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Middleman minority - Wikipedia
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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Minority whose main occupations link producers and consumers</div> <p>A <b>middleman minority</b> is a minority population whose main occupations link producers and consumers: traders, money-lenders, etc. A middleman minority, while possibly suffering discrimination and bullying, does not hold an "extreme subordinate" status in society.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "middleman minority" concept was developed by sociologists <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Blalock" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert Blalock">Hubert Blalock</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Bonacich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edna Bonacich (page does not exist)">Edna Bonacich</a> starting in the 1960s but is also used by political scientists and economists. This idea was further developed by American economist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middleman_minority&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous examples of such groups gaining eventual prosperity in their adopted country despite discrimination. Often, they will take on roles between producer and consumer, such as trading and moneylending. Famous examples such as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Jews</a> throughout Europe even at times when discrimination against them was high, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora_in_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian diaspora in East Africa">Indians</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-sowell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sowell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Middleman minorities usually provide an economic benefit to communities and nations and often start new industries. However, their economic aptitude, financial success and clannishness, combined with social prejudices by other groups against businesses and moneylending, can cause resentment among the native population of a country. Middleman minorities can be victims of racist violence, <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorists</a>, bullying, genocide, racialist policy, or other forms of repression. Other ethnic groups often accuse them of plotting conspiracies against their nation or of stealing wealth from the native population.<sup id="cite_ref-sowell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sowell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middleman_minority&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>In Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora_in_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian diaspora in East Africa">Indians</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbos">Igbos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>In South Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>In North America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese Americans</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese Americans</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Korean Americans</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek American">Greek Americans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese American">Lebanese Americans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>In South America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> in South America<sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> in South America<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> immigrants to Brazil (Lebanese, Syrians, etc., collectively called "arabes" or "turcos", the latter term because they came from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) were peddlers, merchants and other types of non-"producers".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>In West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhramis</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Armenian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians in the Ottoman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-brwl_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brwl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Baku" title="Armenians in Baku">Armenians in Baku</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-Suny_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Persian Armenians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a><sup id="cite_ref-Blow;_p._213_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blow;_p._213-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-brwl_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brwl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian American">Armenian Americans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Azerbaijani</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Early_modern_era_(1502–1925)" title="History of Iran">Imperial era of Iran (16th–20th centuries)</a><sup id="cite_ref-swietochowski_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swietochowski-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Azerbaijanis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-swietochowski_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swietochowski-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-swietochowski_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swietochowski-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Azerbaijanis</a> in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-swietochowski_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swietochowski-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jewish</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="European Jews">European Jews</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Jews">Ottoman Jews</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhanite" title="Radhanite">Radhanite Jews</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Elsewhere</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese#Discrimination" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonacich_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chinese and Vietnamese in Russia and Eastern Europe since the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism">fall of Communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middleman_minority&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation colonialism">exploitation colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">plantation colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market-dominant_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-dominant minority">Market-dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoritarianism" title="Minoritarianism">Minoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_on_Fire_(book)" title="World on Fire (book)">World on Fire (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Slezkine" title="Yuri Slezkine">Yuri Slezkine</a>'s book <i>The Jewish Century</i> (2004) discussed the concept of "Mercurian" people "specializ[ing] exclusively in providing services to the surrounding food-producing societies," which are characterized as "Apollonians"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middleman_minority&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienStephen_S._Fugita1982" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, David J.; Stephen S. Fugita (April 1982). "Middleman Minority Concept: Its Explanatory Value in the Case of the Japanese in California Agriculture". <i>The Pacific Sociological Review</i>. <b>25</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 185–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1388723">10.2307/1388723</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388723">1388723</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158296209">158296209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Middleman+Minority+Concept%3A+Its+Explanatory+Value+in+the+Case+of+the+Japanese+in+California+Agriculture&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-204&rft.date=1982-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158296209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1388723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1388723&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Stephen+S.+Fugita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasSaenz" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Karen Manges; Saenz, Rogelio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shsu.edu/~kmd007/documents/WinFSHD2Userskmd007ArticlesMiddlemenMinorities.pdf">"Middleman Minorities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i> (2nd ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100622002756/https://www.shsu.edu/~kmd007/documents/WinFSHD2Userskmd007ArticlesMiddlemenMinorities.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2010-06-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middleman+Minorities&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.edition=2nd&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Karen+Manges&rft.au=Saenz%2C+Rogelio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~kmd007%2Fdocuments%2FWinFSHD2Userskmd007ArticlesMiddlemenMinorities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sowell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sowell_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sowell_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sowell, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/research/anti-semitism-generic">"Is Anti-Semitism Generic?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Digest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Digest">Hoover Digest</a></i>. <b>2005</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Press">Hoover Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Digest&rft.atitle=Is+Anti-Semitism+Generic%3F&rft.volume=2005&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Fanti-semitism-generic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonacich-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonacich_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonacich1973" class="citation journal cs1">Bonacich, Edna (October 1973). "A Theory of Middleman Minorities". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Review" title="American Sociological Review">American Sociological Review</a></i>. <b>38</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>: 583–594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2094409">10.2307/2094409</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2094409">2094409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=A+Theory+of+Middleman+Minorities&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=583-594&rft.date=1973-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2094409&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2094409%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bonacich&rft.aufirst=Edna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2004" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Iris (2004-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1a7gXiXnKF0C&dq=Middleman++%22chinese+americans%22&pg=PT9"><i>The Chinese in America: A Narrative History</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-12687-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-12687-5"><bdi>978-1-101-12687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+America%3A+A+Narrative+History&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004-03-30&rft.isbn=978-1-101-12687-5&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Iris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1a7gXiXnKF0C%26dq%3DMiddleman%2B%2B%2522chinese%2Bamericans%2522%26pg%3DPT9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitano1974" class="citation journal cs1">Kitano, Harry H. L. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638430">"Japanese Americans: The Development of a Middleman Minority"</a>. <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>43</b> (4): 500–519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3638430">10.2307/3638430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684">0030-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638430">3638430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Japanese+Americans%3A+The+Development+of+a+Middleman+Minority&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=500-519&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0030-8684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3638430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3638430&rft.aulast=Kitano&rft.aufirst=Harry+H.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3638430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinKolodny1994" class="citation journal cs1">Min, Pyong-Gap; Kolodny, Andrew (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43783305">"The Middleman Minority Characteristics of Korean Immigrants in the United States"</a>. <i>Korea Journal of Population and Development</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 179–202. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1225-3804">1225-3804</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43783305">43783305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Journal+of+Population+and+Development&rft.atitle=The+Middleman+Minority+Characteristics+of+Korean+Immigrants+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-202&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43783305%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1225-3804&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=Pyong-Gap&rft.au=Kolodny%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43783305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQovr42wLOwC&q=Essays+on+Twentieth-Century+History">Essays on Twentieth-Century History p.44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Lesser" title="Jeffrey Lesser">Jeffrey Lesser</a>, "(Re) Creating Ethnicity: Middle Eastern Immigration to Brazil", The Americas Vol. 53, No. 1 (Jul., 1996), pp. 45-65 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1007473">1007473</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacini1998" class="citation book cs1">Pacini, Andrea (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829388-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310101859/https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Communities+in+the+Arab+Middle+East%3A+The+Challenge+of+the+Future&rft.pages=38%2C+55&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829388-0&rft.aulast=Pacini&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxberger2002" class="citation book cs1">Boxberger, Linda (2002). <i>On the edge of empire: Hadhramawt, emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791452172" title="Special:BookSources/9780791452172"><bdi>9780791452172</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2472-954X">2472-954X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53226033">53226033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+edge+of+empire%3A+Hadhramawt%2C+emigration%2C+and+the+Indian+Ocean%2C+1880s-1930s&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53226033&rft.issn=2472-954X&rft.isbn=9780791452172&rft.aulast=Boxberger&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreitag1999" class="citation journal cs1">Freitag, Ulrike (1999). "Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?". <i>Studia Islamica</i> (89): 165–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1596090">10.2307/1596090</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596090">1596090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Hadhramaut%3A+A+Religious+Centre+for+the+Indian+Ocean+in+the+Late+19th+and+Early+20th+Centuries%3F&rft.issue=89&rft.pages=165-183&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1596090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1596090%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Freitag&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManger2010" class="citation book cs1">Manger, Leif (2010). <i>The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845459789" title="Special:BookSources/9781845459789"><bdi>9781845459789</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/732958389">732958389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hadrami+diaspora%3A+Community-building+on+the+Indian+Ocean+rim&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F732958389&rft.isbn=9781845459789&rft.aulast=Manger&rft.aufirst=Leif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brwl-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brwl_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brwl_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgSqA0vGpcoC&q=Black+Rednecks+%26+White+Liberals">Black Rednecks & White Liberals</a>; about the book: <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game_of_Genocide" title="The Great Game of Genocide"><i>The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 8-9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927356-0"><bdi>978-0-19-927356-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+of+Genocide%3A+Imperialism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Destruction+of+the+Ottoman+Armenians&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927356-0&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suny_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian2004" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (2004-01-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2ByErk19DAC&pg=PA125"><i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6422-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6422-9"><bdi>978-1-4039-6422-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times%2C+Volume+II%3A+Foreign+Dominion+to+Statehood%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004-01-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6422-9&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2ByErk19DAC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blow;_p._213-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blow;_p._213_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blow; p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swietochowski-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swietochowski_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swietochowski_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swietochowski_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swietochowski_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowski1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Swietochowski, Tadeusz</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cozSOSsv7ZsC&pg=PA22"><i>Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521522458" title="Special:BookSources/9780521522458"><bdi>9780521522458</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211202211519/https://books.google.com/books?id=cozSOSsv7ZsC&pg=PA22%23v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Azerbaijan%2C+1905-1920%3A+The+Shaping+of+a+National+Identity+in+a+Muslim+Community&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521522458&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcozSOSsv7ZsC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraux2013" class="citation journal cs1">Braux, Adeline (3 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-57-5-7.pdf">"Azerbaijani Migrants in Russia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Caucasus Analytical Digest</i>. <b>57</b> (5): 5–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caucasus+Analytical+Digest&rft.atitle=Azerbaijani+Migrants+in+Russia&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=5-7&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft.aulast=Braux&rft.aufirst=Adeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.css.ethz.ch%2Fpublications%2Fpdfs%2FCAD-57-5-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPál2007" class="citation book cs1">Pál, N. (October 2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290738169"><i>Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational Era</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203933961">10.4324/9780203933961</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134063819" title="Special:BookSources/9781134063819"><bdi>9781134063819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+in+Eastern+Europe+and+Russia%3A+A+Middleman+Minority+in+a+Transnational+Era&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203933961&rft.isbn=9781134063819&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1l&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F290738169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middleman_minority&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Silverman, Robert Mark. 2000. Doing Business in Minority Markets: Black and Korean Entrepreneurs in Chicago’s Ethnic Beauty Aids Industry. New York: Garland Publishing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobas1987" class="citation journal cs1">Cobas, José A. (Apr 1987). "Ethnic enclaves and middleman minorities: alternative strategies of immigrant adaptation?". <i>Sociol Perspect</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 143–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1388996">10.2307/1388996</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388996">1388996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12315137">12315137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28038205">28038205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociol+Perspect&rft.atitle=Ethnic+enclaves+and+middleman+minorities%3A+alternative+strategies+of+immigrant+adaptation%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-61&rft.date=1987-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12315137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28038205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1388996%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1388996&rft.aulast=Cobas&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddleman+minority" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pál Nyíri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu3POdhC0yIC&q=Middleman+Minority"><i>Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational Era</i></a>, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415446864" title="Special:BookSources/0415446864">0415446864</a></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐7pnpd Cached time: 20241122144402 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.421 seconds Real time usage: 0.508 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1788/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39783/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1932/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 69263/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.238/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5754862/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 457.930 1 -total 53.98% 247.194 1 Template:Reflist 32.91% 150.699 8 Template:Cite_journal 18.52% 84.794 1 Template:Short_description 12.70% 58.159 9 Template:Cite_book 10.07% 46.115 2 Template:Fix 10.00% 45.798 2 Template:Pagetype 9.28% 42.486 1 Template:Full_citation_needed 9.04% 41.411 1 Template:ISBN 6.35% 29.056 3 Template:Category_handler --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:20910757-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122144402 and revision id 1242500568. 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