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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Proto-history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Baltic_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Baltic_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of Baltic peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Baltic_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lithuanian_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuanian_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Lithuanian language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuanian_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>French language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>English language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Polish language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Balts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balte" title="Balte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Balte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%82" title="شعوب البلطيق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعوب البلطيق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltos" title="Baltos – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Baltos" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltlar" title="Baltlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baltlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بالت‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بالت‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Балты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Балты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Балты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Балти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0ltics" title="Bàltics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bàltics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltov%C3%A9" title="Baltové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baltové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltwyr" title="Baltwyr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baltwyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltere" title="Baltere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baltere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balten" title="Balten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Balten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltlased" title="Baltlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baltlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Βαλτικοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαλτικοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_b%C3%A1lticos" title="Pueblos bálticos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblos bálticos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltoj" title="Baltoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baltoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herri_baltikoak" title="Herri baltikoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herri baltikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="بالت‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالت‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltes" title="Baltes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baltes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobos_b%C3%A1lticos" title="Pobos bálticos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobos bálticos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%8A%B8%EC%A1%B1" title="발트족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발트족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti%C4%8Dki_narodi" title="Baltički narodi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baltički narodi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-orang_Baltik" title="Orang-orang Baltik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang-orang Baltik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eystrasalts%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0ir" title="Eystrasaltsþjóðir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eystrasaltsþjóðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_(popolo_europeo)" title="Balti (popolo europeo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Balti (popolo europeo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბალტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბალტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti" title="Balti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Balti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltai" title="Baltai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balte_(volk)" title="Balte (volk) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Balte (volk)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplas_baltica" title="Poplas baltica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Poplas baltica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_n%C3%A9pek" title="Balti népek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Balti népek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puak_Balt" title="Puak Balt – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Puak Balt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balten" title="Balten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Balten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E4%BA%BA" title="バルト人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルト人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Балташ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Балташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltere" title="Baltere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baltere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltarar" title="Baltarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baltarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%82towie" title="Bałtowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bałtowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1lticos" title="Bálticos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bálticos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Балты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti" title="Balti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Balti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Балтички народи – Serbian" lang="sr" 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class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Balts">reviewed</a> on <i>15 February 2025</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of peoples in northern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Visigothic rulers, see <a href="/wiki/Balt_dynasty" title="Balt dynasty">Balt dynasty</a>. For the ethnic German inhabitants of the Baltics, see <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Baltic tribes" redirects here. For the 2018 documentary film, see <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Tribes_(film)" title="Baltic Tribes (film)">Baltic Tribes (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Baltic-speaking peoples, an ethnic group. 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class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Balts%22">"Balts"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Balts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Balts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Balts%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Balts%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Balts%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti" class="extiw" title="lv:Balti">the corresponding article</a> in Latvian</b>.  <i><small>(November 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Flv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBalti&sl=lv&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Latvian article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. 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If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Lithuanian Wikipedia article at [[:lt:Baltai]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|lt|Baltai}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Balts" title="Talk:Balts">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Balts</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Balts.svg/300px-Balts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Balts.svg/450px-Balts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Balts.svg/600px-Balts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="329" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid grey; background-color:#F5BD43; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Countries with a predominantly Baltic population</div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b> 6.5–7.0 million</b><br />(including the diaspora)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,397,418<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,175,902<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>; minority <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic neopaganism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuristani_language" title="Proto-Nuristani language">Proto-Nuristani</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_culture" title="Copper Hoard culture">Copper Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>Central Asia</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Nuristanis</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristanis</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Balts</b> or <b>Baltic peoples</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">baltai</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">balti</i>) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> who speak <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>. Among the Baltic peoples are modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Samogitians" title="Samogitians">Samogitians</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Latgalians_(modern)" title="Latgalians (modern)">Latgalians</a>) — all East Balts — as well as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudovians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudovians">Sudovians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skalvians" title="Skalvians">Skalvians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yotvingians" title="Yotvingians">Yotvingians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galindians" title="Galindians">Galindians</a> — the West Balts — whose languages and cultures are now extinct, but made a large influence on the living branches, especially on literary <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian language</a>. </p><p>The Balts are descended from a group of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-European</a> tribes who settled the area between the lower <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and southeast shore of the Baltic Sea and upper <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Daugava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> rivers, and which over time became differentiated into West and East Balts. In the fifth century CE, parts of the eastern Baltic coast began to be settled by the ancestors of the Western Balts, whereas the East Balts lived in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. In the first millennium CE, large migrations of the Balts occurred. By the 13th and 14th centuries, the East Balts shrank to the general area that the present-day Balts and Belarusians inhabit. </p><p>Baltic languages belong to the <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Balto-Slavic language">Balto-Slavic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. One of the features of Baltic languages is the number of conservative or archaic features retained.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Current reference is unclear. (March 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval German chronicler <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> in the latter part of the 11th century AD was the first writer to use the term "Baltic" in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">sea of that name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bot_9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bot_9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before him various ancient places names, such as Balcia,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were used in reference to a supposed island in the Baltic Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Bot_9_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bot_9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germanic languages there was some form of the toponym East Sea until after about the year 1600, when maps in English began to label it as the Baltic Sea. By 1840, German nobles of the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a> adopted the term "Balts" to distinguish themselves from Germans of Germany. They spoke an exclusive dialect, Baltic German, which was regarded by many as the language of the Balts until 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1845, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_Ferdinand_Nesselmann" title="Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann">Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann</a> proposed a distinct <a href="/wiki/Language_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Language group">language group</a> for <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Prussian">Old Prussian</a>, which he termed <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term became prevalent after Latvia and Lithuania gained independence in 1918. Up until the early 20th century, either "Latvian" or "Lithuanian" could be used to mean the entire language family.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_cultures_600-200_BC_SVG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Baltic_cultures_600-200_BC_SVG.svg/275px-Baltic_cultures_600-200_BC_SVG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Baltic_cultures_600-200_BC_SVG.svg/413px-Baltic_cultures_600-200_BC_SVG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Baltic_cultures_600-200_BC_SVG.svg/550px-Baltic_cultures_600-200_BC_SVG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Baltic archaeological cultures in the Iron Age from 600 BC to 200 BC <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4E9A06; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sambians" title="Sambians">Sambian</a>-Nothangian group</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#73D216; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Western Masurian group (<a href="/wiki/Galindians" title="Galindians">Galindians</a>?)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8AE234; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Eastern Masurian group (<a href="/wiki/Yotvingians" title="Yotvingians">Yotvingians</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#729FCF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Lower Neman and West-Latvian group (<a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FCAF3E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brushed_Pottery_culture" title="Brushed Pottery culture">Brushed Pottery culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F57900; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Milograd_culture" title="Milograd culture">Milograd culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CE5C00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Plain-Pottery culture, AKA Dnepr-Dvina culture</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EDD400; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_culture" title="Pomeranian culture">Pomeranian culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FCE94F; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Bell-shaped burials group</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Balts or Baltic peoples, defined as speakers of one of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>, a branch of the Indo-European language family, are descended from a group of Indo-European tribes who settled the area between the lower <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and southeast shore of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Daugava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> rivers. The Baltic languages, especially Lithuanian, retain a number of conservative or archaic features, perhaps because the areas in which they are spoken are geographically consolidated and have low rates of immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the major authorities on Balts, such as <a href="/wiki/Kazimieras_B%C5%ABga" title="Kazimieras Būga">Kazimieras Būga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Vasmer" title="Max Vasmer">Max Vasmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Trubachyov" title="Oleg Trubachyov">Oleg Trubachyov</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in conducting etymological studies of eastern European river names, were able to identify in certain regions names of specifically Baltic provenance, which most likely indicate where the Balts lived in prehistoric times. According to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Trubachyov" title="Oleg Trubachyov">Oleg Trubachyov</a>, the eastern boundary of the Balts in the prehistoric times were the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moskva_(river)" title="Moskva (river)">Moskva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a> rivers, while the southern border was the <a href="/wiki/Seym_(river)" title="Seym (river)">Seym river</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information is summarized and synthesized by <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a> in <i>The Balts</i> (1963) to obtain a likely proto-Baltic homeland. Its borders are approximately: from a line on the <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomeranian</a> coast eastward to include or nearly include the present-day sites of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>, northward through <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to the River Berzha, westward in an irregular line to the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga" title="Gulf of Riga">Gulf of Riga</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> However, other scholars such as Endre Bojt (1999) reject the presumption that there ever was such a thing as a clear, single "Baltic <i><a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a></i>":<sup id="cite_ref-Bojt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bojt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>'The references to the Balts at various <i>Urheimat</i> locations across the centuries are often of doubtful authenticity, those concerning the Balts furthest to the West are the more trustworthy among them. (...) It is wise to group the particulars of Baltic history according to the interests that moved the pens of the authors of our sources.'<sup id="cite_ref-Bojt_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bojt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-history">Proto-history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proto-history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area of Baltic habitation shrank due to assimilation by other groups, and invasions. According to one of the theories which has gained considerable traction over the years, one of the western Baltic tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Galindians" title="Galindians">Galindians</a>, Galindae, or Goliad, migrated to the area around modern-day Moscow, Russia around the fourth century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time the Balts became differentiated into West and East Balts. In the fifth century AD parts of the eastern Baltic coast began to be settled by the ancestors of the Western Balts: <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Brus/Prūsa</a> ("Old Prussians"), <a href="/wiki/Sudovians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudovians">Sudovians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jotvingians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jotvingians">Jotvingians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scalvians" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalvians">Scalvians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadruvians" title="Nadruvians">Nadruvians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>. The East Balts, including the hypothesised <a href="/wiki/Dniepr_Balts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniepr Balts">Dniepr Balts</a>, were living in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> lived to the west of the Baltic homelands; by the first century AD, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> had stabilized their kingdom from the mouth of the Vistula, south to <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>. As Roman domination collapsed in the first half of the first millennium CE in Northern and Eastern Europe, large migrations of the Balts occurred — first, the <a href="/wiki/Galindae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galindae">Galindae</a> or Galindians towards the east, and later, East Balts towards the west. In the eighth century, Slavic tribes from the Volga regions appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 13th and 14th centuries, they reached the general area that the present-day Balts and Belarusians inhabit. Many other Eastern and Southern Balts either assimilated with other Balts, or Slavs in the fourth–seventh centuries and were gradually slavicized.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/275px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/413px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/550px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Baltic tribes before the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 AD</span>). The East Balts are shown in brown hues while the West Balts are shown in green. The boundaries are approximate. Baltic territory was extensive inland.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 12th and 13th centuries, internal struggles and invasions by <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, and later the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, resulted in an almost complete annihilation of the Galindians, Curonians, and Yotvingians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Gradually, Old Prussians became <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanized</a> or Lithuanized between the 15th and 17th centuries, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The cultures of the Lithuanians and Latgalians/Latvians survived and became the ancestors of the populations of the modern-day countries of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Old Prussian was closely related to the other extinct Western <a href="/wiki/Baltic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic language">Baltic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language">Sudovian</a>. It is more distantly related to the surviving Eastern <a href="/wiki/Baltic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic language">Baltic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>. Compare the Prussian word <i>seme</i> (<i>zemē</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Lie_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lie-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latvian <i>zeme</i>, the Lithuanian <i>žemė</i> (<i>land</i> in English).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:#BBDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic religion">Baltic religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_Cross.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pagan Lithuanian Baltic sun cross"><img alt="Pagan Lithuanian Baltic sun cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baltic_Cross.JPG/100px-Baltic_Cross.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baltic_Cross.JPG/150px-Baltic_Cross.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baltic_Cross.JPG/200px-Baltic_Cross.JPG 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="973" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BBDDBB;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European mythology">Indo-European</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BBDDBB;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Panbaltic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perk%C5%ABnas" title="Perkūnas">Perkūnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Velnias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dievas" title="Dievas">Dievas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul%C4%97" title="Saulė">Saulė</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%97nulis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mėnulis (page does not exist)">Mėnulis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Prussian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Patollo">Patollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peckols" title="Peckols">Peckols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potrimpo" title="Potrimpo">Potrimpo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swayxtix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swayxtix (page does not exist)">Swayxtix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autrimps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autrimps (page does not exist)">Autrimps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Au%C5%A1lavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aušlavis (page does not exist)">Aušlavis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bardoayts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bardoayts (page does not exist)">Bardoayts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurka" title="Kurka">Kurka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilnytis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilnytis (page does not exist)">Pilnytis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puszajtis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puszajtis (page does not exist)">Puszajtis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Latvian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AAsi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Ūsiņš">Ūsiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceroklis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceroklis">Ceroklis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumis">Jumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auseklis" title="Auseklis">Auseklis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laima" title="Laima">Laima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C4%93kla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dēkla (page does not exist)">Dēkla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81rta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kārta (page does not exist)">Kārta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauma" title="Lauma">Lauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ra" title="Māra">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahte" title="Mahte">Mahte</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lithuanian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabija" title="Gabija">Gabija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDemyna" title="Žemyna">Žemyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laima" title="Laima">Laima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medeina" title="Medeina">Medeina</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDvor%C5%ABna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Žvorūna (page does not exist)">Žvorūna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laum%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Laumė">Laumė</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragana_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragana (mythology) (page does not exist)">Ragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C5%A1rin%C4%97" title="Aušrinė">Aušrinė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangp%C5%ABtys" title="Bangpūtys">Bangpūtys</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C4%97jopatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vėjopatis (page does not exist)">Vėjopatis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C5%ABgutis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rūgutis (page does not exist)">Rūgutis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Miscellaneous</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitvaras" title="Aitvaras">Aitvaras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaukas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaukas (page does not exist)">Kaukai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barstukai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barstukai (page does not exist)">Barstukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauksargis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauksargis">Lauksargiai</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97patis" class="mw-redirect" title="Žemėpatis">Žemėpačiai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BBDDBB;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEgav%C4%97n%C4%97s" title="Užgavėnės">Užgavėnės</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mete%C5%86i" title="Meteņi">Meteņi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jor%C4%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorė (page does not exist)">Jorė</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%AAsi%C5%86i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ūsiņi (page does not exist)">Ūsiņi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velykos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velykos (page does not exist)">Velykos</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lieldienas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieldienas">Lieldienas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonin%C4%97s" class="mw-redirect" title="Joninės">Joninės</a>/<a href="/wiki/J%C4%81%C5%86i" title="Jāņi">Jāņi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDolin%C4%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Žolinė (page does not exist)">Žolinė</a>/<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ras" title="Māras">Māras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilg%C4%97s" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilgės">Ilgės</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ve%C4%BCu_diena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veļu diena (page does not exist)">Veļu diena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apjum%C4%ABbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apjumības (page does not exist)">Apjumības</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apk%C5%ABl%C4%ABbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apkūlības (page does not exist)">Apkūlības</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu%C4%B7a_vakars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bluķa vakars (page does not exist)">Bluķa vakars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kal%C4%97dos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalėdos (page does not exist)">Kalėdos</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki" title="Ziemassvētki">Ziemassvētki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BBDDBB;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alka_(Baltic_religion)" title="Alka (Baltic religion)">Alka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(temple)" title="Romuva (temple)">Romuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovij" title="Sovij">Sovij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove#Baltic_polytheism" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriwe" title="Kriwe">Kriwe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waidelotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waidelotte (page does not exist)">Waidelotte</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BBDDBB;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic neopaganism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyd%C5%ABnas" title="Vydūnas">Vydūnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Trink%C5%ABnas" title="Jonas Trinkūnas">Jonas Trinkūnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inija_Trink%C5%ABnien%C4%97" title="Inija Trinkūnienė">Inija Trinkūnienė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernests_Brasti%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Ernests Brastiņš">Ernests Brastiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdis_Celms" title="Valdis Celms">Valdis Celms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/16px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/24px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baltic_religion" title="Template:Baltic religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baltic_religion" title="Template talk:Baltic religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic mythology</a></div> <p>The Balts originally practiced <a href="/wiki/Baltic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic religion">Baltic religion</a>. They were gradually Christianized as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Baltic peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> had their distinct mythologies. The Lithuanians have close historic ties to Poland, and many of them are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a> have close historic ties to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, and many of them are irreligious. In recent times, the Baltic religion has been revived in <a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic neopaganism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture#Genetics" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narva_culture#Genetics" title="Narva culture">Narva culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pit%E2%80%93Comb_Ware_culture#Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit–Comb Ware culture">Pit–Comb Ware culture § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zvejnieki_burial_ground#Archaeogenetics" title="Zvejnieki burial ground">Zvejnieki burial ground § Archaeogenetics</a></div> <p>The Balts are included in the "North European" <a href="/wiki/Gene_cluster" title="Gene cluster">gene cluster</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic peoples</a>, some Slavic groups (the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and Northern <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finnic peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–250_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–250-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saag et a. (2017) detected that the eastern Baltic in the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> was inhabited primarily by <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Western Hunter-Gatherers</a> (WHGs).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaag2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaag2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their paternal haplogroups were mostly types of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a>, while their maternal haplogroups were mostly types of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U4" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieson2018_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieson2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These people carried a high frequency of the derived <a href="/wiki/E3_ubiquitin_ligase_HERC2" class="mw-redirect" title="E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC2">HERC2</a> allele which codes for light <a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">eye color</a> and possess an increased frequency of the derived alleles for SLC45A2 and SLC24A5, coding for lighter skin color.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baltic hunter-gatherers still displayed a slightly larger amount of WHG ancestry than <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer">Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers</a> (SHGs). WHG ancestry in the Baltic was particularly high among hunter-gatherers in Latvia and Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other parts of Europe, the hunter-gatherers of the eastern Baltic do not appear to have mixed much with <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> (EEFs) arriving from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2017_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, increasing admixture from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern Hunter-Gatherers</a> (EHGs) is detected. The paternal haplogroups of EHGs was mostly types of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a>, while their maternal haplogroups appears to have been almost exclusively types of U5, U4, and U2.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> in the eastern Baltic in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> is accompanied by a significant infusion of <a href="/wiki/Steppe_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe ancestry">steppe ancestry</a> and EEF ancestry into the eastern Baltic gene pool.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2017_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaag2017_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaag2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmström2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmström2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the Corded Ware expansion, local hunter-gatherer ancestry experienced a resurgence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">Haplogroup N</a> reached the eastern Baltic only in the Late Bronze Age, probably with the speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern-day Balts have a lower amount of EEF ancestry, and a higher amount of WHG ancestry, than any other population in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazaridis2014_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridis2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Baltic_peoples">List of Baltic peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of Baltic peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Baltic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Baltic peoples and tribes">List of ancient Baltic peoples and tribes</a></div> <p><b>Modern-day Baltic peoples</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a> peoples<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latgalians_(modern)" title="Latgalians (modern)">Latgalians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitija" title="Aukštaitija">Aukštaitija</a> ("highlanders")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samogitians" title="Samogitians">Samogitians</a> ("lowlanders")</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latvia" title="Portal:Latvia">Latvia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lithuania" title="Portal:Lithuania">Lithuania portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic studies">Baltic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Unity_Day" title="Baltic Unity Day">Baltic Unity Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Baltic populations carry the highest proportion of WHG ancestry of all Europeans, supporting the theory that the hunter-gatherer population of this region left a lasting genetic impact on subsequent populations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/1704467/15_Lietuviai_pasaulyje.pdf">"Lietuviai Pasaulyje"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>osp.stat.gov.lt</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=osp.stat.gov.lt&rft.atitle=Lietuviai+Pasaulyje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosp.stat.gov.lt%2Fdocuments%2F10180%2F1704467%2F15_Lietuviai_pasaulyje.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latvian at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osp.stat.gov.lt/en/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=66b3091a-c738-4d87-b961-ecefdc2613ca">"Rodiklių duomenų bazė - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas"</a>. <i>osp.stat.gov.lt</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osp.stat.gov.lt&rft.atitle=Rodikli%C5%B3+duomen%C5%B3+baz%C4%97+-+Oficialiosios+statistikos+portalas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosp.stat.gov.lt%2Fen%2Fstatistiniu-rodikliu-analize%3Fhash%3D66b3091a-c738-4d87-b961-ecefdc2613ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/?displaypanel=savequery1">"Iedzīvotāji pēc tautības gada sākumā 1935 - 2023"</a>. <i>data.stat.gov.lv</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.stat.gov.lv&rft.atitle=Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ji+p%C4%93c+taut%C4%ABbas+gada+s%C4%81kum%C4%81+1935+-+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stat.gov.lv%2Fpxweb%2Flv%2FOSP_PUB%2FSTART__POP__IR__IRE%2FIRE010%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout1%2F%3Fdisplaypanel%3Dsavequery1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bojtár page 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bot_9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bot_9_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bot_9_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bojtár page 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam of Bremen reports that he followed the local use of balticus from baelt ("belt") because the sea stretches to the east "in modum baltei" ("in the manner of a belt"). This is the first reference to "the Baltic or Barbarian Sea, a day's journey from <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. Bojtár cites <i>Bremensis</i> I,60 and IV,10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balcia, Abalcia, Abalus, Basilia, Balisia. However, apart from poor transcription, there are known  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] linguistic rule whereby these words, including Balcia, might become "Baltia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bojtár page 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1919" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Ralph (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neweasterneurop00unkngoog"><i>The New Eastern Europe</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neweasterneurop00unkngoog/page/n13">3</a>, 21, 22, 2 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3%2C+21%2C+22%2C+2+24&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneweasterneurop00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmalstieg1987" class="citation journal cs1">Schmalstieg, William R. (Fall 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1987/87_3_09.htm">"A. Sabaliauskas. Mes Baltai (We Balts)"</a>. <i>Lituanus</i>. <b>33</b> (3). Lituanus Foundation Incorporated. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907231232/http://www.lituanus.org/1987/87_3_09.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lituanus&rft.atitle=A.+Sabaliauskas.+Mes+Baltai+%28We+Balts%29&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schmalstieg&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1987%2F87_3_09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span> Book review.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bojtár page 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPIECHNIK" class="citation journal cs1">PIECHNIK, IWONA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/reader/229233000">"FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSERVATISM AND PURISM IN LANGUAGES OF NORTHERN EUROPE (NORDIC, BALTIC, FINNIC)"</a>. <i>Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F20834624SL.14.022.2729">10.4467/20834624SL.14.022.2729</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Linguistica+Universitatis+Iagellonicae+Cracoviensis&rft.atitle=FACTORS+INFLUENCING+CONSERVATISM+AND+PURISM+IN+LANGUAGES+OF+NORTHERN+EUROPE+%28NORDIC%2C+BALTIC%2C+FINNIC%29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4467%2F20834624SL.14.022.2729&rft.aulast=PIECHNIK&rft.aufirst=IWONA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Freader%2F229233000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamatRamat2015" class="citation book cs1">Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (2015-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7a5CAAAQBAJ"><i>The Indo-European Languages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92186-7"><bdi>978-1-134-92186-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92186-7&rft.aulast=Ramat&rft.aufirst=Anna+Giacalone&rft.au=Ramat%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7a5CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bojt-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bojt_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bojt_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojt1999" class="citation book cs1">Bojt, Endre (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Er1_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People</i></a>. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 81, 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639116429" title="Special:BookSources/9789639116429"><bdi>9789639116429</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword+to+the+Past%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Baltic+People&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=81%2C+113&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789639116429&rft.aulast=Bojt&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEr1_CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37147068/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_3-4_2017._%D0%A1._95-124">Tarasov I. The balts in the Migration Period. P. I. Galindians, pp. 96, 100-112.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelMartin2015" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Barbara Alpern; Martin, Janet (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMEfCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"><i>Russia in World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023943-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023943-5"><bdi>978-0-19-023943-5</bdi></a>. <q>Slavic tribes had reached the territories of the Finns and Balts in the eighth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+World+History&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023943-5&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Alpern&rft.au=Martin%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuMEfCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleason2014" class="citation book cs1">Gleason, Abbott (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXxBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA106"><i>A Companion to Russian History</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73000-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73000-3"><bdi>978-1-118-73000-3</bdi></a>. <q>moved ... to the Baltic in the eighth-ninth centuries</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Russian+History&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-73000-3&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=Abbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAXxBAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1971" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CC07UaXfR74C"><i>The Slavs (Ancient Peoples and Places, Vol. 74)</i></a>. Thames and Hudson. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500020728" title="Special:BookSources/0500020728"><bdi>0500020728</bdi></a>. <q>no finds of Slavic character can be identified before the eighth century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs+%28Ancient+Peoples+and+Places%2C+Vol.+74%29&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0500020728&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCC07UaXfR74C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell-Fialkoff2000" class="citation cs2">Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (2000), Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-61837-8_8">"The Slavs"</a>, <i>The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. “Barbarian” and Nomad</i>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>149, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-61837-8_8">10.1007/978-1-349-61837-8_8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-61837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-61837-8"><bdi>978-1-349-61837-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Role+of+Migration+in+the+History+of+the+Eurasian+Steppe%3A+Sedentary+Civilization+vs.+%E2%80%9CBarbarian%E2%80%9D+and+Nomad&rft.atitle=The+Slavs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-61837-8_8&rft.isbn=978-1-349-61837-8&rft.aulast=Bell-Fialkoff&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-61837-8_8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lie-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lie_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikkels Klussis. <i>Bāziscas prûsiskai-laîtawiskas wirdeîns per tālaisin laksikis rekreaciônin</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081218125558/http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/Lie.pdf">Donelaitis.vdu.lt</a> (Lithuanian version of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081218125908/http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/Engl.pdf">Donelaitis.vdu.lt).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanley, Monika. (2010-10-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/27265/">"Baltic diaspora and the rise of Neo-Paganism"</a>. <i>The Baltic Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naylor, Aliide. (May 31, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2019/05/31/with-soviet-power-gone-baltic-countries-historic-pagan-past-re-emerges/">"Soviet power gone, Baltic countries' historic pagan past re-emerges"</a>. <i>Religion News Service</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–250-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–250_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalanovskyRootsi2008">Balanovsky & Rootsi 2008</a>, pp. 236–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaag2017-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaag2017_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaag2017_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaag2017">Saag 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieson2018-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieson2018_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathieson2018">Mathieson 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMittnik2018">Mittnik 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2017-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2017_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2017_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2017">Jones 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmström2019-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmström2019_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalmström2019">Malmström 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridis2014-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazaridis2014_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazaridis2014">Lazaridis 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, P. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/EasternLithuania.htm#top">"Kingdoms of Eastern Europe - Lithuania"</a>. <i>The History Files</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Files&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+of+Eastern+Europe+-+Lithuania&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=P.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FKingListsEurope%2FEasternLithuania.htm%23top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuanian_language">Lithuanian language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lithuanian language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovaiša2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Eugenijus_Jovai%C5%A1a" title="Eugenijus Jovaiša">Jovaiša, Eugenijus</a> (2013). <i>Aisčiai. Kilmė</i> (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9955-20-779-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9955-20-779-5"><bdi>978-9955-20-779-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ais%C4%8Diai.+Kilm%C4%97&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pub=Lietuvos+edukologijos+universiteto+leidykla&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9955-20-779-5&rft.aulast=Jovai%C5%A1a&rft.aufirst=Eugenijus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovaiša2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jovaiša, Eugenijus (2014). <i>Aisčiai. Raida</i> (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9955-20-957-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9955-20-957-7"><bdi>978-9955-20-957-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ais%C4%8Diai.+Raida&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pub=Lietuvos+edukologijos+universiteto+leidykla&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9955-20-957-7&rft.aulast=Jovai%C5%A1a&rft.aufirst=Eugenijus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovaiša2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jovaiša, Eugenijus (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aisciai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Ais%C4%8Diai.-Lietuvi%C5%B3-ir-Lietuvos-prad%C5%BEia.pdf"><i>Aisčiai. Lietuvių ir Lietuvos pradžia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-609-471-052-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-609-471-052-0"><bdi>978-609-471-052-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ais%C4%8Diai.+Lietuvi%C5%B3+ir+Lietuvos+prad%C5%BEia&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pub=Lietuvos+edukologijos+universiteto+leidykla&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-609-471-052-0&rft.aulast=Jovai%C5%A1a&rft.aufirst=Eugenijus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisciai.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F09%2FAis%25C4%258Diai.-Lietuvi%25C5%25B3-ir-Lietuvos-prad%25C5%25BEia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_language">French language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowakowskiBartkiewicz1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nowakowski, Wojciech; Bartkiewicz, Katarzyna (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1472">"Baltes et proto-Slaves dans l'Antiquité. Textes et archéologie"</a>. <i>Dialogues d'histoire ancienne</i> (in French). <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fdha.1990.1472">10.3406/dha.1990.1472</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+d%27histoire+ancienne&rft.atitle=Baltes+et+proto-Slaves+dans+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9.+Textes+et+arch%C3%A9ologie.&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fdha.1990.1472&rft.aulast=Nowakowski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft.au=Bartkiewicz%2C+Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fdha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_language">English language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: English language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1948" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, W. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/slave_0080-2557_1948_num_24_1_1468">"Baltic origins"</a>. <i>Revue des Études Slaves</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fslave.1948.1468">10.3406/slave.1948.1468</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Slaves&rft.atitle=Baltic+origins&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fslave.1948.1468&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fslave_0080-2557_1948_num_24_1_1468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Eppie R. (February 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321670">"The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a></i>. <b>27</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Cell_Press" title="Cell Press">Cell Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">576–</span>582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.12.060">10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321670">5321670</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28162894">28162894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Neolithic+Transition+in+the+Baltic+Was+Not+Driven+by+Admixture+with+Early+European+Farmers&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E576-%3C%2Fspan%3E582&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5321670%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28162894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.12.060&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Eppie+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5321670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalanovskyRootsi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Balanovsky, Oleg; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050426150605/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/5504_1.html">"Bałtowie"</a>. <i>Encyklopedia Internetowa PWN</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/5504_1.html">the original</a> on April 26, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyklopedia+Internetowa+PWN&rft.atitle=Ba%C5%82towie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2F5504_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoniewiczAleksander_Gieysztor1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Antoniewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Antoniewicz (page does not exist)">Antoniewicz, Jerzy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Gieysztor" title="Aleksander Gieysztor">Aleksander Gieysztor</a> (1979). <i>Bałtowie zachodni w V w. p. n. e. – V w. n. e. : terytorium, podstawy gospodarcze i społeczne plemion prusko-jaćwieskich i letto-litewskich</i> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>: Pojezierze. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7002-001-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-7002-001-1"><bdi>83-7002-001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ba%C5%82towie+zachodni+w+V+w.+p.+n.+e.+%E2%80%93+V+w.+n.+e.+%3A+terytorium%2C+podstawy+gospodarcze+i+spo%C5%82eczne+plemion+prusko-ja%C4%87wieskich+i+letto-litewskich&rft.place=Olsztyn-Bia%C5%82ystok&rft.pub=Pojezierze&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=83-7002-001-1&rft.aulast=Antoniewicz&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Aleksander+Gieysztor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosman1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marceli_Kosman" title="Marceli Kosman">Kosman, Marceli</a> (1981). <i>Zmierzch Perkuna czyli ostatni poganie nad Bałtykiem</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zmierzch+Perkuna+czyli+ostatni+poganie+nad+Ba%C5%82tykiem&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Kosman&rft.aufirst=Marceli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Bałtowie". <i>Wielka Encyklopedia PWN</i> (in Polish) (1 ed.). 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ba%C5%82towie&rft.btitle=Wielka+Encyklopedia+PWN&rft.edition=1&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkulicz-Kozaryn1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C5%81ucja_Okulicz-Kozaryn" title="Łucja Okulicz-Kozaryn">Okulicz-Kozaryn, Łucja</a> (1983). <i>Życie codzienne Prusów i Jaćwięgów w wiekach średnich</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwowy_Instytut_Wydawniczy" class="mw-redirect" title="Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy">Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%BBycie+codzienne+Prus%C3%B3w+i+Ja%C4%87wi%C4%99g%C3%B3w+w+wiekach+%C5%9Brednich&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowy+Instytut+Wydawniczy&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Okulicz-Kozaryn&rft.aufirst=%C5%81ucja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČepienė2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irena_%C4%8Cepien%C4%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irena Čepienė (page does not exist)">Čepienė, Irena</a> (2000). <i>Historia litewskiej kultury etnicznej</i> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, "Šviesa". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-430-02902-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-430-02902-5"><bdi>5-430-02902-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+litewskiej+kultury+etnicznej&rft.pub=Kaunas%2C+%22%C5%A0viesa%22&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=5-430-02902-5&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cepien%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Irena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Gimbutas, Marija</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820232804/http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-contents.html"><i>The Balts</i></a>. London, New York: Thames & Hudson, Gabriella. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-contents.html">the original</a> on 20 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balts&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson%2C+Gabriella&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaidilute.com%2Fbooks%2Fgimbutas%2Fgimbutas-contents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span> E-book of the original.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaranauskas2003" class="citation web cs1">Baranauskas, Tomas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.istorija.net/category-view.asp">"Forum of Lithuanian History"</a>. Historija.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906084330/http://forum.istorija.net/category-view.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forum+of+Lithuanian+History&rft.pub=Historija.net&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Baranauskas&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforum.istorija.net%2Fcategory-view.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabaliauskas1998" class="citation web cs1">Sabaliauskas, Algirdas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100130/http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Kalba/baltai.en.htm">"We, the Balts"</a>. <i>Postilla 400</i>. Samogitian Cultural Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Kalba/baltai.en.htm">the original</a> on 2008-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Postilla+400&rft.atitle=We%2C+the+Balts&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sabaliauskas&rft.aufirst=Algirdas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpostilla.mch.mii.lt%2FKalba%2Fbaltai.en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraižysLibertas_Klimka1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Strai%C5%BEys" title="Vytautas Straižys">Straižys, Vytautas</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertas_Klimka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libertas Klimka (page does not exist)">Libertas Klimka</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.lt/balts/index.html">"The Cosmology of ancient Balts"</a>. www.astro.lt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cosmology+of+ancient+Balts&rft.pub=www.astro.lt&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Strai%C5%BEys&rft.aufirst=Vytautas&rft.au=Libertas+Klimka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.lt%2Fbalts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Balts96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balts" title="Template:Balts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balts" title="Template talk:Balts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Balts96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/100px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/150px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/200px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">West Galindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language">Sudovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalvian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skalvian language">Skalvian</a></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursenieki_language" title="Kursenieki language">Kursenieki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Old Curonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Galindians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Galindians">East Galindian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galindians" title="Galindians">Galindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dniepr_Balts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniepr Balts">Dniepr Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selonians" title="Selonians">Selonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semigallians" title="Semigallians">Semigallians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotvingians" title="Yotvingians">Yotvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Prussians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Balts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranian Balts">Pomeranian Balts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Prussian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic neopaganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latvia_articles405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latvia_topics" title="Template:Latvia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latvia_topics" title="Template talk:Latvia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latvia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latvia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latvia_articles405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Latvian National Awakening">The First Latvian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Current" title="New Current">New Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Latvia" title="Soviet deportations from Latvia">Soviet deportations from Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#Modern_history" title="History of Latvia">Post independence</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia#Climate" title="Geography of Latvia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_regions_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural regions of Latvia">Cultural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Latvia" title="Category:Lakes of Latvia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Latvia" title="List of protected areas of Latvia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Latvia" title="List of rivers of Latvia">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Latvia" title="Foreign relations of Latvia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Latvia" title="Government of Latvia">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_institutions_in_Latvia" title="Government institutions in Latvia">Government institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Latvia" title="Human rights in Latvia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Latvia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Latvia" title="Language policy in Latvia">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Latvia" title="Law enforcement in Latvia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Latvia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Latvia" title="List of political parties in Latvia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima"><i>Saeima</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Latvia" title="Statistical regions of Latvia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Latvia" title="Agriculture in Latvia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian euro coins">Latvian euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Latvia" title="Tourism in Latvia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Latvia" title="Transport in Latvia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Latvia" title="Category:Society of Latvia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia" title="Demographics of Latvia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Latvia" title="Health in Latvia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Latvia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Latvia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Latvia" title="Crime in Latvia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia#Immigration" title="Demographics of Latvia">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Latvia" title="Public holidays in Latvia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievs,_sv%C4%93t%C4%AB_Latviju!" title="Dievs, svētī Latviju!">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia" title="Coat of arms of Latvia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia" title="Flag of Latvia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_literature" title="Latvian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_pottery" title="Latvian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Latvia" title="Sport in Latvia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Latvia" title="Television in Latvia">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Latvia" title="Outline of Latvia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latvia" title="Category:Latvia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latvia" title="Portal:Latvia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lithuania_articles596" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lithuania_topics" title="Template:Lithuania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lithuania_topics" title="Template talk:Lithuania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lithuania_articles596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Lithuania-related_articles" title="Index of Lithuania-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_proper" title="Lithuania proper">Lithuania proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania_(1219%E2%80%931295)" title="History of Lithuania (1219–1295)">1219–1295</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Duchy of Lithuania">Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania" title="Christianization of Lithuania">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revival and<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Press ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">National Revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seimas_of_Vilnius" title="Great Seimas of Vilnius">Great Seimas of Vilnius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Declaration" title="Amber Declaration">Amber Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Act of Independence of Lithuania">Act of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Wars of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Polish_coup_attempt_in_Lithuania" title="1919 Polish coup attempt in Lithuania">1919 Polish coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Lithuanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1926 Lithuanian coup d'état">1926 coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">WWII and<br />occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Lithuania during World War II">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Second Soviet republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Diplomatic_Service" title="Lithuanian Diplomatic Service">Government-in-exile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Restoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Reform Movement (Sąjūdis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution#Lithuania" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania" title="Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania">Act of Re-Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania" title="Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania">Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Lithuanian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum">2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">EU accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania" title="Geography of Lithuania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Lithuania" title="List of cities in Lithuania">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania#Climate" title="Geography of Lithuania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Lithuania" title="List of extreme points of Lithuania">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Lithuania" title="Flora of Lithuania">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Lithuania" title="Forests in Lithuania">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Lithuania" title="List of lakes of Lithuania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Lithuania" title="List of regional parks of Lithuania">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Lithuania" title="List of rivers of Lithuania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Gap" title="Suwałki Gap">Suwałki Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Lithuania" title="List of towns in Lithuania">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lithuania" title="Politics of Lithuania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Lithuania" title="Administrative divisions of Lithuania">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Lithuania" title="Counties of Lithuania">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Lithuania" title="Municipalities of Lithuania">municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">elderships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania" title="Constitution of Lithuania">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Lithuania" title="Constitutional Court of Lithuania">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lithuania" title="Elections in Lithuania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lithuania" title="Foreign relations of Lithuania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Lithuania" title="Government of Lithuania">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Lithuania" title="Law of Lithuania">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Lithuania">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lithuania" title="Human rights in Lithuania">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Lithuania">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lithuania" title="List of political parties in Lithuania">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania#Republic_of_Lithuania_(1918–1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lithuania">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas"><i>Seimas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Seimas" title="List of speakers of the Seimas">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Lithuania">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Land_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Land Force">Land Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Naval_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Naval Force">Naval Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Air_Force" title="Lithuanian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Special Operations Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_culture" title="History of Lithuanian culture">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_regions_of_Lithuania" title="Cultural regions of Lithuania">Cultural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_design" title="Lithuanian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_Lithuania" title="Ethnographic Lithuania">Ethnographic Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_literature" 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>49 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-lq7br","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.473","walltime":"1.883","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10167,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":334476,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":56505,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":66,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":179940,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1600.429 1 -total"," 11.85% 189.729 2 Template:Country_topics"," 11.55% 184.920 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.25% 163.992 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 9.99% 159.847 2 Template:Langx"," 8.06% 128.950 1 Template:Indo-European_topics"," 7.28% 116.473 3 Template:Ambox"," 6.74% 107.798 1 Template:Latvia_topics"," 6.05% 96.769 16 Template:Cite_book"," 5.89% 94.293 2 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.894","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25739586,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAntoniewiczAleksander_Gieysztor1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalanovskyRootsi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaranauskas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell-Fialkoff2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBojt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBojtár1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelMartin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas1963\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleason2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJovaiša2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJovaiša2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJovaiša2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosman1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKropotkin1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalmström2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathieson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittnik2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowakowskiBartkiewicz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkulicz-Kozaryn1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPIECHNIK\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamatRamat2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaag2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabaliauskas1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmalstieg1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraižysLibertas_Klimka1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFČepienė2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"About-distinguish-text\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Baltic ethnic groups\"] = 1,\n [\"Baltic religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n 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