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id="toc-Dirigible_balloon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jacques_Charles_and_Les_Frères_Robert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacques_Charles_and_Les_Frères_Robert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jacques Charles and <i>Les Frères Robert</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacques_Charles_and_Les_Frères_Robert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giffard's_dirigible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giffard's_dirigible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Giffard's dirigible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giffard's_dirigible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meusnier's_military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meusnier's_military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Meusnier's military career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meusnier's_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Meusnier" title="Jean-Baptiste Marie Meusnier – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jean-Baptiste Marie Meusnier" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BD-%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AD_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9B%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ζαν-Μπατίστ Μαρί Μενιέ ντε Λα Πλας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζαν-Μπατίστ Μαρί Μενιέ ντε Λα Πλας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier" title="Jean Baptiste Meusnier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean Baptiste Meusnier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Meusnier" title="Jean-Baptiste Marie Meusnier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean-Baptiste Marie Meusnier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier" title="Jean Baptiste Meusnier – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jean Baptiste Meusnier" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جان بابتيست موسنييه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جان بابتيست موسنييه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%90%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A8" title="ジャン＝バティスト・ムーニエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャン＝バティスト・ムーニエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier" title="Jean Baptiste Meusnier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean Baptiste Meusnier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мёнье де ла Плас, Жан Батист – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мёнье де ла Плас, Жан Батист" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1684673#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French mathematician, engineer and Revolutionary general (1754–1793)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/De_La_Place" title="De La Place">De La Place</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jean+Baptiste+Meusnier%22">"Jean Baptiste Meusnier"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jean+Baptiste+Meusnier%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jean+Baptiste+Meusnier%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jean+Baptiste+Meusnier%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jean+Baptiste+Meusnier%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jean+Baptiste+Meusnier%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Meusnier2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Meusnier2.jpg/220px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Meusnier2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Meusnier2.jpg/330px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Meusnier2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Meusnier2.jpg/440px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Meusnier2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Jean Baptiste Meusnier</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airship_designed_by_Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Meusnier_de_La_Place.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Airship_designed_by_Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Meusnier_de_La_Place.jpg/220px-Airship_designed_by_Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Meusnier_de_La_Place.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Airship_designed_by_Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Meusnier_de_La_Place.jpg/330px-Airship_designed_by_Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Meusnier_de_La_Place.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Airship_designed_by_Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Meusnier_de_La_Place.jpg/440px-Airship_designed_by_Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Meusnier_de_La_Place.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Meusnier's dirigible</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Jean Baptiste Marie Charles Meusnier de la Place</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, 19 June 1754 — le Pont de <a href="/wiki/Mainz-Kastel" title="Mainz-Kastel">Cassel</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, 13 June 1793) was a French <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolutionary</a> general. He is best known for <a href="/wiki/Meusnier%27s_theorem" title="Meusnier's theorem">Meusnier's theorem</a> on the curvature of surfaces, which he formulated while he was at the École Royale du Génie (Royal School of Engineering). He also discovered the <a href="/wiki/Helicoid" title="Helicoid">helicoid</a>. He worked with <a href="/wiki/Lavoisier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a> on the decomposition of water and the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dirigible_balloon">Dirigible balloon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dirigible balloon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meusnier is sometimes portrayed as the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Dirigible" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigible">dirigible</a>, because of an uncompleted project he conceived in 1784, not long after the first <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloon</a> flights of the <a href="/wiki/Montgolfier" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgolfier">Montgolfiers</a>, and presented to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>. This concerned an elliptical balloon (<i>ballonet</i>) 84 metres long, with a capacity of 1,700 cubic metres, powered by three propellers driven by 80 men. The basket, in the form of a boat, was suspended from the canopy on a system of three ropes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacques_Charles_and_Les_Frères_Robert"><span id="Jacques_Charles_and_Les_Fr.C3.A8res_Robert"></span>Jacques Charles and <i>Les Frères Robert</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After their successful hydrogen balloon flights in 1783, professor <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles" title="Jacques Charles">Jacques Charles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Robert_brothers" title="Robert brothers">Robert brothers</a> built an elongated, steerable craft that followed Jean Baptiste Meusnier's proposals. Their design incorporated Meusnier's internal <i>ballonnet</i> (air cell), a rudder, and a method of propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-BioDic_HisTec_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioDic_HisTec-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 July 1784 the brothers flew for 45 minutes from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cloud" title="Saint-Cloud">Saint-Cloud</a> to <a href="/wiki/Meudon" title="Meudon">Meudon</a> with M. Collin-Hullin and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe II, the Duke of Chartres</a> in their elongated balloon. Rather than 80 men it was fitted with oars for propulsion and direction, but these proved useless. The absence of a gas release valve also meant that the duke had to slash the <a href="/wiki/Airships#envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Airships">envelope</a> to prevent it rupturing when they reached an altitude of about 4,500 metres (15,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_Oct_2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA_Oct_2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 September 1784 the brothers and M. Collin-Hullin flew for 6 hours 40 minutes, covering 186 km (116 mi) from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Beuvry" title="Beuvry">Beuvry</a> near <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thune" title="Béthune">Béthune</a>, passing over <a href="/wiki/Saint-Just-en-Chauss%C3%A9e" title="Saint-Just-en-Chaussée">Saint-Just-en-Chaussée</a> and the region of <a href="/wiki/Clermont,_Oise" title="Clermont, Oise">Clermont de l’Oise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beuvry2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beuvry2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first flight over 100 km.<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_Oct_2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA_Oct_2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giffard's_dirigible"><span id="Giffard.27s_dirigible"></span>Giffard's dirigible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Giffard's dirigible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1852, sixty six years after Charles and the Robert brothers 'oar powered' dirigible, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giffard" title="Henri Giffard">Henri Giffard</a>'s design for the first successful powered airship was inspired by Meusnier's ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meusnier's_military_career"><span id="Meusnier.27s_military_career"></span>Meusnier's military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meusnier's military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his military career he was put in charge of coastal defences in 1791. Fighting the Prussians on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, he was injured during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">siege of Mainz (1793)</a> and died of his wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his military service, his is one of the <a href="/wiki/Names_inscribed_under_the_Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe">names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe</a> (as MEUNIER). The <a href="/wiki/UK_Antarctic_Place-Names_Committee" title="UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee">UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee</a> named <a href="/wiki/Meusnier_Point" title="Meusnier Point">Meusnier Point</a> after his legacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballonet" title="Ballonet">Ballonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenoid" title="Catenoid">Catenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_curvature" title="Mean curvature">Mean curvature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hydrogen_technologies" title="Timeline of hydrogen technologies">Timeline of hydrogen technologies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BioDic_HisTec-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BioDic_HisTec_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDayMcNeil2003" class="citation book cs1">Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuigWMLVriMC&pg=PA143"><i>Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203028292" title="Special:BookSources/9780203028292"><bdi>9780203028292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003-09&rft.isbn=9780203028292&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuigWMLVriMC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Baptiste+Meusnier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAA_Oct_2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAA_Oct_2001_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAA_Oct_2001_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905044430/http://www.faa.gov/news/aviation_news/2001/media/Oct2001.pdf">Federal Aviation Administration - F.A.Aviation News, October 2001, Balloon Competitions and Events Around the Globe, Page 15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAI_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAI_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030105101231/http://www.fai.org/ballooning/newsletter/pr00-02.htm">Federation Aeronautique Internationale, Ballooning Commission, Hall of Fame, Robert Brothers.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beuvry2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beuvry2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histoire.beuvry.free.fr/siecles/siecles_revolution/siecles_revolution_ballon.htm">Histoire Beuvry, Balloon revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220551/http://histoire.beuvry.free.fr/siecles/siecles_revolution/siecles_revolution_ballon.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-27224-0_2">"Frühgeschichte"</a>. <i>Die Großen Zeppeline</i> (in German). 2005. pp. 5–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-27224-0_2">10.1007/3-540-27224-0_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-21170-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-21170-9"><bdi>978-3-540-21170-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%BChgeschichte&rft.btitle=Die+Gro%C3%9Fen+Zeppeline&rft.pages=5-8&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-27224-0_2&rft.isbn=978-3-540-21170-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252F3-540-27224-0_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Baptiste+Meusnier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruesdell1996" class="citation journal cs1">Truesdell, Clifford (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00420830">"Jean-Baptiste-Marie charles meusnier de la place (1754–1793): An historical note"</a>. <i>Meccanica</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 607–610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00420830">10.1007/BF00420830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123539788">123539788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meccanica&rft.atitle=Jean-Baptiste-Marie+charles+meusnier+de+la+place+%281754%E2%80%931793%29%3A+An+historical+note&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=607-610&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00420830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123539788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Truesdell&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF00420830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Baptiste+Meusnier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Meusnier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a>, <i>Histoire de la Révolution française</i></li> <li>Richard S. Hartenberg, <i>Technology and Culture</i>, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Summer, 1966), pp. 410–411</li> <li>Jean Meusnier: <i>Mém. prés. par div. Etrangers.</i> Acad. Sci. Paris, 10 (1785) pp. 477–510</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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