sandy; Leonard, Polly (2006). <i>Fashioning fabrics : contemporary textiles in fashion</i>. London: Black Dog. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904772415" title="Special:BookSources/9781904772415"><bdi>9781904772415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashioning+fabrics+%3A+contemporary+textiles+in+fashion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Black+Dog&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781904772415&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Polly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Dana (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMs6BAAAQBAJ&q=crinoline&pg=PT157"><i>Gods and Kings: The Rise and Fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846146152" title="Special:BookSources/9781846146152"><bdi>9781846146152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Kings%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Alexander+McQueen+and+John+Galliano&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781846146152&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMMs6BAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcrinoline%26pg%3DPT157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZN7HC67MBoC&pg=PA80">Loschek</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePZinK8ANu8C&pg=PA48">Bancroft</a>, pp. 48–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer1998" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O83555/aimee-mullins-for-dazed-confused-photograph-knight-nick/?print=1">"Aimee Mullins for Dazed & Confused, 1998"</a>. <i>Search the Collections</i>. Victoria and Albert Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Search+the+Collections&rft.atitle=Aimee+Mullins+for+Dazed+%26+Confused%2C+1998&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO83555%2Faimee-mullins-for-dazed-confused-photograph-knight-nick%2F%3Fprint%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williams_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RchiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">Williams, Laing & Frost</a>, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kara-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kara_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kara_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPendleton2015" class="citation news cs1">Pendleton, Kara (3 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701022347/http://www.ijreview.com/2015/03/274803-draft-hoop-skirts-ban/">"Following Up on Oklahoma Frat Scandal, the University of Georgia Bans These 'Racist' Clothing Items"</a>. <i>Independent Journal Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijreview.com/2015/03/274803-draft-hoop-skirts-ban/">the original</a> on 1 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Journal+Review&rft.atitle=Following+Up+on+Oklahoma+Frat+Scandal%2C+the+University+of+Georgia+Bans+These+%27Racist%27+Clothing+Items&rft.date=2015-03-03&rft.aulast=Pendleton&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijreview.com%2F2015%2F03%2F274803-draft-hoop-skirts-ban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamison2015" class="citation book cs1">Jamison, Phil (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAXxCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA154"><i>Hoedowns, Reels, and Frolics: Roots and Branches of Southern Appalachian Dance Music in American Life</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252097324" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252097324"><bdi>978-0252097324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoedowns%2C+Reels%2C+and+Frolics%3A+Roots+and+Branches+of+Southern+Appalachian+Dance+Music+in+American+Life&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0252097324&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAXxCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge-WarrenFreedman2001" class="citation book cs1">George-Warren, Holly; Freedman, Michelle (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwestwasworn0000geor"><i>How the West was worn</i></a></span>. New York: Abrams. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwestwasworn0000geor/page/153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810906150" title="Special:BookSources/9780810906150"><bdi>9780810906150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+West+was+worn&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780810906150&rft.aulast=George-Warren&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft.au=Freedman%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwestwasworn0000geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman2010" class="citation news cs1">Woodman, Xania (7 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lasvegasweekly.com/nightlife/2010/apr/07/viva-las-50s-13th-annual-rockabilly-weekend-takes-/#/0">"Viva Las '50s: 13th rockabilly weekend takes Vegas nightlife back in time"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Weekly&rft.atitle=Viva+Las+%2750s%3A+13th+rockabilly+weekend+takes+Vegas+nightlife+back+in+time&rft.date=2010-04-07&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=Xania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flasvegasweekly.com%2Fnightlife%2F2010%2Fapr%2F07%2Fviva-las-50s-13th-annual-rockabilly-weekend-takes-%2F%23%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aos-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aos_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gleason & Jeter,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWVBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">p. 45</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWVBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">p. 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shearer-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shearer_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearer2015" class="citation news cs1">Shearer, Lee (18 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlineathens.com/uga/2015-03-17/hoop-skirts-banned-uga-following-oklahoma-frat-video">"Hoop skirts banned at UGA following Oklahoma frat video"</a>. <i>Athens Banner-Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athens+Banner-Herald&rft.atitle=Hoop+skirts+banned+at+UGA+following+Oklahoma+frat+video&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft.aulast=Shearer&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlineathens.com%2Fuga%2F2015-03-17%2Fhoop-skirts-banned-uga-following-oklahoma-frat-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1858" class="citation journal cs1">Anonymous (November 1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KX5RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA537">"Crinoline and Whales"</a>. <i>Dublin University Magazine: A Literary and Political Journal</i>. <b>52</b>. W. Curry, jr. and Company: 537–551.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dublin+University+Magazine%3A+A+Literary+and+Political+Journal&rft.atitle=Crinoline+and+Whales&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=537-551&rft.date=1858-11&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKX5RAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft2011" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, Alison (2011). <i>Fashion and psychoanalysis : styling the self</i>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780760049" title="Special:BookSources/9781780760049"><bdi>9781780760049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+and+psychoanalysis+%3A+styling+the+self&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781780760049&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard2013" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Malcolm (2013). <i>Fashion as Communication</i> (2, revised ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136413049" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136413049"><bdi>978-1136413049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+as+Communication&rft.edition=2%2C+revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136413049&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlau1999" class="citation book cs1">Blau, Herbert (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nothinginitselfc0000blau"><i>Nothing in itself : complexions of fashion</i></a></span>. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253335876" title="Special:BookSources/9780253335876"><bdi>9780253335876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nothing+in+itself+%3A+complexions+of+fashion&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.&rft.pub=Indiana+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780253335876&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnothinginitselfc0000blau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreward2003" class="citation book cs1">Breward, Christopher (2003). "Crinoline and aniline, symbols of progress". <i>The culture of fashion : a new history of fashionable dress</i> (Repr. ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 157–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719041259" title="Special:BookSources/9780719041259"><bdi>9780719041259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crinoline+and+aniline%2C+symbols+of+progress&rft.btitle=The+culture+of+fashion+%3A+a+new+history+of+fashionable+dress&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=157-160&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780719041259&rft.aulast=Breward&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClelandDaviesLlewellyn-Jones2007" class="citation book cs1">Cleland, Liza; Davies, Glenys; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2007). <i>Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134589166" title="Special:BookSources/9781134589166"><bdi>9781134589166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Dress+from+A+to+Z&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781134589166&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=Liza&rft.au=Davies%2C+Glenys&rft.au=Llewellyn-Jones%2C+Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane2012" class="citation book cs1">Crane, Diana (2012). "Working-Class Clothing and the Experience of Social Class in the Nineteenth Century: Clothing Behaviour and Working-Class Women in France". <i>Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 48–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226924830" title="Special:BookSources/9780226924830"><bdi>9780226924830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Working-Class+Clothing+and+the+Experience+of+Social+Class+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Clothing+Behaviour+and+Working-Class+Women+in+France&rft.btitle=Fashion+and+Its+Social+Agendas%3A+Class%2C+Gender%2C+and+Identity+in+Clothing&rft.pages=48-58&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780226924830&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunnington1937" class="citation book cs1">Cunnington, C. Willett (1937). <i>English women's clothing in the nineteenth century a comprehensive guide with 1,117 illustrations</i>. New York: Dover Publications (1990 reprint). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486319636" title="Special:BookSources/9780486319636"><bdi>9780486319636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+women%27s+clothing+in+the+nineteenth+century+a+comprehensive+guide+with+1%2C117+illustrations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+%281990+reprint%29&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=9780486319636&rft.aulast=Cunnington&rft.aufirst=C.+Willett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningtonCunnington1992" class="citation book cs1">Cunnington, C. Willett; Cunnington, Phillis (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofundercl00cunn"><i>The history of underclothes</i></a></span>. New York: Dover Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486319780" title="Special:BookSources/9780486319780"><bdi>9780486319780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+underclothes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Pub.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780486319780&rft.aulast=Cunnington&rft.aufirst=C.+Willett&rft.au=Cunnington%2C+Phillis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofundercl00cunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming1989" class="citation book cs1">Cumming, Valerie (1989). <i>Royal dress : the image and the reality 1580 to the present day</i>. London: Batsford. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713444872" title="Special:BookSources/9780713444872"><bdi>9780713444872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+dress+%3A+the+image+and+the+reality+1580+to+the+present+day&rft.place=London&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780713444872&rft.aulast=Cumming&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Alleva2008" class="citation book cs1">D'Alleva, Anne (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2">"Body Adornment and Clothing: Comparative History"</a>. In Smith, Bonnie G. (ed.). <i>The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history</i>. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195148909" title="Special:BookSources/9780195148909"><bdi>9780195148909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Body+Adornment+and+Clothing%3A+Comparative+History&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+women+in+world+history&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195148909&rft.aulast=D%27Alleva&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing2010" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Fashion in underwear : from Babylon to bikini briefs</i> (Dover ed.). Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486476490" title="Special:BookSources/9780486476490"><bdi>9780486476490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+in+underwear+%3A+from+Babylon+to+bikini+briefs&rft.place=Mineola%2C+N.Y.&rft.edition=Dover&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780486476490&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2004" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Caroline (2004). "Cultural Capital 1976–2000". In Breward, Christopher; Ehrman, Edwina; Evans, Caroline (eds.). <i>The London look : fashion from street to catwalk</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press / Museum of London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300103991" title="Special:BookSources/9780300103991"><bdi>9780300103991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+Capital+1976%E2%80%932000&rft.btitle=The+London+look+%3A+fashion+from+street+to+catwalk&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press+%2F+Museum+of+London&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780300103991&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansThornton1989" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Caroline; Thornton, Minna (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenfashionnewl00evan/page/148"><i>Women and Fashion: A New Look</i></a>. London: Quartet Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenfashionnewl00evan/page/148">148–150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780704326910" title="Special:BookSources/9780704326910"><bdi>9780704326910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Fashion%3A+A+New+Look&rft.place=London&rft.pages=148-150&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780704326910&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Minna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenfashionnewl00evan%2Fpage%2F148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlecker2013" class="citation book cs1">Flecker, Lara (2013). <i>A Practical Guide to Costume Mounting</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136431951" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136431951"><bdi>978-1136431951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Guide+to+Costume+Mounting&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136431951&rft.aulast=Flecker&rft.aufirst=Lara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernsheim1981" class="citation book cs1">Gernsheim, Alison (1981). "The Rise and Fall of the Crinoline". <i>Victorian & Edwardian fashion: a photographic survey</i>. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486319131" title="Special:BookSources/9780486319131"><bdi>9780486319131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Crinoline&rft.btitle=Victorian+%26+Edwardian+fashion%3A+a+photographic+survey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780486319131&rft.aulast=Gernsheim&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleasonJeter2013" class="citation book cs1">Gleason, Katherine; Jeter, K. W. (2013). <i>The anatomy of steampunk : the fashion of Victorian futurism</i> ([2013 ed.] ed.). New York, N.Y.: Race Point Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781937994280" title="Special:BookSources/9781937994280"><bdi>9781937994280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+anatomy+of+steampunk+%3A+the+fashion+of+Victorian+futurism&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.edition=%5B2013+ed.%5D&rft.pub=Race+Point+Pub.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781937994280&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Jeter%2C+K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynn1978" class="citation book cs1">Glynn, Prudence (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infashiondressin00glyn"><i>In fashion : dress in the twentieth century</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195200720" title="Special:BookSources/9780195200720"><bdi>9780195200720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+fashion+%3A+dress+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780195200720&rft.aulast=Glynn&rft.aufirst=Prudence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfashiondressin00glyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburg1988" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburg, Madeleine (1988). <i>Victorian dress in photographs</i>. London: Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713460384" title="Special:BookSources/9780713460384"><bdi>9780713460384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+dress+in+photographs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780713460384&rft.aulast=Ginsburg&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlotz1996" class="citation book cs1">Glotz, G. (1996). <i>The Aegean civilization</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136195303" title="Special:BookSources/9781136195303"><bdi>9781136195303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aegean+civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781136195303&rft.aulast=Glotz&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2007" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Daniel Delis (2007). <i>As seen in Vogue : a century of American fashion in advertising</i> (1. pbk. print. ed.). Lubbock, Tex.: Texas Tech University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896726161" title="Special:BookSources/9780896726161"><bdi>9780896726161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+seen+in+Vogue+%3A+a+century+of+American+fashion+in+advertising&rft.place=Lubbock%2C+Tex.&rft.edition=1.+pbk.+print.&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780896726161&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Delis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2011" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Lucy (24 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806052437/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/crinolines-crinolettes-bustles-corsets-1860-1880/">"Crinolines, Crinolettes, Bustles and Corsets from 1860–80"</a>. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/crinolines-crinolettes-bustles-corsets-1860-1880/">the original</a> on 6 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crinolines%2C+Crinolettes%2C+Bustles+and+Corsets+from+1860%E2%80%9380&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Fc%2Fcrinolines-crinolettes-bustles-corsets-1860-1880%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2011" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Lucy (20 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214234431/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion/">"Corsets and Crinoline"</a>. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion/">the original</a> on 14 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corsets+and+Crinoline&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Fc%2Fcorsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoda2003" class="citation book cs1">Koda, Harold (2003). <i>Extreme beauty : the body transformed</i> (3. printing ed.). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300103120" title="Special:BookSources/9780300103120"><bdi>9780300103120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extreme+beauty+%3A+the+body+transformed&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3.+printing&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780300103120&rft.aulast=Koda&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehnert2000" class="citation book cs1">Lehnert, Gertrud (2000). <i>A history of fashion in the 20th century</i>. Cologne: Könemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783829020336" title="Special:BookSources/9783829020336"><bdi>9783829020336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+fashion+in+the+20th+century&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9783829020336&rft.aulast=Lehnert&rft.aufirst=Gertrud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoschek2009" class="citation book cs1">Loschek, Ingrid (2009). <i>When clothes become fashion : design and innovation systems</i> (English ed.). Oxford: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847883667" title="Special:BookSources/9781847883667"><bdi>9781847883667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+clothes+become+fashion+%3A+design+and+innovation+systems&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781847883667&rft.aulast=Loschek&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinKoda1993" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard; Koda, Harold (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infraapparel0000mart"><i>Infra-apparel</i></a>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870996764" title="Special:BookSources/9780870996764"><bdi>9780870996764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infra-apparel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780870996764&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Koda%2C+Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfraapparel0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarly1990" class="citation book cs1">Marly, Diana de (1990). <i>Worth : father of haute couture</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Holmes & Meier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780841912427" title="Special:BookSources/9780841912427"><bdi>9780841912427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worth+%3A+father+of+haute+couture&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780841912427&rft.aulast=Marly&rft.aufirst=Diana+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell2014" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, Alexander (2014). "Fashion as a Social Problem". <i>Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137277145" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137277145"><bdi>978-1137277145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fashion+as+a+Social+Problem&rft.btitle=Patriots+Against+Fashion%3A+Clothing+and+Nationalism+in+Europe%27s+Age+of+Revolutions&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1137277145&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard1994" class="citation book cs1">Maynard, Margaret (1994). <i>Fashioned from penury : dress as cultural practice in colonial Australia</i> (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521453103" title="Special:BookSources/9780521453103"><bdi>9780521453103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashioned+from+penury+%3A+dress+as+cultural+practice+in+colonial+Australia&rft.place=Cambridge+u.a.&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780521453103&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilbank1989" class="citation book cs1">Milbank, Caroline Rennolds (1989). <i>New York Fashion: The Evolution of American Style</i>. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810913887" title="Special:BookSources/0810913887"><bdi>0810913887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Fashion%3A+The+Evolution+of+American+Style&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0810913887&rft.aulast=Milbank&rft.aufirst=Caroline+Rennolds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilford-Cottam2014" class="citation book cs1">Milford-Cottam, Daniel (2014). <i>Edwardian fashion</i>. Oxford: Shire. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780747814047" title="Special:BookSources/9780747814047"><bdi>9780747814047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edwardian+fashion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Shire&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780747814047&rft.aulast=Milford-Cottam&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolanTredre2009" class="citation book cs1">Polan, Brenda; Tredre, Roger (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatfashiondesi0000pola"><i>The great fashion designers</i></a></span> (English ed.). Oxford: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847882271" title="Special:BookSources/9781847882271"><bdi>9781847882271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+fashion+designers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781847882271&rft.aulast=Polan&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft.au=Tredre%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatfashiondesi0000pola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1875" class="citation book cs1">Routledge, George (1875). <i>The Well-Bred Person's Book of Etiquette</i>. New York: The History Press (2013 reprint). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752496504" title="Special:BookSources/9780752496504"><bdi>9780752496504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Well-Bred+Person%27s+Book+of+Etiquette&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+History+Press+%282013+reprint%29&rft.date=1875&rft.isbn=9780752496504&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2005" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Valerie, ed. (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion</i>. Detroit [u.a.]: Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684313955" title="Special:BookSources/9780684313955"><bdi>9780684313955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+clothing+and+fashion&rft.place=Detroit+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780684313955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1988" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Valerie (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parisfashioncult0000stee"><i>Paris fashion : a cultural history</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195044652" title="Special:BookSources/9780195044652"><bdi>9780195044652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+fashion+%3A+a+cultural+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780195044652&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparisfashioncult0000stee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2004" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Julia (2004). "Crinolinemania: Punch's Female Tragedy". <i>Pictorial Victorians : the inscription of values in word and image</i>. Athens: Ohio Univ. Press. pp. 77–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821415917" title="Special:BookSources/9780821415917"><bdi>9780821415917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crinolinemania%3A+Punch%27s+Female+Tragedy&rft.btitle=Pictorial+Victorians+%3A+the+inscription+of+values+in+word+and+image&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=77-104&rft.pub=Ohio+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780821415917&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWace2014" class="citation book cs1">Wace, A. J. B. (2014). <i>A Cretan Statuette in the Fitzwilliam Museum</i>. Cambridge Univ Press, originally published 1927. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107664388" title="Special:BookSources/9781107664388"><bdi>9781107664388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cretan+Statuette+in+the+Fitzwilliam+Museum.&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ+Press%2C+originally+published+1927&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107664388&rft.aulast=Wace&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaloschekMorris2000" class="citation book cs1">Waloschek, Karen; Morris, Ting (2000). Seeling, Charlotte (ed.). <i>Fashion : the century of the designer : 1900–1999</i> (English ed.). Cologne: Könemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783829029803" title="Special:BookSources/9783829029803"><bdi>9783829029803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+%3A+the+century+of+the+designer+%3A+1900%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Cologne&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9783829029803&rft.aulast=Waloschek&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2012" class="citation book cs1">Watt, Judith (2012). <i>Fashion: The Ultimate Book of Costume and Style</i>. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409322412" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409322412"><bdi>978-1409322412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion%3A+The+Ultimate+Book+of+Costume+and+Style&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409322412&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh2015" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, Norah (2015). <i>Corsets and Crinolines</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135874094" title="Special:BookSources/9781135874094"><bdi>9781135874094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corsets+and+Crinolines&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781135874094&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Norah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsLaingFrost2014" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Kim; Laing, Jennifer; Frost, Warwick (2014). <i>Fashion, design and events</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136238888" title="Special:BookSources/9781136238888"><bdi>9781136238888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion%2C+design+and+events&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781136238888&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft.au=Laing%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Frost%2C+Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWosk2001" class="citation book cs1">Wosk, Julie (2001). <i>Women and the machine : representations from the spinning wheel to the electronic age</i>. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801873133" title="Special:BookSources/9780801873133"><bdi>9780801873133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+machine+%3A+representations+from+the+spinning+wheel+to+the+electronic+age&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780801873133&rft.aulast=Wosk&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarwood2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Yarwood" title="Doreen Yarwood">Yarwood, Doreen</a> (2011). <i>Illustrated encyclopedia of world costume</i> (Dover ed.). Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 125–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486433806" title="Special:BookSources/9780486433806"><bdi>9780486433806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+encyclopedia+of+world+costume&rft.place=Mineola%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=125-127&rft.edition=Dover&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780486433806&rft.aulast=Yarwood&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungYoung2004" class="citation book cs1">Young, William H.; Young, Nancy K. (2004). <i>The 1950s</i>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313323935" title="Special:BookSources/9780313323935"><bdi>9780313323935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1950s&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780313323935&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Young%2C+Nancy+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradfield2005" class="citation book cs1">Bradfield, Nancy (2005). <i>Costume in detail: women's dress 1730–1930</i> (new ed.). Kent, England: Eric Dobby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85882-038-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85882-038-3"><bdi>1-85882-038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costume+in+detail%3A+women%27s+dress+1730%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Kent%2C+England&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Eric+Dobby&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85882-038-3&rft.aulast=Bradfield&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt1986" class="citation book cs1">Levitt, Sarah (1986). <i>Victorians unbuttoned: registered designs for clothing, their makers and wearers, 1839–1900</i>. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-391013-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-391013-0"><bdi>0-04-391013-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorians+unbuttoned%3A+registered+designs+for+clothing%2C+their+makers+and+wearers%2C+1839%E2%80%931900&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-04-391013-0&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayPellerin2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_May" title="Brian May">May, Brian</a>; Pellerin, Denis (2016). <i>Crinoline: Fashion's Most Magnificent Disaster</i>. London: London Stereoscopic Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0957424623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0957424623"><bdi>978-0957424623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crinoline%3A+Fashion%27s+Most+Magnificent+Disaster&rft.place=London&rft.pub=London+Stereoscopic+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0957424623&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Pellerin%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinoline&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crinoline" class="extiw" title="commons:Crinoline"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Crinoline</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Crinoline"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Crinoline">"Crinoline" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crinoline&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrinoline" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lingerie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C8A2C8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lingerie" title="Template:Lingerie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lingerie" title="Template talk:Lingerie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lingerie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lingerie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lingerie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lingerie" title="Lingerie">Lingerie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8A2C8;width:1%">Upper torso</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bra_designs" title="List of bra designs">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bra" title="Bra">bras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_bras" title="History of bras">History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandeau" title="Bandeau">Bandeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bralette" title="Bralette">Bralette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_bra" title="Nursing bra">Nursing bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_bra" title="Sports bra">Sports bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_bra" title="Training bra">Training bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwire_bra" title="Underwire bra">Underwire bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_bra" title="Male bra">Male bra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other garments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babydoll" title="Babydoll">Babydoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustier" title="Bustier">Bustier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camisole" title="Camisole">Camisole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudou" title="Dudou">Dudou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligee" title="Negligee">Negligee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightgown" title="Nightgown">Nightgown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsolette" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsolette">Torsolette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm" title="Yếm">Yếm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8A2C8;width:1%">Lower torso</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikini" title="Bikini">Bikini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyshorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyshorts">Boyshorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_knickers" title="French knickers">French knickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundoshi" title="Fundoshi">Fundoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)" title="Girdle (undergarment)">Girdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_boxers" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl boxers">Girl boxers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panties" title="Panties">Panties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_underwear" title="Period underwear">Period underwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong" title="Thong">Tanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_pants" title="Tap pants">Tap pants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong" title="Thong">Thong</a> (<a href="/wiki/G-string" title="G-string">G-string</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomers" title="Bloomers">Bloomers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8A2C8;width:1%">Full torso</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodice" title="Bodice">Bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">Corset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corselet" title="Corselet">Corselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_garment" title="Foundation garment">Foundation garment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightshirt" title="Nightshirt">Nightshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Playsuit (lingerie)">Playsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(clothing)" title="Slip (clothing)">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_(garment)" title="Teddy (garment)">Teddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8A2C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">Hosiery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodystocking" title="Bodystocking">Bodystocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold-ups" title="Hold-ups">Hold-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_highs" title="Knee highs">Knee highs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantyhose" title="Pantyhose">Pantyhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocking" title="Stocking">Stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tights" title="Tights">Tights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8A2C8;width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir_cap" title="Boudoir cap">Boudoir cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustle" title="Bustle">Bustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemise" title="Chemise">Chemise</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farthingale" title="Farthingale">Farthingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_skirt" title="Hoop skirt">Hoop skirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_bodice" title="Liberty bodice">Liberty bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)" title="Pannier (clothing)">Pannier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantalettes" title="Pantalettes">Pantalettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat" title="Petticoat">Petticoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettipants" title="Pettipants">Pettipants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_cincher" title="Waist cincher">Waist cincher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8A2C8;width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsies" title="Falsies">Falsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingerie_tape" title="Lingerie tape">Lingerie tape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8A2C8;width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands" title="List of lingerie brands">List of lingerie brands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8A2C8;width:1%">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bras_N_Things" title="Bras N Things">Bras N Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Lady" title="Cosmo Lady">Cosmo Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaves" title="Figleaves">Figleaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HerRoom" title="HerRoom">HerRoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journelle" title="Journelle">Journelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_%26_Co." title="True & Co.">True & Co.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8A2C8;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corset_controversy" title="Corset controversy">Corset controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bralessness" title="Bralessness">Bralessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingerie_party" title="Lingerie party">Lingerie party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards" title="UK Lingerie Awards">UK Lingerie Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_clothing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_clothing" title="Template:Historical clothing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_clothing" title="Template talk:Historical clothing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_clothing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical clothing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_clothing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Historical clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body-length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolla" title="Abolla">Abolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)" title="Banyan (clothing)">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)" title="Brunswick (clothing)">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Court uniform and dress in the Empire of Japan">Court dress (Empire of Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frock" title="Frock">Frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">Frock coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justacorps" title="Justacorps">Justacorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paenula" title="Paenula">Paenula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">Stola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">Tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xout_lao" title="Xout lao">Xout lao</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clothes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/150px-Clothes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/225px-Clothes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/300px-Clothes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Top_(clothing)" title="Top (clothing)">Tops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedgown" title="Bedgown">Bedgown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodice" title="Bodice">Bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peascod_belly" title="Peascod belly">Peascod belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poet_shirt" title="Poet shirt">Poet shirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbai" title="Sbai">Sbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_pat" title="Suea pat">Suea pat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braccae" title="Braccae">Braccae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Breeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben" title="Sompot Chong Kben">Sompot Chong Kben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culottes" title="Culottes">Culottes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_pants" title="Harem pants">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)" title="Knickerbockers (clothing)">Knickerbockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_pushers" title="Pedal pushers">Pedal pushers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saragüells (page does not exist)">Saragüells</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells" class="extiw" title="ca:Saragüells">ca</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">Skirts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobble_skirt" title="Hobble skirt">Hobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poodle_skirt" title="Poodle skirt">Poodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)" title="Safeguard (costume)">Safeguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompot">Sompot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">Sinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dresses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bliaut" title="Bliaut">Bliaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-bodied_gown" title="Close-bodied gown">Close-bodied gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante_dress" title="Debutante dress">Debutante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">Gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtle" title="Kirtle">Kirtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)" title="Mantua (clothing)">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)" title="Polonaise (clothing)">Polonaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_de_cour" title="Robe de cour">Robe de cour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack-back_gown" title="Sack-back gown">Sack-back gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_dress" title="Sailor dress">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_gown" title="Tea gown">Tea gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu" title="Zaju chuishao fu">Zaju chuishao fu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_outerwear" title="List of outerwear">Outerwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capote_(garment)" title="Capote (garment)">Capote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">Car coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraco" title="Caraco">Caraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_cloak" title="Cardinal cloak">Cardinal cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)" title="Chamail (clothing)">Chamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">Cloak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinsale_cloak" title="Kinsale cloak">Kinsale cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolman" title="Dolman">Dolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duster_(clothing)" title="Duster (clothing)">Duster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatcoat" title="Greatcoat">Greatcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houppelande" title="Houppelande">Houppelande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness_cape" title="Inverness cape">Inverness cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin" title="Jerkin">Jerkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandys" title="Kandys">Kandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket" title="Mackinaw jacket">Mackinaw jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadiri" title="Nadiri">Nadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_jacket" title="Norfolk jacket">Norfolk jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-frock_coat" title="Over-frock coat">Overfrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo" title="Pañuelo">Pañuelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palla_(garment)" title="Palla (garment)">Palla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)" title="Pallium (Roman cloak)">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelisse" title="Pelisse">Pelisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadbelly" title="Shadbelly">Shadbelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galway_shawl" title="Galway shawl">Galway shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullu_shawl" title="Kullu shawl">Kullu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smock-frock" title="Smock-frock">Smock-frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)" title="Spencer (clothing)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surcoat" title="Surcoat">Surcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtout" title="Surtout">Surtout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_coat" title="Ulster coat">Ulster coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visite" title="Visite">Visite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witzchoura" title="Witzchoura">Witzchoura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Undergarment" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergarment">Underwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustle" title="Bustle">Bustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausses" title="Chausses">Chausses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemise" title="Chemise">Chemise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codpiece" title="Codpiece">Codpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corselet" title="Corselet">Corselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">Corset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist_cincher" title="Waist cincher">Waist cincher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickey_(garment)" title="Dickey (garment)">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_skirt" title="Hoop skirt">Hoop skirt</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farthingale" title="Farthingale">Farthingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)" title="Pannier (clothing)">Pannier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_(clothing)" title="Hose (clothing)">Hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_bodice" title="Liberty bodice">Liberty bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">Loincloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_drawers" title="Open drawers">Open drawers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantalettes" title="Pantalettes">Pantalettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat" title="Petticoat">Petticoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peignoir" title="Peignoir">Peignoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettipants" title="Pettipants">Pettipants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_suit" title="Union suit">Union suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm" title="Yếm">Yếm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">Headwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat" title="Anthony Eden hat">Anthony Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(headdress)" title="Apex (headdress)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakhchin" title="Arakhchin">Arakhchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attifet" title="Attifet">Attifet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviator_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator hat">Aviator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m" title="Ba tầm">Ba tầm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat" title="Bergère hat">Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat" title="Blessed sword and hat">Blessed hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capotain" title="Capotain">Capotain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">Caubeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_hat" title="Cavalier hat">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">Coonskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunce_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunce cap">Dunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)" title="Fillet (clothing)">Fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hood" title="French hood">French hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontange" title="Fontange">Fontange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou" title="Futou">Futou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable_hood" title="Gable hood">Gable hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennin" title="Hennin">Hennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongjagwan" title="Jeongjagwan">Jeongjagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">Kausia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llawt%27u" title="Llawt'u">Llawt'u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matron%27s_badge" title="Matron's badge">Matron's badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_cap" title="Miner's cap">Miner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobcap" title="Mobcap">Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooskappe" title="Mooskappe">Mooskappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoring_hood" title="Motoring hood">Motoring hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounteere_Cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounteere Cap">Mounteere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)" title="Nightcap (garment)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochipok" title="Ochipok">Ochipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_hat" title="Pahlavi hat">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_hat" title="Printer's hat">Printer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap" title="Baby bumper headguard cap">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">Snood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephane_(headdress)" title="Stephane (headdress)">Stephane (headdress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainia_(costume)" title="Tainia (costume)">Tainia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)" title="Taranga (clothing)">Taranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Wig" title="Welsh Wig">Welsh Wig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">Wimple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">Footwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buskin" title="Buskin">Buskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcei" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcei">Calcei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligae" title="Caligae">Caligae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbatina" title="Carbatina">Carbatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_footwear" title="Hanfu footwear">Chinese styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopine" title="Chopine">Chopines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duckbill_shoe" title="Duckbill shoe">Duckbills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_sandals" title="Episcopal sandals">Episcopal sandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_(boot)" title="Hessian (boot)">Hessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus shoes">Lotus shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes" title="Manchu platform shoes">Manchu platform shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampootie" title="Pampootie">Pampooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patten_(shoe)" title="Patten (shoe)">Pattens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigache" title="Pigache">Pigaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulaine" title="Poulaine">Poulaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socci" class="mw-redirect" title="Socci">Socci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes" title="Tiger-head shoes">Tiger-head shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnshoe" title="Turnshoe">Turnshoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_tie" title="Ascot tie">Ascot tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointoise" title="Cointoise">Cointoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">Cravat (early)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin" title="Hairpin">Hairpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">Hatpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)" title="Jabot (neckwear)">Jabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pussy_bow" title="Pussy bow">Lavallière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)" title="Muff (handwarmer)">Muff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oes" title="Oes">Oes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partlet" title="Partlet">Partlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfumed_gloves" title="Perfumed gloves">Perfumed gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)" title="Ruff (clothing)">Ruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_buckle" title="Shoe buckle">Shoe buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visard" title="Visard">Visard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/28px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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