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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wolf–Rayet nebula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa_de_Wolf-Rayet" title="Nebulosa de Wolf-Rayet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nebulosa de Wolf-Rayet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfova%E2%80%93Rayetova_mlhovina" title="Wolfova–Rayetova mlhovina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wolfova–Rayetova mlhovina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulosa_de_Wolf-Rayet" title="Nebulosa de Wolf-Rayet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nebulosa de Wolf-Rayet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_bobelo" title="Wolf-Rayet bobelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wolf-Rayet bobelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebulosa" title="Wolf–Rayet nebulosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wolf–Rayet nebulosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulle_de_Wolf-Rayet" title="Bulle de Wolf-Rayet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bulle de Wolf-Rayet" data-language-autonym="Français" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nebula which surrounds a Wolf–Rayet star</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WR_31a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WR_31a.jpg/330px-WR_31a.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WR_31a.jpg/500px-WR_31a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WR_31a.jpg/960px-WR_31a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/WR_31a" title="WR 31a">WR 31a</a> is surrounded by a bubble nebula.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LHA_115_-_N_76A_-_Eso0310a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LHA_115_-_N_76A_-_Eso0310a.jpg/330px-LHA_115_-_N_76A_-_Eso0310a.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LHA_115_-_N_76A_-_Eso0310a.jpg/500px-LHA_115_-_N_76A_-_Eso0310a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LHA_115_-_N_76A_-_Eso0310a.jpg/960px-LHA_115_-_N_76A_-_Eso0310a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="4956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AB7" title="AB7">AB7</a> is one of the highest-excitation nebulae in the <a href="/wiki/Magellanic_Clouds" title="Magellanic Clouds">Magellanic Clouds</a>, two satellite galaxies of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>A <b>Wolf-Rayet nebula</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula</a> created from <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar winds</a> expelled by <a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf-Rayet stars</a>. Wolf-Rayet stars are very hot, highly <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminous</a>, and rapidly evolving massive stars that are fusing <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> or heavier elements in their cores. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The strong, dense <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar winds</a> from Wolf-Rayet stars consist of streams of charged particles traveling at speeds of thousands of kilometers per second. These winds slam into the surrounding interstellar medium, generating shock waves that heat and ionize the gas and dust, causing it to glow and emit radiation in <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a>. </p><p>This process creates an enveloping nebula around the Wolf-Rayet star with a distinctive multi-ring structure. The nebula contains shells and cavities carved out by the stellar winds, surrounded by dense swept-up material. These structures become visible due to fluorescent emission from ionized gas as well as scattered starlight.<sup id="cite_ref-wise_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wise-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_examples">Notable examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some well-studied Wolf-Rayet nebulae include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6888" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 6888">NGC 6888</a> (Crescent Nebula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2359" title="NGC 2359">NGC 2359</a> (Thor's Helmet Nebula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1-67" title="M1-67">M1-67</a> (Luminous Blue Variable Nebula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3199" title="NGC 3199">NGC 3199</a> (Nebula around WR 18)</li></ul> <p>These nebulae exhibit intricate structures revealed in visible light as well as infrared, X-ray, and other wavelengths, providing insight into the powerful stellar winds and evolutionary processes around Wolf-Rayet stars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_evolution">Formation and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wolf-Rayet stars represent a brief late stage in the evolution of some very massive stars.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have shed their outer hydrogen envelopes and their stellar winds now consist of heavier elements like helium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a Wolf-Rayet star evolves and loses mass, its winds shape the surrounding gas and dust into bubble-like nebular structures. The inner region forms from the current stellar wind, while outer shells are remnants of previous mass-loss episodes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Eventually the star will shed more matter, ending its life in a spectacular supernova explosion that will dramatically alter the Wolf-Rayet nebula's structure and composition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wise-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wise_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFToaláGuerreroRamos-LariosGuzmán2015" class="citation journal cs1">Toalá, J. 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href="/wiki/Emission_nebula" title="Emission nebula">Emission nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Nova remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_II_region" title="H II region">H II region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_nebula" title="Reflection nebula">Reflection nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variable_nebula" title="Variable nebula">Variable nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary nebula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-stellar_nebulae" title="Category:Pre-stellar nebulae">Pre-stellar nebulae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Post-stellar_nebulae" title="Category:Post-stellar nebulae">Post-stellar nebulae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">Pulsar wind nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbubble" title="Superbubble">Supershell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Clouds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_cirrus" title="Infrared cirrus">Infrared cirrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Flux_Nebula" title="Integrated Flux Nebula">Integrated Flux Nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-velocity_cloud" title="High-velocity cloud">High-velocity cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_I_region" title="H I region">H I region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Morphology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_nebula" title="Bipolar nebula">Bipolar nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinwheel_nebula" title="Pinwheel nebula">Pinwheel nebula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Intergalactic blobs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha_blob" title="Lyman-alpha blob">Lyman-alpha blob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nebulae" title="Lists of nebulae">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diffuse_nebulae" title="List of diffuse nebulae">Diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_nebulae" title="List of largest nebulae">Largest Nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary</a> (PNe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protoplanetary_nebulae" title="List of protoplanetary nebulae">Protoplanetary</a> (PPNe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Supernova remnants</a> (SNRs)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cometary_knot" title="Cometary knot">Cometary knot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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