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electrodes</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: electrodes"> <meta name="keywords" content="electrodes"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="electrodes"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 462</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: electrodes</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">282</span> Influence of Bragg Reflectors Pairs on Resonance Characteristics of Solidly Mounted Resonators</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinita%20Choudhary">Vinita Choudhary</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The solidly mounted resonator (SMR) is a bulk acoustic wave-based device consisting of a piezoelectric layer sandwiched between two electrodes upon Bragg reflectors, which then are attached to a substrate. To transform the effective acoustic impedance of the substrate to a near zero value, the Bragg reflectors are composed of alternating high and low acoustic impedance layers of quarter-wavelength thickness. In this work presents the design and investigation of acoustic Bragg reflectors (ABRs) for solidly mounted bulk acoustic wave resonators through analysis and simulation. This performance of the resonator is analyzed using 1D Mason modeling. The performance parameters are the effect of Bragg pairs number on transmissivity, reflectivity, insertion loss, the electromechanical and quality factor of the 5GHz operating resonator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bragg%20reflectors" title="bragg reflectors">bragg reflectors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMR" title=" SMR"> SMR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insertion%20loss" title=" insertion loss"> insertion loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20factor" title=" quality factor"> quality factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164288/influence-of-bragg-reflectors-pairs-on-resonance-characteristics-of-solidly-mounted-resonators" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164288.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">281</span> Energy Harvesting with Zinc Oxide Based Nanogenerator: Design and Simulation Using Comsol-4.3 Software</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akanksha%20Rohit">Akanksha Rohit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ujjwala%20Godavarthi"> Ujjwala Godavarthi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anshua%20Mukherjee"> Anshua Mukherjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanotechnology is one of the promising sustainable solutions in the era of miniaturization due to its multidisciplinary nature. The most interesting aspect about nanotechnology is its wide ranging applications from electronics to military and biomedical. It tries to connect individuals more closely to the environment. In this paper, concept of parasitic energy harvesting is used in designing nanogenerators using COMSOL 4.3 software. The output of the nanogenerator is optimized using following constraints: ease of availability of the material, fabrication process and cost of the material. The nanogenerator is optimized using ZnO based nanowires, PMMA as insulator and aluminum and silicon as metal electrodes. The energy harvested from the model can be used to power nanobots, several other biomedical sensors and eventually to replace batteries. Thus, advancements in this field can be very challenging but it is the future of the nano era. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20oxide" title="zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piezoelectric" title=" piezoelectric"> piezoelectric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMMA" title=" PMMA"> PMMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parasitic%20energy%20harvesting" title=" parasitic energy harvesting"> parasitic energy harvesting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy%20engineering" title=" renewable energy engineering"> renewable energy engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8230/energy-harvesting-with-zinc-oxide-based-nanogenerator-design-and-simulation-using-comsol-43-software" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">280</span> SEAWIZARD-Multiplex AI-Enabled Graphene Based Lab-On-Chip Sensing Platform for Heavy Metal Ions Monitoring on Marine Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Moreno">M. Moreno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Alique"> M. Alique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Otero"> D. Otero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Delgado"> C. Delgado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Lacharmoise"> P. Lacharmoise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Gracia"> L. Gracia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Pires"> L. Pires</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Moya"> A. Moya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Marine environments are increasingly threatened by heavy metal contamination, including mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), posing significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Traditional monitoring techniques often fail to provide the spatial and temporal resolution needed for real-time detection of these contaminants, especially in remote or harsh environments. SEAWIZARD addresses these challenges by leveraging the flexibility, adaptability, and cost-effectiveness of printed electronics, with the integration of microfluidics to develop a compact, portable, and reusable sensor platform designed specifically for real-time monitoring of heavy metal ions in seawater. The SEAWIZARD sensor is a multiparametric Lab-on-Chip (LoC) device, a miniaturized system that integrates several laboratory functions into a single chip, drastically reducing sample volumes and improving adaptability. This platform integrates three printed graphene electrodes for the simultaneous detection of Hg, Cd and Pb via square wave voltammetry. These electrodes share the reference and the counter electrodes to improve space efficiency. Additionally, it integrates printed pH and temperature sensors to correct environmental interferences that may impact the accuracy of metal detection. The pH sensor is based on a carbon electrode with iridium oxide electrodeposited while the temperature sensor is graphene based. A protective dielectric layer is printed on top of the sensor to safeguard it in harsh marine conditions. The use of flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the substrate enables the sensor to conform to various surfaces and operate in challenging environments. One of the key innovations of SEAWIZARD is its integrated microfluidic layer, fabricated from cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). This microfluidic component allows a controlled flow of seawater over the sensing area, allowing for significant improved detection limits compared to direct water sampling. The system’s dual-channel design separates the detection of heavy metals from the measurement of pH and temperature, ensuring that each parameter is measured under optimal conditions. In addition, the temperature sensor is finely tuned with a serpentine-shaped microfluidic channel to ensure precise thermal measurements. SEAWIZARD also incorporates custom electronics that allow for wireless data transmission via Bluetooth, facilitating rapid data collection and user interface integration. Embedded artificial intelligence further enhances the platform by providing an automated alarm system, capable of detecting predefined metal concentration thresholds and issuing warnings when limits are exceeded. This predictive feature enables early warnings of potential environmental disasters, such as industrial spills or toxic levels of heavy metal pollutants, making SEAWIZARD not just a detection tool, but a comprehensive monitoring and early intervention system. In conclusion, SEAWIZARD represents a significant advancement in printed electronics applied to environmental sensing. By combining flexible, low-cost materials with advanced microfluidics, custom electronics, and AI-driven intelligence, SEAWIZARD offers a highly adaptable and scalable solution for real-time, high-resolution monitoring of heavy metals in marine environments. Its compact and portable design makes it an accessible, user-friendly tool with the potential to transform water quality monitoring practices and provide critical data to protect marine ecosystems from contamination-related risks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lab-on-chip" title="lab-on-chip">lab-on-chip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=printed%20electronics" title=" printed electronics"> printed electronics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time%20monitoring" title=" real-time monitoring"> real-time monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfluidics" title=" microfluidics"> microfluidics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metal%20contamination" title=" heavy metal contamination"> heavy metal contamination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192119/seawizard-multiplex-ai-enabled-graphene-based-lab-on-chip-sensing-platform-for-heavy-metal-ions-monitoring-on-marine-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192119.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">29</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">279</span> Perception of Tactile Stimuli in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kseniya%20Gladun">Kseniya Gladun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tactile stimulation of a dorsal side of the wrist can have a strong impact on our attitude toward physical objects such as pleasant and unpleasant impact. This study explored different aspects of tactile perception to investigate atypical touch sensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study included 40 children with ASD and 40 healthy children aged 5 to 9 years. We recorded rsEEG (sampling rate of 250 Hz) during 20 min using EEG amplifier “Encephalan” (Medicom MTD, Taganrog, Russian Federation) with 19 AgCl electrodes placed according to the International 10–20 System. The electrodes placed on the left, and right mastoids served as joint references under unipolar montage. The registration of EEG v19 assignments was carried out: frontal (Fp1-Fp2; F3-F4), temporal anterior (T3-T4), temporal posterior (T5-T6), parietal (P3-P4), occipital (O1-O2). Subjects were passively touched by 4 types of tactile stimuli on the left wrist. Our stimuli were presented with a velocity of about 3–5 cm per sec. The stimuli materials and procedure were chosen for being the most "pleasant," "rough," "prickly" and "recognizable". Type of tactile stimulation: Soft cosmetic brush - "pleasant" , Rough shoe brush - "rough", Wartenberg pin wheel roller - "prickly", and the cognitive tactile stimulation included letters by finger (most of the patient’s name ) "recognizable". To designate the moments of the stimuli onset-offset, we marked the moment when the moment of the touch began and ended; the stimulation was manual, and synchronization was not precise enough for event-related measures. EEG epochs were cleaned from eye movements by ICA-based algorithm in EEGLAB plugin for MatLab 7.11.0 (Mathwork Inc.). Muscle artifacts were cut out by manual data inspection. The response to tactile stimuli was significantly different in the group of children with ASD and healthy children, which was also depended on type of tactile stimuli and the severity of ASD. Amplitude of Alpha rhythm increased in parietal region to response for only pleasant stimulus, for another type of stimulus ("rough," "thorny", "recognizable") distinction of amplitude was not observed. Correlation dimension D2 was higher in healthy children compared to children with ASD (main effect ANOVA). In ASD group D2 was lower for pleasant and unpleasant compared to the background in the right parietal area. Hilbert transform changes in the frequency of the theta rhythm found only for a rough tactile stimulation compared with healthy participants only in the right parietal area. Children with autism spectrum disorders and healthy children were responded to tactile stimulation differently with specific frequency distribution alpha and theta band in the right parietal area. Thus, our data supports the hypothesis that rsEEG may serve as a sensitive index of altered neural activity caused by ASD. Children with autism have difficulty in distinguishing the emotional stimuli ("pleasant," "rough," "prickly" and "recognizable"). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism" title="autism">autism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactile%20stimulation" title=" tactile stimulation"> tactile stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hilbert%20transform" title=" Hilbert transform"> Hilbert transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatric%20electroencephalography" title=" pediatric electroencephalography"> pediatric electroencephalography</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64445/perception-of-tactile-stimuli-in-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorder" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64445.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">278</span> Recycling the Lanthanides from Permanent Magnets by Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Celine%20Bonnaud">Celine Bonnaud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabelle%20Billard"> Isabelle Billard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolas%20Papaiconomou"> Nicolas Papaiconomou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Chainet"> Eric Chainet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thanks to their high magnetization and low mass, permanent magnets (NdFeB and SmCo) have quickly became essential for new energies (wind turbines, electrical vehicles…). They contain large quantities of neodymium, samarium and dysprosium, that have been recently classified as critical elements and that therefore need to be recycled. Electrochemical processes including electrodissolution followed by electrodeposition are an elegant and environmentally friendly solution for the recycling of such lanthanides contained in permanent magnets. However, electrochemistry of the lanthanides is a real challenge as their standard potentials are highly negative (around -2.5V vs ENH). Consequently, non-aqueous solvents are required. Ionic liquids (IL) are novel electrolytes exhibiting physico-chemical properties that fulfill many requirements of the sustainable chemistry principles, such as extremely low volatility and non-flammability. Furthermore, their chemical and electrochemical properties (solvation of metallic ions, large electrochemical windows, etc.) render them very attractive media to implement alternative and sustainable processes in view of integrated processes. All experiments that will be presented were carried out using butyl-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. Linear sweep, cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic electrochemical techniques were used. The reliability of electrochemical experiments, performed without glove box, for the classic three electrodes cell used in this study has been assessed. Deposits were obtained by chronoamperometry and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The IL cathodic behavior under different constraints (argon, nitrogen, oxygen atmosphere or water content) and using several electrode materials (Pt, Au, GC) shows that with argon gas flow and gold as a working electrode, the cathodic potential can reach the maximum value of -3V vs Fc+/Fc; thus allowing a possible reduction of lanthanides. On a gold working electrode, the reduction potential of samarium and neodymium was found to be -1.8V vs Fc+/Fc while that of dysprosium was -2.1V vs Fc+/Fc. The individual deposits obtained were found to be porous and presented some significant amounts of C, N, F, S and O atoms. Selective deposition of neodymium in presence of dysprosium was also studied and will be discussed. Next, metallic Sm, Nd and Dy electrodes were used in replacement of Au, which induced changes in the reduction potential values and the deposit structures of lanthanides. The individual corrosion potentials were also measured in order to determine the parameters influencing the electrodissolution of these metals. Finally, a full recycling process was investigated. Electrodissolution of a real permanent magnet sample was monitored kinetically. Then, the sequential electrodeposition of all lanthanides contained in the IL was investigated. Yields, quality of the deposits and consumption of chemicals will be discussed in depth, in view of the industrial feasibility of this process for real permanent magnets recycling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrodeposition" title="electrodeposition">electrodeposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrodissolution" title=" electrodissolution"> electrodissolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20liquids" title=" ionic liquids"> ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lanthanides" title=" lanthanides"> lanthanides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rcycling" title=" rcycling"> rcycling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57911/recycling-the-lanthanides-from-permanent-magnets-by-electrochemistry-in-ionic-liquid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57911.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">274</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">277</span> Electroencephalogram Based Alzheimer Disease Classification using Machine and Deep Learning Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Roncero-Parra">Carlos Roncero-Parra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfonso%20Parre%C3%B1o-Torres"> Alfonso Parreño-Torres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jorge%20Mateo%20Sotos"> Jorge Mateo Sotos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alejandro%20L.%20Borja"> Alejandro L. Borja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, different methods based on machine/deep learning algorithms are presented for the classification and diagnosis of patients with mental disorders such as alzheimer. For this purpose, the signals obtained from 32 unipolar electrodes identified by non-invasive EEG were examined, and their basic properties were obtained. More specifically, different well-known machine learning based classifiers have been used, i.e., support vector machine (SVM), Bayesian linear discriminant analysis (BLDA), decision tree (DT), Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). A total of 668 patients from five different hospitals have been studied in the period from 2011 to 2021. The best accuracy is obtained was around 93 % in both ADM and ADA classifications. It can be concluded that such a classification will enable the training of algorithms that can be used to identify and classify different mental disorders with high accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alzheimer" title="alzheimer">alzheimer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EEG" title=" EEG"> EEG</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165522/electroencephalogram-based-alzheimer-disease-classification-using-machine-and-deep-learning-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165522.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">276</span> Study on Electromagnetic Plasma Acceleration Using Rotating Magnetic Field Scheme</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takeru%20Furuawa">Takeru Furuawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kohei%20Takizawa"> Kohei Takizawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daisuke%20Kuwahara"> Daisuke Kuwahara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shunjiro%20Shinohara"> Shunjiro Shinohara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the field of a space propulsion, an electric propulsion system has been developed because its fuel efficiency is much higher than a conventional chemical one. However, the practical electric propulsion systems, e.g., an ion engine, have a problem of short lifetime due to a damage of generation and acceleration electrodes of the plasma. A helicon plasma thruster is proposed as a long-lifetime electric thruster which has non-direct contact electrodes. In this system, both generation and acceleration methods of a dense plasma are executed by antennas from the outside of a discharge tube. Development of the helicon plasma thruster has been conducting under the Helicon Electrodeless Advanced Thruster (HEAT) project. Our helicon plasma thruster has two important processes. First, we generate a dense source plasma using a helicon wave with an excitation frequency between an ion and an electron cyclotron frequencies, fci and fce, respectively, applied from the outside of a discharge using a radio frequency (RF) antenna. The helicon plasma source can provide a high-density (~1019 m-3), a high-ionization ratio (up to several tens of percent), and a high particle generation efficiency. Second, in order to achieve high thrust and specific impulse, we accelerate the dense plasma by the axial Lorentz force fz using the product of the induced azimuthal current jθ and the static radial magnetic field Br, shown as fz = jθ × Br. The HEAT project has proposed several kinds of electrodeless acceleration schemes, and in our particular case, a Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) method has been extensively studied. The RMF scheme was originally developed as a concept to maintain the Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) in a magnetically confined fusion research. Here, RMF coils are expected to generate jθ due to a nonlinear effect shown below. First, the rotating magnetic field Bω is generated by two pairs of RMF coils with AC currents, which have a phase difference of 90 degrees between the pairs. Due to the Faraday’s law, an axial electric field is induced. Second, an axial current is generated by the effects of an electron-ion and an electron-neutral collisions through the Ohm’s law. Third, the azimuthal electric field is generated by the nonlinear term, and the retarding torque generated by the collision effects again. Then, azimuthal current jθ is generated as jθ = - nₑ er ∙ 2π fRMF. Finally, the axial Lorentz force fz for plasma acceleration is generated. Here, jθ is proportional to nₑ and frequency of RMF coil current fRMF, when Bω is fully penetrated into the plasma. Our previous study has achieved 19 % increase of ion velocity using the 5 MHz and 50 A of the RMF coil power supply. In this presentation, we will show the improvement of the ion velocity using the lower frequency and higher current supplied by RMF power supply. In conclusion, helicon high-density plasma production and electromagnetic acceleration by the RMF scheme with a concept of electrodeless condition have been successfully executed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20propulsion" title="electric propulsion">electric propulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrodeless%20thruster" title=" electrodeless thruster"> electrodeless thruster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=helicon%20plasma" title=" helicon plasma"> helicon plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotating%20magnetic%20field" title=" rotating magnetic field"> rotating magnetic field</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52695/study-on-electromagnetic-plasma-acceleration-using-rotating-magnetic-field-scheme" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52695.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">275</span> The Improved Biofuel Cell for Electrical Power Generation from Wastewaters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Kilic">M. S. Kilic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Korkut"> S. Korkut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Hazer"> B. Hazer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Newly synthesized Polypropylene-g-Polyethylene glycol polymer was first time used for a compartment-less enzymatic fuel cell. Working electrodes based on Polypropylene-g-Polyethylene glycol were operated as unmediated and mediated system (with ferrocene and gold/cobalt oxide nanoparticles). Glucose oxidase and bilirubin oxidase was selected as anodic and cathodic enzyme, respectively. Glucose was used as fuel in a single-compartment and membrane-less cell. Maximum power density was obtained as 0.65 nW cm-2, 65 nW cm-2, and 23500 nW cm-2 from the unmediated, ferrocene and gold/cobalt oxide modified polymeric film, respectively. Power density was calculated to be ~16000 nW cm-2 for undiluted wastewater sample with gold/cobalt oxide nanoparticles including system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilirubin%20oxidase" title="bilirubin oxidase">bilirubin oxidase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymatic%20fuel%20cell" title=" enzymatic fuel cell"> enzymatic fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glucose%20oxidase" title=" glucose oxidase"> glucose oxidase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16725/the-improved-biofuel-cell-for-electrical-power-generation-from-wastewaters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16725.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">274</span> Effect of Supply Frequency on Pre-Breakdown and Breakdown Phenomena in Unbridged Vacuum Gaps</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.C.%20Balachandra">T.C. Balachandra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Habibuddin%20Shaik"> Habibuddin Shaik </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents experimental results leading towards a better understanding of pre-breakdown and breakdown behavior of vacuum gaps under variable frequency alternating excitations. The frequency variation is in the range of 30 to 300 Hz in steps of 10 Hz for a fixed gap spacing of 0.5 mm. The results indicate that the pre-breakdown currents show an inverse relation with the breakdown voltage in general though erratic behavior was observed over a certain range of frequencies. A breakdown voltage peak was observed at 130 Hz. This was pronounced when the electrode pair was of stainless steel and less pronounced when copper and aluminum electrodes were used. The experimental results are explained based on F-N emission, I-F emission, and also thermal interaction due to quasi-continuous shower of anode micro-particles. Further, it is speculated that the ostensible cause for time delay between voltage and current peaks is due to the presence of neutral molecules in the gap. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anode%20hot-spots" title="anode hot-spots">anode hot-spots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F-N%20emission" title=" F-N emission"> F-N emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-F%20emission" title=" I-F emission"> I-F emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microparticle" title=" microparticle"> microparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutral%20molecules" title=" neutral molecules"> neutral molecules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-breakdown%20conduction" title=" pre-breakdown conduction"> pre-breakdown conduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown" title=" vacuum breakdown"> vacuum breakdown</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114665/effect-of-supply-frequency-on-pre-breakdown-and-breakdown-phenomena-in-unbridged-vacuum-gaps" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114665.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">273</span> Iontophoretic Drug Transport: An Non-Invasive Transdermal Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashish%20Jain">Ashish Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shivam%20Tayal"> Shivam Tayal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There has been great interest in the field of Iontophoresis since few years due to its great applications in the field of controlled transdermal drug delivery system. It is an technique which is used to enhance the transdermal permeation of ionized high molecular weight molecules across the skin membrane especially Peptides & Proteins by the application of direct current of 1-4 mA for 20-40 minutes whereas chemical must be placed on electrodes with same charge. Iontophoresis enhanced the delivery of drug into the skin via pores like hair follicles, sweat gland ducts etc. rather than through stratum corneum. It has wide applications in the field of experimental, Therapeutic, Diagnostic, Dentistry etc. Medical science is using it to treat Hyperhidrosis (Excessive sweating) in hands and feet and to treat other ailments like hypertension, Migraine etc. Nowadays commercial transdermal iontophoretic patches are available in the market to treat different ailments. Researchers are keen to research in this field due to its vast applications and advantages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iontophoresis" title="iontophoresis">iontophoresis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=novel%20drug%20delivery" title=" novel drug delivery"> novel drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transdermal" title=" transdermal"> transdermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeation%20enhancer" title=" permeation enhancer"> permeation enhancer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78410/iontophoretic-drug-transport-an-non-invasive-transdermal-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78410.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">272</span> Comparison of a Capacitive Sensor Functionalized with Natural or Synthetic Receptors Selective towards Benzo(a)Pyrene</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natalia%20V.%20Beloglazova">Natalia V. Beloglazova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pieterjan%20Lenain"> Pieterjan Lenain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Hedstrom"> Martin Hedstrom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dietmar%20Knopp"> Dietmar Knopp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20De%20Saeger"> Sarah De Saeger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which represent a hazard to humans and entire ecosystem, have been receiving an increased interest due to their mutagenic, carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting properties. They are formed in all incomplete combustion processes of organic matter and, as a consequence, ubiquitous in the environment. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is on the priority list published by the Environmental Agency (US EPA) as the first PAH to be identified as a carcinogen and has often been used as a marker for PAHs contamination in general. It can be found in different types of water samples, therefore, the European Commission set up a limit value of 10 ng L–1 (10 ppt) for BAP in water intended for human consumption. Generally, different chromatographic techniques are used for PAHs determination, but these assays require pre-concentration of analyte, create large amounts of solvent waste, and are relatively time consuming and difficult to perform on-site. An alternative robust, stand-alone, and preferably cheap solution is needed. For example, a sensing unit which can be submerged in a river to monitor and continuously sample BaP. An affinity sensor based on capacitive transduction was developed. Natural antibodies or their synthetic analogues can be used as ligands. Ideally the sensor should operate independently over a longer period of time, e.g. several weeks or months, therefore the use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was discussed. MIPs are synthetic antibodies which are selective for a chosen target molecule. Their robustness allows application in environments for which biological recognition elements are unsuitable or denature. They can be reused multiple times, which is essential to meet the stand-alone requirement. BaP is a highly lipophilic compound and does not contain any functional groups in its structure, thus excluding non-covalent imprinting methods based on ionic interactions. Instead, the MIPs syntheses were based on non-covalent hydrophobic and π-π interactions. Different polymerization strategies were compared and the best results were demonstrated by the MIPs produced using electropolymerization. 4-vinylpyridin (VP) and divinylbenzene (DVB) were used as monomer and cross-linker in the polymerization reaction. The selectivity and recovery of the MIP were compared to a non-imprinted polymer (NIP). Electrodes were functionalized with natural receptor (monoclonal anti-BaP antibody) and with MIPs selective towards BaP. Different sets of electrodes were evaluated and their properties such as sensitivity, selectivity and linear range were determined and compared. It was found that both receptor can reach the cut-off level comparable to the established ML, and despite the fact that the antibody showed the better cross-reactivity and affinity, MIPs were more convenient receptor due to their ability to regenerate and stability in river till 7 days. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibody" title="antibody">antibody</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benzo%28a%29pyrene" title=" benzo(a)pyrene"> benzo(a)pyrene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacitive%20sensor" title=" capacitive sensor"> capacitive sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIPs" title=" MIPs"> MIPs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=river%20water" title=" river water"> river water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43965/comparison-of-a-capacitive-sensor-functionalized-with-natural-or-synthetic-receptors-selective-towards-benzoapyrene" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">271</span> Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes from Coconut Oil and Fabrication of a Non Enzymatic Cholesterol Biosensor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mitali%20Saha">Mitali Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soma%20Das"> Soma Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fabrication of nanoscale materials for use in chemical sensing, biosensing and biological analyses has proven a promising avenue in the last few years. Cholesterol has aroused considerable interest in recent years on account of its being an important parameter in clinical diagnosis. There is a strong positive correlation between high serum cholesterol level and arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors have shown high selectivity and excellent sensitivity, but the enzyme is easily denatured during its immobilization procedure and its activity is also affected by temperature, pH, and toxic chemicals. Besides, the reproducibility of enzyme-based sensors is not very good which further restrict the application of cholesterol biosensor. It has been demonstrated that carbon nanotubes could promote electron transfer with various redox active proteins, ranging from cytochrome c to glucose oxidase with a deeply embedded redox center. In continuation of our earlier work on the synthesis and applications of carbon and metal based nanoparticles, we have reported here the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CCNT) by burning coconut oil under insufficient flow of air using an oil lamp. The soot was collected from the top portion of the flame, where the temperature was around 6500C which was purified, functionalized and then characterized by SEM, p-XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The SEM micrographs showed the formation of tubular structure of CCNT having diameter below 100 nm. The XRD pattern indicated the presence of two predominant peaks at 25.20 and 43.80, which corresponded to (002) and (100) planes of CCNT respectively. The Raman spectrum (514 nm excitation) showed the presence of 1600 cm-1 (G-band) related to the vibration of sp2-bonded carbon and at 1350 cm-1 (D-band) responsible for the vibrations of sp3-bonded carbon. A nonenzymatic cholesterol biosensor was then fabricated on an insulating Teflon material containing three silver wires at the surface, covered by CCNT, obtained from coconut oil. Here, CCNTs worked as working as well as counter electrodes whereas reference electrode and electric contacts were made of silver. The dimensions of the electrode was 3.5 cm×1.0 cm×0.5 cm (length× width × height) and it is ideal for working with 50 µL volume like the standard screen printed electrodes. The voltammetric behavior of cholesterol at CCNT electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammeter and differential pulse voltammeter using 0.001 M H2SO4 as electrolyte. The influence of the experimental parameters on the peak currents of cholesterol like pH, accumulation time, and scan rates were optimized. Under optimum conditions, the peak current was found to be linear in the cholesterol concentration range from 1 µM to 50 µM with a sensitivity of ~15.31 μAμM−1cm−2 with lower detection limit of 0.017 µM and response time of about 6s. The long-term storage stability of the sensor was tested for 30 days and the current response was found to be ~85% of its initial response after 30 days. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coconut%20oil" title="coconut oil">coconut oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCNT" title=" CCNT"> CCNT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cholesterol" title=" cholesterol"> cholesterol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title=" biosensor "> biosensor </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45096/synthesis-of-carbon-nanotubes-from-coconut-oil-and-fabrication-of-a-non-enzymatic-cholesterol-biosensor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45096.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">270</span> Effectiveness of Earthing System in Vertical Configurations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Yunus">S. Yunus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Suratman"> A. Suratman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Mohamad%20Nor"> N. Mohamad Nor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Othman"> M. Othman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the measurement and simulation results by Finite Element Method (FEM) for earth resistance (R<sub>DC</sub>) for interconnected vertical ground rod configurations. The soil resistivity was measured using the Wenner four-pin Method, and R<sub>DC </sub>was measured using the Fall of Potential (FOP) method, as outlined in the standard. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to interpret the soil resistivity to that of a 2-layer soil model. The same soil resistivity data that were obtained by Wenner four-pin method were used in FEM for simulation. This paper compares the results of R<sub>DC</sub> obtained by FEM simulation with the real measurement at field site. A good agreement was seen for R<sub>DC </sub>obtained by measurements and FEM. This shows that FEM is a reliable software to be used for design of earthing systems. It is also found that the parallel rod system has a better performance compared to a similar setup using a grid layout. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthing%20system" title="earthing system">earthing system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earth%20electrodes" title=" earth electrodes"> earth electrodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earth%20resistances" title=" earth resistances"> earth resistances</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128846/effectiveness-of-earthing-system-in-vertical-configurations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128846.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">110</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">269</span> Rodriguez Diego, Del Valle Martin, Hargreaves Matias, Riveros Jose Luis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nathainail%20Bashir">Nathainail Bashir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neil%20Anderson"> Neil Anderson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study site was to investigate the current state of the practice with regards to karst detection methods and recommend the best method and pattern of arrays to acquire the desire results. Proper site investigation in karst prone regions is extremely valuable in determining the location of possible voids. Two geophysical techniques were employed: multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and electric resistivity tomography (ERT).The MASW data was acquired at each test location using different array lengths and different array orientations (to increase the probability of getting interpretable data in karst terrain). The ERT data were acquired using a dipole-dipole array consisting of 168 electrodes. The MASW data was interpreted (re: estimated depth to physical top of rock) and used to constrain and verify the interpretation of the ERT data. The ERT data indicates poorer quality MASW data were acquired in areas where there was significant local variation in the depth to top of rock. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dipole-dipole" title="dipole-dipole">dipole-dipole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ERT" title=" ERT"> ERT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karst%20terrains" title=" Karst terrains"> Karst terrains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MASW" title=" MASW "> MASW </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58233/rodriguez-diego-del-valle-martin-hargreaves-matias-riveros-jose-luis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58233.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">268</span> An Empirical Approach to NO2 Gas Sensing Properties of Carbon Films Fabricated by Arc Discharge Methane Decomposition Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elnaz%20Akbari">Elnaz Akbari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zolkafle%20Buntat"> Zolkafle Buntat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today, the use of carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, etc. in various applications is being extensively studied by researchers in the field. One of such applications is using them in gas sensors. While analytical investigations on the physical and chemical properties of carbon nanomaterials are the focal points in the studies, the need for experimental measurements on various physical characteristics of these materials is deeply felt. In this work, a set of experiments has been conducted using arc discharge Methane decomposition attempting to obtain carbonaceous materials (C-strands) formed between graphite electrodes. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the fabricated C-strands have been investigated in the presence and absence of two different gases, NO2 and CO2. The results reveal that the current passing through the carbon films increases when the concentrations of gases are increased from 200 to 800 ppm. This phenomenon is a result of conductance changes and can be employed in sensing applications such as gas sensors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonaceous%20materials" title="carbonaceous materials">carbonaceous materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20sensing" title=" gas sensing"> gas sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane%20arc%20discharge%20decomposition" title=" methane arc discharge decomposition"> methane arc discharge decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-V%20characteristics" title=" I-V characteristics"> I-V characteristics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54017/an-empirical-approach-to-no2-gas-sensing-properties-of-carbon-films-fabricated-by-arc-discharge-methane-decomposition-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54017.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">267</span> Electrocoagulation of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH for the Removal of Boron Using Nickel Foam as Sacrificial Anode </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Jen%20Shih">Yu-Jen Shih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yao-Hui%20Hunag"> Yao-Hui Hunag</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrocoagulation (EC) using metallic nickel foam as anode and cathode for the removal of boron from solution was studied. The electrolytic parameters included pH, current density, and initial boron concentration for optimizing the EC process. Experimental results showed that removal efficiency was increased by elevating pH from 4.0 to 8.0, and then decreased at higher pH. The electrolytic efficacy was not affected by current density. In respect of energy consumption, 1.25 mA/cm2 of current density was acceptable for an effective EC of boron, while increasing boric acid from 10 to 100 ppm-B did not impair removal efficiency too much. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that the oxide film, Ni(OH)2 and NiOOH, at specific overpotentials would result in less weight loss of anode than that predicted by the Faraday’s law. The optimal conditions under which 99.2% of boron was removed and less than 1 ppm-B remained in the electrolyte would be pH 8, four pairs of electrodes, and 1.25 mA/cm2 in 120 min as treating wastewaters containing 10 ppm-B. XRD and SEM characterization suggested that the granular crystallites of hydroxide precipitates was composed of theophrastite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=borohydrides" title="borohydrides">borohydrides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20generation" title=" hydrogen generation"> hydrogen generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NiOOH" title=" NiOOH"> NiOOH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocoagulation" title=" electrocoagulation"> electrocoagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20voltammetry" title=" cyclic voltammetry"> cyclic voltammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boron%20removal" title=" boron removal"> boron removal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45835/electrocoagulation-of-nioh2niooh-for-the-removal-of-boron-using-nickel-foam-as-sacrificial-anode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45835.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">266</span> Laboratory Assessment of Electrical Vertical Drains in Composite Soils Using Kaolin and Bentonite Clays</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maher%20Z.%20Mohammed">Maher Z. Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barry%20G.%20Clarke"> Barry G. Clarke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As an alternative to stone column in fine grained soils, it is possible to create stiffened columns of soils using electroosmosis (electroosmotic piles). This program of this research is to establish the effectiveness and efficiency of the process in different soils. The aim of this study is to assess the capability of electroosmosis treatment in a range of composite soils. The combined electroosmotic and preloading equipment developed by Nizar and Clarke (2013) was used with an octagonal array of anodes surrounding a single cathode in a nominal 250mm diameter 300mm deep cylinder of soil and 80mm anode to cathode distance. Copper coiled springs were used as electrodes to allow the soil to consolidate either due to an external vertical applied load or electroosmosis. The equipment was modified to allow the temperature to be monitored during the test. Electroosmotic tests were performed on China Clay Grade E kaolin and calcium bentonite (Bentonex CB) mixed with sand fraction C (BS 1881 part 131) at different ratios by weight; (0, 23, 33, 50 and 67%) subjected to applied voltages (5, 10, 15 and 20). The soil slurry was prepared by mixing the dry soil with water to 1.5 times the liquid limit of the soil mixture. The mineralogical and geotechnical properties of the tested soils were measured before the electroosmosis treatment began. In the electroosmosis cell tests, the settlement, expelled water, variation of electrical current and applied voltage, and the generated heat was monitored during the test time for 24 osmotic tests. Water content was measured at the end of each test. The electroosmotic tests are divided into three phases. In Phase 1, 15 kPa was applied to simulate a working platform and produce a uniform soil which had been deposited as a slurry. 50 kPa was used in Phase 3 to simulate a surcharge load. The electroosmotic treatment was only performed during Phase 2 where a constant voltage was applied through the electrodes in addition to the 15 kPa pressure. This phase was stopped when no further water was expelled from the cell, indicating the electroosmotic process had stopped due to either the degradation of the anode or the flow due to the hydraulic gradient exactly balanced the electroosmotic flow resulting in no flow. Control tests for each soil mixture were carried out to assess the behaviour of the soil samples subjected to only an increase of vertical pressure, which is 15kPa in Phase 1 and 50kPa in Phase 3. Analysis of the experimental results from this study showed a significant dewatering effect on the soil slurries. The water discharged by the electroosmotic treatment process decreased as the sand content increased. Soil temperature increased significantly when electrical power was applied and drops when applied DC power turned off or when the electrode degraded. The highest increase in temperature was found in pure clays at higher applied voltage after about 8 hours of electroosmosis test. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrokinetic%20treatment" title="electrokinetic treatment">electrokinetic treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20conductivity" title=" electrical conductivity"> electrical conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroosmotic%20consolidation" title=" electroosmotic consolidation"> electroosmotic consolidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroosmosis%20permeability%20ratio" title=" electroosmosis permeability ratio"> electroosmosis permeability ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102675/laboratory-assessment-of-electrical-vertical-drains-in-composite-soils-using-kaolin-and-bentonite-clays" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102675.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">265</span> Electrochemical Study of Interaction of Thiol Containing Proteins with As (III)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunil%20Mittal">Sunil Mittal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sukhpreet%20Singh"> Sukhpreet Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hardeep%20Kaur"> Hardeep Kaur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The affinity of thiol group with heavy metals is a well-established phenomenon. The present investigation has been focused on electrochemical response of cysteine and thioredoxin against arsenite (As III) on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. It was observed that both the compounds produce distinct response in free and immobilised form at the electrode. The SEM, FTIR, and impedance studies of the modified electrode were conducted for characterization. Various parameters were optimized to achieve As (III) effect on the reduction potential of the compounds. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry were employed as the analysis techniques. The optimum response was observed at neutral pH in both the cases, at optimum concentration of 2 mM and 4.27 µM for cysteine and thioredoxin respectively. It was observed that presence of As (III) increases the reduction current of both the moieties. The linear range of detection for As (III) with cysteine was from 1 to 10 mg L⁻¹ with detection limit of 0.8 mg L⁻¹. The thioredoxin was found more sensitive to As (III) and displayed a linear range from 0.1 to 1 mg L⁻¹ with detection limit of 10 µg L⁻¹. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arsenite" title="arsenite">arsenite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20voltammetry" title=" cyclic voltammetry"> cyclic voltammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cysteine" title=" cysteine"> cysteine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thioredoxin" title=" thioredoxin "> thioredoxin </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84940/electrochemical-study-of-interaction-of-thiol-containing-proteins-with-as-iii" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84940.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">264</span> Preparation of 3D Graphene with Microwave-Hydrothermal Assistance for Ultrahigh Performance of Capacitive Deionization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wahid%20Dianbudiyanto">Wahid Dianbudiyanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shou%20Heng%20Liu"> Shou Heng Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a prospective desalination technology, which can be operated at low voltage, low temperature and potentially consume low energy for brackish water desalination. To obtain the optimal electrosorption, an electrode should possess high electrical conductivity, large surface area, good wettability, highly mesoporous structure which provide efficient pathways for ion distribution. In this work, a 3D structure graphene was fabricated using hydrothermal method which is assisted with microwave treatments to form 3D rGO (3DG-Mw-Hyd). The prepared samples have excellent specific capacitance (189.2 F / g) and ultrahigh electrosorption capacity (30 mg/g) for the desalination of 500 mg / l NaCl. These results are superior to the electrode which is fabricated only using the hydrothermal method without microwave assistance (3DG-Hyd) and traditional reflux method. Physical characterizations such as SEM, TEM, and XRD have been used to study the property difference of the materials. The preliminary results show that 3DG-Mw-Hyd is one of the promising electrodes for CDI in the practical applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacitive%20deionization" title="capacitive deionization">capacitive deionization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene" title=" graphene"> graphene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave" title=" microwave"> microwave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal" title=" hydrothermal"> hydrothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrosorption" title=" electrosorption"> electrosorption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70957/preparation-of-3d-graphene-with-microwave-hydrothermal-assistance-for-ultrahigh-performance-of-capacitive-deionization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70957.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">263</span> Detection of Nutrients Using Honeybee-Mimic Bioelectronic Tongue Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soo%20Ho%20Lim">Soo Ho Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minju%20Lee"> Minju Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong%20In%20Kim"> Dong In Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gi%20Youn%20Han"> Gi Youn Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seunghun%20Hong"> Seunghun Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyung%20Wook%20Kwon"> Hyung Wook Kwon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We report a floating electrode-based bioelectronic tongue mimicking honeybee taste systems for the detection and discrimination of various nutrients. Here, carbon nanotube field effect transistors with floating electrodes (CNT-FET) were hybridized with nanovesicles containing honeybee nutrient receptors, gustatory receptors of Apis mellifera. This strategy enables us to detect nutrient substance with a high sensitivity and selectivity. It could also be utilized for the detection of nutrients in liquid food. This floating electrode-based bioelectronic tongue mimicking insect taste systems can be a simple, but highly effective strategy in many different basic research areas about sensory systems. Moreover, our research provides opportunities to develop various applications such as food screening, and it also can provide valuable insights on insect taste systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taste%20system" title="taste system">taste system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CNT-FET" title=" CNT-FET"> CNT-FET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insect%20gustatory%20receptor" title=" insect gustatory receptor"> insect gustatory receptor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biolelectronic%20tongue" title=" biolelectronic tongue"> biolelectronic tongue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84686/detection-of-nutrients-using-honeybee-mimic-bioelectronic-tongue-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84686.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">262</span> Review of Carbon Materials: Application in Alternative Energy Sources and Catalysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marita%20Pig%C5%82owska">Marita Pigłowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beata%20Kurc"> Beata Kurc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maciej%20Gali%C5%84ski"> Maciej Galiński</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The application of carbon materials in the branches of the electrochemical industry shows an increasing tendency each year due to the many interesting properties they possess. These are, among others, a well-developed specific surface, porosity, high sorption capacity, good adsorption properties, low bulk density, electrical conductivity and chemical resistance. All these properties allow for their effective use, among others in supercapacitors, which can store electric charges of the order of 100 F due to carbon electrodes constituting the capacitor plates. Coals (including expanded graphite, carbon black, graphite carbon fibers, activated carbon) are commonly used in electrochemical methods of removing oil derivatives from water after tanker disasters, e.g. phenols and their derivatives by their electrochemical anodic oxidation. Phenol can occupy practically the entire surface of carbon material and leave the water clean of hydrophobic impurities. Regeneration of such electrodes is also not complicated, it is carried out by electrochemical methods consisting in unblocking the pores and reducing resistances, and thus their reactivation for subsequent adsorption processes. Graphite is commonly used as an anode material in lithium-ion cells, while due to the limited capacity it offers (372 mAh g-1), new solutions are sought that meet both capacitive, efficiency and economic criteria. Increasingly, biodegradable materials, green materials, biomass, waste (including agricultural waste) are used in order to reuse them and reduce greenhouse effects and, above all, to meet the biodegradability criterion necessary for the production of lithium-ion cells as chemical power sources. The most common of these materials are cellulose, starch, wheat, rice, and corn waste, e.g. from agricultural, paper and pharmaceutical production. Such products are subjected to appropriate treatments depending on the desired application (including chemical, thermal, electrochemical). Starch is a biodegradable polysaccharide that consists of polymeric units such as amylose and amylopectin that build an ordered (linear) and amorphous (branched) structure of the polymer. Carbon is also used as a catalyst. Elemental carbon has become available in many nano-structured forms representing the hybridization combinations found in the primary carbon allotropes, and the materials can be enriched with a large number of surface functional groups. There are many examples of catalytic applications of coal in the literature, but the development of this field has been hampered by the lack of a conceptual approach combining structure and function and a lack of understanding of material synthesis. In the context of catalytic applications, the integrity of carbon environmental management properties and parameters such as metal conductivity range and bond sequence management should be characterized. Such data, along with surface and textured information, can form the basis for the provision of network support services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20materials" title="carbon materials">carbon materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalysis" title=" catalysis"> catalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BET" title=" BET"> BET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacitors" title=" capacitors"> capacitors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithium%20ion%20cell" title=" lithium ion cell"> lithium ion cell</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141575/review-of-carbon-materials-application-in-alternative-energy-sources-and-catalysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141575.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">261</span> Proecological Antioxidants for Stabilisation of Polymeric Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Masek">A. Masek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zaborski"> M. Zaborski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrochemical oxidation of dodecyl gallate (lauryl gallate), the main monomer flavanol found in green tea, was investigated on platinum electrodes using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse (DPV) methods. The rate constant, electron transfer coefficient and diffusion coefficients were determined for dodecyl gallate electrochemical oxidation. The oxidation mechanism proceeds in sequential steps related to the hydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring of dodecyl gallate. Confirmed antioxidant activity of lauryl gallate verified its use in polymers as an environment-friendly stabiliser to improve the resistance to aging of the elastomeric materials. Based on the energy change of the deformation, cross-linking density and time of the oxygen induction with the TG method, we confirmed the high antioxidant activity of lauryl gallate in polymers. Moreover, the research on biodegradation confirmed the environment-friendly influence of the antioxidant by increasing the susceptibility of the elastomeric materials to disintegration by mildew mushrooms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymers" title="polymers">polymers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flavonoids" title=" flavonoids"> flavonoids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization" title=" stabilization"> stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ageing" title=" ageing"> ageing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17925/proecological-antioxidants-for-stabilisation-of-polymeric-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">380</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">260</span> Nanoporous Activated Carbons for Fuel Cells and Supercapacitors </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Volperts">A. Volperts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Dobele"> G. Dobele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zhurinsh"> A. Zhurinsh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Kruusenberg"> I. Kruusenberg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Plavniece"> A. Plavniece</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Locs"> J. Locs</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays energy consumption constantly increases and development of effective and cheap electrochemical sources of power, such as fuel cells and electrochemical capacitors, is topical. Due to their high specific power, charge and discharge rates, working lifetime supercapacitor based energy accumulation systems are more and more extensively being used in mobile and stationary devices. Lignocellulosic materials are widely used as precursors and account for around 45% of the total raw materials used for the manufacture of activated carbon which is the most suitable material for supercapacitors. First part of our research is devoted to study of influence of main stages of wood thermochemical activation parameters on activated carbons porous structure formation. It was found that the main factors governing the properties of carbon materials are specific surface area, volume and pore size distribution, particles dispersity, ash content and oxygen containing groups content. Influence of activated carbons attributes on capacitance and working properties of supercapacitor are demonstrated. The correlation between activated carbons porous structure indices and electrochemical specifications of supercapacitors with electrodes made from these materials has been determined. It is shown that if synthesized activated carbons are used in supercapacitors then high specific capacitances can be reached – more than 380 F/g in 4.9M sulfuric acid based electrolytes and more than 170 F/g in 1 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile electrolyte. Power specifications and minimal price of H₂-O₂ fuel cells are limited by the expensive platinum-based catalysts. The main direction in development of non-platinum catalysts for the oxygen reduction is the study of cheap porous carbonaceous materials which can be obtained by the pyrolysis of polymers including renewable biomass. It is known that nitrogen atoms in carbon materials to a high degree determine properties of the doped activated carbons, such as high electrochemical stability, hardness, electric resistance, etc. The lack of sufficient knowledge on the doping of the carbon materials calls for the ongoing researches of properties and structure of modified carbon matrix. In the second part of this study, highly porous activated carbons were synthesized using alkali thermochemical activation from wood, cellulose and cellulose production residues – craft lignin and sewage sludge. Activated carbon samples were doped with dicyandiamide and melamine for the application as fuel cell cathodes. Conditions of nitrogen introduction (solvent, treatment temperature) and its content in the carbonaceous material, as well as porous structure characteristics, such as specific surface and pore size distribution, were studied. It was found that efficiency of doping reaction depends on the elemental oxygen content in the activated carbon. Relationships between nitrogen content, porous structure characteristics and electrodes electrochemical properties are demonstrated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbons" title="activated carbons">activated carbons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-temperature%20fuel%20cells" title=" low-temperature fuel cells"> low-temperature fuel cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20doping" title=" nitrogen doping"> nitrogen doping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20structure" title=" porous structure"> porous structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercapacitors" title=" supercapacitors"> supercapacitors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102750/nanoporous-activated-carbons-for-fuel-cells-and-supercapacitors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102750.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">259</span> Lanthanum Strontium Titanate Based Anode Materials for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Saurabh%20Singh">A. Saurabh Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Raghvendra"> B. Raghvendra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Prabhakar%20Singh"> C. Prabhakar Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are one of the most attractive electrochemical energy conversion systems, as these devices present a clean energy production, thus promising high efficiencies and low environmental impact. The electrodes are the main components that decisively control the performance of a SOFC. Conventional, anode materials (like Ni-YSZ) are operates at very high temperature. Therefore, cost-effective materials which operate at relatively lower temperatures are still required. In present study, we have synthesized La doped Strontium Titanate via solid state reaction route. The structural, microstructural and density of the pellet have been investigated employing XRD, SEM and Archimedes Principle, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the systems has been determined by impedance spectroscopy techniques. The electrical conductivity of the Lanthanum Strontium Titanate (LST) has been found to be higher than the composite Ni-YSZ system at 700 °C. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IT-SOFC" title="IT-SOFC">IT-SOFC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LST" title=" LST"> LST</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lanthanum%20Strontium%20Titanate" title=" Lanthanum Strontium Titanate"> Lanthanum Strontium Titanate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20conductivity" title=" electrical conductivity"> electrical conductivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21206/lanthanum-strontium-titanate-based-anode-materials-for-intermediate-temperature-solid-oxide-fuel-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21206.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">258</span> New Findings on the Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) of Aluminium</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Martin">J. Martin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Nomin%C3%A9"> A. Nominé</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Czerwiec"> T. Czerwiec</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Henrion"> G. Henrion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Belmonte"> T. Belmonte</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a particular electrochemical process to produce protective oxide ceramic coatings on light-weight metals (Al, Mg, Ti). When applied to aluminum alloys, the resulting PEO coating exhibit improved wear and corrosion resistance because thick, hard, compact and adherent crystalline alumina layers can be achieved. Several investigations have been carried out to improve the efficiency of the PEO process and one particular way consists in tuning the suitable electrical regime. Despite the considerable interest in this process, there is still no clear understanding of the underlying discharge mechanisms that make possible metal oxidation up to hundreds of µm through the ceramic layer. A key parameter that governs the PEO process is the numerous short-lived micro-discharges (micro-plasma in liquid) that occur continuously over the processed surface when the high applied voltage exceeds the critical dielectric breakdown value of the growing ceramic layer. By using a bipolar pulsed current to supply the electrodes, we previously observed that micro-discharges are delayed with respect to the rising edge of the anodic current. Nevertheless, explanation of the origin of such phenomena is still not clear and needs more systematic investigations. The aim of the present communication is to identify the relationship that exists between this delay and the mechanisms responsible of the oxide growth. For this purpose, the delay of micro-discharges ignition is investigated as the function of various electrical parameters such as the current density (J), the current pulse frequency (F) and the anodic to cathodic charge quantity ratio (R = Qp/Qn) delivered to the electrodes. The PEO process was conducted on Al2214 aluminum alloy substrates in a solution containing potassium hydroxide [KOH] and sodium silicate diluted in deionized water. The light emitted from micro-discharges was detected by a photomultiplier and the micro-discharge parameters (number, size, life-time) were measured during the process by means of ultra-fast video imaging (125 kfr./s). SEM observations and roughness measurements were performed to characterize the morphology of the elaborated oxide coatings while XRD was carried out to evaluate the amount of corundum -Al203 phase. Results show that whatever the applied current waveform, the delay of micro-discharge appearance increases as the process goes on. Moreover, the delay is shorter when the current density J (A/dm2), the current pulse frequency F (Hz) and the ratio of charge quantity R are high. It also appears that shorter delays are associated to stronger micro-discharges (localized, long and large micro-discharges) which have a detrimental effect on the elaborated oxide layers (thin and porous). On the basis of the results, a model for the growth of the PEO oxide layers will be presented and discussed. Experimental results support that a mechanism of electrical charge accumulation at the oxide surface / electrolyte interface takes place until the dielectric breakdown occurs and thus until micro-discharges appear. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminium" title="aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-discharges" title=" micro-discharges"> micro-discharges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation%20mechanisms" title=" oxidation mechanisms"> oxidation mechanisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20electrolytic%20oxidation" title=" plasma electrolytic oxidation "> plasma electrolytic oxidation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37937/new-findings-on-the-plasma-electrolytic-oxidation-peo-of-aluminium" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">257</span> A DNA-Based Nano-biosensor for the Rapid Detection of the Dengue Virus in Mosquito </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lilia%20M.%20Fernando">Lilia M. Fernando</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20K.%20Vasher"> Matthew K. Vasher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evangelyn%20C.%20Alocilja"> Evangelyn C. Alocilja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes the development of a DNA-based nanobiosensor to detect the dengue virus in mosquito using electrically active magnetic (EAM) nanoparticles as the concentrator and electrochemical transducer. The biosensor detection encompasses two sets of oligonucleotide probes that are specific to the dengue virus: the detector probe labeled with the EAM nanoparticles and the biotinylated capture probe. The DNA targets are double hybridized to the detector and the capture probes and concentrated from nonspecific DNA fragments by applying a magnetic field. Subsequently, the DNA sandwiched targets (EAM-detector probe–DNA target–capture probe-biotin) are captured on streptavidin modified screen printed carbon electrodes through the biotinylated capture probes. Detection is achieved electrochemically by measuring the oxidation–reduction signal of the EAM nanoparticles. Results indicate that the biosensor is able to detect the redox signal of the EAM nanoparticles at dengue DNA concentrations as low as 10 ng/ul. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dengue" title="dengue">dengue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20nanoparticles" title=" magnetic nanoparticles"> magnetic nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mosquito" title=" mosquito"> mosquito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanobiosensor" title=" nanobiosensor"> nanobiosensor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37690/a-dna-based-nano-biosensor-for-the-rapid-detection-of-the-dengue-virus-in-mosquito" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37690.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">256</span> Biosensors for Parathion Based on Au-Pd Nanoparticles Modified Electrodes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tian-Fang%20Kang">Tian-Fang Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chao-Nan%20Ge"> Chao-Nan Ge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rui%20Li"> Rui Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An electrochemical biosensor for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides was developed based on electrochemical co-deposition of Au and Pd nanoparticles on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was used for characterization of the surface structure. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) demonstrates that the films are uniform and the nanoclusters are homogeneously distributed on the GCE surface. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was immobilized on the Au and Pd nanoparticle modified electrode (Au-Pd/GCE) by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The electrochemical behavior of thiocholine at the biosensor (AChE/Au-Pd/GCE) was studied. The biosensors exhibited substantial electrocatalytic effect on the oxidation of thiocholine. The peak current of linear scan voltammetry (LSV) of thiocholine at the biosensor is proportional to the concentration of acetylthiocholine chloride (ATCl) over the range of 2.5 × 10-6 to 2.5 × 10-4 M in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). The percent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was proportional to the logarithm of parathion concentration in the range of 4.0 × 10-9 to 1.0 × 10-6 M. The detection limit of parathion was 2.6 × 10-9 M. The proposed method exhibited high sensitivity and good reproducibility. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acetylcholinesterase" title="acetylcholinesterase">acetylcholinesterase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Au-Pd%20nanoparticles" title=" Au-Pd nanoparticles"> Au-Pd nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20biosensors" title=" electrochemical biosensors"> electrochemical biosensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parathion" title=" parathion "> parathion </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17756/biosensors-for-parathion-based-on-au-pd-nanoparticles-modified-electrodes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17756.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">255</span> Packaging Processes for the Implantable Medical Microelectronics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chung-Yu%20Wu">Chung-Yu Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Chi%20Chang"> Chia-Chi Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei-Ming%20Chen"> Wei-Ming Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pu-Wei%20Wu"> Pu-Wei Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shih-Fan%20Chen"> Shih-Fan Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Po-Chun%20Chen"> Po-Chun Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrostimulation medical devices for neural diseases require electroactive and biocompatible materials to transmit signals from electrodes to targeting tissues. Protection of surrounding tissues has become a great challenge for long-term implants. In this study, we designed back-end processes with compatible, efficient, and reliable advantages over the current state-of-the-art. We explored a hermetic packaging process with high quality of adhesion and uniformity as the biocompatible devices for long-term implantation. This approach is able to provide both excellent biocompatibility and protection to the biomedical electronic devices by performing conformal coating of biocompatible materials. We successfully developed a packaging process that is capable of exposing the stimulating electrode and cover all other faces of chip with high quality of protection to prevent leakage of devices and body fluid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocompatible%20package" title="biocompatible package">biocompatible package</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20microelectronics" title=" medical microelectronics"> medical microelectronics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20coating" title=" surface coating"> surface coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long-term%20implantation" title=" long-term implantation"> long-term implantation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47965/packaging-processes-for-the-implantable-medical-microelectronics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">254</span> Unique NiO Based 1 D Core/Shell Nano-Heterostructure Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gobinda%20Gopal%20Khan">Gobinda Gopal Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashutosh%20K.%20Singh"> Ashutosh K. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debasish%20Sarkar"> Debasish Sarkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unique one-dimensional (1D) Ni-NiO and Co-Ni/Co3O4-NiO core/shell nano-heterostructures are fabricated by combining the electrochemical deposition and annealing. The high-performance pseudo-capacitor electrode based on the Ni-NiO and Co-Ni/Co3O4-NiO core/shell nano-heterostructures is designed and demonstrated. The Co-Ni/Co3O4-NiO core/shell nano-heterostructures exhibit high specific capacitance (2013 Fg-1 at 2.5 Ag-1), high energy and power density (23 Wh kg-1 and 5.5 kW kg-1, at the discharge current density of 20.8 A g-1.), good capacitance retention, and long cyclicality. The remarkable electrochemical property of the large surface area nano-heterostructures is demonstrated based on the novel nano-architectural design of the electrode with the coexistence of the two highly redox active materials at the surface supported by highly conducting metal alloy channel at the core for faster charge transport. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano-heterostructures" title="nano-heterostructures">nano-heterostructures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20storage" title=" energy storage"> energy storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercapacitors" title=" supercapacitors"> supercapacitors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20deposition" title=" electrochemical deposition"> electrochemical deposition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15453/unique-nio-based-1-d-coreshell-nano-heterostructure-electrodes-for-high-performance-supercapacitor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15453.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">253</span> Investigation of the Cathodic Behavior of AA2024-T3 in Neutral Medium</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nisrine%20Benzbiria">Nisrine Benzbiria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Azzi"> Mohammed Azzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustapha%20Zertoubi"> Mustapha Zertoubi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 2XXX series of aluminum alloys are widely employed in several applications, such as beverages, automotive, and aerospace industries. However, they are particularly prone to localized corrosion, such as pitting, often induced by a difference in corrosion potential measured for intermetallic phases and pure metal. The galvanic cells comprising Al–Cu– Mn–Fe intermetallic phases control cathodically the dissolution rate as oxygen reduction reaction kinetics are privileged on Al–Cu–Mn–Fe particles. Hence, understanding the properties of cathode sites and the processes involved must be carried out. Our interest is to outline the cathodic behavior of AA2024-T3 in sodium sulfate solution using electrochemical techniques. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was investigated in the mixed charge transfer and mass transport regime using the Koutecky-Levich approach. An environmentally benign inhibitor was considered to slow the ORR on the Cu-rich cathodic phases. The surface morphology of the electrodes was investigated with SEM/EDS and AFM. The obtained results were discussed accordingly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AA2024-T3" title="AA2024-T3">AA2024-T3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutral%20medium" title=" neutral medium"> neutral medium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ORR%20kinetics" title=" ORR kinetics"> ORR kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koutecky-Levich" title=" Koutecky-Levich"> Koutecky-Levich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFT" title=" DFT"> DFT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180865/investigation-of-the-cathodic-behavior-of-aa2024-t3-in-neutral-medium" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right 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