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He completed his undergraduate research at the University of Durban-Westville, and his Masters and Doctoral degrees at Indiana University, Bloomington. 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class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/71573128/Colour_Class_and_Community_The_Natal_Indian_Congress_1971_1994_Johannesburg_Wits_University_Press_2021"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Colour, Class and Community. The Natal Indian Congress, 1971-1994. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2021." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80858757/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/71573128/Colour_Class_and_Community_The_Natal_Indian_Congress_1971_1994_Johannesburg_Wits_University_Press_2021">Colour, Class and Community. The Natal Indian Congress, 1971-1994. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2021.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Wits University Press</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Following a hiatus in the 1960s, the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) was revived in 1971. This study ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Following a hiatus in the 1960s, the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) was revived in 1971. This study brings the inner workings of the NIC to life against the canvas of major political developments in South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s, and up to the first democratic elections in 1994. The NIC was relaunched during the rise of the Black Consciousness Movement, which attracted a following among Indian university students, and whose invocation of Indians as Black led to a major debate about ethnic organisations such as the NIC. This debate persisted in the 1980s with the rise of the United Democratic Front and its commitment to non-racialism. Despite threats of banning and incarceration, the NIC kept attracting new recruits. This included students radicalised by the 1980s education boycotts and civic protests, who encouraged the development of community organisations. Drawing on varied sources, including oral interviews, newspaper reports, and minutes of organisational meetings, this engaging history challenges existing narratives around Indian ‘cabalism’, and brings the African and Indian political story into present debates about race, class and nation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c37536cf7e93c66ab7c1bd19a3ea5603" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":80858757,"asset_id":71573128,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80858757/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="71573128"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="71573128"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71573128; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71573128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71573128]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71573128; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='71573128']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c37536cf7e93c66ab7c1bd19a3ea5603" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=71573128]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":71573128,"title":"Colour, Class and Community. 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A Biography of Indian South Africans, 1994-2019</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford University Press</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8453a9d46fccfd89cf768a388c6e2b94" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61407647,"asset_id":41166748,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61407647/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41166748"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41166748"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41166748; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41166748]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41166748]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41166748; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41166748']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8453a9d46fccfd89cf768a388c6e2b94" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41166748]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41166748,"title":"A History of the Present. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13199473"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13199473/The_South_African_Gandhi_Stretcher_Bearer_of_Empire"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The South African Gandhi Stretcher-Bearer of Empire" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13199473/The_South_African_Gandhi_Stretcher_Bearer_of_Empire">The South African Gandhi Stretcher-Bearer of Empire</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed">Goolam Vahed</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ashwindesai">ashwin desai</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the pantheon of freedom fighters, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi has pride of place. His fame and ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the pantheon of freedom fighters, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi has pride of place. His fame and influence extend far beyond India and are nowhere more significant than in South Africa. "India gave us a Mohandas, we gave them a Mahatma," goes a popular South African refrain. Contemporary South African leaders, including Mandela, have consistently lauded him as being part of the epic battle to defeat the racist white regime. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />The South African Gandhi focuses on Gandhi's first leadership experiences and the complicated man they reveal—a man who actually supported the British Empire. Ashwin Desai and Goolem Vahed unveil a man who, throughout his stay on African soil, stayed true to Empire while showing a disdain for Africans. For Gandhi, whites and Indians were bonded by an Aryan bloodline that had no place for the African. Gandhi's racism was matched by his class prejudice towards the Indian indentured. He persistently claimed that they were ignorant and needed his leadership, and he wrote their resistances and compromises in surviving a brutal labor regime out of history. The South African Gandhi writes the indentured and working class back into history. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />The authors show that Gandhi never missed an opportunity to show his loyalty to Empire, with a particular penchant for war as a means to do so. He served as an Empire stretcher-bearer in the Boer War while the British occupied South Africa, he demanded guns in the aftermath of the Bhambatha Rebellion, and he toured the villages of India during the First World War as recruiter for the Imperial army. This meticulously researched book punctures the dominant narrative of Gandhi and uncovers an ambiguous figure whose time on African soil was marked by a desire to seek the integration of Indians, minus many basic rights, into the white body politic while simultaneously excluding Africans from his moral compass and political ideals</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="08193d0156191ad2989cf29789229b80" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47781812,"asset_id":13199473,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47781812/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13199473"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13199473"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13199473; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13199381"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13199381/Schooling_Muslims_in_Natal_Identity_State_and_the_Orient_Islamic_Educational_Institute"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Schooling Muslims in Natal. Identity, State and the Orient Islamic Educational Institute" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57247148/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13199381/Schooling_Muslims_in_Natal_Identity_State_and_the_Orient_Islamic_Educational_Institute">Schooling Muslims in Natal. Identity, State and the Orient Islamic Educational Institute</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed">Goolam Vahed</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://johannesburg.academia.edu/ThembisaWaetjen">Thembisa Waetjen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The history of Muslim education in the east coast region of South Africa is the story of ongoing ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The history of Muslim education in the east coast region of South Africa is the story of ongoing struggles by an immigrant religious minority under successive, exclusionary forms of state. Schooling Muslims in Natal traces the labours and fortunes of a set of progressive idealists who, mobilizing merchant capital, transoceanic networks and informal political influence, established the Orient Islamic Educational Institute in 1943 to found schools and promote a curriculum inclusive of secular subjects and Islamic teaching. Through the story of their Durban flagship project – the Orient Islamic School – this book recounts the changing politics of religious identity, education and citizenship in South Africa. <br />From the late nineteenth century, Gujarati Muslim traders settling in the colony of Natal built mosques and madressas; their progeny carried on the strong traditions of community patronage and leadership. Aligned to Gandhi’s Congress initiatives for Indian civic recognition, they worked across differences of political strategy, economic class, ethnicity and religion to champion modern education for a ghettoised Indian diaspora. In common was the threat of a state that, long before the legal formation of apartheid, managed diversity in deference to white racial hysteria over ‘Indian penetration’ and an ‘Asiatic menace’. <br />This is the story of confrontation, cooperation and compromise by an officially marginalized but still powerful set of ‘founding fathers’ who shaped local education and urban space as they integrated this region of Africa into the Indian Ocean world.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c1ffa4860609eb764f2d405dd03babe6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57247148,"asset_id":13199381,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57247148/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13199381"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13199381"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13199381; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13199381]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13199381]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13199381; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13199381']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c1ffa4860609eb764f2d405dd03babe6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13199381]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13199381,"title":"Schooling Muslims in Natal. 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The South African Experience 1884-1914</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3a190d8feea21a0e6420ae7f6f597f88" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37977222,"asset_id":10219004,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37977222/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10219004"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10219004"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10219004; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10219004]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10219004]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10219004; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10219004']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3a190d8feea21a0e6420ae7f6f597f88" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10219004]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10219004,"title":"Empire \u0026 Cricket. 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A South African Story, 1860-1914" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37972407/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10218971/Inside_Indian_Indenture_A_South_African_Story_1860_1914">Inside Indian Indenture. A South African Story, 1860-1914</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za vii plantations and beyond, inspecting weapons of resistan...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Free download from <a href="http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za" rel="nofollow">www.hsrcpress.ac.za</a> vii plantations and beyond, inspecting weapons of resistance and forms of collaboration that were developed in times of conflict with the colonial overlords. It is a social history that extends beyond the boundaries of institutions, yet is situated in the social web of indenture itself, especially the small intense world of the plantation. The writing that follows seeks to move away from seeing indenture as some Benthamite Panopticon in which the indentured were completely under the gaze and discipline of the master. We show that they 'were as much agents as they were victims and silent witnesses '. 4 Indenture was a time in which old patterns of living could not simply be resurrected in a 'foreign' environment, while new patterns struggled to be born. We enter this world by showing real people in all their ambiguities and complexities as they danced the uncertain edge between improvisation and resignation. While the system was presented by the colonists as a fait accompli and the indentured as a tabula rasa on which the economic needs of late colonialism could simply be imposed, in reality, indenture saw its contours being established, resisted and renegotiated as the indentured and their white masters were constantly involved in a shared but uneven economic and political dynamic. In seeking the voices of the indentured, we faced an important methodological problem, as these voices were 'filtered through the pens of others'. The testimonies of the indentured 'were transcribed or recorded by official scribes. Most of the emigrants could not even read the deposition they were asked to sign, marking an "X" instead. Next to direct evidence, however, they come closest to revealing the voices of bonded labourers.' 5 We have found this a fascinating story brimming with desire, skulduggery and tender mercies, as much as with oppression and exploitation. None more so than the 1913 strike, studies of which in the main have rendered the crowd largely anonymous as Gandhi, the master puppeteer, took centre stage. Yet the indentured participated in their thousands, more often than not outside the purview of Gandhi and the visible leaders of the strike, in some instances fighting violent hand-to-hand battles with the authorities, throwing up their own leaders and drawing on memories of previous struggles. In telling the story of the strike, we try to reveal 'the faces in the crowd, their hopes, their fears and muddled aspirations', 6 and show how the erstwhile puppets, the indentured, were in many cases pulling the strings of rebellion. Reclamation can, of course, lead to cultural chauvinism. So we aim not just to tell a story of the internal dynamics of indentured life, but to do so against the backdrop of white rule and its oppressive relationship with the Zulu. Inscribed in this unfolding narrative is the brutal and violent dispossession of the Zulu, and the callousness of the colonial onslaught that destroyed their indigenous economy and turned once courageous warriors against imperialism into 'houseboys' serving at the white man's table or doing his laundry, and into dispossessed migrants tunnelling underground in the mines while their families struggled to survive. We try then to tell a broader history that does not, we trust, lend itself to reinforcing cultural and racial bigotry. But this is not done in a way that obscures the central narrative. In fact, it renders it more revealing. Those who 'agreed' to indenture were often propelled by desperation as the British Free download from <a href="http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za" rel="nofollow">www.hsrcpress.ac.za</a> 'Modernisation' and commercialisation were accompanied by pauperisation. 7 It was the very same British Empire that brought misery and subjugation and, ironically, created an opportunity for 'escape' to places like Natal. Many were filled with hopes as high as Mahjoub's stars as they crossed the kala pani (the black water -the sea). Dreams of a better life and the opportunity to save money and return to the village as 'success stories' were not to be for many who returned 'home' with less than they had started out with, and who found that home was not the same place. Neither were they the same people. Caste had been transgressed, parents had died and spaces for reintegration closed as colonialism tightened its grip. Home for these wandering exiles was no more. A substantial number came to the realisation that the place of exile was the place of home. Like Mahjoub, they wondered, '…where do we go when it falls apart in our hands and we are left with less than we started with? Begin again? And with what?' And so, many made the return journey. To Africa. To begin anew. This book tells a story about the many beginnings and multiple journeys that made up the indentured experience. The research for this book took several years. We shuddered and gasped as we found snippets of information tucked away on forgotten shelves and in boxes of musty archives. We felt proud and terribly sad as we read letters penned a century ago and more from distant ancestors, so dignified still in their anguish. And some of the photographs that we have included are beyond description. As authors we come from different academic backgrounds, one a sociologist (Ashwin) and the other a historian (Goolam). There are other differences, too, that are not necessary to go into, but which those who know both of us would find it easy to discern. They have no doubt made many jokes about how such an incongruous twosome has managed to survive the long period that has been the writing of this book. But this collaboration has been a wonderful experience. This is not simply a professional relationship but one of abiding friendship. Writing this story has been an emotional experience and an incredibly humbling one. The people who are closest to us bore the brunt of the long hours and of a project that seemed to have no end. To them we owe a deep gratitude and we hope that this story, when (if) they read it, will explain our mood swings between sadness, anger even, when we came across the depth of the humiliations and violence suffered by the indentured, and our smiles, joy and pride as we came across the remarkable ability of the indentured to confront and resist the system. The indentured AFRICAN STORY, 1860-1914 Free download from <a href="http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za" rel="nofollow">www.hsrcpress.ac.za</a> Preface ix refused to be disembodied 'coolies' defined by numbers and fought many battles to ensure that they were recognised as people with rights, feelings and a permanent future in Africa. Ashwin's father died on 11 November 2006 without seeing the final product. He was a history teacher and it is extremely sad that he will not pass judgement over this work. His influence, though, lives through the pages of this book. Goolam's wife, Taskeen, and children, Naseem, Razia and Yasmeen, live many miles away, and they feel the separation intensely. This book, which in essence is about painful separations and multiple journeys, helps suture the wounds of long absences. We believe that you will feel enriched by sharing these stories. If even a little of the emotion and insight about being alive in South Africa today that came to us through researching and narrating the stories of indenture is transmitted to you, then the many hours of painstaking labour in producing this book will have been worthwhile. 1 OPPOSITE: Although the system tried to turn people into nameless numbers, the indentured found all manner of ways to resist this and assert their humanity. Shown here are Napaul Kaloo (7359), Neetye Peeroo (7360), Nathonee Sooraie (7366) and Chand Kahn (7367). Free download from <a href="http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za" rel="nofollow">www.hsrcpress.ac.za</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0cb2f800d717d4795b8666fe3ccd922a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37972407,"asset_id":10218971,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37972407/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10218971"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10218971"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10218971; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10218971]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10218971]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10218971; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10218971']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0cb2f800d717d4795b8666fe3ccd922a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10218971]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10218971,"title":"Inside Indian Indenture. A South African Story, 1860-1914","translated_title":"","metadata":{"more_info":"With Ashwin Desai","publisher":"Cape Town: HSRC Press","grobid_abstract":"Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za vii plantations and beyond, inspecting weapons of resistance and forms of collaboration that were developed in times of conflict with the colonial overlords. It is a social history that extends beyond the boundaries of institutions, yet is situated in the social web of indenture itself, especially the small intense world of the plantation. The writing that follows seeks to move away from seeing indenture as some Benthamite Panopticon in which the indentured were completely under the gaze and discipline of the master. We show that they 'were as much agents as they were victims and silent witnesses '. 4 Indenture was a time in which old patterns of living could not simply be resurrected in a 'foreign' environment, while new patterns struggled to be born. We enter this world by showing real people in all their ambiguities and complexities as they danced the uncertain edge between improvisation and resignation. While the system was presented by the colonists as a fait accompli and the indentured as a tabula rasa on which the economic needs of late colonialism could simply be imposed, in reality, indenture saw its contours being established, resisted and renegotiated as the indentured and their white masters were constantly involved in a shared but uneven economic and political dynamic. In seeking the voices of the indentured, we faced an important methodological problem, as these voices were 'filtered through the pens of others'. The testimonies of the indentured 'were transcribed or recorded by official scribes. Most of the emigrants could not even read the deposition they were asked to sign, marking an \"X\" instead. Next to direct evidence, however, they come closest to revealing the voices of bonded labourers.' 5 We have found this a fascinating story brimming with desire, skulduggery and tender mercies, as much as with oppression and exploitation. None more so than the 1913 strike, studies of which in the main have rendered the crowd largely anonymous as Gandhi, the master puppeteer, took centre stage. Yet the indentured participated in their thousands, more often than not outside the purview of Gandhi and the visible leaders of the strike, in some instances fighting violent hand-to-hand battles with the authorities, throwing up their own leaders and drawing on memories of previous struggles. In telling the story of the strike, we try to reveal 'the faces in the crowd, their hopes, their fears and muddled aspirations', 6 and show how the erstwhile puppets, the indentured, were in many cases pulling the strings of rebellion. Reclamation can, of course, lead to cultural chauvinism. So we aim not just to tell a story of the internal dynamics of indentured life, but to do so against the backdrop of white rule and its oppressive relationship with the Zulu. Inscribed in this unfolding narrative is the brutal and violent dispossession of the Zulu, and the callousness of the colonial onslaught that destroyed their indigenous economy and turned once courageous warriors against imperialism into 'houseboys' serving at the white man's table or doing his laundry, and into dispossessed migrants tunnelling underground in the mines while their families struggled to survive. We try then to tell a broader history that does not, we trust, lend itself to reinforcing cultural and racial bigotry. But this is not done in a way that obscures the central narrative. In fact, it renders it more revealing. Those who 'agreed' to indenture were often propelled by desperation as the British Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 'Modernisation' and commercialisation were accompanied by pauperisation. 7 It was the very same British Empire that brought misery and subjugation and, ironically, created an opportunity for 'escape' to places like Natal. Many were filled with hopes as high as Mahjoub's stars as they crossed the kala pani (the black water -the sea). Dreams of a better life and the opportunity to save money and return to the village as 'success stories' were not to be for many who returned 'home' with less than they had started out with, and who found that home was not the same place. Neither were they the same people. Caste had been transgressed, parents had died and spaces for reintegration closed as colonialism tightened its grip. Home for these wandering exiles was no more. A substantial number came to the realisation that the place of exile was the place of home. Like Mahjoub, they wondered, '…where do we go when it falls apart in our hands and we are left with less than we started with? Begin again? And with what?' And so, many made the return journey. To Africa. To begin anew. This book tells a story about the many beginnings and multiple journeys that made up the indentured experience. The research for this book took several years. We shuddered and gasped as we found snippets of information tucked away on forgotten shelves and in boxes of musty archives. We felt proud and terribly sad as we read letters penned a century ago and more from distant ancestors, so dignified still in their anguish. And some of the photographs that we have included are beyond description. As authors we come from different academic backgrounds, one a sociologist (Ashwin) and the other a historian (Goolam). There are other differences, too, that are not necessary to go into, but which those who know both of us would find it easy to discern. They have no doubt made many jokes about how such an incongruous twosome has managed to survive the long period that has been the writing of this book. But this collaboration has been a wonderful experience. This is not simply a professional relationship but one of abiding friendship. Writing this story has been an emotional experience and an incredibly humbling one. The people who are closest to us bore the brunt of the long hours and of a project that seemed to have no end. To them we owe a deep gratitude and we hope that this story, when (if) they read it, will explain our mood swings between sadness, anger even, when we came across the depth of the humiliations and violence suffered by the indentured, and our smiles, joy and pride as we came across the remarkable ability of the indentured to confront and resist the system. The indentured AFRICAN STORY, 1860-1914 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Preface ix refused to be disembodied 'coolies' defined by numbers and fought many battles to ensure that they were recognised as people with rights, feelings and a permanent future in Africa. Ashwin's father died on 11 November 2006 without seeing the final product. He was a history teacher and it is extremely sad that he will not pass judgement over this work. His influence, though, lives through the pages of this book. Goolam's wife, Taskeen, and children, Naseem, Razia and Yasmeen, live many miles away, and they feel the separation intensely. This book, which in essence is about painful separations and multiple journeys, helps suture the wounds of long absences. We believe that you will feel enriched by sharing these stories. If even a little of the emotion and insight about being alive in South Africa today that came to us through researching and narrating the stories of indenture is transmitted to you, then the many hours of painstaking labour in producing this book will have been worthwhile. 1 OPPOSITE: Although the system tried to turn people into nameless numbers, the indentured found all manner of ways to resist this and assert their humanity. Shown here are Napaul Kaloo (7359), Neetye Peeroo (7360), Nathonee Sooraie (7366) and Chand Kahn (7367). 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It is a social history that extends beyond the boundaries of institutions, yet is situated in the social web of indenture itself, especially the small intense world of the plantation. The writing that follows seeks to move away from seeing indenture as some Benthamite Panopticon in which the indentured were completely under the gaze and discipline of the master. We show that they 'were as much agents as they were victims and silent witnesses '. 4 Indenture was a time in which old patterns of living could not simply be resurrected in a 'foreign' environment, while new patterns struggled to be born. We enter this world by showing real people in all their ambiguities and complexities as they danced the uncertain edge between improvisation and resignation. While the system was presented by the colonists as a fait accompli and the indentured as a tabula rasa on which the economic needs of late colonialism could simply be imposed, in reality, indenture saw its contours being established, resisted and renegotiated as the indentured and their white masters were constantly involved in a shared but uneven economic and political dynamic. In seeking the voices of the indentured, we faced an important methodological problem, as these voices were 'filtered through the pens of others'. The testimonies of the indentured 'were transcribed or recorded by official scribes. Most of the emigrants could not even read the deposition they were asked to sign, marking an \"X\" instead. Next to direct evidence, however, they come closest to revealing the voices of bonded labourers.' 5 We have found this a fascinating story brimming with desire, skulduggery and tender mercies, as much as with oppression and exploitation. None more so than the 1913 strike, studies of which in the main have rendered the crowd largely anonymous as Gandhi, the master puppeteer, took centre stage. Yet the indentured participated in their thousands, more often than not outside the purview of Gandhi and the visible leaders of the strike, in some instances fighting violent hand-to-hand battles with the authorities, throwing up their own leaders and drawing on memories of previous struggles. In telling the story of the strike, we try to reveal 'the faces in the crowd, their hopes, their fears and muddled aspirations', 6 and show how the erstwhile puppets, the indentured, were in many cases pulling the strings of rebellion. Reclamation can, of course, lead to cultural chauvinism. So we aim not just to tell a story of the internal dynamics of indentured life, but to do so against the backdrop of white rule and its oppressive relationship with the Zulu. Inscribed in this unfolding narrative is the brutal and violent dispossession of the Zulu, and the callousness of the colonial onslaught that destroyed their indigenous economy and turned once courageous warriors against imperialism into 'houseboys' serving at the white man's table or doing his laundry, and into dispossessed migrants tunnelling underground in the mines while their families struggled to survive. We try then to tell a broader history that does not, we trust, lend itself to reinforcing cultural and racial bigotry. But this is not done in a way that obscures the central narrative. In fact, it renders it more revealing. Those who 'agreed' to indenture were often propelled by desperation as the British Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 'Modernisation' and commercialisation were accompanied by pauperisation. 7 It was the very same British Empire that brought misery and subjugation and, ironically, created an opportunity for 'escape' to places like Natal. Many were filled with hopes as high as Mahjoub's stars as they crossed the kala pani (the black water -the sea). Dreams of a better life and the opportunity to save money and return to the village as 'success stories' were not to be for many who returned 'home' with less than they had started out with, and who found that home was not the same place. Neither were they the same people. Caste had been transgressed, parents had died and spaces for reintegration closed as colonialism tightened its grip. Home for these wandering exiles was no more. A substantial number came to the realisation that the place of exile was the place of home. Like Mahjoub, they wondered, '…where do we go when it falls apart in our hands and we are left with less than we started with? Begin again? And with what?' And so, many made the return journey. To Africa. To begin anew. This book tells a story about the many beginnings and multiple journeys that made up the indentured experience. The research for this book took several years. We shuddered and gasped as we found snippets of information tucked away on forgotten shelves and in boxes of musty archives. We felt proud and terribly sad as we read letters penned a century ago and more from distant ancestors, so dignified still in their anguish. And some of the photographs that we have included are beyond description. As authors we come from different academic backgrounds, one a sociologist (Ashwin) and the other a historian (Goolam). There are other differences, too, that are not necessary to go into, but which those who know both of us would find it easy to discern. They have no doubt made many jokes about how such an incongruous twosome has managed to survive the long period that has been the writing of this book. But this collaboration has been a wonderful experience. This is not simply a professional relationship but one of abiding friendship. Writing this story has been an emotional experience and an incredibly humbling one. The people who are closest to us bore the brunt of the long hours and of a project that seemed to have no end. To them we owe a deep gratitude and we hope that this story, when (if) they read it, will explain our mood swings between sadness, anger even, when we came across the depth of the humiliations and violence suffered by the indentured, and our smiles, joy and pride as we came across the remarkable ability of the indentured to confront and resist the system. The indentured AFRICAN STORY, 1860-1914 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Preface ix refused to be disembodied 'coolies' defined by numbers and fought many battles to ensure that they were recognised as people with rights, feelings and a permanent future in Africa. Ashwin's father died on 11 November 2006 without seeing the final product. He was a history teacher and it is extremely sad that he will not pass judgement over this work. His influence, though, lives through the pages of this book. Goolam's wife, Taskeen, and children, Naseem, Razia and Yasmeen, live many miles away, and they feel the separation intensely. This book, which in essence is about painful separations and multiple journeys, helps suture the wounds of long absences. We believe that you will feel enriched by sharing these stories. If even a little of the emotion and insight about being alive in South Africa today that came to us through researching and narrating the stories of indenture is transmitted to you, then the many hours of painstaking labour in producing this book will have been worthwhile. 1 OPPOSITE: Although the system tried to turn people into nameless numbers, the indentured found all manner of ways to resist this and assert their humanity. Shown here are Napaul Kaloo (7359), Neetye Peeroo (7360), Nathonee Sooraie (7366) and Chand Kahn (7367). 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The Natal Indian Congress, 1971-1994. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2021." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80858757/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/71573128/Colour_Class_and_Community_The_Natal_Indian_Congress_1971_1994_Johannesburg_Wits_University_Press_2021">Colour, Class and Community. The Natal Indian Congress, 1971-1994. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2021.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Wits University Press</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Following a hiatus in the 1960s, the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) was revived in 1971. This study ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Following a hiatus in the 1960s, the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) was revived in 1971. This study brings the inner workings of the NIC to life against the canvas of major political developments in South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s, and up to the first democratic elections in 1994. The NIC was relaunched during the rise of the Black Consciousness Movement, which attracted a following among Indian university students, and whose invocation of Indians as Black led to a major debate about ethnic organisations such as the NIC. This debate persisted in the 1980s with the rise of the United Democratic Front and its commitment to non-racialism. Despite threats of banning and incarceration, the NIC kept attracting new recruits. This included students radicalised by the 1980s education boycotts and civic protests, who encouraged the development of community organisations. Drawing on varied sources, including oral interviews, newspaper reports, and minutes of organisational meetings, this engaging history challenges existing narratives around Indian ‘cabalism’, and brings the African and Indian political story into present debates about race, class and nation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c37536cf7e93c66ab7c1bd19a3ea5603" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":80858757,"asset_id":71573128,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80858757/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="71573128"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="71573128"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71573128; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71573128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71573128]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71573128; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='71573128']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c37536cf7e93c66ab7c1bd19a3ea5603" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=71573128]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":71573128,"title":"Colour, Class and Community. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13199473"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13199473/The_South_African_Gandhi_Stretcher_Bearer_of_Empire"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The South African Gandhi Stretcher-Bearer of Empire" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13199473/The_South_African_Gandhi_Stretcher_Bearer_of_Empire">The South African Gandhi Stretcher-Bearer of Empire</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed">Goolam Vahed</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ashwindesai">ashwin desai</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the pantheon of freedom fighters, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi has pride of place. His fame and ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the pantheon of freedom fighters, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi has pride of place. His fame and influence extend far beyond India and are nowhere more significant than in South Africa. "India gave us a Mohandas, we gave them a Mahatma," goes a popular South African refrain. Contemporary South African leaders, including Mandela, have consistently lauded him as being part of the epic battle to defeat the racist white regime. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />The South African Gandhi focuses on Gandhi's first leadership experiences and the complicated man they reveal—a man who actually supported the British Empire. Ashwin Desai and Goolem Vahed unveil a man who, throughout his stay on African soil, stayed true to Empire while showing a disdain for Africans. For Gandhi, whites and Indians were bonded by an Aryan bloodline that had no place for the African. Gandhi's racism was matched by his class prejudice towards the Indian indentured. He persistently claimed that they were ignorant and needed his leadership, and he wrote their resistances and compromises in surviving a brutal labor regime out of history. The South African Gandhi writes the indentured and working class back into history. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />The authors show that Gandhi never missed an opportunity to show his loyalty to Empire, with a particular penchant for war as a means to do so. He served as an Empire stretcher-bearer in the Boer War while the British occupied South Africa, he demanded guns in the aftermath of the Bhambatha Rebellion, and he toured the villages of India during the First World War as recruiter for the Imperial army. This meticulously researched book punctures the dominant narrative of Gandhi and uncovers an ambiguous figure whose time on African soil was marked by a desire to seek the integration of Indians, minus many basic rights, into the white body politic while simultaneously excluding Africans from his moral compass and political ideals</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="08193d0156191ad2989cf29789229b80" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47781812,"asset_id":13199473,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47781812/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13199473"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13199473"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13199473; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13199381"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13199381/Schooling_Muslims_in_Natal_Identity_State_and_the_Orient_Islamic_Educational_Institute"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Schooling Muslims in Natal. Identity, State and the Orient Islamic Educational Institute" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57247148/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13199381/Schooling_Muslims_in_Natal_Identity_State_and_the_Orient_Islamic_Educational_Institute">Schooling Muslims in Natal. Identity, State and the Orient Islamic Educational Institute</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed">Goolam Vahed</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://johannesburg.academia.edu/ThembisaWaetjen">Thembisa Waetjen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The history of Muslim education in the east coast region of South Africa is the story of ongoing ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The history of Muslim education in the east coast region of South Africa is the story of ongoing struggles by an immigrant religious minority under successive, exclusionary forms of state. Schooling Muslims in Natal traces the labours and fortunes of a set of progressive idealists who, mobilizing merchant capital, transoceanic networks and informal political influence, established the Orient Islamic Educational Institute in 1943 to found schools and promote a curriculum inclusive of secular subjects and Islamic teaching. Through the story of their Durban flagship project – the Orient Islamic School – this book recounts the changing politics of religious identity, education and citizenship in South Africa. <br />From the late nineteenth century, Gujarati Muslim traders settling in the colony of Natal built mosques and madressas; their progeny carried on the strong traditions of community patronage and leadership. Aligned to Gandhi’s Congress initiatives for Indian civic recognition, they worked across differences of political strategy, economic class, ethnicity and religion to champion modern education for a ghettoised Indian diaspora. In common was the threat of a state that, long before the legal formation of apartheid, managed diversity in deference to white racial hysteria over ‘Indian penetration’ and an ‘Asiatic menace’. <br />This is the story of confrontation, cooperation and compromise by an officially marginalized but still powerful set of ‘founding fathers’ who shaped local education and urban space as they integrated this region of Africa into the Indian Ocean world.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c1ffa4860609eb764f2d405dd03babe6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57247148,"asset_id":13199381,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57247148/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13199381"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13199381"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13199381; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13199381]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13199381]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13199381; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13199381']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c1ffa4860609eb764f2d405dd03babe6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13199381]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13199381,"title":"Schooling Muslims in Natal. 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The Letters of Ahmed Kathrada and Zuleikha Mayat 1979-1989</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed">Goolam Vahed</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://johannesburg.academia.edu/ThembisaWaetjen">Thembisa Waetjen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="240cc6ea9f9accf2010b8a35fb9290be" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37977117,"asset_id":10218978,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37977117/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10218978"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10218978"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10218978; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10218978]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10218978]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10218978; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10218978']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "240cc6ea9f9accf2010b8a35fb9290be" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10218978]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10218978,"title":"Dear Ahmedbhai, Dear Zuleikhabhen. 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A South African Story, 1860-1914" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37972407/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10218971/Inside_Indian_Indenture_A_South_African_Story_1860_1914">Inside Indian Indenture. A South African Story, 1860-1914</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za vii plantations and beyond, inspecting weapons of resistan...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Free download from <a href="http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za" rel="nofollow">www.hsrcpress.ac.za</a> vii plantations and beyond, inspecting weapons of resistance and forms of collaboration that were developed in times of conflict with the colonial overlords. It is a social history that extends beyond the boundaries of institutions, yet is situated in the social web of indenture itself, especially the small intense world of the plantation. The writing that follows seeks to move away from seeing indenture as some Benthamite Panopticon in which the indentured were completely under the gaze and discipline of the master. We show that they 'were as much agents as they were victims and silent witnesses '. 4 Indenture was a time in which old patterns of living could not simply be resurrected in a 'foreign' environment, while new patterns struggled to be born. We enter this world by showing real people in all their ambiguities and complexities as they danced the uncertain edge between improvisation and resignation. While the system was presented by the colonists as a fait accompli and the indentured as a tabula rasa on which the economic needs of late colonialism could simply be imposed, in reality, indenture saw its contours being established, resisted and renegotiated as the indentured and their white masters were constantly involved in a shared but uneven economic and political dynamic. In seeking the voices of the indentured, we faced an important methodological problem, as these voices were 'filtered through the pens of others'. The testimonies of the indentured 'were transcribed or recorded by official scribes. Most of the emigrants could not even read the deposition they were asked to sign, marking an "X" instead. Next to direct evidence, however, they come closest to revealing the voices of bonded labourers.' 5 We have found this a fascinating story brimming with desire, skulduggery and tender mercies, as much as with oppression and exploitation. None more so than the 1913 strike, studies of which in the main have rendered the crowd largely anonymous as Gandhi, the master puppeteer, took centre stage. Yet the indentured participated in their thousands, more often than not outside the purview of Gandhi and the visible leaders of the strike, in some instances fighting violent hand-to-hand battles with the authorities, throwing up their own leaders and drawing on memories of previous struggles. In telling the story of the strike, we try to reveal 'the faces in the crowd, their hopes, their fears and muddled aspirations', 6 and show how the erstwhile puppets, the indentured, were in many cases pulling the strings of rebellion. Reclamation can, of course, lead to cultural chauvinism. So we aim not just to tell a story of the internal dynamics of indentured life, but to do so against the backdrop of white rule and its oppressive relationship with the Zulu. Inscribed in this unfolding narrative is the brutal and violent dispossession of the Zulu, and the callousness of the colonial onslaught that destroyed their indigenous economy and turned once courageous warriors against imperialism into 'houseboys' serving at the white man's table or doing his laundry, and into dispossessed migrants tunnelling underground in the mines while their families struggled to survive. We try then to tell a broader history that does not, we trust, lend itself to reinforcing cultural and racial bigotry. But this is not done in a way that obscures the central narrative. In fact, it renders it more revealing. Those who 'agreed' to indenture were often propelled by desperation as the British Free download from <a href="http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za" rel="nofollow">www.hsrcpress.ac.za</a> 'Modernisation' and commercialisation were accompanied by pauperisation. 7 It was the very same British Empire that brought misery and subjugation and, ironically, created an opportunity for 'escape' to places like Natal. Many were filled with hopes as high as Mahjoub's stars as they crossed the kala pani (the black water -the sea). Dreams of a better life and the opportunity to save money and return to the village as 'success stories' were not to be for many who returned 'home' with less than they had started out with, and who found that home was not the same place. Neither were they the same people. Caste had been transgressed, parents had died and spaces for reintegration closed as colonialism tightened its grip. Home for these wandering exiles was no more. A substantial number came to the realisation that the place of exile was the place of home. Like Mahjoub, they wondered, '…where do we go when it falls apart in our hands and we are left with less than we started with? Begin again? And with what?' And so, many made the return journey. To Africa. To begin anew. This book tells a story about the many beginnings and multiple journeys that made up the indentured experience. The research for this book took several years. We shuddered and gasped as we found snippets of information tucked away on forgotten shelves and in boxes of musty archives. We felt proud and terribly sad as we read letters penned a century ago and more from distant ancestors, so dignified still in their anguish. And some of the photographs that we have included are beyond description. As authors we come from different academic backgrounds, one a sociologist (Ashwin) and the other a historian (Goolam). There are other differences, too, that are not necessary to go into, but which those who know both of us would find it easy to discern. They have no doubt made many jokes about how such an incongruous twosome has managed to survive the long period that has been the writing of this book. But this collaboration has been a wonderful experience. This is not simply a professional relationship but one of abiding friendship. Writing this story has been an emotional experience and an incredibly humbling one. The people who are closest to us bore the brunt of the long hours and of a project that seemed to have no end. To them we owe a deep gratitude and we hope that this story, when (if) they read it, will explain our mood swings between sadness, anger even, when we came across the depth of the humiliations and violence suffered by the indentured, and our smiles, joy and pride as we came across the remarkable ability of the indentured to confront and resist the system. The indentured AFRICAN STORY, 1860-1914 Free download from <a href="http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za" rel="nofollow">www.hsrcpress.ac.za</a> Preface ix refused to be disembodied 'coolies' defined by numbers and fought many battles to ensure that they were recognised as people with rights, feelings and a permanent future in Africa. Ashwin's father died on 11 November 2006 without seeing the final product. He was a history teacher and it is extremely sad that he will not pass judgement over this work. His influence, though, lives through the pages of this book. Goolam's wife, Taskeen, and children, Naseem, Razia and Yasmeen, live many miles away, and they feel the separation intensely. This book, which in essence is about painful separations and multiple journeys, helps suture the wounds of long absences. We believe that you will feel enriched by sharing these stories. If even a little of the emotion and insight about being alive in South Africa today that came to us through researching and narrating the stories of indenture is transmitted to you, then the many hours of painstaking labour in producing this book will have been worthwhile. 1 OPPOSITE: Although the system tried to turn people into nameless numbers, the indentured found all manner of ways to resist this and assert their humanity. Shown here are Napaul Kaloo (7359), Neetye Peeroo (7360), Nathonee Sooraie (7366) and Chand Kahn (7367). Free download from <a href="http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za" rel="nofollow">www.hsrcpress.ac.za</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0cb2f800d717d4795b8666fe3ccd922a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37972407,"asset_id":10218971,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37972407/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10218971"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10218971"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10218971; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10218971]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10218971]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10218971; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10218971']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0cb2f800d717d4795b8666fe3ccd922a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10218971]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10218971,"title":"Inside Indian Indenture. A South African Story, 1860-1914","translated_title":"","metadata":{"more_info":"With Ashwin Desai","publisher":"Cape Town: HSRC Press","grobid_abstract":"Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za vii plantations and beyond, inspecting weapons of resistance and forms of collaboration that were developed in times of conflict with the colonial overlords. It is a social history that extends beyond the boundaries of institutions, yet is situated in the social web of indenture itself, especially the small intense world of the plantation. The writing that follows seeks to move away from seeing indenture as some Benthamite Panopticon in which the indentured were completely under the gaze and discipline of the master. We show that they 'were as much agents as they were victims and silent witnesses '. 4 Indenture was a time in which old patterns of living could not simply be resurrected in a 'foreign' environment, while new patterns struggled to be born. We enter this world by showing real people in all their ambiguities and complexities as they danced the uncertain edge between improvisation and resignation. While the system was presented by the colonists as a fait accompli and the indentured as a tabula rasa on which the economic needs of late colonialism could simply be imposed, in reality, indenture saw its contours being established, resisted and renegotiated as the indentured and their white masters were constantly involved in a shared but uneven economic and political dynamic. In seeking the voices of the indentured, we faced an important methodological problem, as these voices were 'filtered through the pens of others'. The testimonies of the indentured 'were transcribed or recorded by official scribes. Most of the emigrants could not even read the deposition they were asked to sign, marking an \"X\" instead. Next to direct evidence, however, they come closest to revealing the voices of bonded labourers.' 5 We have found this a fascinating story brimming with desire, skulduggery and tender mercies, as much as with oppression and exploitation. None more so than the 1913 strike, studies of which in the main have rendered the crowd largely anonymous as Gandhi, the master puppeteer, took centre stage. Yet the indentured participated in their thousands, more often than not outside the purview of Gandhi and the visible leaders of the strike, in some instances fighting violent hand-to-hand battles with the authorities, throwing up their own leaders and drawing on memories of previous struggles. In telling the story of the strike, we try to reveal 'the faces in the crowd, their hopes, their fears and muddled aspirations', 6 and show how the erstwhile puppets, the indentured, were in many cases pulling the strings of rebellion. Reclamation can, of course, lead to cultural chauvinism. So we aim not just to tell a story of the internal dynamics of indentured life, but to do so against the backdrop of white rule and its oppressive relationship with the Zulu. Inscribed in this unfolding narrative is the brutal and violent dispossession of the Zulu, and the callousness of the colonial onslaught that destroyed their indigenous economy and turned once courageous warriors against imperialism into 'houseboys' serving at the white man's table or doing his laundry, and into dispossessed migrants tunnelling underground in the mines while their families struggled to survive. We try then to tell a broader history that does not, we trust, lend itself to reinforcing cultural and racial bigotry. But this is not done in a way that obscures the central narrative. In fact, it renders it more revealing. Those who 'agreed' to indenture were often propelled by desperation as the British Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 'Modernisation' and commercialisation were accompanied by pauperisation. 7 It was the very same British Empire that brought misery and subjugation and, ironically, created an opportunity for 'escape' to places like Natal. Many were filled with hopes as high as Mahjoub's stars as they crossed the kala pani (the black water -the sea). Dreams of a better life and the opportunity to save money and return to the village as 'success stories' were not to be for many who returned 'home' with less than they had started out with, and who found that home was not the same place. Neither were they the same people. Caste had been transgressed, parents had died and spaces for reintegration closed as colonialism tightened its grip. Home for these wandering exiles was no more. A substantial number came to the realisation that the place of exile was the place of home. Like Mahjoub, they wondered, '…where do we go when it falls apart in our hands and we are left with less than we started with? Begin again? And with what?' And so, many made the return journey. To Africa. To begin anew. This book tells a story about the many beginnings and multiple journeys that made up the indentured experience. The research for this book took several years. We shuddered and gasped as we found snippets of information tucked away on forgotten shelves and in boxes of musty archives. We felt proud and terribly sad as we read letters penned a century ago and more from distant ancestors, so dignified still in their anguish. And some of the photographs that we have included are beyond description. As authors we come from different academic backgrounds, one a sociologist (Ashwin) and the other a historian (Goolam). There are other differences, too, that are not necessary to go into, but which those who know both of us would find it easy to discern. They have no doubt made many jokes about how such an incongruous twosome has managed to survive the long period that has been the writing of this book. But this collaboration has been a wonderful experience. This is not simply a professional relationship but one of abiding friendship. Writing this story has been an emotional experience and an incredibly humbling one. The people who are closest to us bore the brunt of the long hours and of a project that seemed to have no end. To them we owe a deep gratitude and we hope that this story, when (if) they read it, will explain our mood swings between sadness, anger even, when we came across the depth of the humiliations and violence suffered by the indentured, and our smiles, joy and pride as we came across the remarkable ability of the indentured to confront and resist the system. The indentured AFRICAN STORY, 1860-1914 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Preface ix refused to be disembodied 'coolies' defined by numbers and fought many battles to ensure that they were recognised as people with rights, feelings and a permanent future in Africa. Ashwin's father died on 11 November 2006 without seeing the final product. He was a history teacher and it is extremely sad that he will not pass judgement over this work. His influence, though, lives through the pages of this book. Goolam's wife, Taskeen, and children, Naseem, Razia and Yasmeen, live many miles away, and they feel the separation intensely. This book, which in essence is about painful separations and multiple journeys, helps suture the wounds of long absences. We believe that you will feel enriched by sharing these stories. If even a little of the emotion and insight about being alive in South Africa today that came to us through researching and narrating the stories of indenture is transmitted to you, then the many hours of painstaking labour in producing this book will have been worthwhile. 1 OPPOSITE: Although the system tried to turn people into nameless numbers, the indentured found all manner of ways to resist this and assert their humanity. Shown here are Napaul Kaloo (7359), Neetye Peeroo (7360), Nathonee Sooraie (7366) and Chand Kahn (7367). 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It is a social history that extends beyond the boundaries of institutions, yet is situated in the social web of indenture itself, especially the small intense world of the plantation. The writing that follows seeks to move away from seeing indenture as some Benthamite Panopticon in which the indentured were completely under the gaze and discipline of the master. We show that they 'were as much agents as they were victims and silent witnesses '. 4 Indenture was a time in which old patterns of living could not simply be resurrected in a 'foreign' environment, while new patterns struggled to be born. We enter this world by showing real people in all their ambiguities and complexities as they danced the uncertain edge between improvisation and resignation. While the system was presented by the colonists as a fait accompli and the indentured as a tabula rasa on which the economic needs of late colonialism could simply be imposed, in reality, indenture saw its contours being established, resisted and renegotiated as the indentured and their white masters were constantly involved in a shared but uneven economic and political dynamic. In seeking the voices of the indentured, we faced an important methodological problem, as these voices were 'filtered through the pens of others'. The testimonies of the indentured 'were transcribed or recorded by official scribes. Most of the emigrants could not even read the deposition they were asked to sign, marking an \"X\" instead. Next to direct evidence, however, they come closest to revealing the voices of bonded labourers.' 5 We have found this a fascinating story brimming with desire, skulduggery and tender mercies, as much as with oppression and exploitation. None more so than the 1913 strike, studies of which in the main have rendered the crowd largely anonymous as Gandhi, the master puppeteer, took centre stage. Yet the indentured participated in their thousands, more often than not outside the purview of Gandhi and the visible leaders of the strike, in some instances fighting violent hand-to-hand battles with the authorities, throwing up their own leaders and drawing on memories of previous struggles. In telling the story of the strike, we try to reveal 'the faces in the crowd, their hopes, their fears and muddled aspirations', 6 and show how the erstwhile puppets, the indentured, were in many cases pulling the strings of rebellion. Reclamation can, of course, lead to cultural chauvinism. So we aim not just to tell a story of the internal dynamics of indentured life, but to do so against the backdrop of white rule and its oppressive relationship with the Zulu. Inscribed in this unfolding narrative is the brutal and violent dispossession of the Zulu, and the callousness of the colonial onslaught that destroyed their indigenous economy and turned once courageous warriors against imperialism into 'houseboys' serving at the white man's table or doing his laundry, and into dispossessed migrants tunnelling underground in the mines while their families struggled to survive. We try then to tell a broader history that does not, we trust, lend itself to reinforcing cultural and racial bigotry. But this is not done in a way that obscures the central narrative. In fact, it renders it more revealing. Those who 'agreed' to indenture were often propelled by desperation as the British Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 'Modernisation' and commercialisation were accompanied by pauperisation. 7 It was the very same British Empire that brought misery and subjugation and, ironically, created an opportunity for 'escape' to places like Natal. Many were filled with hopes as high as Mahjoub's stars as they crossed the kala pani (the black water -the sea). Dreams of a better life and the opportunity to save money and return to the village as 'success stories' were not to be for many who returned 'home' with less than they had started out with, and who found that home was not the same place. Neither were they the same people. Caste had been transgressed, parents had died and spaces for reintegration closed as colonialism tightened its grip. Home for these wandering exiles was no more. A substantial number came to the realisation that the place of exile was the place of home. Like Mahjoub, they wondered, '…where do we go when it falls apart in our hands and we are left with less than we started with? Begin again? And with what?' And so, many made the return journey. To Africa. To begin anew. This book tells a story about the many beginnings and multiple journeys that made up the indentured experience. The research for this book took several years. We shuddered and gasped as we found snippets of information tucked away on forgotten shelves and in boxes of musty archives. We felt proud and terribly sad as we read letters penned a century ago and more from distant ancestors, so dignified still in their anguish. And some of the photographs that we have included are beyond description. As authors we come from different academic backgrounds, one a sociologist (Ashwin) and the other a historian (Goolam). There are other differences, too, that are not necessary to go into, but which those who know both of us would find it easy to discern. They have no doubt made many jokes about how such an incongruous twosome has managed to survive the long period that has been the writing of this book. But this collaboration has been a wonderful experience. This is not simply a professional relationship but one of abiding friendship. Writing this story has been an emotional experience and an incredibly humbling one. The people who are closest to us bore the brunt of the long hours and of a project that seemed to have no end. To them we owe a deep gratitude and we hope that this story, when (if) they read it, will explain our mood swings between sadness, anger even, when we came across the depth of the humiliations and violence suffered by the indentured, and our smiles, joy and pride as we came across the remarkable ability of the indentured to confront and resist the system. The indentured AFRICAN STORY, 1860-1914 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Preface ix refused to be disembodied 'coolies' defined by numbers and fought many battles to ensure that they were recognised as people with rights, feelings and a permanent future in Africa. Ashwin's father died on 11 November 2006 without seeing the final product. He was a history teacher and it is extremely sad that he will not pass judgement over this work. His influence, though, lives through the pages of this book. Goolam's wife, Taskeen, and children, Naseem, Razia and Yasmeen, live many miles away, and they feel the separation intensely. This book, which in essence is about painful separations and multiple journeys, helps suture the wounds of long absences. We believe that you will feel enriched by sharing these stories. If even a little of the emotion and insight about being alive in South Africa today that came to us through researching and narrating the stories of indenture is transmitted to you, then the many hours of painstaking labour in producing this book will have been worthwhile. 1 OPPOSITE: Although the system tried to turn people into nameless numbers, the indentured found all manner of ways to resist this and assert their humanity. Shown here are Napaul Kaloo (7359), Neetye Peeroo (7360), Nathonee Sooraie (7366) and Chand Kahn (7367). 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Sport, Politics, Identity","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10218911/Curries_Fountain_Sport_Politics_Identity","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="3244268" id="articlespresent2006"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41167892"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/41167892/Chota_Motala_The_Making_of_a_South_African_Political_Biography"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Chota Motala. The Making of a South African Political Biography" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61408500/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/41167892/Chota_Motala_The_Making_of_a_South_African_Political_Biography">Chota Motala. The Making of a South African Political Biography</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Politikon</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Drawing on my experience of writing an account of Chota Motala, a Pietermaritzburg-based medical ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Drawing on my experience of writing an account of Chota Motala, a Pietermaritzburg-based medical doctor and anti-apartheid activist, this article considers some of the historiographical and methodological challenges of writing biography in general, and South African political biographies in particular. On a general level, this includes whether biography is ‘inferior’ history, an ‘illusion’, and whether it can be written in a linear manner. Specific to my study, this article considers the theoretical and contextual issues relating to South African political biography; the role of the sources in shaping the narrative; the subjective process of writing a biography; and the variance in interpreting the character of Motala and his contribution in the political sphere.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="97455b8e8ebab9ad2eac8ce6ac483142" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61408500,"asset_id":41167892,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61408500/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41167892"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41167892"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41167892; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41167892]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41167892]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41167892; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41167892']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "97455b8e8ebab9ad2eac8ce6ac483142" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41167892]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41167892,"title":"Chota Motala. 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They were followed by free Indian migrants. White<br />settlers felt threatened by a settled Indian population and passed<br />legislation to curb their immigration, trading, employment and<br />residence rights. The struggle of Indians against this racist legislation<br />was spearheaded by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The<br />most contentious issues surrounding Gandhi’s South African stay<br />between 1893 and 1914 are his allegedly racist attitudes towards<br />Africans and his neglect of indentured migrants and their<br />descendants. This article examines Gandhi’s attitude to, and relationship<br />with, the indentured. While most academic studies have<br />argued that Gandhi was oblivious to them until 1913, this article<br />presents a nuanced picture, drawing on aspects of historical<br />archives that have not yet been fully drawn upon, or re-reading<br />those that have been consulted previously. It shows that Gandhi’s<br />views underwent an observable transformation during the time<br />that he was in South Africa, to the point that he came to describe<br />the system of indenture as ‘an evil thing’. However, his reasons<br />for wanting an end to the system were multiple and complex,<br />relating not just to the plight of the indentured, but also the utility<br />of ending indenture for non-indentured Indians.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="34691fc0aa1378d5b6e825dbf84a666f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61408296,"asset_id":41167549,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61408296/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41167549"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41167549"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41167549; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41167549]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41167549]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41167549; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41167549']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36107542"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36107542/_New_histories_of_education_in_South_Africa_authors_reflections_on_Schooling_Muslims_in_Natal"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ‘New histories of education in South Africa: authors’ reflections on Schooling Muslims in Natal" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64010257/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36107542/_New_histories_of_education_in_South_Africa_authors_reflections_on_Schooling_Muslims_in_Natal">‘New histories of education in South Africa: authors’ reflections on Schooling Muslims in Natal</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed">Goolam Vahed</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://johannesburg.academia.edu/ThembisaWaetjen">Thembisa Waetjen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Transformation</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="843f1796c5af001d8fcf2408bee89151" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64010257,"asset_id":36107542,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64010257/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36107542"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36107542"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36107542; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36107406"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/36107406/The_Protector_Plantocracy_and_Indentured_Labour_in_Natal_1860_1911"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Protector, Plantocracy, and Indentured Labour in Natal, 1860–1911" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/36107406/The_Protector_Plantocracy_and_Indentured_Labour_in_Natal_1860_1911">The Protector, Plantocracy, and Indentured Labour in Natal, 1860–1911</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pacific Historical Review</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Between 1860 and 1911, a total of 152,641 Indian indentured workers arrived in the then British C...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Between 1860 and 1911, a total of 152,641 Indian indentured workers arrived in the then British Colony of Natal. The first group of workers who returned home in 1871 complained of ill-treatment and abuse by employers and the Indian government refused to sanction further allotments of labourers until the Natal government investigated their complaints. The ensuing Coolie Commission of 1872 called for the appointment of a Protector of Indian Immigrants, as one of several recommendations. The Natal Government duly complied as the Colony was desperate for labour. Such officials were also appointed in other colonial contexts around this time. Instances of worker abuse, however, continued throughout the period of indenture in Natal, notwithstanding some observers’ claim that the appointment of a Protector was a watershed moment for bonded labour. It appears that the vastness of the area under the Protector’s jurisdiction and the enormous power of planters made it difficult for Protectors to balance the needs of workers and employers. But workers found creative ways to use the office of the Protector to resist the system; and, on occasion, the abuse was so great that the Protector was forced to intervene publicly to safeguard the rights of workers and the integrity of his office. In focusing on the Protector, this article makes a contribution to the emerging literature on empire that focuses on connections and networks across colonies and the agency and actions of ordinary people.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36107406"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36107406"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36107406; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36107406]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36107406,"title":"The Protector, Plantocracy, and Indentured Labour in Natal, 1860–1911","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36107406/The_Protector_Plantocracy_and_Indentured_Labour_in_Natal_1860_1911","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="34907818"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/34907818/_They_Are_Fine_Specimens_of_the_Illustrious_Indian_Settler_Sporting_Contact_between_India_and_South_Africa_1914_1955"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ‘They Are Fine Specimens of the Illustrious Indian Settler’: Sporting Contact between India and South Africa, 1914–1955" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/34907818/_They_Are_Fine_Specimens_of_the_Illustrious_Indian_Settler_Sporting_Contact_between_India_and_South_Africa_1914_1955">‘They Are Fine Specimens of the Illustrious Indian Settler’: Sporting Contact between India and South Africa, 1914–1955</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Southern African Studies </span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Sporting contacts between the India and diasporic Indian community in South Africa were part of a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Sporting contacts between the India and diasporic Indian community in South Africa were part of a broader range of links between the two countries. In this article, we consider association football tours between both countries from 1914 to 1955 against the backdrop of increased racism and segregation in South Africa and the anti-colonial movement in India. We draw from a range of sources, including archives, unpublished reports and newspaper articles. The sports tours helped to solidify relations between Indians in South Africa and India underpinning political, cultural, spiritual and emotional ties; they show how Indianness was forged among diasporans and that this was highly contested and constantly transformed in relation to external conditions; and they expose the racism on the part of white sporting organisations in particular and white politicians in general in South Africa.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34907818"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34907818"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34907818; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34907818]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34907818]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34907818; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34907818']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34907818]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34907818,"title":"‘They Are Fine Specimens of the Illustrious Indian Settler’: Sporting Contact between India and South Africa, 1914–1955","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34907818/_They_Are_Fine_Specimens_of_the_Illustrious_Indian_Settler_Sporting_Contact_between_India_and_South_Africa_1914_1955","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="33822966"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/33822966/_The_Coming_of_Nelson_and_the_ending_of_Apartheid_cricket_Gatting_s_Rebels_in_South_Africa_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ‘The Coming of Nelson and the ending of Apartheid cricket. Gatting’s Rebels in South Africa,’" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/33822966/_The_Coming_of_Nelson_and_the_ending_of_Apartheid_cricket_Gatting_s_Rebels_in_South_Africa_">‘The Coming of Nelson and the ending of Apartheid cricket. Gatting’s Rebels in South Africa,’</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The International Journal of the History of Sport</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The year 1990 is pivotal in South African history. The liberation movements were unbanned, and Ne...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The year 1990 is pivotal in South African history. The liberation movements were unbanned, and Nelson Mandela was freed in the midst of a tour by Mike Gatting’s English rebel cricket team. The newly constituted National Sports Congress, which had the support of the African National Congress, was at the forefront of protests against the tour. For once, Ali Bacher and apartheid cricket were on the back foot. However, the NSC did a sudden volte-face by calling off protests and negotiating the end of the tour. One reason for this decision was that the NSC was made aware of Mandela’s imminent release and that sport would play a key role in creating a ‘stable’ environment. These moves and countermoves accelerated cricket “unity” and saw South African return to international cricket before the formal end of apartheid. This paper interrogates the consequences of cricket returning to the international fold in such haste. It is entitled ‘Nelson’ because in some cricket countries, the score of 111 is called Nelson, and there is a superstitious belief that a wicket would fall. With Mandela’s release, 1990 was the year in which apartheid’s wicket fell, though victory celebrations appear to have been premature.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="33822966"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33822966"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33822966; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33822966]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33822966]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33822966; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='33822966']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=33822966]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":33822966,"title":"‘The Coming of Nelson and the ending of Apartheid cricket. Gatting’s Rebels in South Africa,’","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33822966/_The_Coming_of_Nelson_and_the_ending_of_Apartheid_cricket_Gatting_s_Rebels_in_South_Africa_","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27505046"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27505046/Family_Gender_and_Mobility_among_Passenger_Migrants_into_Colonial_Natal_The_Story_of_Moosa_Hajee_Cassim_c_1840s_1921_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Family, Gender, and Mobility among Passenger Migrants into Colonial Natal: The Story of Moosa Hajee Cassim (c.1840s–1921)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27505046/Family_Gender_and_Mobility_among_Passenger_Migrants_into_Colonial_Natal_The_Story_of_Moosa_Hajee_Cassim_c_1840s_1921_">Family, Gender, and Mobility among Passenger Migrants into Colonial Natal: The Story of Moosa Hajee Cassim (c.1840s–1921)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Southern African Studies</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Moosa Hajee Cassim of Porbandar on the west coast of India arrived in Natal on the south-eastern ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Moosa Hajee Cassim of Porbandar on the west coast of India arrived in Natal on the south-eastern shore of Africa in 1881 as part of the ‘passenger’ migrant stream that followed in the wake of the recruitment of indentured labourers to the colony. Moosa was deeply involved in the political, economic, social and religious life of Indians in Natal. While there is a growing body of work on indentured migrants, the historiography of passenger Indians (those who came of their own volition) is in its embryonic stage. One reason is the dearth of obvious sources. This article proposes to overcome this limitation through biographical research that draws on archival sources such as estates’ records, immigration department records, court cases, and, where possible, oral history. This partial reconstruction of Moosa Hajee Cassim’s story underscores mobility between Indian Ocean port cities facilitated by new forms of transportation and communication, the strong connection between migrants and their places of origin, and how family and gender migration shaped and reshaped one another. The creative use of multiple archival sources and oral history to construct biographical research on other passenger migrants has the potential to provide a more comprehensive picture of the passenger migrant experience.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27505046"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27505046"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27505046; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27505113"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27505113/Nehru_is_just_another_coolie_India_and_South_Africa_at_the_United_Nations_1946_1955"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nehru is “just another coolie”: India and South Africa at the United Nations, 1946-1955" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47844340/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27505113/Nehru_is_just_another_coolie_India_and_South_Africa_at_the_United_Nations_1946_1955">Nehru is “just another coolie”: India and South Africa at the United Nations, 1946-1955</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Alternation, 15 (2015): 54-85.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7ecdef2631959039d8ca567996d7c71b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47844340,"asset_id":27505113,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47844340/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27505113"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27505113"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27505113; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27505113]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27505113]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27505113; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27505113']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27505220"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27505220/The_Natal_Indian_Congress_the_Mass_Democratic_Movement_and_the_Struggle_to_Defeat_Apartheid_1980_1994"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Natal Indian Congress, the Mass Democratic Movement and the Struggle to Defeat Apartheid: 1980–1994" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27505220/The_Natal_Indian_Congress_the_Mass_Democratic_Movement_and_the_Struggle_to_Defeat_Apartheid_1980_1994">The Natal Indian Congress, the Mass Democratic Movement and the Struggle to Defeat Apartheid: 1980–1994</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Politikon</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) was revived in 1971 in the context of what has become known as th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) was revived in 1971 in the context of<br />what has become known as the ‘Durban moment’. This period also witnessed the<br />emergence of the Black Consciousness Movement and an independent trade union<br />movement inspired by the 1973 Durban strikes. Despite a government crackdown<br />and opposition from anti-apartheid groups that asserted that ethnic identities<br />were a relic of the past, the NIC attracted younger activists through the 1970s<br />and by the early 1980s, had survived the banning and detention of its<br />leadership to become involved in civic struggles over housing and education,<br />and in mobilizing against government-created political structures. It also<br />played a pivotal role in the United Democratic Front formed in 1983. This did<br />not mean that the NIC was monolithic. The 1980s spawned vibrant and often<br />vicious debates within the NIC over participation in government-created<br />structures, allegations of cabals and, as democracy dawned, differing opinions<br />of the future of an organization that first came into being in the last decade of<br />the nineteenth century. In critically interrogating this crucial period between<br />1980 and 1994, when mass-based struggle was renewed, two states of<br />emergency were imposed and apartheid eventually ended, this article adds to<br />the growing historiography of the anti-apartheid struggle by focusing on an<br />important but neglected aspect of that story. It focuses on the internal workings<br />of the NIC and the relationship between the NIC, the emergent Mass<br />Democratic Movement and the African National Congress (ANC) in the context<br />of broader political and economic changes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27505220"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27505220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27505220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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Kajee and the Political Quandary of ‘Moderates’ in the Search for an Islamic School Site in Durban, 1943–1948" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/17184653/Shifting_Grounds_A_I_Kajee_and_the_Political_Quandary_of_Moderates_in_the_Search_for_an_Islamic_School_Site_in_Durban_1943_1948">Shifting Grounds: A.I. Kajee and the Political Quandary of ‘Moderates’ in the Search for an Islamic School Site in Durban, 1943–1948</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed">Goolam Vahed</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://johannesburg.academia.edu/ThembisaWaetjen">Thembisa Waetjen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>South African Historical Journal</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">(elink offprints still available) This article examines the attempts in the 1940s of A.I. Kajee a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">(elink offprints still available)<br />This article examines the attempts in the 1940s of A.I. Kajee and the Orient Islamic Educational Institute to secure a site for a world-class, modern boarding school for Muslim children in Durban. While the Institute would eventually build a school in 1959 that fell far short of its original vision, their struggles highlight several key issues related to Indian minority politics and the racialised South African state in the 1940s. In a context where anti-apartheid historiography is dominated by those aligned to Congress traditions, this article explores the motivations and actions of ‘accommodationists’, who sought concessions from the state through conciliation at a time when their relationship with the central state conceded ground to rising populist politics around white fears of ‘Indian penetration’. Kajee&amp;#39;s increasingly frustrated efforts to employ a once-successful cooperative strategy reveal the uneven course of change in the ideologies of racial rule in South Africa, from an incorporationist imperial paternalism to an expulsory race nationalism. The case also exposes competing interests between the different levels of government in the quest for a unified white nation-state, with pressure for segregation more virulent at local level than articulated by the Smutsian cabinet. It offers insight into the experiences of leaders whose basis of authority in politics, rooted in a tradition of patronage, was waning. Struggles for civic recognition were moving towards an emergent new leadership of professionals and trade unionists, who increasingly garnered support from a nascent urban working class.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17184653"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17184653"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17184653; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17184653]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17184653]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17184653; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='17184653']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=17184653]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":17184653,"title":"Shifting Grounds: A.I. 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In a context where anti-apartheid historiography is dominated by those aligned to Congress traditions, this article explores the motivations and actions of ‘accommodationists’, who sought concessions from the state through conciliation at a time when their relationship with the central state conceded ground to rising populist politics around white fears of ‘Indian penetration’. Kajee\u0026amp;#39;s increasingly frustrated efforts to employ a once-successful cooperative strategy reveal the uneven course of change in the ideologies of racial rule in South Africa, from an incorporationist imperial paternalism to an expulsory race nationalism. The case also exposes competing interests between the different levels of government in the quest for a unified white nation-state, with pressure for segregation more virulent at local level than articulated by the Smutsian cabinet. 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Kajee and the Political Quandary of ‘Moderates’ in the Search for an Islamic School Site in Durban, 1943–1948"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Shifting_Grounds_A_I_Kajee_and_the_Political_Quandary_of_Moderates_in_the_Search_for_an_Islamic_School_Site_in_Durban_1943_1948","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"(elink offprints still available)\nThis article examines the attempts in the 1940s of A.I. Kajee and the Orient Islamic Educational Institute to secure a site for a world-class, modern boarding school for Muslim children in Durban. While the Institute would eventually build a school in 1959 that fell far short of its original vision, their struggles highlight several key issues related to Indian minority politics and the racialised South African state in the 1940s. In a context where anti-apartheid historiography is dominated by those aligned to Congress traditions, this article explores the motivations and actions of ‘accommodationists’, who sought concessions from the state through conciliation at a time when their relationship with the central state conceded ground to rising populist politics around white fears of ‘Indian penetration’. Kajee\u0026amp;#39;s increasingly frustrated efforts to employ a once-successful cooperative strategy reveal the uneven course of change in the ideologies of racial rule in South Africa, from an incorporationist imperial paternalism to an expulsory race nationalism. The case also exposes competing interests between the different levels of government in the quest for a unified white nation-state, with pressure for segregation more virulent at local level than articulated by the Smutsian cabinet. 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The past decade has witnessed the growth of a more inclusive ‘struggle’ historiography due to the mushrooming of women’s biographies and autobiographies. This article is based on interviews with five women whose partners were involved in anti-apartheid activism and who were either banned, forced into exile or incarcerated on Robben Island. Focusing on ‘ordinary’ women who had to see to the subsistence of family and household for extended periods contributes to a more inclusive narrative of anti-apartheid struggles. These gendered biographies highlight the multiple forms of oppression to which women were subjected and their multiple roles in the anti-apartheid struggle, and stress that gender should be a key part of one’s analytical toolbox. Keywords: apartheid; Robben Island; South Africa; oral history; gender; Natal Indian Congress</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4f61b82a30c5c092bcaf54bfcb7a9799" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47844470,"asset_id":11937073,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47844470/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11937073"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11937073"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11937073; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13201468"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13201468/Moon_Sightings_and_the_Quest_for_Muslim_Solidarities_in_Twentieth_Century_Natal"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Moon Sightings and the Quest for Muslim Solidarities in Twentieth Century Natal" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13201468/Moon_Sightings_and_the_Quest_for_Muslim_Solidarities_in_Twentieth_Century_Natal">Moon Sightings and the Quest for Muslim Solidarities in Twentieth Century Natal</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed">Goolam Vahed</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://johannesburg.academia.edu/ThembisaWaetjen">Thembisa Waetjen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>New Contree no. 71</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines local contestations over Ramadan moon sightings among Muslims in twentieth ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines local contestations over Ramadan moon sightings among Muslims in twentieth century Natal, South Africa, as a window to debates about authority, identity and Muslim unification. The issue was the question of whether -in terms of the rulings in the Qur'an and the practices established by the Prophet Muhammad -the basis for determining the beginning of the lunar month should be vested in local physical sighting of the moon crescent or in astronomical calculations. While sighting the moon with the naked eye has historically been the practice of most Muslims, some have considered the project of Muslim unity served by knowledge derived from astronomy. The "moon controversy" provides a lens through which to examine the broader debate in Islamic societies around the role of science and technology in Islam, "traditionalism" versus "modernity", authority in Islam, and Muslim unity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="44ca4130b7183a8edbbea383cc84e60f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47861357,"asset_id":13201468,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47861357/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13201468"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13201468"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13201468; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13201468]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13201468]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13201468; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13201468']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "44ca4130b7183a8edbbea383cc84e60f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13201468]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13201468,"title":"Moon Sightings and the Quest for Muslim Solidarities in Twentieth Century Natal","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"This article examines local contestations over Ramadan moon sightings among Muslims in twentieth century Natal, South Africa, as a window to debates about authority, identity and Muslim unification. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="11458906"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/11458906/Muslim_women_s_identities_in_South_Africa_A_Zanzibari_perspective_in_KwaZulu_Natal"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Muslim women’s identities in South Africa: A Zanzibari perspective in KwaZulu-Natal" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36992945/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/11458906/Muslim_women_s_identities_in_South_Africa_A_Zanzibari_perspective_in_KwaZulu_Natal">Muslim women’s identities in South Africa: A Zanzibari perspective in KwaZulu-Natal</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines how Zanzibari women in KwaZulu-Natal are negotiating their identities withi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines how Zanzibari women in KwaZulu-Natal are negotiating their identities within the context of local and global realities. In South Africa, while the post-apartheid period gave birth to non-racial democracy, South Africa is haunted by high unemployment, widespread poverty and poor service delivery. Globally, this period has witnessed increased conflict since the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers in New York and the subsequent War on Terror which has led some to suggest that the irreconcilable fault lines of religion and culture have ushered in a clash of civilisations. This article examines the identities of Zanzibari women in the context of these rapidly changing local, national and international conditions. It also speaks to the local context of apartheid race engineering as the Zanzibari experience underscores the contingent nature of race as a category of identity. The article argues that while religion is important in the lives of the women, their identities are shaped by the complex interplay between religion, politics, class, race, language, community, and geography. An analysis based solely on religious laws and "race" deflects from a nuanced one that takes into account social and economic conditions when it comes to historicising identity</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cf1275e5233c460da69d168a9a5355bf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36992945,"asset_id":11458906,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36992945/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11458906"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11458906"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11458906; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11458906]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11458906]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11458906; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='11458906']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cf1275e5233c460da69d168a9a5355bf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=11458906]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":11458906,"title":"Muslim women’s identities in South Africa: A Zanzibari perspective in KwaZulu-Natal","translated_title":"","metadata":{"journal_name":"New Contree","grobid_abstract":"This article examines how Zanzibari women in KwaZulu-Natal are negotiating their identities within the context of local and global realities. 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In South Africa, while the post-apartheid period gave birth to non-racial democracy, South Africa is haunted by high unemployment, widespread poverty and poor service delivery. Globally, this period has witnessed increased conflict since the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers in New York and the subsequent War on Terror which has led some to suggest that the irreconcilable fault lines of religion and culture have ushered in a clash of civilisations. This article examines the identities of Zanzibari women in the context of these rapidly changing local, national and international conditions. It also speaks to the local context of apartheid race engineering as the Zanzibari experience underscores the contingent nature of race as a category of identity. The article argues that while religion is important in the lives of the women, their identities are shaped by the complex interplay between religion, politics, class, race, language, community, and geography. 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In Natal, 152,184 migrants were inscribed into such lists between 1860 and 1911. This article traces the history of this set of documents from their mid-nineteenth-century origins as registers of imperial labour control to their twenty-first century digitisation by an amateur historian in a relational database, available online. Against the backdrop of transforming informational technologies, the story of the shipping lists is the story of their changing social and political meanings in relation to the circumstances of the Indian diaspora in South Africa over one hundred and fifty years. Now held at the Durban Archives Repository, these records are regularly drawn upon by South Africans of indentured ancestry to establish family origins for the purposes of applying for the status of ‘Person of Indian Origin’ or ‘Overseas Citizen ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f88b951e3d1df5af5f4af649f71087c6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47763712,"asset_id":17184650,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47763712/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17184650"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17184650"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17184650; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17184650]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17184650]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17184650; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='17184650']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f88b951e3d1df5af5f4af649f71087c6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=17184650]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":17184650,"title":"Passages of Ink: Decoding the Natal Indentured Records into the Digital Age","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In every British colony that received indentured workers from India, officials recorded personal and social details for identifying the arriving migrants. 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Now held at the Durban Archives Repository, these records are regularly drawn upon by South Africans of indentured ancestry to establish family origins for the purposes of applying for the status of ‘Person of Indian Origin’ or ‘Overseas Citizen ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17184650/Passages_of_Ink_Decoding_the_Natal_Indentured_Records_into_the_Digital_Age","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-10-22T21:35:12.915-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":23063699,"work_id":17184650,"tagging_user_id":24797878,"tagged_user_id":14679085,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"t***a@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Johannesburg, South Africa","display_order":0,"name":"Thembisa Waetjen","title":"Passages of Ink: Decoding the Natal Indentured Records into the Digital Age"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47763712,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"03.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47763712/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Passages_of_Ink_Decoding_the_Natal_Inden.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47763712/03-libre.pdf?1470249884=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPassages_of_Ink_Decoding_the_Natal_Inden.pdf\u0026Expires=1738793254\u0026Signature=UgEYqZk0ZycoY3Bq9Ro1NsJSmX91wFbYVv1WNSR3fZ~1lZePdFZYY7EqeofPuIMIFG~qZ874NVx5JIw88R7Ekvohv9x9Oh8KSCNPj0sDfi~2c7EqslDYJgblkqW5q2el39YZQ2hsL6mzmYiVOBdtuwanNiP5gLU3MwUaplZaeLziZRwL0Frp4xIt2HaOPex2pLsSZRYTReluF~iyqEnbWy9SmBUcuziAuYKYaOvuej~9lu4Y7q-7xjhTaa7Sl0cBAFQlHOB9b5aJ6FDsxgVnPeRpDPcIifGmR34XLH8QXym4yZD65~wYRdz2MWg2z4360TkFp5lcYuPzTHczaigZeg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Passages_of_Ink_Decoding_the_Natal_Indentured_Records_into_the_Digital_Age","translated_slug":"","page_count":29,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In every British colony that received indentured workers from India, officials recorded personal and social details for identifying the arriving migrants. 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This alienated his liberal pacifist supporters in Europe who were aghast that the apostle of non-violence had seemingly disavowed his own teachings. But Gandhi, during his South African sojourn from 1893-1914, had openly declared his enthusiasm to support the British Empire in its attempts to assume hegemony in the region. He participated on the side of the British in the brutal South African War of 1899-1902 and in their violent suppression of the Zulu uprising in 1906. Alongside this, he formulated his ideas of Satyagraha. This article traces Gandhi's South African years from 1893 to 1914 and seeks to make sense of the apparent contradiction of his taking up arms on behalf of the Raj during the war. This is done in the context of his attachment to the Empire.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="78c19483b3bb6193f74c2dd593a0e456" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36992888,"asset_id":11458855,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36992888/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11458855"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11458855"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11458855; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11458855]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11458855]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11458855; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='11458855']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10166143"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/10166143/Development_Impact_of_Mosque_Location_on_Land_Use_in_Australia_A_Case_Study_of_Masjid_al_Farooq_in_Brisbane"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Development Impact of Mosque Location on Land Use in Australia: A Case Study of Masjid al Farooq in Brisbane" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36922008/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10166143/Development_Impact_of_Mosque_Location_on_Land_Use_in_Australia_A_Case_Study_of_Masjid_al_Farooq_in_Brisbane">Development Impact of Mosque Location on Land Use in Australia: A Case Study of Masjid al Farooq in Brisbane</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The rapid growth of Australia's Muslim population over the past three decades has presented a cha...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The rapid growth of Australia's Muslim population over the past three decades has presented a challenge to local governments to find ways of accommodating their needs, particularly providing spaces to build mosques. Yet in many parts of Australia, mosque applications have been opposed by local communities and consequently such applications are usually declined by local councils. Many Muslims believe that Islamophobhia and racism are behind such refusals. This paper examines the role of urban planning policies in determining the location, architectural form, and the use of mosques, and their impact on the local community, through a case study of the Masjid Al Farooq in South-East Queensland. It seeks to understand whether urban planning policy as well as urban planners can become a tool of integrating the community and, if so, how. This case study reveals that there is no provision in urban planning policies specifically for places of worship. Such applications are treated the same as all others even though they have a very different purpose. Places of worship form an integral part of community and can be crucial at a time when political leaders seem to be placing emphasis on family and social cohesion. Marginalising places of worship will continue to disenchant segments of the population and make them feel like "outsiders". Given the contemporary global political climate, there are no easy solutions. This paper makes policy suggestions that government, planners, and community leaders can embrace so that mosques and those who worship in them are seen as part of the community. and differences between Islamic and contemporary planning and whether, and how, places of worship can be accommodated in present-day Australia. Key questions that</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f8060454c3541ecccf152495b87cd9e3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36922008,"asset_id":10166143,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36922008/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10166143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10166143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10166143; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10166143]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10166143]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10166143; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10166143']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f8060454c3541ecccf152495b87cd9e3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10166143]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10166143,"title":"Development Impact of Mosque Location on Land Use in Australia: A Case Study of Masjid al Farooq in Brisbane","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10166143/Development_Impact_of_Mosque_Location_on_Land_Use_in_Australia_A_Case_Study_of_Masjid_al_Farooq_in_Brisbane","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[{"id":36922008,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36922008/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2014_JMM_Mosques_Australia_2014.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36922008/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Development_Impact_of_Mosque_Location_on.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/36922008/2014_JMM_Mosques_Australia_2014-libre.pdf?1425986520=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDevelopment_Impact_of_Mosque_Location_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1739770725\u0026Signature=LHl~5xsCrJnXf1~KqupZQxDUjeIhaUtJQv~kntqoXt2zTiACsBI7Ph8bIcclbsP0LksnMnl6EsGhEq89Dayglb5KlLelrTujS~FvdrHSgeEYV187Nfg1mwSQGKXzckxdwdjsCEisZV9EFH6YMgJheFC1aQUrr9xwJir~UdHDzd-zWoHgMajjEYd5Uo4Z2KzQYu9JHGs6nJghCtlsfc69g888vHblYU4gVxzLVQADpv3fblAFPe8dgCCnNQ5EkceMZyoB02l5eYmrSCGCfSvb5RqKuLqtff92YTuyOZmDOXZSFU4jS2eJFoH6n5Ue0GJWOW0cjef7jwNnQFJeDkkryQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10166229"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10166229/A_case_of_strategic_ethnicity_The_Natal_Indian_Congress_in_the_1970s"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A case of “strategic ethnicity”? The Natal Indian Congress in the 1970s" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10166229/A_case_of_strategic_ethnicity_The_Natal_Indian_Congress_in_the_1970s">A case of “strategic ethnicity”? The Natal Indian Congress in the 1970s</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article focuses on the revival of the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in 1971 in the context of ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article focuses on the revival of the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in 1971 in the context of what is retrospectively known as the ‘Durban moment’. The early 1970s witnessed the emergence of the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) as well as a resurgence of working class collective action that was to form the embryo of the independent <br />labour movement later in the decade. This article examines the debates surrounding <br />the revival of the NIC, in particular whether this reinforced an exclusive ethnic identity <br />while dampening broader non-racial responses, and whether and how the NIC’s revival <br />impacted on debates about participation in government-created structures such as the <br />South African Indian Council (SAIC).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10166229"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10166229"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10166229; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10166229]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10166229]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10166229; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10166229']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10166229]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10166229,"title":"A case of “strategic ethnicity”? 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Essays in Honour of Brij V. Lal.</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Brij V. Lal is a singular scholar. His work has spanned disciplines— from history to politics—and...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Brij V. Lal is a singular scholar. His work has spanned disciplines— from history to politics—and genres—from conventional monograph history, to participant history, political commentary, encyclopedia, biography, and faction. Brij is without doubt the most eminent scholar Fiji has ever produced. He also remains the most significant public intellectual of his country, despite having been banned from entering it in 2009. He is also one of the leading Pacific historians of his generation and an internationally recognised authority on the Indian diaspora. This Festschrift volume celebrates, reflects upon and extends the life and work of this colourful scholar. The essays, whose contributors are drawn from across the globe, do more than review Brij's work; they also probe his contribution to both scholarly and political life. This book will therefore serve as an invaluable guide for readers from all walks of life seeking to better situate and understand the impact of Brij's scholarly activism on Fiji and beyond. — Clive Moore, University of Queensland</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="326b1f1d7c71a3409c373f45e7274660" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":53366802,"asset_id":33302074,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53366802/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="33302074"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33302074"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33302074; 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Hassankhan, Goolam Vahed and Lomarsh Roopnaraine (Eds). Indentured Muslims in the D...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Maurits S. Hassankhan, Goolam Vahed and Lomarsh Roopnaraine (Eds). Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora. Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies. 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Hassankhan, Goolam Vahed and Lomarsh Roopnaraine (Eds). Indentured Muslims in the D...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Maurits S. Hassankhan, Goolam Vahed and Lomarsh Roopnaraine (Eds). Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora. Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies. New Delhi: Manohar (ISBN 9789350981313), 2016, pp. 301-324.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27508034"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27508034"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27508034; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27508034]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27508034]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27508034; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27508034']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27508034]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27508034,"title":"Muharram in Diasporic Settings in the Twenty-First Century","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27508034/Muharram_in_Diasporic_Settings_in_the_Twenty_First_Century","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27507758"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27507758/Indian_Muslims_and_Mosque_Construction_in_Australia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Indian Muslims and Mosque Construction in Australia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27507758/Indian_Muslims_and_Mosque_Construction_in_Australia">Indian Muslims and Mosque Construction in Australia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In P. Kumar (Ed). Indian Diaspora. Social Cultural and Religious Worlds. Leiden: Brill, 2014. pp....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In P. Kumar (Ed). Indian Diaspora. Social Cultural and Religious Worlds. Leiden: Brill, 2014. pp. 316-344.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27507758"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27507758"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27507758; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27507758]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27507758]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27507758; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27507758']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27507758]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27507758,"title":"Indian Muslims and Mosque Construction in Australia","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27507758/Indian_Muslims_and_Mosque_Construction_in_Australia","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10165759"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/10165759/Power_and_Resistance_Indentured_Labour_In_Colonial_Natal_1860_1911"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Power and Resistance: Indentured Labour In Colonial Natal, 1860-1911" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36992103/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10165759/Power_and_Resistance_Indentured_Labour_In_Colonial_Natal_1860_1911">Power and Resistance: Indentured Labour In Colonial Natal, 1860-1911</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Just over 150,000 indentured Indians arrived in Natal between 1860 and 1911 to work on the colony...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Just over 150,000 indentured Indians arrived in Natal between 1860 and 1911 to work on the colony's sugar plantations. They contracted to work for five years. There was a rigid work schedule, particularly when the cane was harvested and it was necessary to cut and refine it speedily. While the contract contained certain safeguards, indentured workers were habitually subjected to contractual abuses. The plantation was structured around power, starting with the employer at the apex and extending to Sirdars, and workers were kept in check through draconian laws that viewed contractual offenses as criminal acts and sanctioned legal action against Indians for 'laziness' and desertion. Why, then, were there so few major upheavals? Are we read this as an example of 'false consciousness?' Why did Indians continue to indenture? In examining these issues, this paper keeps in mind that the system was not timeless. There were important structural changes over time as the sugar industry consolidated into large plantations which resulted in the concentration of the workforce. While there were considerable changes over time, this paper, drawing on recent feminist literature, examine some of the ways in which the indentured resisted their indenture bearing in mind that the odds were stacked against open resistance for ranged against the indentured were the despotic power of bosses, overseers, and sirdars, and a legal system that was often in the control of those with direct links to settlers. The indentured mostly sought indirect ways of subverting the system which was not always obvious and did not overtly challenge the power of employers. This may not have overthrown authority at the workplace but it did allow them to mitigate the worst effects of indenture. This paper also suggests that resistance should not be viewed separately from accommodation. Some Indians had a direct stake in the system, while others aimed only to survive indenture and make a new life in Natal. We must recognize that most of the indentured did not live in a state of constant resistance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4e24ce7a29bfcd91be1e8e16d201cfaf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36992103,"asset_id":10165759,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36992103/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10165759"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10165759"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10165759; 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10239869]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10239869]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10239869; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10239869']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10165366"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10165366/World_Cup_2010_Africa_s_Turn_or_the_turn_on_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of World Cup 2010: Africa’s Turn or the turn on Africa?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10165366/World_Cup_2010_Africa_s_Turn_or_the_turn_on_Africa">World Cup 2010: Africa’s Turn or the turn on Africa?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The awarding of World Cup 2010 to South Africa was hailed as a great ‘victory’ for the African co...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The awarding of World Cup 2010 to South Africa was hailed as a great ‘victory’ for the African continent and the cause of much celebration. It heightened expectations not only about the spectacle itself but about the benefits that would accrue to South Africa and the rest of Africa. This essay examines the notion of the successful bid as an ‘African victory’ in the context of global power relations in football, South Africa’s alleged function as a sub-imperialist power on the continent, and xenophobic attacks on African immigrants in South Africa. After tracing the politics around South Africa’s involvement in FIFA, this essay critically interrogates the benefits touted for South Africa and Africa: development for the SADC region, economic opportunities for ordinary South Africans, increased tourism in South Africa, and football development and peace and nation-building across the continent. Will the World Cup, as Thabo Mbeki would like, be the moment ‘when Africa stood tall and resolutely turned the tide on centuries of poverty and conflict?’</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10165366"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10165366"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10165366; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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The Missing Dimension in the Debate about Sports Transformation in Democratic South Africa since 1994</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10166081"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10166081"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10166081; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10166081]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10166081]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10166081; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10166081']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10166081]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10166081,"title":"School sports. 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Background The two Edinburgh trained medical</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9d403bfc6133fa8e1862daec231efe0f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39380502,"asset_id":17184648,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39380502/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17184648"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17184648"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17184648; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17184648]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17184648]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17184648; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='17184648']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9d403bfc6133fa8e1862daec231efe0f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=17184648]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":17184648,"title":"National Liberation, Non-Racialism and \"Indianness\" the 1947 visit of Dadoo and Naicker to India","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17184648/National_Liberation_Non_Racialism_and_Indianness_the_1947_visit_of_Dadoo_and_Naicker_to_India","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[{"id":39380502,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39380502/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"National_Liberation_Non-Racialism_and_In20151023-30209-cop1ha.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39380502/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"National_Liberation_Non_Racialism_and_In.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39380502/National_Liberation_Non-Racialism_and_In20151023-30209-cop1ha-libre.pdf?1445639009=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNational_Liberation_Non_Racialism_and_In.pdf\u0026Expires=1739829474\u0026Signature=M9b7D1v8O7Eve~VIjBkJvdV1wHSb6vVIVnNomBczsh2be-d0PXJ3EbFtkZKrY0vScNdL2T9JWDeMAD7AjXMSZSJ7MZyTmTik23sXmN2iz2kdjhTJgSUDQVWWNzwlo0suEJOOXH-s9MVdu7JYW2nKJ3bCShF2Awl8JZeLdrNEjju4odGTwN8c1rr9QfDCxd8gIrREttAEsstwhbQfaaet3GqT-llFlixL28uU4NVZxqoNUQU7EaoKm4gYltYDN8M6f4GeoR5baDs~cqAETiN5wo0Jcp7Jo4Ld1-KREd8VwkCeCDtOB7J2Z64urTjeqUzGeZd184b8KN58Jl5w7IXGtQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="17184645"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/17184645/Race_or_Class_Community_and_Conflict_amongst_Indian_Municipal_Employees_in_Durban_1914_1949"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Race or Class? Community and Conflict amongst Indian Municipal Employees in Durban, 1914-1949" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/17184645/Race_or_Class_Community_and_Conflict_amongst_Indian_Municipal_Employees_in_Durban_1914_1949">Race or Class? Community and Conflict amongst Indian Municipal Employees in Durban, 1914-1949</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Southern African Studies</span><span>, 2001</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... NIC arranged a conference of Indian merchants, professionals and workers in December 1928.91 ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... NIC arranged a conference of Indian merchants, professionals and workers in December 1928.91 A Natal Workers Congress (NWC) was formed with middle class politicians prominent in the organisation: Albert Christopher was president, and AI Kajee and PR Pather were vice ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17184645"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17184645"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17184645; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17184645]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17184645]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17184645; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='17184645']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=17184645]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":17184645,"title":"Race or Class? Community and Conflict amongst Indian Municipal Employees in Durban, 1914-1949","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17184645/Race_or_Class_Community_and_Conflict_amongst_Indian_Municipal_Employees_in_Durban_1914_1949","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="17184647"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/17184647/Review_of_Uma_Dhupelia_Mesthries_Gandhis_Prisoner_The_Life_of_Gandhis_Son_Manilal"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Review of Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie's 'Gandhi's Prisoner?: The Life of Gandhi's Son Manilal" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/17184647/Review_of_Uma_Dhupelia_Mesthries_Gandhis_Prisoner_The_Life_of_Gandhis_Son_Manilal">Review of Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie's 'Gandhi's Prisoner?: The Life of Gandhi's Son Manilal</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The book opens new debates relevant to post-apartheid South Africa, in particular the relationshi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The book opens new debates relevant to post-apartheid South Africa, in particular the relationship of Indians and Africans. Contemporary discussion of this sensitive issue is always framed with reference to Gandhi, and many South Africans of Indian origin may be tempted to ask: are we not all Gandhi&#39;s Prisoners?</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17184647"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17184647"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17184647; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17184647]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17184647]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17184647; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='17184647']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=17184647]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":17184647,"title":"Review of Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie's 'Gandhi's Prisoner?: The Life of Gandhi's Son Manilal","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17184647/Review_of_Uma_Dhupelia_Mesthries_Gandhis_Prisoner_The_Life_of_Gandhis_Son_Manilal","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10154924"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/10154924/Unhappily_Torn_by_Dissensions_and_Litigations_Durbans_Memon_Mosque_1880_1930"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Unhappily Torn by Dissensions and Litigations': Durban's 'Memon' Mosque, 1880–1930" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36991491/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10154924/Unhappily_Torn_by_Dissensions_and_Litigations_Durbans_Memon_Mosque_1880_1930">Unhappily Torn by Dissensions and Litigations': Durban's 'Memon' Mosque, 1880–1930</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This study focuses on Durban's Grey Street mosque, built by Indian Memon migrants in 1880. This r...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This study focuses on Durban's Grey Street mosque, built by Indian Memon migrants in 1880. This review of the first half-century of the mosque's existence underlines the important social role of mosques, and also questions the notion of homogeneous Muslim community. While the mosque was the most visible symbol of Muslim identity in Natal, it was also a site of contestation, reflecting the class, language, caste and ethnic divisions among Muslims in a diasporic situation. Mosques were built along class and ethnic lines and dominated by traders. As Muslim society matured, there were challenges to the leadership of non-clerical traders who did not tolerate challenges to their authority. Opposition sometimes centred on Imams who commanded the allegiance of the congregation. Mosques did not have an independent life but reflected the prevailing power structures in Muslim society. While outsiders believed that ethnic diversity was subsumed by a unitary Muslim mass, Muslims comprised a community of communities, and the building and management of mosques underlined this fact.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9b72007cba5cf640096a811181665874" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36991491,"asset_id":10154924,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36991491/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10154924"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10154924"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10154924; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10219118"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/10219118/The_Making_of_Indian_Identity_In_Durban_1914_1949"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Making of Indian Identity In Durban, 1914-1949" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36314879/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10219118/The_Making_of_Indian_Identity_In_Durban_1914_1949">The Making of Indian Identity In Durban, 1914-1949</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The object of this study is to examine the making of Indian identities in Durban between 1914 and...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The object of this study is to examine the making of Indian identities in Durban between 1914 and 1949, a period that was witness to many significant developments. These included rapid industrial growth, urbanization, increased worker militancy, the imposition of discriminatory legislation by the state as well as passive resistance and race riots. On an individual and subjective level, these developments had important consequences for identity and consciousness. This study has present-day relevance because of the widespread publicity given to the anxiety with which Indians viewed South Africa’s transition to a non-racial democracy in April 1994.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dfc52ef24a7eb83f09ef479d65b6fa44" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36314879,"asset_id":10219118,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36314879/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10219118"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10219118"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10219118; 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Muslims in Post-Apartheid South Africa","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10156210/Multiple_Communities_Muslims_in_Post_Apartheid_South_Africa","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13197856"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13197856/The_Natal_Indian_Congress_the_Mass_Democratic_Movement_and_the_Struggle_to_Defeat_Apartheid_1980_1994"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Natal Indian Congress, the Mass Democratic Movement and the Struggle to Defeat Apartheid: 1980–1994" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47171770/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13197856/The_Natal_Indian_Congress_the_Mass_Democratic_Movement_and_the_Struggle_to_Defeat_Apartheid_1980_1994">The Natal Indian Congress, the Mass Democratic Movement and the Struggle to Defeat Apartheid: 1980–1994</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) was revived in 1971 in the context of what has become known as th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) was revived in 1971 in the context of what has become known as the ‘Durban moment’. This period also witnessed the emergence of the Black Consciousness Movement and an independent trade union movement inspired by the 1973 Durban strikes. Despite a government crackdown and opposition from anti-apartheid groups that asserted that ethnic identities were a relic of the past, the NIC attracted younger activists through the 1970s and by the early 1980s, had survived the banning and detention of its leadership to become involved in civic struggles over housing and education, and in mobilizing against government-created political structures. It also played a pivotal role in the United Democratic Front formed in 1983. This did not mean that the NIC was monolithic. The 1980s spawned vibrant and often vicious debates within the NIC over participation in government-created structures, allegations of cabals and, as democracy dawned, differing opinions of the future of an organization that first came into being in the last decade of the nineteenth century. In critically interrogating this crucial period between 1980 and 1994, when mass-based struggle was renewed, two states of emergency were imposed and apartheid eventually ended, this article adds to the growing historiography of the anti-apartheid struggle by focusing on an important but neglected aspect of that story. It focuses on the internal workings of the NIC and the relationship between the NIC, the emergent Mass Democratic Movement and the African National Congress (ANC) in the context of broader political and economic changes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b8d1db928baa740606bae65725914cda" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47171770,"asset_id":13197856,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47171770/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13197856"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13197856"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13197856; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10154927"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/10154927/Beyond_Apartheid_Race_Transformation_and_Governance_in_KwaZulu_Natal_Cricket"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Beyond Apartheid: Race, Transformation and Governance in KwaZulu-Natal Cricket" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37977857/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10154927/Beyond_Apartheid_Race_Transformation_and_Governance_in_KwaZulu_Natal_Cricket">Beyond Apartheid: Race, Transformation and Governance in KwaZulu-Natal Cricket</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed">Goolam Vahed</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/vishnupadayachee">vishnu padayachee</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="eca2e1e088204a02e671358f2ea71be5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37977857,"asset_id":10154927,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37977857/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10154927"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10154927"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10154927; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10154927]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10154927]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10154927; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10154927']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "eca2e1e088204a02e671358f2ea71be5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10154927]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10154927,"title":"Beyond Apartheid: Race, Transformation and Governance in KwaZulu-Natal Cricket","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10154927/Beyond_Apartheid_Race_Transformation_and_Governance_in_KwaZulu_Natal_Cricket","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[{"id":37977857,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37977857/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2006_KZN_Cricket_Transformation.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37977857/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Beyond_Apartheid_Race_Transformation_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37977857/2006_KZN_Cricket_Transformation-libre.pdf?1435045631=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBeyond_Apartheid_Race_Transformation_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1739770725\u0026Signature=GoTQQBatXACU67OxRtrMEQqo49vyZhHhOCum4tbC3HPK8Z~oehV8Nip~jAulosQRo322IQ3K3YfbCHd-B~EAe5wmniJwKbC45gFu7BLGKwpcDa9-Avfqd04dmNIQ9ILTMoD2E6N7dgRldtm2n6yLxs2AmA8alihmYC8Q4ksZxd2AN2OLXKoU4dYoem3D2CKDE--~ETNi8XYqbIdcStwyzHwfxCB535ISqlIZ0WDklOLd70Ez6Q-QJrFSswaeX--rlqqs42NuuqV7V99-74BvKUHlo7vOzHgK8ZDEmIwOTDUyg0f5DZb9Frx5cJT0NBPIAPI1Ikyaf77UGLSyWrwpng__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10154926"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10154926/World_Cup_2010_Africa_s_turn_or_the_turn_on_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of World Cup 2010: Africa’s turn or the turn on Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10154926/World_Cup_2010_Africa_s_turn_or_the_turn_on_Africa">World Cup 2010: Africa’s turn or the turn on Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The awarding of World Cup 2010 to South Africa was hailed as a great ‘victory’ for the African co...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The awarding of World Cup 2010 to South Africa was hailed as a great ‘victory’ for the African continent and the cause of much celebration. It heightened expectations not only about the spectacle itself but about the benefits that would accrue to South Africa and the rest of Africa. This essay examines the notion of the successful bid as an ‘African victory’ in the context of global power relations in football, South Africa’s alleged function as a sub‐imperialist power on the continent, and xenophobic attacks on African immigrants in South Africa. After tracing the politics around South Africa’s involvement in FIFA, this essay critically interrogates the benefits touted for South Africa and Africa: development for the SADC region, economic opportunities for ordinary South Africans, increased tourism in South Africa, and football development and peace and nation‐building across the continent. Will the World Cup, as Thabo Mbeki would like, be the moment ‘when Africa stood tall and resolutely turned the tide on centuries of poverty and conflict?’</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10154926"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10154926"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10154926; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10154926]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10154926]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10154926; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10154926']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10154926]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10154926,"title":"World Cup 2010: Africa’s turn or the turn on Africa","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10154926/World_Cup_2010_Africa_s_turn_or_the_turn_on_Africa","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="12037441" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="91743693"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/91743693/Indentured_Muslims_in_the_Diaspora_Identity_and_Belonging_of_Minority_Groups_in_Plural_Societies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora: Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/94943508/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/91743693/Indentured_Muslims_in_the_Diaspora_Identity_and_Belonging_of_Minority_Groups_in_Plural_Societies">Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora: Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0ca5791b79a29db762f8eb5899b89291" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":94943508,"asset_id":91743693,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94943508/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="91743693"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="91743693"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91743693; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="91440392"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/91440392/The_Natal_Indian_Congress_NIC_and_the_Transition_to_a_Non_racial_Democracy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and the Transition to a Non-racial Democracy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/91440392/The_Natal_Indian_Congress_NIC_and_the_Transition_to_a_Non_racial_Democracy">The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and the Transition to a Non-racial Democracy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>A History of the Present</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Founded by Gandhi in 1894, the NIC was the predominant political organisation among Indians throu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Founded by Gandhi in 1894, the NIC was the predominant political organisation among Indians through the twentieth century. Its history is a fascinating one as the NIC got into an alliance with the ANC in the 1950s, breaking the mould of racially exclusive mobilizations. This chapter pays particular attention to the unbanning of the ANC in 1990 and the decision by the NIC not to constitute itself as a political party but to throw its support behind the ANC. The consequences of this decision for the ‘Indian vote’ and present debates about minority representation are explored in this chapter.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="91440392"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="91440392"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91440392; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91440392]").text(description); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89074946"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074946/Radical_Equality"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Radical Equality" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074946/Radical_Equality">Radical Equality</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">B.R. Ambedkar, the architect of India&#39;s constitution, and M.K. Gandhi, the Indian nationalist...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">B.R. Ambedkar, the architect of India&#39;s constitution, and M.K. Gandhi, the Indian nationalist, two figures whose thought and legacies have most strongly shaped the contours of Indian democracy, are typically considered antagonists who held irreconcilable views on empire, politics, and society. As such, they are rarely studied together. This book reassesses their complex relationship, focusing on their shared commitment to equality and justice, which for them was inseparable from anticolonial struggles for sovereignty. Both men inherited the concept of equality from Western humanism, but their ideas mark a radical turn in humanist conceptions of politics. This study recovers the philosophical foundations of their thought in Indian and Western traditions, religious and secular alike. Attending to moments of difficulty in their conceptions of justice and their language of nonviolence, it probes the nature of risk that radical democracy&#39;s desire for inclusion opens within modern political thought. In excavating Ambedkar and Gandhi&#39;s intellectual kinship, Radical Equality allows them to shed light on each other, even as it places them within a global constellation of moral and political visions. The story of their struggle against inequality, violence, and empire thus transcends national boundaries and unfolds within a universal history of citizenship and dissent.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89074946"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89074946"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074946; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074946]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074946]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074946; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89074946']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89074946]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89074946,"title":"Radical Equality","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89074946/Radical_Equality","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89074911"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074911/Moon_sightings_and_the_quest_for_Muslim_solidarities_in_twentieth_century_Natal"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Moon sightings and the quest for Muslim solidarities in twentieth century Natal" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92941846/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074911/Moon_sightings_and_the_quest_for_Muslim_solidarities_in_twentieth_century_Natal">Moon sightings and the quest for Muslim solidarities in twentieth century Natal</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines local contestations over Ramadan moon sightings among Muslims in twentieth ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines local contestations over Ramadan moon sightings among Muslims in twentieth century Natal, South Africa, as a window to debates about authority, identity and Muslim unification. The issue was the question of whether-in terms of the rulings in the Qur'an and the practices established by the Prophet Muhammad-the basis for determining the beginning of the lunar month should be vested in local physical sighting of the moon crescent or in astronomical calculations. While sighting the moon with the naked eye has historically been the practice of most Muslims, some have considered the project of Muslim unity served by knowledge derived from astronomy. The "moon controversy" provides a lens through which to examine the broader debate in Islamic societies around the role of science and technology in Islam, "traditionalism" versus "modernity", authority in Islam, and Muslim unity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0696190b104ab3f95e422834ecd91d74" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":92941846,"asset_id":89074911,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/92941846/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89074911"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89074911"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074911; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89074768"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074768/Andre_Odendaal_Krish_Reddy_and_Christopher_Merrett_Divided_Country_The_History_of_South_African_Cricket_Retold_Volume_2_1914_1950s_Cape_Town_BestRed_an_imprint_of_HSRC_Press_2018_xiv_442_pp_Photographs_Bibliography_Index_39_95_Paper_ISBN_978_1_928246_16_16_9"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Andre Odendaal, Krish Reddy, and Christopher Merrett. Divided Country. The History of South African Cricket Retold: Volume 2, 1914–1950s. Cape Town: BestRed (an imprint of HSRC Press), 2018. xiv + 442 pp. Photographs. Bibliography. Index. $39.95. Paper. ISBN: 978-1-928246-16-16-9" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92941711/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074768/Andre_Odendaal_Krish_Reddy_and_Christopher_Merrett_Divided_Country_The_History_of_South_African_Cricket_Retold_Volume_2_1914_1950s_Cape_Town_BestRed_an_imprint_of_HSRC_Press_2018_xiv_442_pp_Photographs_Bibliography_Index_39_95_Paper_ISBN_978_1_928246_16_16_9">Andre Odendaal, Krish Reddy, and Christopher Merrett. Divided Country. The History of South African Cricket Retold: Volume 2, 1914–1950s. Cape Town: BestRed (an imprint of HSRC Press), 2018. xiv + 442 pp. Photographs. Bibliography. Index. $39.95. Paper. ISBN: 978-1-928246-16-16-9</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African Studies Review</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In May 2022 as I was finishing the review of this book, cricket was making the headlines, as alle...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In May 2022 as I was finishing the review of this book, cricket was making the headlines, as allegations of racism against former senior White players post-unification were reaching an [anti] climax. The national body, Cricket South Africa (CSA), was embarrassingly forced to withdraw charges of racism against its national men's team coach Mark Boucher after the material witnesses declined to give evidence. In April 2022, former Director of Cricket Graeme Smith was cleared of charges of racial bias by independent arbitrators, with CSA ordered to pay Smith's legal costs. These allegations and recriminations brought home the title of the book Divided Country: The History of South African Cricket Retold, by Andre Odendaal, Krish Reddy, and Christopher Merrett‥ The book relates the story of cricket in the first half of the twentieth century. But here we are, some three decades into a unified cricket structure, still grappling with issues of race. In a world where understanding social forces eschews history, the pages of this book are sobering. Cricket and racism have had long innings in South Africa, as the authors point out. But they have a further intent that their work "will contribute to making the sport genuinely inclusive and actively intolerant of the inherited brand of class snobbishness, racism, sexism and social discrimination that has for so long been integral to cricket's culture" (14). The post-apartheid period has witnessed the publication of a number of regional studies that have sought to "recover" the histories of Black cricket. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89074766"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074766/Contestation_and_transformation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Contestation and transformation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074766/Contestation_and_transformation">Contestation and transformation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Non-Shia Practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the Diaspora</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89074766"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89074766"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074766; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89074766]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89074766,"title":"Contestation and transformation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89074766/Contestation_and_transformation","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89074765"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074765/Place_Memory_and_Nostalgia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Place, Memory, and Nostalgia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074765/Place_Memory_and_Nostalgia">Place, Memory, and Nostalgia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>A History of the Present</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Indians have suffered multiple forms of loss. During the apartheid period, tens of thousands were...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Indians have suffered multiple forms of loss. During the apartheid period, tens of thousands were forcibly removed and located to townships on the outer edge of cities. In recent times these ‘lost’ places are being remembered through the writing of community histories and get-togethers and resurrection of old networks through the use of the internet. This chapter attempts to understand this phenomenon in the context of the emerging literature on nostalgia and remembering.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89074765"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89074765"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074765; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074765]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074765]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074765; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89074765']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89074765]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89074765,"title":"Place, Memory, and Nostalgia","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89074765/Place_Memory_and_Nostalgia","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89074764"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074764/The_Hopscotch_of_Life"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Hopscotch of Life" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074764/The_Hopscotch_of_Life">The Hopscotch of Life</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>A History of the Present</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this chapter, we delve into the lives of working class women, many of whom obtained jobs in th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this chapter, we delve into the lives of working class women, many of whom obtained jobs in the clothing and textile industry from the 1960s, and whose incomes were crucial for upward mobility. It reveals how they negotiate life in an environment of extended families and patriarchal relations and how paid work offered them freedoms from the strictures of home life. Of particular relevance is showing how post 1990 the opening of the economy to cheap imports affected the lives of working class women and in turn, what consequences this had for Indian family life.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89074764"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89074764"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074764; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074764]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074764; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89074764']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89074764]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89074764,"title":"The Hopscotch of Life","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89074764/The_Hopscotch_of_Life","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89074763"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074763/Muharram_in_Diasporic_Setting_in_the_Twenty_first_Century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Muharram in Diasporic Setting in the Twenty-first Century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074763/Muharram_in_Diasporic_Setting_in_the_Twenty_first_Century">Muharram in Diasporic Setting in the Twenty-first Century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89074763"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89074763"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074763; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074763]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074763]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074763; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89074763']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89074763]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89074763,"title":"Muharram in Diasporic Setting in the Twenty-first Century","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89074763/Muharram_in_Diasporic_Setting_in_the_Twenty_first_Century","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89074761"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074761/Gokhale_Polak_and_the_end_of_Indian_indenture_in_South_Africa_1909_1911"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gokhale, Polak and the end of Indian indenture in South Africa, 1909–1911" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074761/Gokhale_Polak_and_the_end_of_Indian_indenture_in_South_Africa_1909_1911">Gokhale, Polak and the end of Indian indenture in South Africa, 1909–1911</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89074761"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89074761"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074761; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074761]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074761]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074761; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89074761']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89074761]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89074761,"title":"Gokhale, Polak and the end of Indian indenture in South Africa, 1909–1911","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89074761/Gokhale_Polak_and_the_end_of_Indian_indenture_in_South_Africa_1909_1911","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89074760"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074760/Gandhi_Indian_Opinion_and_the_Making_of_Indo_South_African_Identity_1903_14"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gandhi, Indian Opinion , and the Making of Indo–South African Identity, 1903–14" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074760/Gandhi_Indian_Opinion_and_the_Making_of_Indo_South_African_Identity_1903_14">Gandhi, Indian Opinion , and the Making of Indo–South African Identity, 1903–14</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Isabel Hofmeyr’s Gandhi’s Printing Press underlines the significance of Indian Opinion in Gandhi’...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Isabel Hofmeyr’s Gandhi’s Printing Press underlines the significance of Indian Opinion in Gandhi’s South African project of fostering Indianness, draws parallels with print cultures elsewhere, and highlights the role of the Phoenix Settlement in sustaining Satyagraha. Among the striking themes of this study are slow reading, which Hofmeyr works out at length, and Gandhi’s racial prejudices toward Africans at a time when Africans’ own political activism was developing in parallel with those of Gandhi, within a context of the militarized consolidation of white power. Slow reading is particularly relevant in our age when the audit culture at higher education institutions means that there is little market value in critical writing and limited opportunities to produce informed and active citizens. Gandhi’s Printing Press underscores the need for a sustained examination of Gandhi’s thinking on race and an interrogation of whether his choices were a result of innate biases or larger historical forces that defined the possibilities of political action. Afro-Indian relations remain problematic in the postapartheid era despite the commemoration of Gandhi as an anticolonial hero. A critical examination of the formative period of Indian settlement in South Africa may be more useful than the dominant color-blind account of solidarities between Indians and Africans.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89074760"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89074760"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074760; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074760]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074760]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074760; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89074760']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89074760]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89074760,"title":"Gandhi, Indian Opinion , and the Making of Indo–South African Identity, 1903–14","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89074760/Gandhi_Indian_Opinion_and_the_Making_of_Indo_South_African_Identity_1903_14","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89074626"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074626/Brij_V_Lal_Rooting_for_History"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Brij V. Lal: Rooting for History" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92941635/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89074626/Brij_V_Lal_Rooting_for_History">Brij V. Lal: Rooting for History</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">I have come to the conclusion after a lifetime of reading and writing that accessible prose is va...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">I have come to the conclusion after a lifetime of reading and writing that accessible prose is valued by the lay reader. Stories draw people in. Storytelling, as Hannah Arendt once wrote, ‘reveals meaning without committing the error of defining it’. The sharing of experience creates the possibilities for individual acts of imagination ... Imaginative works have that special power to connect (Lal 2011: 5; see also Arendt 1968: 105).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8ea4b63fcb9b807e05ae71fe52ca5907" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":92941635,"asset_id":89074626,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/92941635/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89074626"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89074626"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074626; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074626]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89074626]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89074626; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89074626']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8ea4b63fcb9b807e05ae71fe52ca5907" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89074626]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89074626,"title":"Brij V. 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The growth of Saudi Arabian funded religious organisations within the Sunni majority community, and similar investment by Iran in emerging and existing Shia communities have fuelled relations between Sunni and Shia globally. This article considers the increasing tensions between Shias and mainstream Sunni Ulema in South Africa. The period has been witness to growing anti-Shia discourse, a physical attack against worshippers in a Shia mosque and a failed attempt at a truce. The growth in broadcast and social media and religious transnationalism have exacerbated historic fissures and antagonism, and these tensions seem destined to deepen and spread in the period ahead.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="85409020"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="85409020"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85409020; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=85409020]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=85409020]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85409020; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='85409020']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=85409020]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":85409020,"title":"Between the Local and the Global: The Iranian Revolution and Sunni-Shia Relations in South Africa","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85409020/Between_the_Local_and_the_Global_The_Iranian_Revolution_and_Sunni_Shia_Relations_in_South_Africa","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="85408987"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/85408987/Hindus_and_Muslims"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Hindus and Muslims" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/85408987/Hindus_and_Muslims">Hindus and Muslims</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>A History of the Present</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The overwhelming majority of Indians who arrived in South Africa were Hindus. There was also a fa...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The overwhelming majority of Indians who arrived in South Africa were Hindus. There was also a fair smattering of Muslims, especially with the arrival of merchants from the 1870s. This chapter dissects the continuities and changes wrought on these religions especially by global developments and how local religious figures have sought to mediate these developments.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="85408987"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="85408987"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85408987; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=85408987]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=85408987]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85408987; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='85408987']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=85408987]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":85408987,"title":"Hindus and Muslims","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85408987/Hindus_and_Muslims","owner_id":24797878,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":24797878,"first_name":"Goolam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Vahed","page_name":"GVahed","domain_name":"ukzn","created_at":"2015-01-13T23:43:53.244-08:00","display_name":"Goolam Vahed","url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/GVahed"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="82627068"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/82627068/Waiting_for_Change"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Waiting for Change" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/82627068/Waiting_for_Change">Waiting for Change</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>A History of the Present</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Through the story of the life histories of Indian waiters who dominated the trade historically, w...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Through the story of the life histories of Indian waiters who dominated the trade historically, we show how, historically, working class waiters used their closeness to whites to solicit jobs for their children, develop sporting interests, and even secure state housing. This chapter, through developing oral histories, provides fascinating insights into how waiters made a life both inside and outside the industry and how the de-racializing of the trade by the hiring of cheaper black labour meant that they could not hand down jobs to their children and broader family. 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