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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>British planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prelude to battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude_to_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude to battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fortification_of_Breed's_Hill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortification_of_Breed's_Hill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fortification of Breed's Hill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortification_of_Breed's_Hill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>British preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonists_reinforce_their_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonists_reinforce_their_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Colonists reinforce their positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonists_reinforce_their_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>British assault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disposition_of_Colonial_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposition_of_Colonial_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Disposition of Colonial forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposition_of_Colonial_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disposition_of_British_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposition_of_British_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Disposition of British forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposition_of_British_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_whites_of_their_eyes"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_whites_of_their_eyes""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>"The whites of their eyes"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_whites_of_their_eyes"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_participants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_participants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable participants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_participants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Commemorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Bunker Hill</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Bunker_Hill" title="Slag van Bunker Hill – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84" title="معركة بانكر هيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بانكر هيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker-Hill_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Bunker-Hill döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bunker-Hill döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="بانکرهیل دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بانکرهیل دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Битка при Бънкър Хил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Бънкър Хил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Bunker_Hill" title="Batalla de Bunker Hill – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Bunker_Hillu" title="Bitva u Bunker Hillu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Bunker Hillu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Bunker_Hill" title="Brwydr Bunker Hill – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Bunker_Hill" title="Slaget ved Bunker Hill – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Bunker_Hill" title="Schlacht von Bunker Hill – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Bunker_Hill" title="Batalla de Bunker Hill – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نبرد بانکرهیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد بانکرهیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Bunker_Hill" title="Bataille de Bunker Hill – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%99%EC%BB%A4_%ED%9E%90_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="벙커 힐 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벙커 힐 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Bunker_Hilla" title="Bitka kod Bunker Hilla – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Bunker Hilla" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Bunker_Hill" title="Pertempuran Bunker Hill – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Bunker_Hill" title="Battaglia di Bunker Hill – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="קרב גבעת בנקר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב גבעת בנקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hill-i_csata" title="Bunker Hill-i csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bunker Hill-i csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Bunker_Hill" title="Slag om Bunker Hill – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="バンカーヒルの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バンカーヒルの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Bunker_Hill" title="Slaget ved Bunker Hill – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_o_Bunker_Hill" title="Bitwa o Bunker Hill – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa o Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Bunker_Hill" title="Batalha de Bunker Hill – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Bunker_Hill" title="Bătălia de la Bunker Hill – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Битва при Банкер-Хилле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Банкер-Хилле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1" title="බන්කර් හිල් සටන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බන්කර් හිල් සටන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Bunker Hill" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Bunker_Hillu" title="Bitka pri Bunker Hillu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Bunker Hillu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Битка код Банкер Хила – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Банкер Хила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Bunker_Hilla" title="Bitka kod Bunker Hilla – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Bunker Hilla" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hillin_taistelu" title="Bunker Hillin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bunker Hillin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of the American Revolutionary War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of numerous places and things that are named after this battle, see <a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bunker Hill (disambiguation)">Bunker Hill</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Bunker Hill</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg/300px-The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg/450px-The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg/600px-The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1070" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill,_June_17,_1775" title="The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775">Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill</a></i>, a portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a> depicting the battle</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>June 17, 1775</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown, Massachusetts</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Bunker_Hill&params=42_22_35_N_71_3_39_W_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°22′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°3′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.37639°N 71.06083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.37639; -71.06083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory (see <a href="#Aftermath">Aftermath</a>)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> The British capture Charlestown Peninsula</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/23px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/35px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/46px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/23px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/35px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/46px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Prescott" title="William Prescott">William Prescott</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/23px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/35px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/46px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Israel Putnam</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/23px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/35px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/46px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/23px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/35px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/46px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Stark" title="John Stark">John Stark</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/23px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/35px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/46px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Frye" title="James Frye">James Frye</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Pigot,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Pigot, 2nd Baronet">Sir Robert Pigot</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Abercrombie_(Bunker_Hill)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abercrombie (Bunker Hill)">James Abercrombie</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(American_War_of_Independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)">Henry Clinton</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Graves" title="Samuel Graves">Samuel Graves</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Pitcairn" title="John Pitcairn">John Pitcairn</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~2,400<sup id="cite_ref-AmericanCount_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanCount-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3,000+<sup id="cite_ref-BritishCount_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishCount-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 115 killed,<br />305 wounded,<br />30 captured (20 POWs died)<br /><b>Total:</b> 450<sup id="cite_ref-Casualties_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casualties-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 19 officers killed<br />62 officers wounded<br />207 soldiers killed<br />766 soldiers wounded<br /><b>Total: 1,054</b><sup id="cite_ref-BritishCasualties_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishCasualties-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Boston_and_Cambridge.png/435px-Map_of_Boston_and_Cambridge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Boston_and_Cambridge.png/580px-Map_of_Boston_and_Cambridge.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:13.65%;left:61.365%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Bunker Hill"><img alt="Battle of Bunker Hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Boston_and_Cambridge.png" title="File:Map of Boston and Cambridge.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the Battle of Bunker Hill in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Boston_campaign_1774–17761728" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston" title="Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Boston"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston" title="Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Boston"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Boston"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boston_campaign_1774–17761728" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign"><span class="wrap">Boston campaign</span></a><br /> 1774–1776</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1774</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1775</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Alarm" title="Lexington Alarm">Lexington Alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson%27s_War" title="Thompson's War">Thompson's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menotomy" title="Battle of Menotomy">Menotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Fairhaven" title="Battle off Fairhaven">Fairhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chelsea_Creek" title="Battle of Chelsea Creek">Chelsea Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Machias" title="Battle of Machias">Machias</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gloucester_(1775)" title="Battle of Gloucester (1775)">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Saint_John" title="Raid on Saint John">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Falmouth" title="Burning of Falmouth">Falmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Charlottetown_(1775)" title="Raid on Charlottetown (1775)">Charlottetown</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1776</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery" title="Noble train of artillery">Knox artillery train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification_of_Dorchester_Heights" title="Fortification of Dorchester Heights">Dorchester Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Bunker Hill</b> was fought on June 17, 1775, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a> in the first stage of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle is named after Bunker Hill in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown, Massachusetts</a>, which was peripherally involved. It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which became known as <a href="/wiki/Breed%27s_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Breed's Hill">Breed's Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 13, 1775, the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British were planning to send troops out from the city to fortify the unoccupied hills surrounding the city, which would give them control of Boston Harbor. In response, 1,200 colonial troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/William_Prescott" title="William Prescott">William Prescott</a> stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill. They constructed a strong <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubt</a> on Breed's Hill overnight, as well as smaller fortified lines across the <a href="/wiki/Charlestown_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown Peninsula">Charlestown Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By daybreak of June 17, the British became aware of the presence of colonial forces on the Peninsula and mounted an attack against them. Two assaults on the colonial positions were repulsed with significant British casualties but the redoubt was captured on their third assault, after the defenders ran out of ammunition. The colonists retreated over Bunker Hill, leaving the British<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in control of the Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle was a tactical victory for the British,<sup id="cite_ref-Clinton19_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clinton19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it proved to be a sobering experience for them; they incurred many more casualties than the Americans had sustained, including many officers. The battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle. Subsequently, the battle discouraged the British from any further frontal attacks against well defended front lines. American casualties were much fewer, although their losses included General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a> and Major <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McClary" title="Andrew McClary">Andrew McClary</a>, the final casualty of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle led the British to adopt a more cautious planning and maneuver execution in future engagements, which was evident in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a>. The costly engagement also convinced the British of the need to hire substantial numbers of <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian auxiliaries</a> to bolster their strength in the face of the new and formidable <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston_crop.jpg/390px-Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston_crop.jpg/585px-Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston_crop.jpg/780px-Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2861" data-file-height="2188" /></a><figcaption>1775 map of the Boston area (contains some inaccuracies)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> was situated on <a href="/wiki/Shawmut_Peninsula" title="Shawmut Peninsula">a peninsula</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the time and was largely protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it, which were dominated by British warships. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">battles of Lexington and Concord</a> on April 19, 1775, the colonial militia of some 15,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-Chidsey72_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chidsey72-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had surrounded the town and besieged it under the command of <a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Artemas Ward</a>. They controlled the only land access to Boston itself (the Roxbury Neck), but they were unable to contest British domination of the waters of the harbor. The British troops occupied the city, a force of about 6,000 under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a>, and they were able to be resupplied and reinforced by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Alden178_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alden178-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the land across the water from Boston contained a number of hills which could be used to advantage. Artillery could be placed on the hills and used to bombard the city until the occupying army evacuated it or surrendered. It was with this in mind that <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery" title="Noble train of artillery">noble train of artillery</a> to transport cannon from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Charlestown Peninsula to the north of Boston started from a short, narrow isthmus known as the <a href="/wiki/Charlestown_Neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown Neck">Charlestown Neck</a> and extended about 1 mile (1.6 km) southeastward into Boston Harbor. Bunker Hill had an elevation of 110 feet (34 m) and lay at the northern end of the peninsula. Breed's Hill had a height of 62 feet (19 m) and was more southerly and nearer to Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Chidsey91_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chidsey91-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American soldiers were at an advantage due to the height of Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill, but it also essentially trapped them at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settled part of the town of <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a> occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula. At its closest approach, less than 1,000 feet (300 m) separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula, where <a href="/wiki/Copp%27s_Hill" title="Copp's Hill">Copp's Hill</a> was at about the same height as Breed's Hill. The British retreat from Concord had ended in Charlestown, but General Gage did not fortify the hills on the peninsula but instead withdrew his troops to Boston, turning the entire Charlestown Peninsula into a no man's land.<sup id="cite_ref-French220_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French220-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunker_Hill_by_Pyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bunker_Hill_by_Pyle.jpg/330px-Bunker_Hill_by_Pyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bunker_Hill_by_Pyle.jpg/495px-Bunker_Hill_by_Pyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bunker_Hill_by_Pyle.jpg/660px-Bunker_Hill_by_Pyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption><i>The Battle of Bunker Hill</i> by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a>, 1897</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_planning">British planning</h2></div> <p>The British received reinforcements throughout May until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men. Generals <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(American_War_of_Independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)">Henry Clinton</a> arrived on May 25 aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cerberus_(1758)" title="HMS Cerberus (1758)">HMS <i>Cerberus</i></a>. Gage began planning with them to break out of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-French249_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French249-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finalizing a plan on June 12.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks119_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks119-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan began with taking the Dorchester Neck, fortifying the <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Heights" title="Dorchester Heights">Dorchester Heights</a>, and then marching on the colonial forces stationed in Roxbury. Once the southern flank had been secured, the Charlestown heights would be taken, and the forces in Cambridge driven away. The attack was set for June 18.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum45_6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum45_6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 13, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Safety (American Revolution)">Committee of Safety</a> in <a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter, New Hampshire</a>, notified the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a> that a New Hampshire gentleman "of undoubted veracity" had overheard the British commanders making plans to capture Dorchester and Charlestown.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum47_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum47-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 15, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety decided that additional defenses needed to be erected.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum74_5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum74_5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Ward directed General <a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Israel Putnam</a> to set up defenses on the Charlestown Peninsula, specifically on Bunker Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-French255_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French255-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude_to_battle">Prelude to battle</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortification_of_Breed's_Hill"><span id="Fortification_of_Breed.27s_Hill"></span>Fortification of Breed's Hill</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Array_of_American_Forces_on_the_Field_at_the_Battle_of_Breeds_Hill.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Array_of_American_Forces_on_the_Field_at_the_Battle_of_Breeds_Hill.png/510px-Array_of_American_Forces_on_the_Field_at_the_Battle_of_Breeds_Hill.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Array_of_American_Forces_on_the_Field_at_the_Battle_of_Breeds_Hill.png/765px-Array_of_American_Forces_on_the_Field_at_the_Battle_of_Breeds_Hill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Array_of_American_Forces_on_the_Field_at_the_Battle_of_Breeds_Hill.png/1020px-Array_of_American_Forces_on_the_Field_at_the_Battle_of_Breeds_Hill.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Array of American forces for the Battle of Bunker Hill</figcaption></figure> <p>On the night of June 16, colonial Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Prescott" title="William Prescott">William Prescott</a> led about 1,200 men onto the peninsula in order to set up positions from which artillery fire could be directed into Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham122_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham122-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This force was made up of men from the regiments of Prescott, Putnam (the unit was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Knowlton" title="Thomas Knowlton">Thomas Knowlton</a>), <a href="/wiki/James_Frye" title="James Frye">James Frye</a>, and Ebenezer Bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-KetchumPrescottForces_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KetchumPrescottForces-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, Putnam, Prescott, and their engineer Captain <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gridley" title="Richard Gridley">Richard Gridley</a> disagreed as to where they should locate their defense. Some work was performed on Bunker Hill, but Breed's Hill was closer to Boston and viewed as being more defensible, and they decided to build their primary redoubt there.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham123_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham123-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prescott and his men began digging a square fortification about 130 feet (40 m) on a side with ditches and earthen walls. The walls of the redoubt were about 6 feet (1.8 m) high, with a wooden platform inside on which men could stand and fire over the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham135_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham135-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The works on Breed's Hill did not go unnoticed by the British. General Clinton was out on reconnaissance that night and was aware of them, and he tried to convince Gage and Howe that they needed to prepare to attack the position at daylight. British sentries were also aware of the activity, but most apparently did not think it cause for alarm.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum115_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum115-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sentry on board <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lively_(1756)" title="HMS Lively (1756)">HMS <i>Lively</i></a> spotted the new fortification around 4 a.m. and notified his captain. <i>Lively</i> opened fire, temporarily halting the colonists' work. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Graves" title="Samuel Graves">Samuel Graves</a> awoke aboard his flagship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Somerset_(1748)" title="HMS Somerset (1748)">HMS <i>Somerset</i></a>, irritated by the gunfire that he had not ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham125_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham125-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stopped it, only to have General Gage countermand his decision when he became fully aware of the situation in the morning. He ordered all 128 guns in the harbor to fire on the colonial position, along with batteries atop Copp's Hill in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks127_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks127-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barrage had relatively little effect, as the hilltop fortifications were high enough to frustrate accurate aiming from the ships and far enough from Copp's Hill to render the batteries there ineffective. The shots that did manage to land, however, were able to kill one American soldier and damage the entire supply of water brought for the troops.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rising sun also alerted Prescott to a significant problem with the location of the redoubt: it could easily be flanked on either side.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum115_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum115-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promptly ordered his men to begin constructing a <a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">breastwork</a> running down the hill to the east, deciding that he did not have the manpower to also build additional defenses to the west of the redoubt.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum117_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum117-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_preparations">British preparations</h3></div> <p>The British generals met to discuss their options. General Clinton had urged an attack as early as possible, and he preferred an attack beginning from the Charlestown Neck that would cut off the colonists' retreat, reducing the process of capturing the new redoubt to one of starving out its occupants. However, he was outvoted by the other three generals, who were concerned that his plan violated the convention of the time to not allow one's army to become trapped between enemy forces.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe was the senior officer present and would lead the assault, and he was of the opinion that the hill was "open and easy of ascent and in short would be easily carried."<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum120_1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum120_1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Burgoyne concurred, arguing that the "untrained rabble" would be no match for their "trained troops".<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-page54_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-page54-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orders were then issued to prepare the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum122_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum122-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boston_campaign_1774–17761728" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston" title="Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Boston"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston" title="Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Boston"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Boston"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boston_campaign_1774–17761728" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign"><span class="wrap">Boston campaign</span></a><br /> 1774–1776</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1774</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1775</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Alarm" title="Lexington Alarm">Lexington Alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson%27s_War" title="Thompson's War">Thompson's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menotomy" title="Battle of Menotomy">Menotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Fairhaven" title="Battle off Fairhaven">Fairhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chelsea_Creek" title="Battle of Chelsea Creek">Chelsea Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Machias" title="Battle of Machias">Machias</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gloucester_(1775)" title="Battle of Gloucester (1775)">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Saint_John" title="Raid on Saint John">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Falmouth" title="Burning of Falmouth">Falmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Charlottetown_(1775)" title="Raid on Charlottetown (1775)">Charlottetown</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1776</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery" title="Noble train of artillery">Knox artillery train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification_of_Dorchester_Heights" title="Fortification of Dorchester Heights">Dorchester Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">General Gage</a> surveyed the works from Boston with his staff, and Loyalist Abijah Willard recognized his brother-in-law Colonel Prescott. "Will he fight?" asked Gage. "As to his men, I cannot answer for them," replied Willard, "but Colonel Prescott will fight you to the gates of hell."<sup id="cite_ref-Graydon-page424_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graydon-page424-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prescott lived up to Willard's word, but his men were not so resolute. When the colonists suffered their first casualty, Prescott gave orders to bury the man quickly and quietly, but a large group of men gave him a solemn funeral instead, with several deserting shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Graydon-page424_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graydon-page424-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It took six hours for the British to organize an infantry force and to gather up and inspect the men on parade. General Howe was to lead the major assault, driving around the colonial left flank and taking them from the rear. Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Pigot,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Pigot, 2nd Baronet">Robert Pigot</a> on the British left flank would lead the direct assault on the redoubt, and Major <a href="/wiki/John_Pitcairn" title="John Pitcairn">John Pitcairn</a> would lead the flank or reserve force. It took several trips in longboats to transport Howe's initial forces (consisting of about 1,500 men) to the eastern corner of the peninsula, known as Moulton's Point.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham133_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham133-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum139_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum139-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2 p.m., Howe's chosen force had landed.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham133_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham133-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while crossing the river, Howe noted the large number of colonial troops on top of Bunker Hill. He believed these to be reinforcements and immediately sent a message to Gage, requesting additional troops. He then ordered some of the light infantry to take a forward position along the eastern side of the peninsula, alerting the colonists to his intended course of action. The troops then sat down to eat while they waited for the reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum139_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum139-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunker_hill_first_attack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bunker_hill_first_attack.png/280px-Bunker_hill_first_attack.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bunker_hill_first_attack.png/420px-Bunker_hill_first_attack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bunker_hill_first_attack.png/560px-Bunker_hill_first_attack.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>The first British attack on Bunker Hill; shaded areas are hills</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonists_reinforce_their_positions">Colonists reinforce their positions</h3></div> <p>Prescott saw the British preparations and called for reinforcements. Among the reinforcements were <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a>, the popular young leader of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, and <a href="/wiki/Seth_Pomeroy" title="Seth Pomeroy">Seth Pomeroy</a>, an aging Massachusetts militia leader. Both of these men held commissions of rank, but chose to serve as infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham133_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham133-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prescott ordered the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> men under Captain Knowlton to defend the left flank, where they used a crude dirt wall as a breastwork and topped it with fence rails and hay. They also constructed three small v-shaped trenches between this dirt wall and Prescott's breastwork. Troops that arrived to reinforce this flank position included about 200 men from the <a href="/wiki/1st_New_Hampshire_Regiment" title="1st New Hampshire Regiment">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_New_Hampshire_Regiment" title="3rd New Hampshire Regiment">3rd New Hampshire regiments</a> under Colonels <a href="/wiki/John_Stark" title="John Stark">John Stark</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Reed_(soldier)" title="James Reed (soldier)">James Reed</a>. Stark's men did not arrive until after Howe landed his forces, and thus filled a gap in the defense that Howe could have taken advantage of, had he pressed his attack sooner.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum143_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum143-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took positions along the breastwork on the northern end of the colonial position. Low tide opened a gap along the <a href="/wiki/Mystic_River" title="Mystic River">Mystic River</a> to the north, so they quickly extended the fence with a short stone wall to the water's edge.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum143_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum143-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chidsey93_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chidsey93-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Stark placed a stake about 100 feet (30 m) in front of the fence and ordered that no one fire until the British regulars passed it.<sup id="cite_ref-Chidsey96_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chidsey96-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further reinforcements arrived just before the battle, including portions of Massachusetts regiments of Colonels Brewer, <a href="/wiki/John_Nixon_(Continental_Army_general)" title="John Nixon (Continental Army general)">Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ruggles_Woodbridge" title="Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Little" title="Moses Little">Little</a>, and Major Moore, as well as Callender's company of artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham136_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham136-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confusion reigned behind the Colonial lines. Many units sent toward the action stopped before crossing the Charlestown Neck from Cambridge, which was under constant fire from gun batteries to the south. Others reached Bunker Hill, but then were uncertain where to go from there and just milled around. One commentator wrote of the scene that "it appears to me there never was more confusion and less command."<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum147_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum147-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">General Putnam</a> was on the scene attempting to direct affairs, but unit commanders often misunderstood or even disobeyed orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum147_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum147-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_assault">British assault</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunker_hill_second_attack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bunker_hill_second_attack.png/280px-Bunker_hill_second_attack.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bunker_hill_second_attack.png/420px-Bunker_hill_second_attack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bunker_hill_second_attack.png/560px-Bunker_hill_second_attack.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>The second British attack on Bunker Hill</figcaption></figure> <p>By 3 p.m., the British reinforcements had arrived, which included the <a href="/wiki/47th_(Lancashire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot">47th Regiment of Foot</a> and the 1st Marines, and the British were ready to march.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum152_3_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum152_3-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brigadier General Pigot's force were gathering just south of Charlestown village, and they were already taking casualties from sniper fire from the settlement. Howe asked Admiral Graves for assistance in clearing out the snipers. Graves had planned for such a possibility and ordered a <a href="/wiki/Carcass_(projectile)" title="Carcass (projectile)">carcass</a> fired into the village, and then sent a landing party to set fire to the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum151_2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum151_2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smoke billowing from Charlestown lent an almost surreal backdrop to the fighting, as the winds were such that the smoke was kept from the field of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham144_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham144-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Howe led the light infantry companies and grenadiers in the assault on the American left flank along the rail fence, expecting an easy effort against Stark's recently arrived troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum152_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum152-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His light infantry were set along the narrow beach, in column formation, in order to turn the far left flank of the colonial position.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grenadiers were deployed in the center, lining up four deep and several hundred across. Pigot was commanding the <a href="/wiki/5th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Foot">5th</a>, <a href="/wiki/38th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Foot">38th</a>, <a href="/wiki/43rd_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Foot">43rd</a>, 47th, and <a href="/wiki/52nd_(Oxfordshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot">52nd</a> regiments, as well as Major Pitcairn's Marines; they were to feint an assault on the redoubt. Just before the British advanced, the American position along the rail fence was reinforced by two pieces of artillery from Bunker Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howe had intended the advance to be preceded by an artillery bombardment from the field pieces present, but it was soon discovered that these cannon had been supplied with the wrong caliber of ammunition, delaying the assault. Attacking Breed's Hill presented an array of difficulties. The hay on the hillside had not been harvested, requiring that the regulars marched through waist-high grass which concealed the uneven terrain beneath. The pastureland of the hillside was covered with crisscrossing rail fences hampering the cohesion of marching formations. The regulars were loaded down with gear wholly unnecessary for the attack, and the British troops were overheating in their wool uniforms under the heat of the afternoon sun, compounded by the nearby inferno from Charlestown.<sup id="cite_ref-Philbrick,_Nathaniel_p._219-220_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philbrick,_Nathaniel_p._219-220-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurtz29_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtz29-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colonists withheld their fire until the regulars were within at least 50 paces of their position. As the regulars closed in range, they suffered heavy casualties from colonial fire. The colonists benefited from the rail fence to steady and aim their muskets, and enjoyed a modicum of cover from return fire. Under this withering fire, the light companies melted away and retreated, some as far as their boats. <a href="/wiki/James_Abercrombie_(British_Army_officer,_born_1732)" title="James Abercrombie (British Army officer, born 1732)">James Abercrombie</a>, commanding the Grenadiers, was fatally wounded. Pigot's attacks on the redoubt and breastworks fared little better; by stopping and exchanging fire with the colonists, the regulars were fully exposed and suffered heavy losses. They continued to be harried by snipers in Charlestown, and Pigot ordered a retreat after seeing what happened to Howe's advance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum160_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum160-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurtz31_3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtz31_3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham141_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham141-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regulars reformed on the field and marched out again, this time navigating a field strewn with dead and wounded comrades. This time, Pigot was not to feint; he was to assault the redoubt directly, possibly without the assistance of Howe's force. Howe advanced against Knowlton's position along the rail fence, instead of marching against Stark's position along the beach. The outcome of the second attack was very much the same as the first. One British observer wrote, "Most of our Grenadiers and Light-infantry, the moment of presenting themselves lost three-fourths, and many nine-tenths, of their men. Some had only eight or nine men a company left."<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum161_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum161-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigot's attack did not enjoy any greater success than Howe, and he ordered a retreat after almost 30 minutes of firing ineffective volleys at the colonial position.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtz33_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtz33-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum162_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum162-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second attack had failed. </p><p>Meanwhile, confusion continued in the rear of the colonial forces. General Putnam tried with limited success to send additional troops from Bunker Hill to the forward positions on Breed's Hill to support the embattled regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham146_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham146-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One colonial observer wrote to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> afterwards, "it appears to me that there was never more confusion and less command". Some companies and leaderless groups of men moved toward the field; others retreated. They were running low on powder and ammunition, and the colonial regiments suffered from a hemorrhage of deserters. By the time that the third attack came, there were only 700–800 men left on Breed's Hill, with only 150 in the redoubt.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtz30_35_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtz30_35-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connecticut's Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Chester_(Connecticut_soldier)" title="John Chester (Connecticut soldier)">John Chester</a> saw an entire company in retreat and ordered his company to aim muskets at them to halt the retreat; they turned about and headed back to the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum165_6_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum165_6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunker_hill_final_attack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bunker_hill_final_attack.png/280px-Bunker_hill_final_attack.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bunker_hill_final_attack.png/420px-Bunker_hill_final_attack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bunker_hill_final_attack.png/560px-Bunker_hill_final_attack.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>The third and final British attack on Bunker Hill</figcaption></figure> <p>The British rear was also in disarray. Wounded soldiers that were mobile had made their way to the landing areas and were being ferried back to Boston, while the wounded lying on the field of battle were the source of moans and cries of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum163_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum163-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe sent word to Clinton in Boston for additional troops. Clinton had observed the first two attacks and sent around 400 men from the 2nd Marines and the <a href="/wiki/63rd_(The_West_Suffolk)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="63rd (The West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot">63rd Foot</a>, and followed himself to help rally the troops. In addition to these reserves, he convinced around 200 walking wounded to form up for the third attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum164_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum164-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third assault was to concentrate squarely on the redoubt, with only a feint on the colonists' flank. Howe ordered his men to remove their heavy packs and leave all unnecessary equipment behind. He arrayed his forces in column formation rather than the extended order of the first two assaults, exposing fewer men along the front to colonial fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtz35_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtz35-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third attack was made at the point of the bayonet and successfully carried the redoubt; however, the final volleys of fire from the colonists cost the life of Major Pitcairn.<sup id="cite_ref-Chidsey99_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chidsey99-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defenders had run out of ammunition, reducing the battle to close combat. The advantage turned to the British, as their troops were equipped with bayonets on their muskets, while most of the colonists were not. Colonel Prescott, one of the last men to leave the redoubt, parried bayonet thrusts with his normally ceremonial sabre.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham150_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham150-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is during the retreat from the redoubt that Joseph Warren was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham151_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham151-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The retreat of much of the colonial forces from the peninsula was made possible in part by the controlled withdrawal of the forces along the rail fence, led by John Stark and Thomas Knowlton, which prevented the encirclement of the hill. Burgoyne described their orderly retreat as "no flight; it was even covered with bravery and military skill". It was so effective that most of the wounded were saved;<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum181_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum181-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of the prisoners taken by the British were mortally wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum181_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum181-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Putnam attempted to reform the troops on Bunker Hill; however, the flight of the colonial forces was so rapid that artillery pieces and entrenching tools had to be abandoned. The colonists suffered most of their casualties during the retreat on Bunker Hill. By 5 p.m., the colonists had retreated over the Charlestown Neck to fortified positions in Cambridge, and the British were in control of the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham151–2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham151–2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunker_hill_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bunker_hill_2009.JPG/170px-Bunker_hill_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bunker_hill_2009.JPG/255px-Bunker_hill_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bunker_hill_2009.JPG/340px-Bunker_hill_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument" title="Bunker Hill Monument">Bunker Hill Monument</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Farnham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ralph_Farnham.jpg/170px-Ralph_Farnham.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ralph_Farnham.jpg/255px-Ralph_Farnham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ralph_Farnham.jpg/340px-Ralph_Farnham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Ralph Farnham, one of the last survivors</figcaption></figure> <p>The British had taken the ground but at a great loss; they had suffered 1,054 casualties (226 dead and 828 wounded), and a disproportionate number of these were officers. The casualty count was the highest suffered by the British in any single encounter during the entire war.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks237_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks237-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Clinton echoed <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a>, remarking in his diary that "A few more such victories would have shortly put an end to British dominion in America."<sup id="cite_ref-Clinton19_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clinton19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British dead and wounded included 100 commissioned officers, a significant portion of the British officer corps in America.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks184_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks184-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of General Howe's field staff was among the casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham145_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham145-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Gage reported the following officer casualties in his report after the battle (listing lieutenants and above by name):<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham387_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham387-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1 lieutenant colonel killed</li> <li>2 majors killed, 3 wounded</li> <li>7 captains killed, 27 wounded</li> <li>9 lieutenants killed, 32 wounded</li> <li>15 sergeants killed, 42 wounded</li> <li>1 drummer killed, 12 wounded</li></ul> <p>Colonial losses were about 450 in total, of whom 140 were killed. Most of the colonial losses came during the withdrawal. Major <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McClary" title="Andrew McClary">Andrew McClary</a> was technically the highest ranking colonial officer to die in the battle; he was hit by cannon fire on Charlestown Neck, the last person to be killed in the battle. He was later commemorated by the dedication of <a href="/wiki/Fort_McClary" title="Fort McClary">Fort McClary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kittery,_Maine" title="Kittery, Maine">Kittery, Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardwell76_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardwell76-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A serious loss to the Patriot cause, however, was the death of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a>. He was the President of Massachusetts' Provincial Congress, and he had been appointed a Major General on June 14. His commission had not yet taken effect when he served as a volunteer private three days later at Bunker Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum150_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum150-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 30 men were captured by the British, most of them with grievous wounds; 20 died while held prisoner. The colonials also lost numerous shovels and other entrenching tools, as well as five out of the six cannons that they had brought to the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum255_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum255-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_consequences">Political consequences</h2></div> <p>When news of the battle spread through the colonies, it was reported as a colonial loss, as the ground had been taken by the enemy, and significant casualties were incurred. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was on his way to Boston as the new commander of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, and he received news of the battle while in New York City. The report included casualty figures that were somewhat inaccurate, but it gave Washington hope that his army might prevail in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum207_8_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum207_8-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:20%; ; font-size: 85%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>We have ... learned one melancholy truth, which is, that the Americans, if they were equally well commanded, are full as good soldiers as ours.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum209_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum209-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">A British officer in Boston, after the battle </cite></div> </div> <p>The Massachusetts Committee of Safety sought to repeat the sort of propaganda victory that it won following the battles at Lexington and Concord, so it commissioned a report of the battle to send to England. Their report, however, did not reach England before Gage's official account arrived on July 20. His report unsurprisingly caused friction and argument between the <a href="/wiki/Tory_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory (British political party)">Tories</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whigs</a>, but the casualty counts alarmed the military establishment, and forced many to rethink their views of colonial military capability.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum208_9_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum208_9-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George</a>'s attitude hardened toward the colonies, and the news may have contributed to his rejection of the Continental Congress' <a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a>, the last substantive political attempt at reconciliation. Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Adolphus_Oughton" title="James Adolphus Oughton">James Adolphus Oughton</a>, part of the Tory majority, wrote to <a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">Lord Dartmouth</a> of the colonies, "the sooner they are made to Taste Distress the sooner will [Crown control over them] be produced, and the Effusion of Blood be put a stop to."<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum211_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum211-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a month after receiving Gage's report, the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a> was issued in response. This hardening of the British position also strengthened previously weak support for independence among Americans, especially in the southern colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum211_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum211-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gage's report had a more direct effect on his own career. He was dismissed from office just three days after his report was received, although General Howe did not replace him until October 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum213_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum213-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gage wrote another report to the British Cabinet in which he repeated earlier warnings that "a large army must at length be employed to reduce these people" which would require "the hiring of <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">foreign troops</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Scheer64_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheer64-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2></div> <p>General Dearborn published an account of the battle in <a href="/wiki/The_Port_Folio" title="The Port Folio"><i>Port Folio</i></a> magazine years later, after Israel Putnam had died. Dearborn accused General Putnam of inaction, cowardly leadership, and failure to supply reinforcements during the battle, which subsequently sparked a <a href="/wiki/Dearborn-Putnam_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dearborn-Putnam controversy">major controversy</a> among veterans of the war and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Cray1_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cray1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People were shocked by the rancor of the attack, and this prompted a forceful response from defenders of Putnam, including such notables as John and Abigail Adams. It also prompted Putnam's son Daniel Putnam to defend his father using a letter of thanks written by George Washington, and statements from Colonel John Trumbull and Judge Thomas Grosvenor in Putnam's defense.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Harold Murdock wrote that Dearborn's account "abounds in absurd misstatements and amazing flights of imagination." The Dearborn attack received considerable attention because at the time he was in the middle of considerable controversy himself. He had been relieved of one of the top commands in the War of 1812 due to his mistakes. He had also been nominated to serve as Secretary of War by President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, but was rejected by the United States Senate (which was the first time that the Senate had voted against confirming a presidential cabinet choice).<sup id="cite_ref-Purcell_pp.164-168_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purcell_pp.164-168-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disposition_of_Colonial_forces">Disposition of Colonial forces</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_area.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_area.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_area.jpg/495px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_area.jpg/660px-Map_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>A historic map of Bunker Hill featuring military notes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill,_printed_in_August_1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sketch_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill%2C_printed_in_August_1775.jpg/220px-Sketch_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill%2C_printed_in_August_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sketch_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill%2C_printed_in_August_1775.jpg/330px-Sketch_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill%2C_printed_in_August_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sketch_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill%2C_printed_in_August_1775.jpg/440px-Sketch_of_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill%2C_printed_in_August_1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4260" data-file-height="4528" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the Battle of Bunker Hill, printed in August 1775.</figcaption></figure> <p>The colonial regiments were under the overall command of General Ward, with General Putnam and Colonel Prescott leading in the field, but they often acted quite independently.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was evident in the opening stages of the battle, when a tactical decision was made that had strategic implications. Colonel Prescott and his staff decided to fortify Breed's Hill rather than Bunker Hill, apparently in contravention of orders.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortification of Breed's Hill was more militarily provocative; it would have put offensive artillery closer to Boston, directly threatening the city.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also exposed the forces there to the possibility of being trapped, as they probably could not properly defend against attempts by the British to land troops and take control of Charlestown Neck. If the British had taken that step, they might have had a victory with many fewer casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham155_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham155-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial fortifications were haphazardly arrayed; it was not until the morning that Prescott discovered that the redoubt could be easily flanked,<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum115_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum115-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compelling the hasty construction of a rail fence. Furthermore, the colonists did not have the manpower to defend to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum117_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum117-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manpower was a further problem on Breed's Hill. The defenses were thin toward the northern end of the colonial position and could have been easily exploited by the British (as they had already landed), had reinforcements not arrived in time.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum143_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum143-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front lines of the colonial forces were generally well-managed, but the scene behind them was significantly disorganized, at least in part due to a poor chain of command and logistical organization. One commentator wrote: "it appears to me there never was more confusion and less command."<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum147_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum147-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only some of the militias operated directly under Ward's and Putnam's authority,<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham158_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham158-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some commanders directly disobeyed orders, remaining at Bunker Hill rather than committing to the defense of Breed's Hill once fighting began. Several officers were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cashiered" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashiered">cashiered</a> after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-French274_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French274-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once combat began, desertion was a chronic issue for the colonial troops. By the time of the third British assault, there were only 700–800 troops left, with only 150 in the redoubt.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtz30_35_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtz30_35-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Prescott was of the opinion that the third assault would have been repulsed, had his forces in the redoubt been reinforced with more men, or if more supplies of ammunition and powder had been brought forward from Bunker Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham153_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham153-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these issues, the withdrawal of the colonial forces was generally well-managed, recovering most of their wounded in the process, and elicited praise from British generals such as Burgoyne.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum181_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum181-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the speed of the withdrawal precipitated leaving behind their artillery and entrenching tools.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham151–2_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham151–2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disposition_of_British_forces">Disposition of British forces</h3></div> <p>The British leadership acted slowly once the works were spotted on Breed's Hill. It was 2 p.m. when the troops were ready for the assault, roughly ten hours after the <i>Lively</i> first opened fire. This leisurely pace gave the colonial forces ample time to reinforce the flanking positions that would have otherwise been poorly defended and vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-French263_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French263-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gage and Howe decided that a frontal assault on the works would be a simple matter, although an encircling move, gaining control of Charlestown Neck, would have given them a more rapid and resounding victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham155_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham155-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the British leadership was excessively optimistic, believing that "two regiments were sufficient to beat the strength of the province".<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham156_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham156-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AttackBunkerHill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AttackBunkerHill.jpg/330px-AttackBunkerHill.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AttackBunkerHill.jpg/495px-AttackBunkerHill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/AttackBunkerHill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><i>View of the Attack on Bunker's Hill with the Burning of Charlestown</i> by Lodge</figcaption></figure> <p>The artillery bombardment that was to have preceded the assault did not transpire because the field guns had been supplied with the wrong caliber of ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-Philbrick,_Nathaniel_p._219-220_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philbrick,_Nathaniel_p._219-220-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once in the field, Howe twice opted to dilute the force attacking the redoubt with flanking assaults against the colonial left. The formations that the British used were not conducive to a successful assault, arrayed in long lines and weighed down by unnecessary heavy gear; many of the troops were immediately vulnerable to colonial fire, which resulted in heavy casualties in the initial attacks. The impetus of any British attack was further diluted when officers opted to concentrate on firing repeated volleys which were simply absorbed by the earthworks and rail fences. The third attack succeeded, when the forces were arrayed in deep columns, the troops were ordered to leave all unnecessary gear behind, the attacks were to be at the point of the bayonet,<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtz35_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtz35-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the flanking attack was merely a feint.<sup id="cite_ref-French277_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French277-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham148_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham148-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the taking of the peninsula, the British had a tactical advantage that they could have used to press into <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>. General Clinton proposed this to Howe, but Howe declined, having just led three assaults with grievous casualties, including most of his field staff among them.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham152_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham152-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial military leaders eventually recognized Howe as a tentative decision-maker, to his detriment. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a> (1776), he again had tactical advantages that might have delivered Washington's army into his hands, but he again refused to act.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson20_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson20-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Ferling" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ferling">John Ferling</a> maintains that, had General Gage used the Royal Navy to secure the narrow neck to the Charleston peninsula, cutting the Americans off from the mainland, he could have achieved a far less costly victory. But he was motivated by revenge over patriot resistance at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> and relatively heavy British losses, and he also felt that the colonial militia were completely untrained and could be overtaken with little effort, opting for a frontal assault.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferling15_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferling15-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""The_whites_of_their_eyes""><span id=".22The_whites_of_their_eyes.22"></span>"The whites of their eyes"</h2></div> <p>The famous order "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes" was popularized in stories about the battle of Bunker Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain as to who said it there, since various histories, including eyewitness accounts,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attribute it to Putnam, Stark, Prescott, or Gridley, and it may have been said first by one and repeated by the others.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarly consensus is nobody said it at the battle, it is a legend.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also not an original statement. The idea dates originally to the general-king <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a> (1594–1632) who gave standing orders to his musketeers "never to give fire, till they could see their own image in the pupil of their enemy's eye".<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gustavus Adolphus's military teachings were widely admired and imitated and caused this saying to be often repeated. It was used by General <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a> when his troops defeated <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Montcalm" title="Louis-Joseph de Montcalm">Montcalm's</a> army on September 13, 1759.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest similar quotation came from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen" title="Battle of Dettingen">Battle of Dettingen</a> on June 27, 1743, where Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Agnew,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Andrew Agnew, 5th Baronet">Sir Andrew Agnew</a> of Lochnaw warned the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers" title="Royal Scots Fusiliers">Royal Scots Fusiliers</a> not to fire until they could "see the white of their e'en."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase was also used by Prince Charles of Prussia in 1745, and repeated in 1755 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, and may have been mentioned in histories with which the colonial military leaders were familiar.<sup id="cite_ref-WinsorBoston85_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinsorBoston85-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether or not it was actually said in this battle, it was clear that the colonial military leadership were regularly reminding their troops to hold their fire until the moment when it would have the greatest effect, especially in situations where their ammunition would be limited.<sup id="cite_ref-French269_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French269-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_participants">Notable participants</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_England_pine_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/220px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/330px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/440px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>According to the John Trumbull painting, this <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_England" title="Flag of New England">flag of New England</a> was carried by the colonists during the battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>A significant number of notable American patriots fought in this battle. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a>, for example, went on to distinguished military and political careers; both served in Congress, the Cabinet, and in diplomatic posts. Others, like <a href="/wiki/John_Brooks_(governor)" title="John Brooks (governor)">John Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Burbeck" title="Henry Burbeck">Henry Burbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Febiger" title="Christian Febiger">Christian Febiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Knowlton" title="Thomas Knowlton">Thomas Knowlton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Stark" title="John Stark">John Stark</a>, became well known for later actions in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbatt252_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbatt252-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KetchumNotables1_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KetchumNotables1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stark became known as the "Hero of Bennington" for his role in the 1777 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Battle of Bennington</a>. Free African-Americans also fought in the battle; notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Barzillai_Lew" title="Barzillai Lew">Barzillai Lew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem_Poor" title="Salem Poor">Salem Poor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Salem" title="Peter Salem">Peter Salem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WoodsonNotables_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodsonNotables-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KetchumNotables2_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KetchumNotables2-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable participant was <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Shays" title="Daniel Shays">Daniel Shays</a>, who later became famous for his army of protest in <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards95_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards95-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel Potter was immortalized in <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Potter" title="Israel Potter">Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile</a></i>, a novel by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ketchum257_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ketchum257-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melville_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melville-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Paterson_(New_York_politician)" title="John Paterson (New York politician)">John Paterson</a> commanded the Massachusetts First Militia, served in <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a>, and became a <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">congressman</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Seth_Read" title="Seth Read">Seth Read</a>, who served under John Paterson at Bunker Hill, went on to settle <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_New_York" title="Geneva, New York">Geneva, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a>, and was said to have been instrumental in the phrase <i><a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a></i> being added to <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollar" title="Coins of the United States dollar">U.S. coins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seth_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seth-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coins_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coins-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e_pluribus_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e_pluribus-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">George Claghorn</a> of the Massachusetts militia was shot in the knee at Bunker Hill and went on after the war to become the master builder of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000B4-QINU`"'</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">a.k.a.</span> "<i>Old Ironsides</i>"</a>, which is the oldest naval vessel in the world that is still commissioned and afloat.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable British participants in the battle were: Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Birch_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Birch (military officer)">Samuel Birch</a>, Major <a href="/wiki/John_Small_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Small (British Army officer)">John Small</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">Lord Rawdon</a>, General <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a>, Major <a href="/wiki/John_Pitcairn" title="John Pitcairn">John Pitcairn</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Henry Clinton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>'s painting, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill">The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill</a></i> (displayed in lede), was created as an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> depiction of the battle and Warren's death, not as an actual pictorial recording of the event. The painting shows a number of participants in the battle including a British officer, <a href="/wiki/John_Small_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Small (British Army officer)">John Small</a>, among those who stormed the redoubt, yet came to be the one holding the mortally wounded Warren and preventing a fellow <a href="/wiki/Red_coat_(British_army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red coat (British army)">redcoat</a> from bayoneting him. He was friends of Putnam and Trumbull. Other central figures include Andrew McClary who was the last man to fall in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument" title="Bunker Hill Monument">Bunker Hill Monument</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> that stands 221 feet (67 m) high on Breed's Hill. On June 17, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle, the cornerstone of the monument was laid by the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> and an address delivered by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clary_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clary-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Leonard_P._Zakim_Bunker_Hill_Memorial_Bridge" title="Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge">Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge</a> was specifically designed to evoke this monument.<sup id="cite_ref-MTABridges_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTABridges-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a statue of William Prescott showing him calming his men down. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clipper_ship_card_Bunker_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Clipper_ship_card_Bunker_Hill.jpg/220px-Clipper_ship_card_Bunker_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Clipper_ship_card_Bunker_Hill.jpg/330px-Clipper_ship_card_Bunker_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Clipper_ship_card_Bunker_Hill.jpg/440px-Clipper_ship_card_Bunker_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2420" /></a><figcaption><i>Bunker Hill</i> <a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clipper ship</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> operates a museum dedicated to the battle near the monument, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_National_Historical_Park" title="Boston National Historical Park">Boston National Historical Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPSBHM_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPSBHM-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cyclorama" title="Cyclorama">cyclorama</a> of the battle was added in 2007 when the museum was renovated.<sup id="cite_ref-Globe20070610_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globe20070610-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In nearby Cambridge, a small granite monument just north of Harvard Yard bears this inscription: "Here assembled on the night of June 16, 1775, 1200 Continental troops under command of Colonel Prescott. After prayer by President Langdon, they marched to Bunker Hill." See footnote for picture.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Samuel Langdon, a Congregational minister, was Harvard's 11th president.)<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another small monument nearby marks the location of the Committee of Safety, which had become the Patriots' provisional government as Tories left Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These monuments are on the lawn to the west of Harvard's Littaeur Center, which is itself the west of Harvard's huge Science Center. See footnote for map.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_william_prescott_in_charlestown_massachusetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Statue_of_william_prescott_in_charlestown_massachusetts.jpg/170px-Statue_of_william_prescott_in_charlestown_massachusetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Statue_of_william_prescott_in_charlestown_massachusetts.jpg/255px-Statue_of_william_prescott_in_charlestown_massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Statue_of_william_prescott_in_charlestown_massachusetts.jpg/340px-Statue_of_william_prescott_in_charlestown_massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="3720" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/William_Prescott" title="William Prescott">William Prescott</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown, Massachusetts">Charlestown, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bunker Hill Day, observed every June 17, is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal holiday">legal holiday</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County, Massachusetts</a> (which includes the city of Boston), as well as <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Hill,_Somerville" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect Hill, Somerville">Prospect Hill</a>, site of colonial fortifications overlooking the Charlestown Neck, is now in Somerville, which was previously part of Charlestown.<sup id="cite_ref-LegalHoliday_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LegalHoliday-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SomervilleHoliday_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SomervilleHoliday-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State institutions in Massachusetts (such as public institutions of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>) in Boston also celebrate the holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-UMBHolidays_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMBHolidays-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BHDClosings_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHDClosings-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the state's FY2011 budget requires that all state and municipal offices in Suffolk County be open on Bunker Hill Day and <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 16 and 17, 1875, the centennial of the battle was celebrated with a military parade and a reception featuring notable speakers, among them General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Vice President">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a>. It was attended by dignitaries from across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Centennial_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centennial-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celebratory events also marked the sesquicentennial (150th anniversary) in 1925 and the bicentennial in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Sesqui_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sesqui-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kifner_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kifner-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years the Battle of Bunker Hill has been commemorated on four U.S. Postage stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_commemorative_stamps.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_commemorative_stamps.jpeg/440px-Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_commemorative_stamps.jpeg" decoding="async" width="440" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_commemorative_stamps.jpeg/660px-Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_commemorative_stamps.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_commemorative_stamps.jpeg/880px-Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_commemorative_stamps.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption> Issue of 1959             Issue of 1975            Issue of 1968                  Issue of 1968 <hr /> Left stamp depicts Battle of Bunker Hill battle flag and Monument<br />Left-center, depicts John Trumbull's painting of the battle<br />Right-center depicts detail of Trumbull's painting<br />Right depicts image of Bunker Hill battle flag</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">List of American Revolutionary War battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War#Early_engagements" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War §Early Engagements</a>. The Battle of Bunker Hill placed in sequence and strategic context.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Forces_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War">List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Forces_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War">List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(doctor)" title="John Hart (doctor)">John Hart</a>, Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott's Regiment who treated the wounded at Bunker Hill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers" title="Royal Welch Fusiliers">Royal Welch Fusiliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Bunker_Hill" title="USS Bunker Hill">USS <i>Bunker Hill</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">18th century Boston was a peninsula. Primarily in the 19th century, much land around the peninsula was filled, giving the modern city its present geography. See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Boston#Geographic_expansion" title="History of Boston">the history of Boston</a> for details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1822, Dearborn wrote an anonymous plea in the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Patriot_(newspaper)" title="Boston Patriot (newspaper)">Boston Patriot</a></i> to urge the purchase of the Bunker Hill battlefield, which was listed for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-Cray1_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cray1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AmericanCount-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmericanCount_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a> p. 122 counts 1,400 in the night-time fortification work. <a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a> is unclear on the number of reinforcements arriving just before the battle breaks out. In a footnote on p. 136, as well as on p. 190, he elaborates the difficulty in getting an accurate count.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishCount-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritishCount_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a> p. 90 says the initial force requested was 1,550, but Howe requested and received reinforcements before the battle began. <a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a> p. 137 puts the total British contingent likely to be over 3,000. Furthermore, according to Frothingham p. 148, additional reinforcements arrived from Boston after the second attack was repulsed. Frothingham, p. 191 notes the difficulty in attaining an accurate count of British troops involved.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casualties-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casualties_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishCasualties-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritishCasualties_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a> pp. 191, 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James L. Nelson, <i>With Fire and Sword: The Battle of Bunker Hill and the Beginning of the American Revolution</i> (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borneman, Walter R. <i>American Spring: Lexington, Concord, and the Road to Revolution,</i> p. 350, Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, London, 2014. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-22102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-22102-3">978-0-316-22102-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> p. 85, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> pp. 85–87, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithington1949" class="citation journal cs1">Withington, Robert (June 1949). "A French Comment on the Battle of Bunker Hill". <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F362033">10.2307/362033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866">0028-4866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/362033">362033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+French+Comment+on+the+Battle+of+Bunker+Hill&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=1949-06&rft.issn=0028-4866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F362033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F362033&rft.aulast=Withington&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> pp. 87–95, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clinton19-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clinton19_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clinton19_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clinton">Clinton</a>, p. 19. General Clinton's remark is an echoing of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a>'s original sentiment after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heraclea" title="Battle of Heraclea">Battle of Heraclea</a>, "<i>one more such victory and the cause is lost</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Bunker-Hill">"Battle of Bunker Hill"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Although the British eventually won the battle, it was a Pyrrhic victory that lent considerable encouragement to the revolutionary cause.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Bunker+Hill&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-Bunker-Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> pp. 94–95, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chidsey72-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chidsey72_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a>, p. 72 – New Hampshire 1,200, Rhode Island 1,000, Connecticut 2,300, Massachusetts 11,500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alden178-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alden178_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Alden">Alden</a>, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Martin" class="citation book cs1">Martin, James Kirby (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benedictarnoldre0000mart/page/73"><i>Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benedictarnoldre0000mart/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5560-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5560-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-5560-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36343341">36343341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedict+Arnold%3A+Revolutionary+Hero&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36343341&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5560-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=James+Kirby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenedictarnoldre0000mart%2Fpage%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chidsey91-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chidsey91_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a> p. 91 has a historic map showing elevations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Withington, Robert (1949). "A French Comment on the Battle of Bunker Hill". <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>2</b>: 235–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Charles Francis (1896). "The Battle of Bunker Hill". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>1</b>: 401–413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French220-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French220_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French">French</a>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French249-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French249_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French">French</a>, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks119-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks119_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brooks">Brooks</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum45_6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum45_6_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum47-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum47_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum74_5-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum74_5_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French255-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French255_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French">French</a>, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> p. 84, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham122-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham122_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, pp. 122–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KetchumPrescottForces-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KetchumPrescottForces_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 102, 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham123-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham123_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, pp. 123–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham135-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham135_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> pp. 87–88, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum115-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum115_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum115_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum115_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham125-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham125_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks127-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks127_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brooks">Brooks</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Middlekauff, Robert</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glorious_Cause:_The_American_Revolution,_1763%E2%80%931789" title="The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789">The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516247-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516247-1"><bdi>0-19-516247-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55960833">55960833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Cause%3A+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55960833&rft.isbn=0-19-516247-1&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum117-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum117_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum117_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Middlekauff, Robert</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glorious_Cause:_The_American_Revolution,_1763%E2%80%931789" title="The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789">The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516247-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516247-1"><bdi>0-19-516247-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55960833">55960833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Cause%3A+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55960833&rft.isbn=0-19-516247-1&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum120_1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum120_1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 120–121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-page54-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood-page54_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wood">Wood</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum122-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum122_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graydon-page424-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graydon-page424_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graydon-page424_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Graydon">Graydon</a>, p. 424</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham133-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham133_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham133_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham133_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum139-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum139_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum139_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum143-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum143_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum143_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum143_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chidsey93-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chidsey93_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a> p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chidsey96-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chidsey96_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a> p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham136-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham136_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum147-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum147_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum147_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum147_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> pp. 92–93, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum152_3-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum152_3_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 152–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum151_2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum151_2_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 151–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Middlekauff, Robert</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glorious_Cause:_The_American_Revolution,_1763%E2%80%931789" title="The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789">The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516247-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516247-1"><bdi>0-19-516247-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55960833">55960833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Cause%3A+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55960833&rft.isbn=0-19-516247-1&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham144-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham144_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, pp. 144–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum152-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum152_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fusillers, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Urban" title="Mark Urban">Mark Urban</a> p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurtz, Henry I. <i>Men of War: Essays on American Wars and Warriors,</i> p. 31, Xlibris Corporation, 2006. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philbrick,_Nathaniel_p._219-220-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philbrick,_Nathaniel_p._219-220_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philbrick,_Nathaniel_p._219-220_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philbrick, Nathaniel. <i>Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution,</i> p. 219-220, New York: Viking Press, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtz29-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz29_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kurtz">Kurtz</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum160-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum160_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtz31_3-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz31_3_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kurtz">Kurtz</a>, pp. 31–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham141-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham141_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, pp. 141–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum161-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum161_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtz33-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz33_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kurtz">Kurtz</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum162-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum162_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham146-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham146_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> p. 92, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtz30_35-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz30_35_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz30_35_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kurtz">Kurtz</a>, pp. 30–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> pp. 92–95, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum165_6-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum165_6_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 165–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum163-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum163_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum164-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum164_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtz35-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz35_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz35_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kurtz">Kurtz</a> p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chidsey99-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chidsey99_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a> p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham150-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham150_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham151-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham151_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum181-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum181_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum181_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum181_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham151–2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham151–2_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham151–2_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, pp. 151–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks237-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks237_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brooks">Brooks</a>, p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks184-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks184_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brooks">Brooks</a>, pp. 183–184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham145-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham145_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, pp. 145, 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham387-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham387_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, pp. 387–389 lists the officer casualties by name, as well as this summary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bardwell76-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bardwell76_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bardwell">Bardwell</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum150-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum150_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum255-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum255_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> pp. 94–96, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum207_8-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum207_8_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 207–208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum209-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum209_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum208_9-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum208_9_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 208–209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum211-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum211_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum211_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum213-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum213_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheer64-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scheer64_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Scheer">Scheer</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cray1-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cray1_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cray1_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cray">Cray, 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cray, Robert E. (2001). "Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775–1825". <i>Historical Journal of Massachusetts</i> – via Proquest.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purcell_pp.164-168-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purcell_pp.164-168_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Purcell">Purcell, 2010</a>, pp. 164–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketchum, Richard M. <i>The Battle for Bunker Hill</i>, p. 178, The Cresset Press, London, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murdock, Harold. <i>Bunker Hill, Notes and Queries on a Famous Battle,</i> Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1163174912" title="Special:BookSources/1163174912">1163174912</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> pp. 191–192, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> p. 87, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham155-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham155_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham155_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham158-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham158_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, pp. 158–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French274-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French274_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French">French</a>, pp. 274–276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham153-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham153_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French263-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French263_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French">French</a>, pp. 263–265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham156-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham156_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French277-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French277_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French">French</a>, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham148-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham148_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham152-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham152_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a> pp. 152–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson20-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson20_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferling15-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferling15_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ferling">Ferling, 2015</a>, pp. 127–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, J. L. (June 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2020/06/who-said-dont-fire-till-you-see-the-whites-of-their-eyes/">"Who Said, "Don't fire till you see the whites of their eyes"?"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Revolution</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.atitle=Who+Said%2C+%22Don%27t+fire+till+you+see+the+whites+of+their+eyes%22%3F&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsliberty.com%2F2020%2F06%2Fwho-said-dont-fire-till-you-see-the-whites-of-their-eyes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, John E., ed. <i>The Mammoth Book of How it Happened</i>. London: Robinson, 1998. p. 179 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. <i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,</i> p. 97, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8">978-1-4766-6453-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joannis Schefferi, "Memorabilium Sueticae Gentis Exemplorum Liber Singularis" (1671) p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Reilly, <i>The Rest to Fortune: The Life of Major-General James Wolfe</i> (1960), p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Anderson</a>, p. 679</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinsorBoston85-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WinsorBoston85_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#WinsorBoston">Winsor</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French269-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French269_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French">French</a>, pp. 269–270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbatt252-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbatt252_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Abbatt">Abbatt</a>, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KetchumNotables1-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KetchumNotables1_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 132,165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoodsonNotables-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WoodsonNotables_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Woodson">Woodson</a>, p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KetchumNotables2-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KetchumNotables2_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards95-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards95_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Richards">Richards</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketchum257-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ketchum257_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melville-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melville_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Melville">Melville</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#PattersonBio">Biographical Directory of the United States</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seth-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seth_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Buford">Buford, 1895</a>, Preface</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin, p. 425, 436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coins-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coins_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/MA-Copper.intro.html">"Massachusetts Coppers 1787–1788: Introduction"</a>. University of Notre Dame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108015613/http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/MA-Copper.intro.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massachusetts+Coppers+1787%E2%80%931788%3A+Introduction&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coins.nd.edu%2FColCoin%2FColCoinIntros%2FMA-Copper.intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e_pluribus-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e_pluribus_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913082335/treas.gov/education/faq/coins/portraits.shtml">"e pluribus unum FAQ #7"</a>. U.S. Treasury. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treas.gov/education/faq/coins/portraits.shtml">the original</a> on September 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=e+pluribus+unum+FAQ+%237&rft.pub=U.S.+Treasury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreas.gov%2Feducation%2Ffaq%2Fcoins%2Fportraits.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler,_O._Keith2002" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, O. Keith (January 30, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wheelerfolk.org/keithgen/related/claghorn_geo_indiv_sum.htm">"Individual Summary for COL. GEORGE CLAGHORN"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Individual+Summary+for+COL.+GEORGE+CLAGHORN&rft.date=2002-01-30&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+O.+Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheelerfolk.org%2Fkeithgen%2Frelated%2Fclaghorn_geo_indiv_sum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS <i>Victory</i></a> is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades; however, <i>Victory</i> has been in dry dock since 1922. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130924031708/http://hms-victory.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=572">"HMS Victory Service Life"</a>. HMS Victory website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hms-victory.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=572">the original</a> on September 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMS+Victory+Service+Life&rft.pub=HMS+Victory+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms-victory.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D153%26Itemid%3D572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bunce, p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hayward">Hayward</a>, p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clary-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clary_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clary">Clary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MTABridges-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MTABridges_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MTABridges">MTA Bridges</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPSBHM-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPSBHM_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NPSBHM">Bunker Hill Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Globe20070610-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Globe20070610_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Globe20070610">McKenna</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://picasaweb.google.com/115084101490686051189/DropBox?authkey=Gv1sRgCIb7-7uW5e244QE#5827876206844880834">"Album Archive"</a>. <i>Picasaweb.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Picasaweb.google.com&rft.atitle=Album+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpicasaweb.google.com%2F115084101490686051189%2FDropBox%3Fauthkey%3DGv1sRgCIb7-7uW5e244QE%235827876206844880834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130101220156/http://www.harvard.edu/history/presidents/langdon">"Samuel Langdon | Harvard University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvard.edu/history/presidents/langdon">the original</a> on January 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+Langdon+%26%23124%3B+Harvard+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvard.edu%2Fhistory%2Fpresidents%2Flangdon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Safety (American Revolution)">Committee of Safety (American Revolution)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106200002/http://map.harvard.edu/mapserver/campusmap.htm">"Harvard University Campus Map"</a>. <i>Map.harvard.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://map.harvard.edu/mapserver/campusmap.htm">the original</a> on January 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Map.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Harvard+University+Campus+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmap.harvard.edu%2Fmapserver%2Fcampusmap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LegalHoliday-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LegalHoliday_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#LegalHoliday">MA List of legal holidays</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SomervilleHoliday-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SomervilleHoliday_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SomervilleHoliday">Somerville Environmental Services Guide</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMBHolidays-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMBHolidays_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#UMBHolidays">University of Massachusetts, Boston, observed holidays</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BHDClosings-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BHDClosings_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#BHDClosings">Bunker Hill Day closings</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/bb/gaa/fy2011/os_11/h5.htm">"Commonwealth of Massachusetts FY2011 Budget, Outside Section 5"</a>. <i>Mass.gov</i>. July 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mass.gov&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Massachusetts+FY2011+Budget%2C+Outside+Section+5&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Fbb%2Fgaa%2Ffy2011%2Fos_11%2Fh5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centennial-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Centennial_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="#CentennialBook">Centennial Book</a> for a complete description of the events.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sesqui-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sesqui_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SesquicentennialBook">Sesquicentennial celebration</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kifner-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kifner_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kifner">New York Times, June 15, 1975</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scotts 2008 United States stamp catalogue</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <p><b>Major sources</b> Most of the information about the battle itself in this article comes from the following sources. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brooks" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Victor (1999). <i>The Boston Campaign</i>. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58097-007-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58097-007-9"><bdi>1-58097-007-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42581510">42581510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boston+Campaign&rft.place=Conshohocken%2C+PA&rft.pub=Combined+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42581510&rft.isbn=1-58097-007-9&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chidsey" class="citation book cs1">Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). <i>The Siege of Boston</i>. Boston: Crown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890813">890813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Boston&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890813&rft.aulast=Chidsey&rft.aufirst=Donald+Barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Frothingham" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Frothingham_Jr." title="Richard Frothingham Jr.">Frothingham, Richard Jr.</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xl4sAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, Second Edition</i></a>. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2138693">2138693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Siege+of+Boston+and+of+the+Battles+of+Lexington%2C+Concord%2C+and+Bunker+Hill%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Little+and+James+Brown&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2138693&rft.aulast=Frothingham&rft.aufirst=Richard+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxl4sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="French" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_French" title="Allen French">French, Allen</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PqZcY9z3Vn4C"><i>The Siege of Boston</i></a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3927532">3927532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Boston&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3927532&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_PqZcY9z3Vn4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ketchum" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard (1999). <i>Decisive Day: The Battle of Bunker Hill</i>. New York: Owl Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-41897-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-41897-3"><bdi>0-385-41897-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24147566">24147566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisive+Day%3A+The+Battle+of+Bunker+Hill&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24147566&rft.isbn=0-385-41897-3&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span> (Paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6099-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6099-5">0-8050-6099-5</a>)</li> <li>Nelson, James L. <i>With Fire and Sword: The Battle of Bunker Hill and the Beginning of the American Revolution</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Fire-Sword-Beginning-American-Revolution/dp/0312576447/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Philbrick, Nathaniel. <i>Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution</i> (New York: Viking, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Bunker-Hill-City-Siege-Revolution/dp/0670025445/">excerpt</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Minor sources</b> Specific facts not necessarily covered by the major sources come from the following sources. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Buford" class="citation book cs1">Buford, Mary Hunter (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sethreadlieutco00bufogoog"><i>Seth Read, Lieut.-Col. Continental Army; Pioneer at Geneva, New York, 1787, and at Erie, Penn., June, 1795. His Ancestors and Descendants</i></a>. Boston. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sethreadlieutco00bufogoog/page/n189">167</a> Pages on CD in PDF Format.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seth+Read%2C+Lieut.-Col.+Continental+Army%3B+Pioneer+at+Geneva%2C+New+York%2C+1787%2C+and+at+Erie%2C+Penn.%2C+June%2C+1795.+His+Ancestors+and+Descendants.&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=167+Pages+on+CD+in+PDF+Format&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Buford&rft.aufirst=Mary+Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsethreadlieutco00bufogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunce1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Bell_Bunce" title="Oliver Bell Bunce">Bunce, Oliver Bell</a> (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancerevolution00buncrich"><i>The romance of the revolution: being true stories of the adventures, romantic incidents, hairbreath escapes, and heroic exploits of the days of '76</i></a>. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancerevolution00buncrich/page/337">337</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3714510">3714510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+romance+of+the+revolution%3A+being+true+stories+of+the+adventures%2C+romantic+incidents%2C+hairbreath+escapes%2C+and+heroic+exploits+of+the+days+of+%2776&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Porter+%26+Coates&rft.date=1870&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3714510&rft.aulast=Bunce&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromancerevolution00buncrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Abbatt" class="citation book cs1">Abbatt, William, ed. (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magazineamerica00unkngoog"><i>The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries, volume 8</i></a>. A.S. Barnes. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1590082">1590082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magazine+of+American+History+with+Notes+and+Queries%2C+volume+8&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes&rft.date=1883&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1590082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagazineamerica00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Alden" class="citation book cs1">Alden, John R (1989). <i>A History of the American Revolution</i>. Da Capo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80366-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80366-6"><bdi>0-306-80366-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Da+Capo&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-306-80366-6&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=John+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Anderson" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, William (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=otxpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA679"><i>The Scottish Nation: Or, The Surnames, Families, Literature, Honours, and Biographical History of the People of Scotland, volume 2</i></a>. Fullarton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1290413">1290413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Nation%3A+Or%2C+The+Surnames%2C+Families%2C+Literature%2C+Honours%2C+and+Biographical+History+of+the+People+of+Scotland%2C+volume+2&rft.pub=Fullarton&rft.date=1863&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1290413&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DotxpAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bardwell" class="citation book cs1">Bardwell, John D (2005). <i>Old Kittery</i>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2476-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2476-4"><bdi>978-0-7385-2476-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Kittery&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-2476-4&rft.aulast=Bardwell&rft.aufirst=John+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Clinton" class="citation book cs1">Clinton, Henry (1954). Willcox, William B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H2AsAAAAMAAJ"><i>The American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775–1782</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1305132">1305132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Rebellion%3A+Sir+Henry+Clinton%27s+Narrative+of+His+Campaigns%2C+1775%E2%80%931782&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1305132&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH2AsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Graydon" class="citation book cs1">Graydon, Alexander (1846). Littell, John Stockton (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofhisownt01gray"><i>Memoirs of His Own Time: With Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution</i></a>. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1557096">1557096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+His+Own+Time%3A+With+Reminiscences+of+the+Men+and+Events+of+the+Revolution&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lindsay+%26+Blakiston&rft.date=1846&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1557096&rft.aulast=Graydon&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofhisownt01gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ferling" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0fCBwAAQBAJ"><i>Whirlwind, The American Revolution and the War That Won it</i></a>. Bloomsbury Press, New York, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620401736" title="Special:BookSources/9781620401736"><bdi>9781620401736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whirlwind%2C+The+American+Revolution+and+the+War+That+Won+it&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781620401736&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP0fCBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hayward" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, John (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agazetteerunite00haywgoog"><i>A Gazetteer of the United States of America</i></a>. self published. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68756962">68756962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gazetteer+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pub=self+published&rft.date=1854&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68756962&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagazetteerunite00haywgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jackson" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Kenneth T; Dunbar, David S (2005). <i>Empire City: New York Through the Centuries</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10909-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10909-3"><bdi>978-0-231-10909-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+City%3A+New+York+Through+the+Centuries&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10909-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T&rft.au=Dunbar%2C+David+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Melville" class="citation book cs1">Melville, Herman (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/israelpotterhis00melvgoog"><i>Israel Potter: his fifty years of exile</i></a>. G. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13065897">13065897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+Potter%3A+his+fifty+years+of+exile&rft.pub=G.+Routledge&rft.date=1855&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13065897&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisraelpotterhis00melvgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Richards" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Leonard L (2003). <i>Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1870-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1870-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-1870-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shays%27s+Rebellion%3A+The+American+Revolution%27s+Final+Battle&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1870-1&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Leonard+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Scheer" class="citation book cs1">Scheer, George F; Rankin, Hugh F (1987). <i>Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It</i>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80307-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80307-9"><bdi>978-0-306-80307-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+and+Redcoats%3A+The+American+Revolution+Through+the+Eyes+of+Those+Who+Fought+and+Lived+It&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80307-9&rft.aulast=Scheer&rft.aufirst=George+F&rft.au=Rankin%2C+Hugh+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="WinsorBoston" class="citation book cs1">Winsor, Justin; Jewett, Clarence F (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memorialhistory07jewegoog"><i>The Memorial History of Boston: Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630–1880, Volume 3</i></a>. James R. Osgood. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4952179">4952179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memorial+History+of+Boston%3A+Including+Suffolk+County%2C+Massachusetts%2C+1630%E2%80%931880%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=James+R.+Osgood&rft.date=1882&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4952179&rft.aulast=Winsor&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft.au=Jewett%2C+Clarence+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemorialhistory07jewegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wood" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon S. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti00gord"><i>The American Revolution: A History</i></a></span>. Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-7041-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-7041-1"><bdi>0-8129-7041-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8129-7041-1&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanrevoluti00gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Woodson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Woodson, Carter Godwin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Logan, Rayford Whittingham</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AECdAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2</i></a>. Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1782257">1782257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Association+for+the+Study+of+Negro+Life+and+History&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1782257&rft.aulast=Woodson&rft.aufirst=Carter+Godwin&rft.au=Logan%2C+Rayford+Whittingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAECdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cray" class="citation book cs1">Cray, Robert E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163651/http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf"><i>Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775–1825</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Historical Journal of Massachusetts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bunker+Hill+Refought%3A+Memory+Wars+and+Partisan+Conflicts%2C+1775%E2%80%931825&rft.pub=Historical+Journal+of+Massachusetts&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cray&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsc.mass.edu%2Fmhj%2Fpdfs%2FCray%2520winter%25202001%2520combined.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="PattersonBio" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000101">"Congressional bio of John Patterson"</a>. Biographical Directory of the United States.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+bio+of+John+Patterson&rft.pub=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DP000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Commemorations</b> Various commemorations of the battle are described in the following sources. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MTABridges" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042628/http://www.masspike.com/bigdig/background/crb.html">"Charles River Bridges"</a>. Massachusetts Turnpike Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masspike.com/bigdig/background/crb.html">the original</a> on September 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+River+Bridges&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Turnpike+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masspike.com%2Fbigdig%2Fbackground%2Fcrb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="LegalHoliday" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cishol/holidx.htm">"Massachusetts List of Legal Holidays"</a>. Massachusetts Secretary of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massachusetts+List+of+Legal+Holidays&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.state.ma.us%2Fcis%2Fcishol%2Fholidx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="SomervilleHoliday" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304001544/http://www.somervillema.gov/CoS_Content/documents/EnvironmentalGuide2008.pdf">"Environmental Guide 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. City of <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, Massachusetts</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somervillema.gov/CoS_Content/documents/EnvironmentalGuide2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Guide+2008&rft.pub=City+of+Somerville%2C+Massachusetts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somervillema.gov%2FCoS_Content%2Fdocuments%2FEnvironmentalGuide2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="UMBHolidays" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umb.edu/faculty_staff/administration_finance/Human_Resources/Benefits/holidays.html">"UMass Boston Holidays observed"</a>. University of Massachusetts, Boston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225155330/http://www.umb.edu/faculty_staff/administration_finance/Human_Resources/Benefits/holidays.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UMass+Boston+Holidays+observed&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts%2C+Boston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umb.edu%2Ffaculty_staff%2Fadministration_finance%2FHuman_Resources%2FBenefits%2Fholidays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BHDClosings" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/06/18/bunker_hill_day_closings/">"Bunker Hill Day Closings"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. June 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Bunker+Hill+Day+Closings&rft.date=2007-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2007%2F06%2F18%2Fbunker_hill_day_closings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CentennialBook" class="citation book cs1">Winsor, Justin (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9V3AAAAMAAJ"><i>Celebration of the centennial anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill</i></a>. Boston: Boston City Council. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2776599">2776599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebration+of+the+centennial+anniversary+of+the+battle+of+Bunker+Hill&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Boston+City+Council&rft.date=1875&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2776599&rft.aulast=Winsor&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ9V3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="SesquicentennialBook" class="citation book cs1"><i>Celebration of the sesquicentennial anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1925</i>. Boston: City of Boston. 1925. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/235594934">235594934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebration+of+the+sesquicentennial+anniversary+of+the+Battle+of+Bunker+Hill%2C+June+17%2C+1925&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=City+of+Boston&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F235594934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="NPSBHM" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/bost/historyculture/bhmuseum.htm">"Bunker Hill Museum"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403192052/http://www.nps.gov/bost/historyculture/bhmuseum.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bunker+Hill+Museum&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fbost%2Fhistoryculture%2Fbhmuseum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Clary" class="citation book cs1">Clary, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_IWAQAAIAAJ"><i>Adopted Son: Washington, Lafayette, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">443–</span>448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-80435-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-80435-5"><bdi>978-0-553-80435-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70407848">70407848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adopted+Son%3A+Washington%2C+Lafayette%2C+and+the+Friendship+that+Saved+the+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E448&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70407848&rft.isbn=978-0-553-80435-5&rft.aulast=Clary&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_IWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kifner" class="citation news cs1">Kifner, John (July 15, 1975). "Not Unusual Occurrence: British Take Bunker Hill". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Not+Unusual+Occurrence%3A+British+Take+Bunker+Hill&rft.date=1975-07-15&rft.aulast=Kifner&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Globe20070610" class="citation news cs1">McKenna, Kathleen (June 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/06/10/on_bunker_hill_a_boost_in_lafayette_profile/">"On Bunker Hill, a boost in La Fayette profile"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220141751/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/06/10/on_bunker_hill_a_boost_in_lafayette_profile/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=On+Bunker+Hill%2C+a+boost+in+La+Fayette+profile&rft.date=2007-06-10&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2007%2F06%2F10%2Fon_bunker_hill_a_boost_in_lafayette_profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Axelrod" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iBvtuSWgt_QC"><i>The real History of the American Revolution</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402768163" title="Special:BookSources/9781402768163"><bdi>9781402768163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+real+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+New+York&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781402768163&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiBvtuSWgt_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Beck" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Derek W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILDkCwAAQBAJ&q=Fellows"><i>The War Before Independence: 1775–1776</i></a>. Sourcebooks, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781492633105" title="Special:BookSources/9781492633105"><bdi>9781492633105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Before+Independence%3A+1775%E2%80%931776&rft.pub=Sourcebooks%2C+Inc&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781492633105&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Derek+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILDkCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span>, 480 pages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Doyle" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Peter (1998). <i>Bunker Hill</i>. Charlottesville, VA: Providence Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887456-08-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-887456-08-2"><bdi>1-887456-08-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42421560">42421560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bunker+Hill&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=Providence+Foundation&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42421560&rft.isbn=1-887456-08-2&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams_Drake" title="Samuel Adams Drake">Drake, Samuel Adams</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalisraelput00drak"><i>Bunker Hill: the story told in letters from the battle field by British Officers Engaged</i></a>. Boston: Nichols and Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bunker+Hill%3A+the+story+told+in+letters+from+the+battle+field+by+British+Officers+Engaged&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Nichols+and+Hall&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralisraelput00drak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Elting" class="citation book cs1">Elting, John R. (1975). <i>The Battle of Bunker's Hill</i>. Monmouth Beach, NJ: Phillip Freneau Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912480-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-912480-11-4"><bdi>0-912480-11-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2867199">2867199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Bunker%27s+Hill&rft.place=Monmouth+Beach%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Phillip+Freneau+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2867199&rft.isbn=0-912480-11-4&rft.aulast=Elting&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ferling07" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/almostmiracleam00ferl"><i>Almost a Miracle</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199758470" title="Special:BookSources/9780199758470"><bdi>9780199758470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almost+a+Miracle&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199758470&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falmostmiracleam00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fast" class="citation book cs1">Fast, Howard (2001). <i>Bunker Hill</i>. New York: ibooks inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-2384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7434-2384-4"><bdi>0-7434-2384-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248511443">248511443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bunker+Hill&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=ibooks+inc&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248511443&rft.isbn=0-7434-2384-4&rft.aulast=Fast&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lanning" class="citation book cs1">Lanning, Michael Lee (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=piqupfNDQNUC"><i>The American Revolution 100</i></a>. Source Books, Naperville, IL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402252808" title="Special:BookSources/9781402252808"><bdi>9781402252808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution+100&rft.pub=Source+Books%2C+Naperville%2C+IL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781402252808&rft.aulast=Lanning&rft.aufirst=Michael+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpiqupfNDQNUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1968" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Michael J. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihoJAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Irish at Bunker Hill: Evidence of Irish Participation in the Battle of 17 June 1775</i></a>. Irish University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716505020" title="Special:BookSources/9780716505020"><bdi>9780716505020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+at+Bunker+Hill%3A+Evidence+of+Irish+Participation+in+the+Battle+of+17+June+1775&rft.pub=Irish+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780716505020&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihoJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilbrick2013" class="citation book cs1">Philbrick, Nathaniel (2013). <i>Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution</i>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670025442" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670025442"><bdi>978-0670025442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bunker+Hill%3A+A+City%2C+a+Siege%2C+a+Revolution&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0670025442&rft.aulast=Philbrick&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ristow" class="citation book cs1">Ristow, W. Walter (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKDvEdOnVzsC"><i>Cartography of the Battle of Bunker Hill</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartography+of+the+Battle+of+Bunker+Hill&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Ristow&rft.aufirst=W.+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKDvEdOnVzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Swett" class="citation book cs1">Swett, S (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historybunkerhi00swetgoog"><i>History of Bunker Hill Battle, With a Plan</i></a> (2nd ed.). Boston: Munroe and Francis. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3554078">3554078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bunker+Hill+Battle%2C+With+a+Plan&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Munroe+and+Francis&rft.date=1826&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3554078&rft.aulast=Swett&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorybunkerhi00swetgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span> This book contains printings of both Gage's official account and that of the Massachusetts Congress.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Commager" class="citation book cs1">Commager, Henry Steele; Morris, Richard B. (1958). <i>The Spirit of 76</i>. Harper & Row Publishers, New York, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306806207" title="Special:BookSources/0306806207"><bdi>0306806207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+76&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0306806207&rft.aulast=Commager&rft.aufirst=Henry+Steele&rft.au=Morris%2C+Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritofseventys011271mbp">eBook, Vol 2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bunker_Hill" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/bost/">Boston National Historical Park official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/bost/learn/historyculture/bhmuseum.htm/">Bunker Hill Museum website</a></li></ul> <p><b>About the battle</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun17.html">Library of Congress page about the battle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/bh">Bunker Hill Web Exhibit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223041349/http://www.masshist.org/bh/">Archived</a> December 23, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413123949/http://revolutionarywararchives.org/bunkerfallen.html">SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter list of colonial fallen at Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308065305/http://www.revolutionarywararchives.org/bunkerhillbattle.html">SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter description of the battle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/42bunker/42bunker.htm"><i>The Battle of Bunker Hill: Now We Are at War</i>, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130064656/http://www.theamericanrevolution.org/battles/bat_bhil.asp">TheAmericanRevolution.org description of the battle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303102609/http://www.britishbattles.com/bunker-hill.htm">BritishBattles.com description of the battle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionarywaranimated.com/index.php/bunker-hill">Animated History of the Battle of Bunker Hill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193850/http://www.revolutionarywaranimated.com/index.php/bunker-hill">Archived</a> October 8, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Bunker Hill"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Bunker_Hill">"Bunker Hill" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bunker+Hill&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Bunker+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>About people in the battle</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404194948/http://www.israelputnam.com/index.html">Israel Putnam Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhowell.com/tng/getperson.php?personID=I1956&tree=1">Genealogy of Captain Samuel Cherry, who fought at Bunker Hill</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Oriskany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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