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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archbishop_of_Valencia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archbishop_of_Valencia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Archbishop of Valencia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archbishop_of_Valencia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_to_the_papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_to_the_papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Election to the papacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_to_the_papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years_in_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_in_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Early years in office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_in_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>French involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_in_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_in_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>French in retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_in_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savonarola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savonarola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Savonarola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savonarola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Familial_aggrandizement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Familial_aggrandizement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Familial aggrandizement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Familial_aggrandizement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Jubilee_(1500)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Jubilee_(1500)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>The Jubilee (1500)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Jubilee_(1500)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Alexander VI</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Alexander_VI" title="Pous Alexander VI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI_P%C4%81pa" title="Alexander VI Pāpa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Alexander VI Pāpa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="إسكندر السادس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسكندر السادس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleixandre_VI" title="Aleixandre VI – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aleixandre VI" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_VI" title="Alexandru VI – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexandru VI" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Aleksandr" title="VI Aleksandr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VI Aleksandr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="পোপ ষষ্ঠ আলেকজান্ডার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোপ ষষ্ঠ আলেকজান্ডার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Alexander_6-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Alexander 6-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Alexander 6-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_VI" title="Аляксандр VI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр VI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_VI_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Аляксандар VI (папа рымскі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар VI (папа рымскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_VI" title="Александър VI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър VI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Aleksandar_VI" title="Papa Aleksandar VI – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papa Aleksandar VI" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alesant_VI" title="Alesant VI – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alesant VI" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_VI" title="Alexandre VI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexandre VI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_VI." title="Alexandr VI. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr VI." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Alecsander_VI" title="Pab Alecsander VI – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Alecsander VI" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Alexander_6." title="Pave Alexander 6. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Alexander 6." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI." title="Alexander VI. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander VI." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_VI" title="Aleksander VI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksander VI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%84" title="Πάπας Αλέξανδρος ΣΤ΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Αλέξανδρος ΣΤ΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_VI" title="Alejandro VI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alejandro VI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandro_la_6-a" title="Aleksandro la 6-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandro la 6-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandro_VI.a" title="Alexandro VI.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexandro VI.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85" title="الکساندر ششم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر ششم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pope Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_VI" title="Alexandre VI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre VI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Alastar_VI" title="Pápa Alastar VI – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Alastar VI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_VI,_papa" title="Alexandre VI, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexandre VI, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Alexander_6-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Alexander 6-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Alexander 6-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4_6%EC%84%B8" title="교황 알렉산데르 6세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 알렉산데르 6세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_VI" title="Ալեքսանդր VI – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր VI" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%87" title="पोप एलेक्ज़ेंडर छठे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोप एलेक्ज़ेंडर छठे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_VI." title="Aleksandar VI. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandar VI." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Alexander_la_6ma" title="Papo Alexander la 6ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Alexander la 6ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Alejandro_VI" title="Papa Alejandro VI – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Alejandro VI" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Aleksander_VI" title="Paus Aleksander VI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Aleksander VI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_6." title="Alexander 6. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexander 6." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Alessandro_VI" title="Papa Alessandro VI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Alessandro VI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99" title="אלכסנדר השישי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר השישי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_VI_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98)" title="ალექსანდრე VI (პაპი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრე VI (პაპი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Alexander_VI" title="Papa Alexander VI – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Skender_VI" title="Papa Skender VI – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Papa Skender VI" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI" title="Alexander VI – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_VI" title="Aleksandrs VI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs VI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI." title="Alexander VI. – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alexander VI." data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_VI" title="Aleksandras VI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandras VI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI._S%C3%A1ndor_p%C3%A1pa" title="VI. Sándor pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VI. Sándor pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_VI" title="Папа Александар VI – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Александар VI" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_VI_(papa)" title="Aleksandra VI (papa) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aleksandra VI (papa)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ആറാമൻ മാർപ്പാപ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ആറാമൻ മാർപ്പാപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप अलेक्झांडर सहावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप अलेक्झांडर सहावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="اسكندر السادس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسكندر السادس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Alexander_VI" title="Paus Alexander VI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Alexander_6-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Alexander 6-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Alexander 6-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Alexander_VI" title="Paus Alexander VI – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB6%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="アレクサンデル6世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンデル6世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_VI" title="Александр VI – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Александр VI" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI" title="Alexander VI – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Aleksander_VI" title="Pave Aleksander VI – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave Aleksander VI" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_VI" title="Alexandre VI – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alexandre VI" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liss%C3%A0nder_VI" title="Lissànder VI – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lissànder VI" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI." title="Alexander VI. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alexander VI." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_VI" title="Aleksander VI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksander VI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Alexandre_VI" title="Papa Alexandre VI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Alexandre VI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Alexandru_al_VI-lea" title="Papa Alexandru al VI-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Alexandru al VI-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_VI" title="Александр VI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Александр VI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Alexander_VI" title="Pape Alexander VI – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandri_VI" title="Aleksandri VI – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aleksandri VI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alissandru_VI" title="Alissandru VI – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alissandru VI" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="හයවන ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් පාප්වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හයවන ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් පාප්වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI." title="Alexander VI. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexander VI." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Aleksander_VI." title="Papež Aleksander VI. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Aleksander VI." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%94%D0%B6%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%94%D1%AF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8A_%D0%85%D2%83" title="Папєжь Алєѯандръ Ѕ҃ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Папєжь Алєѯандръ Ѕ҃" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_VI" title="Папа Александар VI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Александар VI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_VI." title="Aleksandar VI. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandar VI." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksanteri_VI" title="Aleksanteri VI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksanteri VI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI" title="Alexander VI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Alejandro_VI" title="Papa Alejandro VI – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Alejandro VI" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI._Alexander" title="VI. Alexander – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VI. Alexander" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_VI" title="Олександр VI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олександр VI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85" title="ایلیکساندر ششم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلیکساندر ششم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Alexan%C4%91%C3%AA_VI" title="Giáo hoàng Alexanđê VI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Alexanđê VI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Alejandro_VI" title="Papa Alejandro VI – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Alejandro VI" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="亚历山大六世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大六世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Alexander_6k" title="Pópù Alexander 6k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Alexander 6k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="歷山六世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歷山六世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI" title="Alexander VI – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alexander VI" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li 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For the Spanish nobleman, see <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Borja_(Spanish_noble)" title="Rodrigo de Borja (Spanish noble)">Rodrigo de Borja (Spanish noble)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Talk:Pope Alexander VI">talk page</a>. 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Alexander VI</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">Valentinus ("The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencian</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_(Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani,_Vatican).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Portrait_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Portrait_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Portrait_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="4202" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Berruguete" title="Pedro Berruguete">Pedro Berruguete</a><br />(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1495</span>, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1492</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">18 August 1503</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Innocent_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius III">Pius III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere" title="San Nicola in Carcere">Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere</a> (1456–1471)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Girona" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Girona">Administrator of Girona</a> (1457–1458)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via_Lata" title="Santa Maria in Via Lata">Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata</a> (1458–1492)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain">Administrator of Valencia</a> (1458–1492)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell">Bishop of Urgell</a> (1467–1472)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Albano" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano">Cardinal-Bishop of Albano</a> (1471–1476)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Porto-Santa_Rufina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina">Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina</a> (1476–1492)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cartagena" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cartagena">Administrator of Cartagena</a> (1482–1492)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Majorca">Administrator of Mallorca</a> (1489–1492)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Eger" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Eger">Administrator of Eger</a> (1491–1492)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain">Archbishop of Valencia</a> (1492)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">1468<sup id="cite_ref-CE1913_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE1913-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">30 October 1471</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 1456<br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Roderic de Borja</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1431</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva" title="Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 August 1503<span style="display:none">(1503-08-18)</span> (aged 71–72)<br />Rome, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">Buried</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Monserrato_degli_Spagnoli" title="Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli">Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli</a>, Rome</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jofr%C3%A9_de_Borja_y_Escriv%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Jofré de Borja y Escrivà">Jofré de Borja y Escrivà</a></li><li>Isabel de Borja</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_de_Borgia,_1st_duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st duke of Gandía">Pier Luigi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Girolama_Borgia" title="Girolama Borgia">Girolama</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabella_Borgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabella Borgia (page does not exist)">Isabella</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia,_2nd_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" title="Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía">Giovanni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia" title="Lucrezia Borgia">Lucrezia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia" title="Gioffre Borgia">Gioffre</a></li><li><a href="#Personal_life">Others</a> <i>disputed</i></li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander VI's coat of arms"><img alt="Alexander VI's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg/50px-C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg/75px-C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg/100px-C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1237" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pope Alexander (disambiguation)">Other popes named Alexander</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;"><span style="font-size:80%">Papal styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pope Alexander VI</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg/60px-C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg/90px-C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg/120px-C_o_a_Alexander_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1237" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pope Alexander VI</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born <b>Rodrigo de Borja</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a>: <i>Valentinus</i> ("The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencian</a>");<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1431</span> – 18 August 1503) was head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. Born into the prominent <a href="/wiki/House_of_Borgia" title="House of Borgia">Borgia family</a> in <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva" title="Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, Rodrigo studied law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>. He was ordained <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> and made a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> in 1456 after the election of his uncle as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III</a>, and a year later he became <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery" title="Apostolic Chancery">vice-chancellor</a> of the Catholic Church. He proceeded to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Curia</a> under the next four popes, acquiring significant influence and wealth in the process. In 1492, Rodrigo was elected pope, taking the name Alexander VI. </p><p>Alexander's <a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">papal bulls</a> of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> following the finds of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1492. During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian wars">second Italian war</a>, Alexander VI supported his son <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottiero</a> for the French king. The scope of his foreign policy was to gain the most advantageous terms for his family.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander is one of the most controversial of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> popes, partly because he acknowledged fathering several children by his mistresses. As a result, his Italianized <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a> surname, <i>Borgia</i>, became a byword for <a href="/wiki/Libertinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertinism">libertinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>, which are traditionally considered as characterizing his pontificate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_family">Birth and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rodrigo de Borja was born c. 1431, in the town of <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva" title="Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a> near <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, one of the component realms of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, in what is now Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named for his paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Gil_de_Borja_y_Fennolet" title="Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet">Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet</a>. His parents were <a href="/wiki/Jofr%C3%A9_Llan%C3%A7ol_i_Escriv%C3%A0" title="Jofré Llançol i Escrivà">Jofré Llançol i Escrivà</a> (died bef. 24 March 1437) and his Aragonese wife and distant cousin Isabel de Borja y Cavanilles (died 19 October 1468), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Domingo_de_Borja_y_Doncel" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Domingo de Borja y Doncel">Juan Domingo de Borja y Doncel</a>. He had a younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Luis_de_Borja" title="Pedro Luis de Borja">Pedro</a>. His family name is written <i>Llançol</i> in <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a> and <i>Lanzol</i> in <a href="/wiki/Castillian_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillian Spanish">Castillian</a>. Rodrigo adopted his mother's family name of <a href="/wiki/Borgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgia">Borja</a> in 1455 following the elevation to the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> of maternal uncle Alonso de Borja (Italianized to Alfonso Borgia) as <a href="/wiki/Calixtus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Calixtus III">Calixtus III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cousin and Calixtus's nephew <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Mil%C3%A0_y_de_Borja" title="Luis de Milà y de Borja">Luis de Milà y de Borja</a> became a cardinal. </p><p>Gerard Noel writes that Rodrigo's father was Jofré de Borja y Escrivà, making Rodrigo a Borja from his mother and father's side.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Cesare, Lucrezia and Jofre were known to be of Llançol paternal lineage. <a href="/wiki/G._J._Meyer" title="G. J. Meyer">G. J. Meyer</a> suggests that Rodrigo would have likely been uncle (from a shared female family member) to the children, and attributes the confusion to attempts to connect Rodrigo as the father of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia,_2nd_Duke_of_Gandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia">Giovanni</a> (Juan), <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia" title="Lucrezia Borgia">Lucrezia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia" title="Gioffre Borgia">Gioffre</a> (Jofré in <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>), who were surnamed <i>Llançol i Borja</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_personality">Appearance and personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appearance and personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter de Roo gives a flattering summary of contemporary descriptions of Alexander, relating him to have been "of a medium complexion, with dark eyes and slightly full lips, of robust health"; in later life, he reports that "his aspect [was declared] to be venerable and far more august than an ordinary human appearance", and that he was "so familiar with <a href="/wiki/Holy_Writ" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Writ">Holy Writ</a>, that his speeches were fairly sparkling with well-chosen texts of the Sacred Books".<sup id="cite_ref-deroo1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deroo1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_Borja_Valencia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Plaque_Borja_Valencia.jpg/220px-Plaque_Borja_Valencia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Plaque_Borja_Valencia.jpg/330px-Plaque_Borja_Valencia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Plaque_Borja_Valencia.jpg/440px-Plaque_Borja_Valencia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>Plaque outside the Archbishop's Palace, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> . Translation: Alexander VI, 9 July 1492, Pope Innocent VIII, at the request of Cardinal Borja and the Catholic Monarchs, raised the Valencian See to the rank of metropolitan, making Rodrigo of Borja the first Archbishop of Valencia 1492–1503.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rodrigo de Borja's career in the Church began in 1445 at the age of 14 when he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Sacristan" title="Sacristan">sacristan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Valencia_Cathedral" title="Valencia Cathedral">Cathedral of Valencia</a> by his influential uncle, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Alfons Cardinal de Borja</a>, who had been appointed a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1448, Borja became canon at the cathedrals of Valencia, Barcelona, and Segorbe. His uncle, Cardinal de Borja, persuaded <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> to allow young Borja to perform this role <i>in absentia</i> and receive the associated income, so that Borja could travel to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Rome, Rodrigo Borgia (as his surname was usually spelled in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) studied under Gaspare da Verona, a humanist tutor. He then studied law at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">Bologna</a> where he graduated, not simply as <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Doctor of Law</a>, but as "the most eminent and judicious jurisprudent."<sup id="cite_ref-deroo1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deroo1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election of his uncle, Alfons Cardinal de Borja, as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III</a> in 1455 enabled Borgia's appointments to other positions in the Church. These <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotistic</a> appointments were characteristic of the era. Each pope during this period found himself surrounded by the servants and retainers of his predecessors who often owed their loyalty to the family of the pontiff who had appointed them.<sup id="cite_ref-Burkle_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1455, he inherited his uncle's post as bishop of Valencia, and Callixtus appointed him Dean of Santa Maria in Xàtiva. The following year, he was ordained <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> and created <a href="/wiki/Lay_cardinal" title="Lay cardinal">cardinal-deacon</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere" title="San Nicola in Carcere">San Nicola in Carcere</a>. Rodrigo Borgia's appointment as cardinal only occurred after Callixtus III asked the cardinals in Rome to create three new positions in the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>, two for his nephews Rodrigo and Luis Juan de Milà, and one for the Prince Jaime of Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1457, Callixtus III assigned the young Cardinal de Borja (or Borgia in Italian) to go to Ancona as a Papal legate to quell a revolt. Borgia was successful in his mission, and his uncle rewarded him with his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery" title="Apostolic Chancery">vice-chancellor</a> of the Holy Roman Church.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery" title="Apostolic Chancery">vice-chancellor</a> was both incredibly powerful and lucrative, and Borgia held this post for 35 years until his own election to the papacy in 1492. At the end of 1457, Rodrigo Cardinal Borgia's elder brother, Pedro Luis Borgia, fell ill, so Rodrigo temporarily filled Pedro Luis' position as <a href="/wiki/Captain-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain-general">captain-general</a> of the papal army until he recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1458, Cardinal Borgia's uncle and greatest benefactor, Pope Callixtus, died. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1458_papal_conclave" title="1458 papal conclave">papal election of 1458</a>, Rodrigo Borgia was too young to seek the papacy himself, so he sought to support a cardinal who would maintain him as vice-chancellor. Borgia was one of the deciding votes in the election of Cardinal Piccolomini as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>, and the new pope rewarded Borgia not only with maintaining the chancellorship but also with a lucrative abbey benefice and another titular church.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1460, Pope Pius rebuked Cardinal Borgia for attending a private party which Pius had heard turned into an orgy. Borgia apologized for the incident but denied that there had been an orgy. Pope Pius forgave him, and the true events of the evening remain unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1462, Rodrigo Borgia had his first son, Pedro Luis, with an unknown mistress. He sent Pedro Luis to grow up in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Borgia acceded to Pope Pius's call for cardinals to help fund a new crusade. Before embarking to lead the crusade personally, Pope Pius II fell ill and died, so Borgia would need to ensure the election of yet another ally to the papacy to maintain his position as vice-chancellor. </p><p>On the first ballot, the <a href="/wiki/1464_papal_conclave" title="1464 papal conclave">conclave of 1464</a> elected Borgia's friend Pietro Barbo as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Pope Paul II</a>. Borgia was in high standing with the new pope and retained his positions, including that of vice-chancellor. Paul II reversed some of his predecessor's reforms that diminished the power of the chancellory. Following the election, Borgia fell ill of the plague but recovered. Borgia had two daughters, Isabella (*1467) and Girolama (*1469), with an unknown mistress. He openly acknowledged all three of his children.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Paul II died suddenly in 1471. </p><p>While Borgia had acquired the reputation and wealth to mount a bid for the papacy in <a href="/wiki/1471_papal_conclave" title="1471 papal conclave">this conclave</a>, there were only three non-Italians, making his election a near-impossibility. Consequently, Borgia continued his previous strategy of positioning himself as kingmaker. This time, Borgia gathered the votes to make Francesco della Rovere (the uncle of future Borgia rival <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Giuliano della Rovere</a>) <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a>. Della Rovere's appeal was that he was a pious and brilliant <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Franciscan</a> friar who lacked many political connections in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He seemed to be the perfect cardinal to reform the Church, and the perfect cardinal for Borgia to maintain his influence. Sixtus IV rewarded Borgia for his support by promoting him to cardinal-bishop and consecrating him as the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop_of_Albano" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Bishop of Albano">Cardinal-Bishop of Albano</a>, requiring Borgia's ordination as a priest. Borgia also received a lucrative abbey from the pope and remained vice-chancellor.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the year, the pope appointed Borgia to be the papal legate for Spain to negotiate a peace treaty between <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> and to solicit their support for another crusade. In 1472, Borgia was appointed to be the papal chamberlain until his departure to Spain. Borgia arrived in his native Aragon in the summer, reuniting with family and meeting with King Juan II and Prince Ferdinand. The pope gave Cardinal Borgia discretion over whether to give dispensation for <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand</a>'s marriage to his second cousin <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella of Castile</a>, and Borgia decided in favour of approving the marriage. The couple named Borgia to be the godfather of their first son in recognition of this decision.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was critical in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">unification of Castile and Aragon</a> into Spain. Borgia also negotiated peace between Castile and Aragon and an end to the civil wars in the latter Kingdom, gaining the favour of the future King Ferdinand - who would go on to promote the interests of the Borgia family in Aragon.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borgia returned to Rome the following year, narrowly surviving a storm that sank a nearby galley that was carrying 200 men of the Borgia household. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vannozza_Cattanei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Vannozza_Cattanei.jpg/220px-Vannozza_Cattanei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Vannozza_Cattanei.jpg/330px-Vannozza_Cattanei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Vannozza_Cattanei.jpg/440px-Vannozza_Cattanei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei" title="Vannozza dei Cattanei">Vannozza dei Cattanei</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Back in Rome, Borgia began his affair with <a href="/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei" title="Vannozza dei Cattanei">Vannozza dei Cattenei</a> which would yield four children: <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare</a> in 1475, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia,_2nd_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" title="Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía">Giovanni</a> in 1474 or 1476, <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia" title="Lucrezia Borgia">Lucrezia</a> in 1480, and <a href="/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia" title="Gioffre Borgia">Gioffre</a> in 1482. In 1476, Pope Sixtus appointed Borgia to be the cardinal-bishop of Porto. In 1480, the pope legitimized Cesare as a favour to Cardinal Borgia, and in 1482, the pope began to appoint the seven-year-old to church positions, demonstrating Borgia's intention to use his influence to promote his children. Contemporaneously, Borgia continued to add to his list of benefices, becoming the wealthiest cardinal by 1483.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also become <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> in that year. In 1484, Pope Sixtus IV died, necessitating another election for Borgia to manipulate to his advantage. </p><p>Borgia was wealthy and powerful enough to mount a bid, but he faced competition from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Giuliano della Rovere</a>, the late pope's nephew. Della Rovere's faction had the advantage of being incredibly large as Sixtus had appointed many of the cardinals who would participate in the election. Borgia's attempts to gather enough votes included bribery and leveraging his close ties to Naples and Aragon. However, many of the Spanish cardinals were absent from the conclave and della Rovere's faction had an overwhelming advantage. Della Rovere chose to promote Cardinal Cibo as his preferred candidate, and Cibo wrote to the Borgia faction wanting to strike a deal. Once again, Borgia played kingmaker and conceded to Cardinal Cibo who became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, Borgia retained his position of vice-chancellor, successfully holding this position over the course of five papacies and four elections. </p><p>In 1485, Pope Innocent VIII nominated Borgia to become the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville">Archbishop of Seville</a>, a position that <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">King Ferdinand II</a> wanted for his own son. In response, Ferdinand angrily seized the Borgia estates in Aragon and imprisoned Borgia's son Pedro Luis. However, Borgia healed the relationship by turning down this appointment. Pope Innocent, at the urging of his close ally Giuliano della Rovere, decided to declare war against Naples, but Milan, Florence, and Aragon chose to support Naples over the pope. Borgia led the opposition within the College of Cardinals to this war, and King Ferdinand rewarded Borgia by making his son Pedro Luis the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" title="Duke of Gandía">Duke of Gandia</a> and arranging a marriage between his cousin Maria Enriquez and the new duke. Now, the Borgia family was directly tied to the royal families of Spain and Naples. While Borgia gained the favour of Spain, he stood opposed to the pope and the della Rovere family. As a part of his war opposition, Borgia sought to obstruct an alliance negotiation between the papacy and France. These negotiations were unsuccessful and in July 1486, the pope capitulated and ended the war.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1488, Borgia's son Pedro Luis died, and Juan Borgia became the new duke of Gandia. In the following year, Borgia hosted the wedding ceremony between <a href="/wiki/Orsino_Orsini" title="Orsino Orsini">Orsino Orsini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giulia_Farnese" title="Giulia Farnese">Giulia Farnese</a>, and within a few months, Farnese had become Borgia's new mistress. She was 15, and he was 58.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borgia continued to acquire new benefices with their large streams of income, including the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Majorca">bishopric of Majorca</a> and Eger in Hungary. In 1492, Pope Innocent VIII died. Since Borgia was 61, this was likely his last chance to become pope. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archbishop_of_Valencia">Archbishop of Valencia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archbishop of Valencia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When his uncle Alonso de Borja (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain">bishop of Valencia</a>) was elected Pope Callixtus III, he "inherited" the post of bishop of Valencia. Sixteen days before the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a>, he proposed Valencia as a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> and became the first archbishop of Valencia. When Rodrigo de Borgia was elected pope as Alexander VI following the death of Innocent VIII, his son Cesare Borgia "inherited" the post as second archbishop of Valencia. The third and the fourth archbishops of Valencia were <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Borja_Lanzol_de_Roman%C3%AD,_el_menor" title="Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el menor">Juan de Borja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Luis_de_Borja" title="Pedro Luis de Borja">Pedro Luis de Borja</a>, grandnephews of Alexander VI.<sup id="cite_ref-moroni_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moroni-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_to_the_papacy">Election to the papacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Election to the papacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1492" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1492">Papal conclave, 1492</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_-_Castel_Sant%27Angelo,_Rome.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms of Alexander VI – Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coat_of_Arms_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_-_Castel_Sant%27Angelo%2C_Rome.JPG/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_-_Castel_Sant%27Angelo%2C_Rome.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coat_of_Arms_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_-_Castel_Sant%27Angelo%2C_Rome.JPG/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_-_Castel_Sant%27Angelo%2C_Rome.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coat_of_Arms_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_-_Castel_Sant%27Angelo%2C_Rome.JPG/320px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_-_Castel_Sant%27Angelo%2C_Rome.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="2439" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms of Alexander VI – Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome</div></div></div></div></div> <p>There was change in the constitution of the College of Cardinals during the course of the 15th century, especially under Sixtus IV and Innocent VIII. Of the 27 cardinals alive in the closing months of the reign of Innocent VIII no fewer than 10 were <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-nephew" title="Cardinal-nephew">cardinal-nephews</a>, eight were crown nominees, four were Roman nobles and one other had been given the cardinalate in recompense for his family's service to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>; only four were able career churchmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Burkle_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> on 25 July 1492, the three likely candidates for the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> were the 61-year-old Borgia,<sup id="cite_ref-Burkle_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seen as an independent candidate, <a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Sforza" title="Ascanio Sforza">Ascanio Sforza</a> for the Milanese, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Giuliano della Rovere</a>, seen as a pro-French candidate. It was rumoured but not substantiated that Borgia succeeded in buying the largest number of votes and Sforza, in particular, was bribed with four mule-loads of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mallett shows that Borgia was in the lead from the start and that the rumours of bribery began after the election with the distribution of benefices; Sforza and della Rovere were just as willing and able to bribe as anyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The benefices and offices granted to Sforza, moreover, would be worth considerably more than four mule-loads of silver. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Burchard" title="Johann Burchard">Johann Burchard</a>, the conclave's master of ceremonies and a leading figure of the papal household under several popes, recorded in his diary that the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1492" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1492">1492 conclave</a> was a particularly expensive campaign. Della Rovere was bankrolled to the cost of 200,000 gold <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">King Charles VIII of France</a>, with another 100,000 supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burchard_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burchard-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leading candidates in the first ballot were Oliviero Carafa of Sforza's party with nine votes, and Giovanni Michiel and Jorge Costa, both of della Rovere's party with seven votes each. Borgia himself gathered seven votes. However, Borgia convinced Sforza to join with his camp through the promise of being appointed vice-chancellor as well as bribes that included benefices and perhaps four mule-loads of silver. With Sforza now canvassing for votes, Borgia's election was assured. Borgia was elected on 11 August 1492 and assumed the name of Alexander VI (due to confusion about the status of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Alexander V">Pope Alexander V</a>, elected by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Pisa" title="Council of Pisa">Council of Pisa</a>). Many inhabitants of Rome were happy with their new pope because he was a generous and competent administrator who had served for decades as vice-chancellor.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_in_office">Early years in office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early years in office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A5ven_Alexander_VI_blysigill_Petrus_Paulus_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/P%C3%A5ven_Alexander_VI_blysigill_Petrus_Paulus_001.jpg/220px-P%C3%A5ven_Alexander_VI_blysigill_Petrus_Paulus_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/P%C3%A5ven_Alexander_VI_blysigill_Petrus_Paulus_001.jpg/330px-P%C3%A5ven_Alexander_VI_blysigill_Petrus_Paulus_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/P%C3%A5ven_Alexander_VI_blysigill_Petrus_Paulus_001.jpg/440px-P%C3%A5ven_Alexander_VI_blysigill_Petrus_Paulus_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Papal_bulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal bulla">Papal bulla</a> of Alexander VI</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to the preceding pontificate, Pope Alexander VI adhered initially to strict administration of justice and orderly government. Before long, though, he began endowing his relatives at the Church's and at his neighbours' expense. <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a>, his son, while a youth of seventeen and a student at <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, was made <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Valencia" title="Province of Valencia">Valencia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia,_2nd_Duke_of_Gandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia">Giovanni Borgia</a> inherited the Spanish Dukedom of <a href="/wiki/Gandia" title="Gandia">Gandia</a>, the Borgias' ancestral home in Spain. For the Duke of Gandia and for <a href="/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia" title="Gioffre Borgia">Gioffre</a>, also known as Goffredo, the Pope proposed to carve fiefs out of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>. Among the fiefs destined for the duke of Gandia were <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anguillara_Sabazia" title="Anguillara Sabazia">Anguillara</a>, lately acquired by <a href="/wiki/Virginio_Orsini" title="Virginio Orsini">Virginio Orsini</a>, head of that powerful house. This policy brought Alexander into conflict with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I of Naples</a> as well as with Cardinal della Rovere, whose candidature for the papacy had been backed by Ferdinand. Della Rovere fortified himself in his <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Ostia">bishopric of Ostia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>'s mouth as Alexander formed a league against Naples (25 April 1493) and prepared for war.<sup id="cite_ref-Villari_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villari-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdinand allied himself with <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. He also appealed to Spain for help, but Spain was eager to be on good terms with the papacy to obtain the title to the recently discovered <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Alexander, in the bull <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></i> on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_involvement">French involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931498" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1494–1498">Italian War of 1494–1498</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Special:EditPage/Pope Alexander VI">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1494_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Italy_1494_AD.png/220px-Italy_1494_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Italy_1494_AD.png/330px-Italy_1494_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Italy_1494_AD.png/440px-Italy_1494_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption>Italy 1494</figcaption></figure> <p>Pope Alexander VI made many alliances to secure his position. He sought help from <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> (1483–1498), who was allied to <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico "il Moro" Sforza</a> (the Moor, so-called because of his swarthy complexion), the <i>de facto</i> Duke of Milan, who needed French support to legitimise his rule. As King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I of Naples</a> was threatening to come to the aid of the rightful duke <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza" title="Gian Galeazzo Sforza">Gian Galeazzo Sforza</a>, the husband of his granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Duchess_of_Milan" title="Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan">Isabella</a>, Alexander encouraged the French king in his plan for the conquest of Naples. </p><p>But Alexander, always ready to seize opportunities to aggrandize his family, then adopted a double policy. Through the intervention of the Spanish ambassador, he made peace with Naples in July 1493 and cemented the peace by a marriage between his son Gioffre and <a href="/wiki/Sancha_of_Aragon" title="Sancha of Aragon">Doña Sancha</a>, another granddaughter of Ferdinand I.<sup id="cite_ref-Burchard_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burchard-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to dominate the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> more completely, Alexander, in a move that created much scandal, created 12 new cardinals. Among the new cardinals was his own son Cesare, then only 18 years old. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Alessandro Farnese</a> (later Pope Paul III), the brother of one of the Pope's mistresses, <a href="/wiki/Giulia_Farnese" title="Giulia Farnese">Giulia Farnese</a>, was also among the newly created cardinals. </p><p>On 25 January 1494, Ferdinand I died and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso II</a> (1494–1495).<sup id="cite_ref-Burchard_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burchard-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> now advanced formal claims on the Kingdom of Naples. Alexander authorised him to pass through Rome, ostensibly on a <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, without mentioning Naples. But when the French invasion became a reality Pope Alexander VI became alarmed, recognised Alfonso II as king of Naples, and concluded an alliance with him in exchange for various fiefs for his sons (July 1494). A military response to the French threat was set in motion: a Neapolitan army was to advance through <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> and attack Milan, while the fleet was to seize <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. Both expeditions were badly conducted and failed, and on 8 September Charles VIII crossed the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and joined Ludovico il Moro at Milan. The Papal States were in turmoil, and the powerful <a href="/wiki/Colonna_family" title="Colonna family">Colonna</a> faction seized <a href="/wiki/Ostia_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostia (district)">Ostia</a> in the name of France. Charles VIII rapidly advanced southward, and after a short stay in Florence, set out for Rome (November 1494). </p><p>Alexander appealed to <a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Sforza" title="Ascanio Sforza">Ascanio Sforza</a> and even to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayazid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayazid II">Bayazid II</a> for help. He tried to collect troops and put Rome in a state of defence, but his position was precarious. When the Orsini offered to admit the French to their castles, Alexander had no choice but to come to terms with Charles. On 31 December, Charles VIII entered Rome with his troops, the cardinals of the French faction, and Giuliano della Rovere. Alexander now feared that Charles might depose him for <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a>, and that the king would summon a council to nominate a new pope. Alexander was able to win over the <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bri%C3%A7onnet_(Cardinal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Briçonnet (Cardinal)">bishop of Saint-Malo</a>, who had much influence over the king, by making him a cardinal. Alexander agreed to send Cesare as legate to Naples with the French army; to deliver <a href="/wiki/Cem_Sultan" title="Cem Sultan">Cem Sultan</a>, held as a hostage, to Charles VIII, and to give Charles <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a> (16 January 1495). On 28 January Charles VIII departed for Naples with Cem and Cesare, but the latter slipped away to <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>. Neapolitan resistance collapsed, and Alfonso II fled and abdicated in favour of his son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand II of Naples">Ferdinand II</a>. Ferdinand was abandoned by all and also had to escape, and the Kingdom of Naples was conquered with surprising ease.<sup id="cite_ref-CE1913_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE1913-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_in_retreat">French in retreat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: French in retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Special:EditPage/Pope Alexander VI">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A reaction against Charles VIII soon set in, for all the European powers were alarmed at his success. On 31 March 1495 the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1495)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy League (1495)">Holy League</a> was formed between the pope, the emperor, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Ludovico il Moro and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The League was ostensibly formed against the Turks, but in reality it was made to expel the French from Italy. Charles VIII had himself crowned King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> on 12 May, but a few days later began his retreat northward. He met the League at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fornovo" title="Battle of Fornovo">Fornovo</a> and cut his way through them and was back in France by November. Ferdinand II was reinstated at <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> soon afterwards, with Spanish help. The expedition, if it produced no material results, demonstrated the foolishness of the so-called "politics of equilibrium", the Medicean doctrine of preventing one of the Italian principates from overwhelming the rest and uniting them under its hegemony. </p><p>Charles VIII's belligerence in Italy had made it transparent that the "politics of equilibrium" did nothing but render the country unable to defend itself against a powerful invading force. Italy was shown to be very vulnerable to the predations of the powerful nation-states, France and Spain, that had forged themselves during the previous century. Alexander VI now followed the general tendency of all the princes of the day to crush the great feudatories and establish a centralized despotism. In this manner, he was able to take advantage of the defeat of the French in order to break the power of the Orsini. From that time on, Alexander was able to build himself an effective power base in the Papal States. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castel_Sant%27Angelo_bild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Castel_Sant%27Angelo_bild.jpg/220px-Castel_Sant%27Angelo_bild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Castel_Sant%27Angelo_bild.jpg/330px-Castel_Sant%27Angelo_bild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Castel_Sant%27Angelo_bild.jpg/440px-Castel_Sant%27Angelo_bild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a> in Rome</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Virginio_Orsini" title="Virginio Orsini">Virginio Orsini</a>, who had been captured by the Spanish, died a prisoner at Naples, and the Pope confiscated his property. The rest of the Orsini clan still held out, defeating the papal troops sent against them under <a href="/wiki/Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro" title="Guidobaldo da Montefeltro">Guidobaldo da Montefeltro</a>, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia_(1474)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Borgia (1474)">Giovanni Borgia</a>, Duke of Gandia, at <a href="/wiki/Soriano_nel_Cimino" title="Soriano nel Cimino">Soriano</a> (January 1497). Peace was made through Venetian mediation, the Orsini paying 50,000 ducats in exchange for their confiscated lands; the Duke of Urbino, whom they had captured, was left by the pope to pay his own ransom. The Orsini remained very powerful, and Pope Alexander VI could count on none but his 3,000 Spanish troops. His only success had been the capture of Ostia and the submission of the Francophile cardinals Colonna and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Savelli" title="Giovanni Battista Savelli">Savelli</a>. </p><p>Then occurred a major domestic tragedy for the house of Borgia. On 14 June, his son the <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia,_2nd_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" title="Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía">Duke of Gandia</a>, who was lately created Duke of <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> and had a questionable lifestyle, disappeared; the next day, his corpse was found in the Tiber.<sup id="cite_ref-Villari_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villari-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>. He declared that henceforth the moral reform of the Church would be the sole object of his life. Every effort was made to discover the assassin. No conclusive explanation was ever reached,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it may be that the crime was simply as a result of one of the Duke's sexual liaisons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pope_Alexander_VI#Disputed" title="Talk:Pope Alexander VI">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is no evidence that the Borgias resorted to poisoning, judicial murder, or extortion to fund their schemes and the defense of the Papal States. The only contemporary accusations of poisoning were from some of their servants, extracted under torture by Alexander's bitter enemy Della Rovere, who succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savonarola">Savonarola</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Savonarola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg/170px-Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg/255px-Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg/340px-Girolamo_Savonarola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The debased state of the curia was a major scandal. Opponents, such as the powerful Florentine friar <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>, launched invectives against papal corruption and appealed for a general council to confront the papal abuses. Alexander is reported to have been reduced to laughter when Savonarola's denunciations were related to him. Nevertheless, he appointed <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Maggi" title="Sebastian Maggi">Sebastian Maggi</a> to investigate the friar, and he responded on 16 October 1495: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We are displeased at the disturbed state of affairs in Florence, the more so in that it owes its origin to your preaching. For you predict the future and publicly declare that you do so by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit when you should be reprehending vice and praising virtue ... Prophecies like these should not be made when your charge is to forward peace and concord. Moreover, these are not the time for such teachings, calculated as they are to produce discord even in times of peace let alone in times of trouble. ... Since, however, we have been most happy to learn from certain cardinals and from your letter that you are ready to submit yourself to the reproofs of the Church, as becomes a Christian and a religious, we are beginning to think that what you have done has not been done with an evil motive, but from a certain simple-mindedness and a zeal, however misguided, for the Lord's vineyard. Our duty, however, prescribes that we order you, under holy obedience, to cease from public and private preaching until you are able to come to our presence, not under armed escort as is your present habit, but safely, quietly and modestly as becomes a religious, or until we make different arrangements. If you obey, as we hope you will, we for the time being suspend the operation of our former Brief so that you may live in peace in accordance with the dictates of your conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The hostility of Savonarola seems to have been political rather than personal, and the friar sent a letter of condolence to the pope on the death of the Duke of Gandia; "Faith, most Holy Father, is the one and true source of peace and consolation... Faith alone brings consolation from a far-off country."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But eventually the Florentines tired of the friar's moralising and the Florentine government condemned the reformer to death, executing him on 23 May 1498.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Familial_aggrandizement">Familial aggrandizement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Familial aggrandizement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prominent Italian families looked down on the Spanish Borgia family, and they resented their power, which they sought for themselves. This is, at least partially, why both Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI gave powers to family members whom they could trust.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_-_Bolla_%22Desiderando_nui%22,_dopo_il_18_settembre_1499_-_2951587.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alexander_-_Bolla_%22Desiderando_nui%22%2C_dopo_il_18_settembre_1499_-_2951587.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Alexander_-_Bolla_%22Desiderando_nui%22%2C_dopo_il_18_settembre_1499_-_2951587.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alexander_-_Bolla_%22Desiderando_nui%22%2C_dopo_il_18_settembre_1499_-_2951587.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Alexander_-_Bolla_%22Desiderando_nui%22%2C_dopo_il_18_settembre_1499_-_2951587.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alexander_-_Bolla_%22Desiderando_nui%22%2C_dopo_il_18_settembre_1499_-_2951587.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Alexander_-_Bolla_%22Desiderando_nui%22%2C_dopo_il_18_settembre_1499_-_2951587.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6520" data-file-height="5220" /></a><figcaption>Papal bull <i>Desiderando nui</i>, 1499</figcaption></figure> <p>In these circumstances, Alexander, feeling more than ever that he could rely only on his own kin, turned his thoughts to further family aggrandizement. He had annulled Lucrezia's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sforza" title="Giovanni Sforza">Giovanni Sforza</a>, who had responded to the suggestion that he was impotent with the unsubstantiated counterclaim that Alexander and Cesare indulged in incestuous relations with Lucrezia, in 1497.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to arrange a union between Cesare and the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick IV of Naples">Frederick IV of Naples</a> (who had succeeded Ferdinand II the previous year), he induced Frederick by threats to agree to a marriage between the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Bisceglie" title="Bisceglie">Bisceglie</a>, a natural son of Alfonso II, and Lucrezia. Alexander and the new French king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a> entered a secret agreement; in exchange for a bull of divorce between the king and <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Berry">Joan of France</a> (so he could marry <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a>) and making <a href="/wiki/Georges_d%27Amboise" title="Georges d'Amboise">Georges d'Amboise</a> (the king's chief advisor) the cardinal of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, Cesare was given the duchy of <a href="/wiki/Valentinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinois">Valentinois</a> in France (chosen because it was homophonous with his nickname, Valentino, derived from his father's papal epithet <i>Valentinus</i> ("The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencian</a>", as seen on his coins<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denoting his origin in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a>, Spain), military assistance to help him subjugate the feudal princelings of papal Romagna,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a princess bride, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Albret" title="Charlotte of Albret">Charlotte of Albret</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander hoped that Louis XII's help would be more profitable to his house than that of Charles VIII had been. In spite of the remonstrances of Spain and of the Sforza, he allied himself with France in January 1499 and was joined by Venice. By autumn Louis XII was in Italy expelling Lodovico Sforza from Milan. With French success seemingly assured, the Pope determined to deal drastically with Romagna, which although nominally under papal rule was divided into a number of practically independent lordships on which Venice, Milan, and Florence cast hungry eyes. Cesare, empowered by the support of the French, began to attack the turbulent cities one by one in his capacity as nominated <i><a href="/wiki/Gonfalone_of_the_Church" title="Gonfalone of the Church">gonfaloniere</a></i> (standard bearer) of the church. But the expulsion of the French from Milan and the return of Lodovico Sforza interrupted his conquests, and he returned to Rome early in 1500. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Jubilee_(1500)"><span id="The_Jubilee_.281500.29"></span>The Jubilee (1500)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Jubilee (1500)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee (Christianity)">Jubilee year</a> 1500, Alexander ushered in the custom of opening a <a href="/wiki/Holy_door" title="Holy door">holy door</a> on Christmas Eve and closing it on Christmas Day the following year. After consulting with his Master of Ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Burchard" title="Johann Burchard">Johann Burchard</a>, Pope Alexander VI opened the first holy door in <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> on Christmas Eve 1499, and papal representatives opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. For this, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the <i><a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a></i> of St. Peter's and commissioned a marble door.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander was carried in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">sedia gestatoria</a></i> to St. Peter's. He and his assistants, bearing candles, processed to the holy door, as the choir chanted Psalm 118:19–20.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope knocked on the door three times, workers moved it from the inside, and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Thus, Pope Alexander formalized the rite and began a longstanding tradition that is still in practice. Similar ceremonies were held at the other three basilicas.<sup id="cite_ref-holydoors_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holydoors-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander instituted a special rite for the closing of a holy door, as well. On the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Feast of the Epiphany</a> in 1501, two cardinals began to seal the holy door with two bricks, one silver and one gold. <i>Sampietrini</i> (basilica workers)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> completed the seal, placing specially-minted coins and medals inside the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-holydoors_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holydoors-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of Alexander's many mistresses, one of his favourites was <a href="/wiki/Vannozza_dei_Cattanei" title="Vannozza dei Cattanei">Vannozza dei Cattanei</a>, born in 1442, and who was married to three different men. The relationship began in 1470, and she had four children whom the pope openly acknowledged as his own: <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare</a> (born 1475), <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia,_2nd_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" title="Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía">Giovanni</a>, afterwards duke of <a href="/wiki/Gandia" title="Gandia">Gandia</a> (commonly known as Juan, born 1474 or 1476), <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia" title="Lucrezia Borgia">Lucrezia</a> (born 1480), and <a href="/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia" title="Gioffre Borgia">Gioffre</a> (Goffredo in Italian, born 1481 or 1482). </p><p>Rodrigo only legitimized his children after becoming pope. He had pretended that his four children with Vannozza were his niece and nephews and that they were fathered by Vannozza's husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G._J._Meyer" title="G. J. Meyer">G. J. Meyer</a> argued that the birth dates of the four children in comparison with Alexander's known whereabouts preclude him from having fathered any of them. His "acknowledgement" merely consisted of addressing them as "beloved son / daughter" in correspondence (while applying the same address to, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> in the same letter).<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another mistress was the beautiful <a href="/wiki/Giulia_Farnese" title="Giulia Farnese">Giulia Farnese</a> ("<i>Giulia la Bella</i>"), wife of <a href="/wiki/Orsino_Orsini" title="Orsino Orsini">Orsino Orsini</a>. Giulia was mother of <a href="/wiki/Laura_Orsini" title="Laura Orsini">Laura Orsini</a>, born in 1492, probably daughter of Alexander. However, he still loved Vannozza and his children by her. Caring for them proved the determining factor of his whole career. He lavished vast sums on them. Vannozza lived in the Palace of a late Cardinal, or in a large, palatial villa. The children lived between their mother's home and the Papal Palace itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Villari_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villari-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miracle_of_the_Knight_of_Cologne_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia."><img alt="Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Miracle_of_the_Knight_of_Cologne_%28detail%29.jpg/141px-Miracle_of_the_Knight_of_Cologne_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Miracle_of_the_Knight_of_Cologne_%28detail%29.jpg/212px-Miracle_of_the_Knight_of_Cologne_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Miracle_of_the_Knight_of_Cologne_%28detail%29.jpg/282px-Miracle_of_the_Knight_of_Cologne_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="978" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia,_2nd_Duke_of_Gandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia">Giovanni Borgia</a>, 2nd Duke of Gandia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesareborgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a Gentleman (Cesare Borgia)"><img alt="Portrait of a Gentleman (Cesare Borgia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cesareborgia.jpg/141px-Cesareborgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cesareborgia.jpg/212px-Cesareborgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cesareborgia.jpg/282px-Cesareborgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Gentleman_(Melone)" title="Portrait of a Gentleman (Melone)">Portrait of a Gentleman</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dosso_DOSSI_,_Battista_DOSSI_(attributed_to)_-_Lucrezia_Borgia,_Duchess_of_Ferrara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presumed portrait of Lucrezia Borgia (attributed to Dosso Dossi, c. 1519, National Gallery of Victoria[54])"><img alt="Presumed portrait of Lucrezia Borgia (attributed to Dosso Dossi, c. 1519, National Gallery of Victoria[54])" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dosso_DOSSI_%2C_Battista_DOSSI_%28attributed_to%29_-_Lucrezia_Borgia%2C_Duchess_of_Ferrara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/141px-Dosso_DOSSI_%2C_Battista_DOSSI_%28attributed_to%29_-_Lucrezia_Borgia%2C_Duchess_of_Ferrara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dosso_DOSSI_%2C_Battista_DOSSI_%28attributed_to%29_-_Lucrezia_Borgia%2C_Duchess_of_Ferrara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/212px-Dosso_DOSSI_%2C_Battista_DOSSI_%28attributed_to%29_-_Lucrezia_Borgia%2C_Duchess_of_Ferrara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dosso_DOSSI_%2C_Battista_DOSSI_%28attributed_to%29_-_Lucrezia_Borgia%2C_Duchess_of_Ferrara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/282px-Dosso_DOSSI_%2C_Battista_DOSSI_%28attributed_to%29_-_Lucrezia_Borgia%2C_Duchess_of_Ferrara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5238" data-file-height="6895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Presumed portrait of Lucrezia Borgia (attributed to <a href="/wiki/Dosso_Dossi" title="Dosso Dossi">Dosso Dossi</a>, c. 1519, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goffredo_Borgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gioffre Borgia (1482–1517) Prince of Squillace."><img alt="Gioffre Borgia (1482–1517) Prince of Squillace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Goffredo_Borgia.jpg/141px-Goffredo_Borgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Goffredo_Borgia.jpg/212px-Goffredo_Borgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Goffredo_Borgia.jpg/282px-Goffredo_Borgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gioffre_Borgia" title="Gioffre Borgia">Gioffre Borgia</a> (1482–1517) Prince of Squillace.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Six other children, <a href="/wiki/Girolama_Borgia" title="Girolama Borgia">Girolama</a>, Isabella, <a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_de_Borgia,_1st_duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st duke of Gandía">Pedro-Luiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia_(Infans_Romanus)" title="Giovanni Borgia (Infans Romanus)">Giovanni the "Infans Romanus"</a>, Rodrigo and Bernardo, were of uncertain maternal parentage. His daughter Isabella was the great-great-grandmother of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Pope Innocent X</a>, who was therefore descended in a direct line from Alexander.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DomenichinounicornPalFarnese.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giulia Farnese as – A Virgin with a Unicorn, by Domenichino, c. 1604–05, from Palazzo Farnese"><img alt="Giulia Farnese as – A Virgin with a Unicorn, by Domenichino, c. 1604–05, from Palazzo Farnese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DomenichinounicornPalFarnese.jpg/141px-DomenichinounicornPalFarnese.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DomenichinounicornPalFarnese.jpg/212px-DomenichinounicornPalFarnese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DomenichinounicornPalFarnese.jpg/282px-DomenichinounicornPalFarnese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giulia_Farnese" title="Giulia Farnese">Giulia Farnese</a> as – <i><a href="/wiki/A_Virgin_with_a_Unicorn" title="A Virgin with a Unicorn">A Virgin with a Unicorn</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Domenichino" title="Domenichino">Domenichino</a>, c. 1604–05, from <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ErcoleIId%27Este.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara"><img alt="Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ErcoleIId%27Este.jpg/141px-ErcoleIId%27Este.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ErcoleIId%27Este.jpg/212px-ErcoleIId%27Este.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ErcoleIId%27Este.jpg/282px-ErcoleIId%27Este.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ercole_II_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_de_Borja.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía"><img alt="Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/San_Francisco_de_Borja.jpg/128px-San_Francisco_de_Borja.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/San_Francisco_de_Borja.jpg/193px-San_Francisco_de_Borja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/San_Francisco_de_Borja.jpg/257px-San_Francisco_de_Borja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia,_4th_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía">Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Luisa de Guzmán, Queen consort of Portugal"><img alt="Luisa de Guzmán, Queen consort of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png/141px-Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png/212px-Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png/282px-Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Luisa_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Luisa de Guzmán">Luisa de Guzmán</a>, Queen consort of Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_VI_guilia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander VI kneeling in front of the Madonna, said to be a likeness of Giulia Farnese.[Note 9]"><img alt="Alexander VI kneeling in front of the Madonna, said to be a likeness of Giulia Farnese.[Note 9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Alexander_VI_guilia.jpg/141px-Alexander_VI_guilia.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Alexander_VI_guilia.jpg/212px-Alexander_VI_guilia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Alexander_VI_guilia.jpg/282px-Alexander_VI_guilia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="2598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alexander VI kneeling in front of the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna</a>, said to be a likeness of Giulia Farnese.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery">Slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the explorers of Spain imposed a form of slavery called "<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a>" on the indigenous peoples they met in the New World,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some popes had spoken out against the practice of slavery. In 1435, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> had issued an attack on slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> in his papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Sicut_dudum" title="Sicut dudum">Sicut dudum</a></i>, which included the excommunication of all those who engaged in the slave trade with native chiefs there. A form of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> was allowed, being similar to a peasant's duty to his <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">liege lord</a> in Europe. </p><p>In the wake of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>'s landing in the New World, Pope Alexander was asked by the Spanish monarchy to confirm their ownership of these newly found lands.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI: <i><a href="/wiki/Eximiae_devotionis" title="Eximiae devotionis">Eximiae devotionis</a></i> (3 May 1493), <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></i> (4 May 1493) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dudum_siquidem" title="Dudum siquidem">Dudum siquidem</a></i> (23 September 1493), granted rights to Spain with respect to the newly discovered lands in the Americas similar to those <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> had previously conferred on Portugal with the bulls <i><a href="/wiki/Romanus_Pontifex" title="Romanus Pontifex">Romanus Pontifex</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dum_Diversas" title="Dum Diversas">Dum Diversas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Minnich_281_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnich_281-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morales Padron (1979) concludes that these bulls gave power to enslave the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minnich (2010) asserts that this "slave trade" was permitted to facilitate conversions to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Minnich_281_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnich_281-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians and Vatican scholars strongly disagree with these accusations and assert that Alexander never gave his approval to the practice of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other later popes, such as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Sublimis_Deus" title="Sublimis Deus">Sublimis Deus</a></i> (1537), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> in <i>Immensa Pastorium</i> (1741), and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a> in his letter <i><a href="/wiki/In_supremo_apostolatus" title="In supremo apostolatus">In supremo apostolatus</a></i> (1839), continued to condemn slavery. </p><p>Thornberry (2002) asserts that <i>Inter caetera</i> was applied in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Requirement_of_1513" title="Spanish Requirement of 1513">Spanish Requirement of 1513</a>, which was read to American Indians (who could not understand the colonisers' language) before hostilities against them began. They were given the option to accept the authority of the pope and Spanish crown or face being attacked and subjugated.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornberry_65_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornberry_65-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, the Indigenous Law Institute called on Pope John Paul II to revoke <i>Inter caetera</i> and to make reparation for "this unreasonable historical grief". This was followed by a similar appeal in 1994 by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_World_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of World Religions">Parliament of World Religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornberry_65_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornberry_65-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_years">Last years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A danger now arose in the shape of a conspiracy by the deposed despots, the Orsini, and of some of Cesare's own <i><a href="/wiki/Condottieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottieri">condottieri</a></i>. At first, the papal troops were defeated and things looked bleak for the house of Borgia. But a promise of French help quickly forced the confederates to come to terms. Cesare, by an act of treachery, then seized the ringleaders at <a href="/wiki/Senigallia" title="Senigallia">Senigallia</a> and put <a href="/wiki/Oliverotto_da_Fermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliverotto da Fermo">Oliverotto da Fermo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitellozzo_Vitelli" title="Vitellozzo Vitelli">Vitellozzo Vitelli</a> to death (31 December 1502). When Alexander VI heard the news, he lured Cardinal Orsini to the Vatican and cast him into a dungeon, where he died. His goods were confiscated and many other members of the clan in Rome were arrested, while Alexander's son Goffredo Borgia led an expedition into the Campagna and seized their castles. Thus the two great houses of Orsini and Colonna, who had long fought for predominance in Rome and often flouted the pope's authority, were subjugated and the Borgias' power increased. Cesare then returned to Rome, where his father asked him to assist Goffredo in reducing the last Orsini strongholds; this he was unwilling to do, much to his father's annoyance; but he eventually marched out, captured <a href="/wiki/Ceri" title="Ceri">Ceri</a> and made peace with Giulio Orsini, who surrendered <a href="/wiki/Bracciano" title="Bracciano">Bracciano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Villari_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villari-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war between France and Spain for the possession of Naples dragged on, and the pope was forever intriguing, ready to ally himself with whichever power promised the most advantageous terms at any moment. He offered to help Louis XII on condition that <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> be given to Cesare, and then offered to help Spain in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Popes_Borja_(_Callisto_III_and_Alessandro_VI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tomb_of_Popes_Borja_%28_Callisto_III_and_Alessandro_VI%29.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Popes_Borja_%28_Callisto_III_and_Alessandro_VI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tomb_of_Popes_Borja_%28_Callisto_III_and_Alessandro_VI%29.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Popes_Borja_%28_Callisto_III_and_Alessandro_VI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tomb_of_Popes_Borja_%28_Callisto_III_and_Alessandro_VI%29.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Popes_Borja_%28_Callisto_III_and_Alessandro_VI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2694" data-file-height="3944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs#15th_century" title="List of extant papal tombs">The tomb of Pope Alexander VI</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kmska_Titiaan_-_Jacopo_Pesaro_bisschop_van_Paphos_voorgesteld_door_paus_Alexander_VI_Borgia_aan_de_heilige_Petrus_-_28-02-2010_13-56-55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kmska_Titiaan_-_Jacopo_Pesaro_bisschop_van_Paphos_voorgesteld_door_paus_Alexander_VI_Borgia_aan_de_heilige_Petrus_-_28-02-2010_13-56-55.jpg/220px-Kmska_Titiaan_-_Jacopo_Pesaro_bisschop_van_Paphos_voorgesteld_door_paus_Alexander_VI_Borgia_aan_de_heilige_Petrus_-_28-02-2010_13-56-55.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kmska_Titiaan_-_Jacopo_Pesaro_bisschop_van_Paphos_voorgesteld_door_paus_Alexander_VI_Borgia_aan_de_heilige_Petrus_-_28-02-2010_13-56-55.jpg/330px-Kmska_Titiaan_-_Jacopo_Pesaro_bisschop_van_Paphos_voorgesteld_door_paus_Alexander_VI_Borgia_aan_de_heilige_Petrus_-_28-02-2010_13-56-55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kmska_Titiaan_-_Jacopo_Pesaro_bisschop_van_Paphos_voorgesteld_door_paus_Alexander_VI_Borgia_aan_de_heilige_Petrus_-_28-02-2010_13-56-55.jpg/440px-Kmska_Titiaan_-_Jacopo_Pesaro_bisschop_van_Paphos_voorgesteld_door_paus_Alexander_VI_Borgia_aan_de_heilige_Petrus_-_28-02-2010_13-56-55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Pesaro_being_presented_by_Pope_Alexander_VI_to_Saint_Peter" title="Jacopo Pesaro being presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter">Jacopo Pesaro being presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter</a></i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare</a> was preparing for another expedition in August 1503 when, after he and his father had dined with Cardinal Adriano Castellesi on 6 August, they were taken ill with fever a few days later. Cesare, who "lay in bed, his skin peeling and his face suffused to a violet colour"<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a consequence of certain drastic measures to save him, eventually recovered; but the aged Pontiff apparently had little chance. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Burchard" title="Johann Burchard">Burchard's</a> <i>Diary</i> provides a few details of the pope's final illness and death at age 72:<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Saturday, 12 August 1503, the pope fell ill in the morning. After the hour of vespers, between six and seven o'clock a fever appeared and remained permanently. On 15 August thirteen ounces of blood were drawn from him and the <a href="/wiki/Tertian_ague" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertian ague">tertian ague</a> supervened. On Thursday, 17 August, at nine o'clock in the forenoon he took medicine. On Friday, the 18th, between nine and ten o'clock he confessed to the Bishop Gamboa of Carignola, who then read Mass to him. After his Communion he gave the Eucharist to the pope who was sitting in bed. Then he ended the Mass at which were present five cardinals, Serra, Juan and Francesco Borgia, Casanova and Loris. The pope told them that he felt very bad. At the hour of vespers after Gamboa had given him Extreme Unction, he died.</p></blockquote> <p>As for his true faults<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, known only to his confessor, Pope Alexander VI apparently died genuinely repentant.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gallipoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a>, Alexis Celadoni, spoke of the pontiff's contrition during his funeral oration<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the electors of Alexander's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pope Pius III</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>When at last the pope was suffering from a very severe sickness, he spontaneously requested, one after another, each of the last sacraments. He first made a very careful confession of his sins, with a contrite heart, and was affected even to the shedding of tears, I am told; then he received in Communion the most Sacred Body and Extreme Unction was administered to him.</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> witnessed again the ancient "tradition" of violence and rioting.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cesare, too ill to attend to the business himself, sent <a href="/wiki/Micheletto_Corella" title="Micheletto Corella">Don Micheletto</a>, his chief <i>bravo</i>, to seize the pope's treasures before the death was publicly announced. The next day the body was exhibited to the people and clergy of Rome, but was covered by an "old tapestry" ("antiquo tapete"), having become greatly disfigured by rapid decomposition. According to <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Maffei" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffaello Maffei">Raphael Volterrano</a>: "It was a revolting scene to look at that deformed, blackened corpse, prodigiously swelled, and exhaling an infectious smell; his lips and nose were covered with brown drivel, his mouth was opened very widely, and his tongue, inflated by poison, ... therefore no fanatic or devotee dared to kiss his feet or hands, as custom would have required."<sup id="cite_ref-NC_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venetian ambassador stated that the body was "the ugliest, most monstrous and horrible dead body that was ever seen, without any form or likeness of humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-NC_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Pastor" title="Ludwig von Pastor">Ludwig von Pastor</a> insists that the decomposition was "perfectly natural", owing to the summer heat.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commentaries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> attribute the pope's death to <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, then prevalent in Rome, or to another such pestilence.<sup id="cite_ref-poison1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poison1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One contemporary official wrote home that there was little surprise that Alexander and Cesare had both fallen ill, as the <a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory_of_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Miasma theory of disease">bad air</a> had led to many in Rome, and especially in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, becoming sick.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a short stay, the body was removed from the crypts of St. Peter's and installed in the less well-known Spanish national church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Monserrato_degli_Spagnoli" title="Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli">Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Too_few_opinions plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-too_few_opinions" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">include all significant viewpoints</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit">improve the article</a> or <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Talk:Pope Alexander VI">discuss the issue</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Glass_of_Wine_with_Caesar_Borgia_-_John_Collier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_Glass_of_Wine_with_Caesar_Borgia_-_John_Collier.jpg/300px-A_Glass_of_Wine_with_Caesar_Borgia_-_John_Collier.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_Glass_of_Wine_with_Caesar_Borgia_-_John_Collier.jpg/450px-A_Glass_of_Wine_with_Caesar_Borgia_-_John_Collier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_Glass_of_Wine_with_Caesar_Borgia_-_John_Collier.jpg/600px-A_Glass_of_Wine_with_Caesar_Borgia_-_John_Collier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="1710" /></a><figcaption><i>A Glass of Wine with Caesar Borgia</i> (1893) by <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(Pre-Raphaelite_painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Collier (Pre-Raphaelite painter)">John Collier</a>. From left: <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia" title="Lucrezia Borgia">Lucrezia Borgia</a>, Pope Alexander VI, and a young man holding an empty glass. The painting represents the popular view of the treacherous nature of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Borgia" title="House of Borgia">Borgias</a>—the implication being that the young man cannot be sure that the wine is not poisoned.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_VI_-_Pinturicchio_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Alexander_VI_-_Pinturicchio_detail.jpg/220px-Alexander_VI_-_Pinturicchio_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Alexander_VI_-_Pinturicchio_detail.jpg/330px-Alexander_VI_-_Pinturicchio_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Alexander_VI_-_Pinturicchio_detail.jpg/440px-Alexander_VI_-_Pinturicchio_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Detail of fresco <i>Resurrection</i> in the Borgia Apartments, showing Alexander VI humbly in prayer<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the death of Alexander VI, his rival and successor <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius II">Julius II</a> said on the day of his election: "I will not live in the same rooms as the Borgias lived. He desecrated the Holy Church as none before."<sup id="cite_ref-NC2_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a> remained sealed until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-NC2_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic apologists of Alexander VI have argued that the behaviors he receives criticism for were not atypical of the period. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">De Maistre</a>, in his work <i>Du Pape</i>, "The latter are forgiven nothing, because everything is expected from them, wherefore the vices lightly passed over in a <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> become most offensive and scandalous in an Alexander VI."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander VI had sought reforms of the increasingly irresponsible Curia, putting together a group of his most pious cardinals in order to move the process along. The planned reforms included new rules on the sale of Church property, the limiting of cardinals to one diocese, and stricter moral codes for clergy, though these were not implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander VI was known for his patronage of the arts, and in his days a new architectural era was initiated in Rome with the coming of <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Bramante</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Santi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffaello Santi">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinturicchio" title="Pinturicchio">Pinturicchio</a> all worked for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Villari_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villari-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He commissioned Pinturicchio to lavishly paint a suite of rooms in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican, which are today known as the <a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a>. He took a great interest in theatrics, and he even had <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Menaechmi" title="Menaechmi">Menaechmi</a></i> performed in his apartments.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the arts, Alexander VI also encouraged the development of education. In 1495, he issued a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> at the request of <a href="/wiki/William_Elphinstone" title="William Elphinstone">William Elphinstone</a>, Bishop of Aberdeen, and <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a>, founding <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Aberdeen" title="King's College, Aberdeen">King's College, Aberdeen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King's College now forms an integral element of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. Alexander VI also, in 1501, approved the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valencia" title="University of Valencia">University of Valencia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander VI, whom papal rival and successor <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_della_Rovere" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuliano della Rovere">Giuliano della Rovere</a> alleged without evidence was a <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">marrano</a>, demonstrated relatively benign treatment of Jews. After the 1492 <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Jews from Spain">expulsion of the Jews from Spain</a>, some 9,000 impoverished <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian Jews">Iberian Jews</a> arrived at the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. Alexander welcomed them into Rome, declaring that they were "permitted to lead their life, free from interference from Christians, to continue in their own rites, to gain wealth, and to enjoy many other privileges". He similarly allowed the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal">Jews expelled from Portugal</a> in 1497 and from Provence in 1498.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Hasi%C5%A1tejnsk%C3%BD_z_Lobkovic" title="Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic">Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> poet (1461–1510), wrote a hostile epitaph on Alexander in Latin:<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><b>Epitaphium Alexandri Papae</b><br /> <br /> Cui tranquilla quies odio, cui proelia cordi<br /> et rixa et caedes seditioque fuit,<br /> mortuus hac recubat populis gaudentibus urna<br /> pastor Alexander, maxima Roma, tuus.<br /> Vos, Erebi proceres, vos caeli claudite portas<br /> atque Animam vestris hanc prohibete locis.<br /> In Styga nam veniens pacem turbabit Averni,<br /> committet superos, si petat astra, poli. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p><b>Epitaph to Pope Alexander</b><br /> <br /> One who hated peace and quiet,<br /> and who loved battles, strife, murder, and treason,<br /> Lies in this urn as all peoples rejoice,<br /> Alexander, thy shepherd, o greatest Rome.<br /> Ye prelates of <a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a>, close the doors of Heaven<br /> and prohibit this Soul from your realm.<br /> If it enters <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a>, it will disrupt the peace of <a href="/wiki/Avernus" title="Avernus">Avernus</a>,<br /> and if it seeks heaven it will set the inhabitants of the sky against each other. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Despite Julius II's hostility, the Roman barons and Romagna vicars were never again to be the same problem for the papacy and Julius' successes owe much to the framework laid by the Borgias.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Julius, Alexander never made war unless absolutely necessary, preferring negotiation and diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Lee argues that the crimes attributed to the Borgias were exaggerated by contemporaries because they were outsiders expanding their holdings at the expense of the Italians, that they were Spaniards when it was felt that Spain had too much control on the Italian peninsula, and that after the death of Alexander the family lost its influence and therefore any incentive for anyone to defend them.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, two of Alexander's successors, <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a>, described him as one of the most outstanding popes since <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Over-quotation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">too many or overly lengthy quotations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_Alexander_VI" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pope Alexander VI">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_Alexander_VI" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Pope Alexander VI">Wikisource</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claims of paternity and numbers of children are disputed. See G. J. Meyer,<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Hibbert,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ferdinand Gregorovius.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are claims about Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia, Gioffre (or Goffredo), Girolama (or Jeronima), Isabella, <a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Borgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier Luigi Borgia">Pier Luigi</a> (or Pedro Luis), Bernardo, Rodrigo, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia_(Infans_Romanus)" title="Giovanni Borgia (Infans Romanus)">Giovanni Infans Romanus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laura_Orsini" title="Laura Orsini">Laura</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Alessandro VI</i>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>: <i lang="ca-valencia">Alexandre VI</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Alejandro VI</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>: <i lang="ca-valencia">Roderic Llançol i de Borja</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-valencia-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[roðeˈɾiɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʎanˈsɔl<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbɔɾdʒa]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[roˈðɾiɣo<span class="wrap"> </span>lanˈθol<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈβoɾxa]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Rodrigo Borgia</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ro.dri.ɡoˈbɔr.ʤa]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Spaniards had been trying to take back their country from the Moors for almost 800 years. By the middle of the 15th century, this reconquest was almost complete, but Spain was still a hodgepodge of competing principalities and, because of its constant state of warfare, still a very backward country. In Italy, on the other hand, the Renaissance, which had hardly begun in Spain, had reached its high point and the Italians, in general, did not look kindly on a citizen of this backward country being elevated to the highest post in the Church. Remember, too, that the pope at the time, besides his spiritual powers, was a sovereign political power with large areas of the peninsula, nominally, at least, under his control. Italy was, politically, in a worse state than Spain. In the south, Naples was a fief of the pope, but its ruler, King Ferrante, refused to acknowledge the pope's authority. In the north of the peninsula, many small principalities vied for dominance and were often at war with one another, changing alliances as rapidly as opportunity invited. In the Papal States themselves, noble families, such as the Orsini and the Colonna, acted as petty tyrants in the cities and areas which they controlled, grinding down the people and constantly seeking to achieve their independence from their sovereign, the pope. These Roman families even sought to control the Papacy itself. It was probably only because they could not agree on an Italian successor to Nicholas V that the elderly Callistus had been elected; one who, in all probability, would not live long...Callistus III was acknowledged by all as religious and austere, though severely criticized for his largesse to his family. But he was surrounded by enemies both within the Church and among the rulers of Europe. When elected, he did what all leaders do, he surrounded himself with people whom he believed he could trust. A Spaniard in Italy, he was hard-pressed to find such trustworthiness except from members of his own family; hence his patronage of them, though it is not to be denied that it was probably also for personal reasons."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"As for her reputation, there is absolutely no evidence for the rumors of incest with one or more of her brothers – or indeed with her father – apart from that given by her first husband, Giovanni Sforza, during the divorce proceedings, during which several other baseless accusations were leveled in both directions."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The holy year 1500 definitively ushered in the custom of opening a holy door on Christmas Eve and closing it the following year on Christmas Day. Alexander opened the first holy door in St. Peter's Basilica on Christmas Eve, 1499, and papal legates opened the doors in the other three patriarchal basilicas. For this occasion, Pope Alexander had a new opening created in the portico of St. Peter's and commissioned a door, made of marble, 3.5 meters high and 2.2 wide. It lasted until 1618 when another door was installed in the new basilica. The door, in turn, was replaced in 1950 by the bronze door, which is still in use. In a ceremony strikingly similar in many ways to today's ritual opening of a holy door, Alexander was carried in the gestatorial chair to the portico of St. Peter's. He and the members of his retinue, bearing long candles, processed to the holy door, as the choir intoned Psalm 118:19–20: "Open for me the gate of Yahweh, where the upright go in." The pope knocked thrice on the door, it gave way (assisted from within by workers), and everyone then crossed the threshold to enter into a period of penance and reconciliation. Thus, Pope Alexander, a lover of pomp and ceremony, formalized the rite of opening a holy door and began a tradition that continues, with few variations, to this day. Similar rites were held at the other patriarchal basilicas. Alexander was also the first to institute a special rite for the closing of a holy door. On the feast of the Epiphany, 6 January 1501, two cardinals – one with a silver brick and the other with a gold one – symbolically began to seal the holy door. Basilica workers known as sanpietrini completed the task, which included placing small coins and medals, minted during the holy year, inside the wall."<sup id="cite_ref-holydoors_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holydoors-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[A]ll the clergy of the city were invited to the opening of the [1500] Jubilee. The pope himself performed this ceremony on Christmas Eve, 1499, having taken pains to settle all the details beforehand with his Master of Ceremonies. The ceremonial observed on these occasions was no modern invention, but, as the Bull of Indiction expressly says, was founded on ancient rites and full of symbolic meaning. According to Burchard, the crowd which assisted at these solemnities numbered 200,000 persons. Although this may be an exaggeration, still it is certain that, in spite of the troubles of the times and the insecurity in Rome itself, the numbers attending this Jubilee were very large."<sup id="cite_ref-rorate-jubilee_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rorate-jubilee-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The permanent group of skilled workers and artisans, in every trade, who with their assistants take care of St. Peter's Basilica."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doubtful, but possible. On a similar claim: "Without any solid evidence Giulia is said to have been the model for Pinturicchio's 'Virgin and Child' surrounded by angels in the Borgia Apartments of the Vatican."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[T]here is every reason to believe," writes the <i><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Review_(Catholic_periodical)" title="Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)">Dublin Review</a>,</i> that Pope Alexander VI died "in sentiments of piety and devotion."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The historical value of Bishop Celadoni's funeral oration is said to be immense: "On 16 Sept 1503 Burchardus records in his diary that Alexius Celadenus or Celadonius, bishop of Gallipoli, delivered a discourse to the cardinals about to enter into conclave for the election of a successor to Pope Alexander VI. <i>Et fuit tediosa et longa oratio</i>. Burchardus's most recent editor, Thuasne, states that this oration exists in manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale ... He omits to observe that, granting that the discourse may have been too long for the cardinals, the longer the better for us, inasmuch as it <i>contains an account of Pope Alexander of almost unique value,</i> not merely as the judgment of a contemporary, but as delivered in public before an audience of contemporaries whose station in the church had brought them into almost daily intercourse with the deceased pope, and before whom <i>any serious misrepresentation would have been impossible</i> ..."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latin text: "Dum graviter aegrotaret, factorum conscientia punctus contrito dolentique animo ad lachrymas ut audio fusus, sacrosanctum communionis corpus sua sponte, dilutis prius diligentissima confessione peccatis, petierit, et alia sacramenta ..."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Throughout the Middle Ages a 'tradition' or 'custom' involving pillaging was attached to the death and election of high-ranking prelates."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And as early as 633, "the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Toledo" title="Fourth Council of Toledo">Fourth Council of Toledo</a> condemned the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor were the Romans alone guilty of such misbehavior. In the eleventh century, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a>, writing to the clergy and people of <a href="/wiki/Osimo" title="Osimo">Osimo</a>, sharply reproved the "perverse and wholly detestable practice of certain people, who at the death of the bishop break in like enemies and rob his house, like thieves make off with his belongings, set fire to the homes on his estate, and with fierce and savage barbarity cut down his grape vines and orchards".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In consequence of the simultaneous illness of both the Pope and his son, and the rapid decomposition of the body, which, considering the heat of the weather, was perfectly natural, the cry of poison was raised at once; but on 19 August the Mantuan Envoy writes that there was no sort of ground for supposing this."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"As part of his proposed new reforms, Alexander now nominated a commission of six of the most pious cardinals, and less than two months later a draft Bull of Reformation had been prepared. The pope was banned from selling benefices and from transferring Church property to laypersons. As for the cardinals, who were to be drawn from all the nations, none should possess more than one bishopric; their households were limited to eighty people and thirty horses; they were banned from hunting, theaters, carnivals, and tournaments; and their funeral expenses were not to exceed 1,500 ducats. The lesser clergy were similarly reined in: they must refuse all bribes and put away their concubines."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See inscription on 5 Ducat piece <a href="/wiki/File:Roma,_alessandro_VI,_5_ducati,_1492-1503.jpg" title="File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg">File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg</a> "Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE1913-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE1913_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE1913_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01289a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander VI"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Pope+Alexander+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01289a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFG._J._Meyer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._J._Meyer" title="G. J. Meyer">G. J. Meyer</a> (2014). "Background: The paternity question: An apology". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Borgias:_The_Hidden_History" title="The Borgias: The Hidden History">The Borgias: The Hidden History</a></i>. Bantam. pp. <span class="nowrap">239–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-52692-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-52692-2"><bdi>978-0-345-52692-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Background%3A+The+paternity+question%3A+An+apology&rft.btitle=The+Borgias%3A+The+Hidden+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-345-52692-2&rft.au=G.+J.+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbert2008">Hibbert (2008)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerdinand_Gregorovius1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ferdinand Gregorovius (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ebzTFPEnquAC&pg=PA353"><i>History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Vol. 7, Part 1. London: George Bell. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01509-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01509-7"><bdi>978-1-108-01509-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+City+of+Rome+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=George+Bell&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=978-1-108-01509-7&rft.au=Ferdinand+Gregorovius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DebzTFPEnquAC%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See inscription on 5 Ducat piece <a href="/wiki/File:Roma,_alessandro_VI,_5_ducati,_1492-1503.jpg" title="File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg">File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg</a> "Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weckman-Muñoz, Luis."The Alexandrine Bulls of 1493" in <i>First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old</i>. Edited by Fredi Chiappelli. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1976, pp. 201–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Batllori, Miguel, S.J. "The Papal Division of the World and its Consequences" in <i>First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old</i>. Edited by Fredi Chiappelli. pp. 211–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowney2014" class="citation book cs1">Downey, Kirstin (28 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1qYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108"><i>Isabella: The Warrior Queen</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53412-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53412-3"><bdi>978-0-385-53412-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isabella%3A+The+Warrior+Queen&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53412-3&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Kirstin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1qYAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine B. Avery, 1972, <i>The New Century Italian Renaissance Encyclopedia</i>, Appleton-Century-Crofts, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-612051-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-612051-2">0-13-612051-2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-612051-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-612051-3">978-0-13-612051-3</a> p. 189. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/newcenturyitalia00aver">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoel2006">Noel (2006)</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deroo1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deroo1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deroo1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monsignor Peter de Roo (1924), <i>Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, His Relatives and His Time</i>, (5 vols.), Bruges, Desclée, De Brouwer, volume 2, p. 29. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065604/http://attomelani.net/de_roo/volumeII_lowres.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attomelani.net/de_roo/volumeII_lowres.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fattomelani.net%2Fde_roo%2FvolumeII_lowres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attomelani.net/?page+id=143">volumes 1–5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHollingsworth2014" class="citation book cs1">Hollingsworth, Mary (2014). <i>The Borgias: history's most notorious dynasty</i>. London. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78206-944-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78206-944-7"><bdi>978-1-78206-944-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868380201">868380201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Borgias%3A+history%27s+most+notorious+dynasty&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868380201&rft.isbn=978-1-78206-944-7&rft.aulast=Hollingsworth&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, pp. 17–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkle-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burkle_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkle_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkle_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/election-alexandervi.htm">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Papal elections – XV Century"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church+%E2%80%93+Papal+elections+%E2%80%93+XV+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Felection-alexandervi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moroni-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moroni_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Moroni" title="Gaetano Moroni">Gaetano Moroni</a>, <i>Dizionario di Erudizione Storico-Ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObtDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA50">vol. 6, p. 50</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rossa1989">de Rossa (1989)</a>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallett1981">Mallett (1981)</a>, pp. 123–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burchard-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burchard_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burchard_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burchard_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Burchard, <i>Diaries 1483–1492</i> (translation: A.H. Matthew, London, 1910)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth 2014, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villari-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villari_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villari_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villari_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villari_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villari_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillari1911">Villari (1911)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerzijl1979" class="citation book cs1">Verzijl, Jan H. (26 September 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kTneDFadcIC"><i>International law in historical perspective. 10</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-286-0158-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-286-0158-9"><bdi>90-286-0158-9</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law+in+historical+perspective.+10&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1979-09-26&rft.isbn=90-286-0158-9&rft.aulast=Verzijl&rft.aufirst=Jan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kTneDFadcIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1993" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, M. S. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmzuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3"><i>The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450–1919</i></a>. London: Longman. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-21232-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-21232-4"><bdi>0-582-21232-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Modern+Diplomacy+1450%E2%80%931919&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-582-21232-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmzuAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallett1981">Mallett (1981)</a>, pp. 162–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallett1981">Mallett (1981)</a>, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_la_Bédoyère1958">de la Bédoyère (1958)</a>, pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_la_Bédoyère1958">de la Bédoyère (1958)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_la_Bédoyère1958">de la Bédoyère (1958)</a>, passim <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.B. Darcy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/What+you+don%27t+know+about+the+Borgia+Pope%3A+Alexander+VI+%281492-1503%29.-a0268401837"><i>What you don't know about the Borgia Pope: Alexander VI (1492–1503)</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich2011">Norwich (2011)</a>, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See inscription on 5 Ducat piece <a href="/wiki/File:Roma,_alessandro_VI,_5_ducati,_1492-1503.jpg" title="File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg">File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg</a> "Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1981" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princeclassics00nicc/page/127"><i>The Prince and Selected Discourses</i></a> (Bantam Classic ed.). New York: Bantam Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princeclassics00nicc/page/127">127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-21227-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-21227-3"><bdi>0-553-21227-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince+and+Selected+Discourses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=127&rft.edition=Bantam+Classic&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-553-21227-3&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinceclassics00nicc%2Fpage%2F127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdot_Lerga2005" class="citation book cs1">Adot Lerga, Álvaro (2005). <i>Juan de Albret y Catalina de Foix o la defensa del Estado navarro (1483–1517)</i>. Pamplona/Iruñea: Pamiela. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7681-443-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-7681-443-7"><bdi>84-7681-443-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+de+Albret+y+Catalina+de+Foix+o+la+defensa+del+Estado+navarro+%281483%E2%80%931517%29&rft.place=Pamplona%2FIru%C3%B1ea&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Pamiela&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=84-7681-443-7&rft.aulast=Adot+Lerga&rft.aufirst=%C3%81lvaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holydoors-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holydoors_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holydoors_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holydoors_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen Duston, O.P., and Roberto Zanoli, 2003, <i>Saint Peter and the Vatican: The Legacy of the Popes</i>, Art Services Intl., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88397-140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88397-140-6">978-0-88397-140-6</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rorate-jubilee-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rorate-jubilee_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rorate-caeli.blogspot.com/2013/09/oh-catholic-life-was-just-horrible.html">"How awful was Catholic life under those immoral Renaissance Popes!"</a>. Rorate Caeli<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+awful+was+Catholic+life+under+those+immoral+Renaissance+Popes%21&rft.pub=Rorate+Caeli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frorate-caeli.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F09%2Foh-catholic-life-was-just-horrible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+118:19–20&version=nasb">Psalm 118:19–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=36264">"Dictionary: Sampietrini"</a>. Catholic Culture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary%3A+Sampietrini&rft.pub=Catholic+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fdictionary%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D36264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Darcy, J.B. "What You Don't Know About the Borgia Pope: Alexander VI (1492–1503).(FEATURE ARTICLE)(Biography)." Catholic Insight 19.8 (2011): n. pag. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/media_release/ngv-solves-mystery-of-renaissance-portrait/">"NGV Solves Mystery of Renaissance Portrait"</a> (26 November 2008), NGV. Retrieved 4 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2004">Williams (2004)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA70">p. 70</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_la_Bédoyère1958">de la Bédoyère (1958)</a>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/colonial/encomienda-slavery.pdf">Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America.</a>" (PDF). Latin American Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStogre1992">Stogre (1992)</a>, pp. 69–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raiswell, p. 469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minnich_281-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minnich_281_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minnich_281_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinnich2010">Minnich (2010)</a>, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera1992">Rivera (1992)</a>, pp. 25–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cited by <a href="#CITEREFRivera1992">Rivera (1992)</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Madrid, "Pope Fiction"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornberry_65-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thornberry_65_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornberry_65_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornberry2002">Thornberry (2002)</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivera1992">Rivera (1992)</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Borgias</i>, 1981, <a href="/wiki/Georgina_Masson" title="Georgina Masson">Georgina Masson</a>, Marion Johnson, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-139075-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-139075-1">0-14-139075-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139075-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139075-8">978-0-14-139075-8</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Burchard, 1921, <i>Pope Alexander VI and His Court: Extracts from the Latin Diary of Johannes Burchardus</i>, F. L. Glaser, tr., N.L. Brown, New York, p. 179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/PopeAlexanderVIAndHisCourt/page/n215">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wiseman" title="Nicholas Wiseman">Nicholas Patrick Wiseman</a>, ed., 1858, <i>The Dublin Review</i>, London, Thomas Richardson & Son, vol. 45, p. 351. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdAsAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA351">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Contemporary Oration on Pope Alexander VI", <i>The English Historical Review</i>, 1892, vol. 7, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <i>The Oration of Alexis Celadoni</i>, in <i>The Ideal Renaissance Pope: Funeral Oratory from the Papal Court</i>, John M. MacManamon, S.J., <i>Archivum Historiae Pontificiae,</i> 1976, Vol. 14. pp. 54ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter de Roo, 1924, <i>Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI</i>, vol. 5, p. 89, note. 112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.attomelani.net/?page+id=143">[4]</a> (Word frequency and page number of specific words and phrases for all 5 vols. at <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001925194">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexis Celadoni (Alexius Celadonius, Celadeni, 1451–1517), Bishop of Gallipoli, Italy (1494–1508), <i>Alexii Celadeni Episcopi Gallipolitani Oratio ad sacrum cardinalium senatum ingressurum ad novum pontificem eligendum</i>, Publisher: Rome: Johann Besicken, 1503. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NUk-AAAAcAAJ&q=sponte&pg=PP7">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joëlle Rollo-Koster, 2008, <i>Raiding Saint Peter: Empty Sees, Violence, and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism (1378)</i>, Leiden; Boston: Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-16560-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-16560-6">90-04-16560-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16560-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16560-1">978-90-04-16560-1</a>, <i>Introduction</i>, p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOrzTh-Fca0C&dq=%22In+the+words+of+various+narrators+throughout+the+Middle+Ages%22&pg=PA1">[7]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBertelli2001">Bertelli (2001)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSmdjGuP6SEC&dq=%22in+633+the+Fourth+Council+of+Toledo+condemned+the+violence+of+the+interregnum&pg=PA41">p. 41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter 35, Easter Synod, 1050. <i>Letters 31–60</i>, Owen J. Blum (Translator), 1990, Catholic University of America Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-0707-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-0707-X">0-8132-0707-X</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0707-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0707-0">978-0-8132-0707-0</a>, p. 61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PkYNcU0k94C&pg=PA61">[8]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NC-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NC_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NC_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorne1996">Cawthorne (1996)</a>, p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofthepope06pastuoft#page/134/mode/2up">"Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes, Vol. 6, p. 135"</a>. 1899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ludwig+von+Pastor%2C+History+of+the+Popes%2C+Vol.+6%2C+p.+135&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofthepope06pastuoft%23page%2F134%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poison1-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poison1_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich2011">Norwich (2011)</a>, p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabatini1914" class="citation book cs1">Sabatini, Rafael (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028319956"><i>The Life of Cesare Borgia: Of France, Duke of Valentinois and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafri, Count of Dyois, Lord of Piombino, Camerino, and Urbino, Gonfalonier and Captain-general of Holy Church: a History and Some Criticisms</i></a>. New York: John Lane. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028319956/page/n412">407</a>. <q>per la mala condictione de aere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Cesare+Borgia%3A+Of+France%2C+Duke+of+Valentinois+and+Romagna%2C+Prince+of+Andria+and+Venafri%2C+Count+of+Dyois%2C+Lord+of+Piombino%2C+Camerino%2C+and+Urbino%2C+Gonfalonier+and+Captain-general+of+Holy+Church%3A+a+History+and+Some+Criticisms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=John+Lane&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Sabatini&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028319956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregorovius1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kW1OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA519"><i>History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Vol. 7, part 2. Translated by Hamilton, Annie. London: G. Bell & sons. p. 519.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+City+of+Rome+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=G.+Bell+%26+sons&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Gregorovius&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkW1OAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408224643/http://www.thecatholicdormitory.com/2014/01/11/paintings-of-a-pope/">Paintings of a Pope</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. Publisher: The Catholic Dormitory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NC2-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NC2_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NC2_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorne1996">Cawthorne (1996)</a>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THEqAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a> Catholic Truth Committee. 1907. p. 294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+an+international+work+of+reference+on+the+constitution%2C+doctrine%2C+discipline%2C+and+history+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Knights+of+Columbus+Catholic+Truth+Committee&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHEqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich2011">Norwich (2011)</a>, pp. 268–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofthepope05pastuoft#page/124/mode/2up">"Ludwig von Pastor, <i>History of the Popes</i>, Vol. 5, p. 124"</a>. 1899. <q>Under Alexander VI. the taste for theatrical representations made great progress. Plays, for the most part of an extremely objectionable character, were a prominent feature in all court festivities, and also in the Carnival amusements, in which Alexander took a great interest. In 1502 the Pope had the Menaechmi performed in his own apartments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ludwig+von+Pastor%2C+History+of+the+Popes%2C+Vol.+5%2C+p.+124&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofthepope05pastuoft%23page%2F124%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abdn.ac.uk/about/campus/kings-58.php">"King's College: About"</a>. University of Aberdeen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King%27s+College%3A+About&rft.pub=University+of+Aberdeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abdn.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fcampus%2Fkings-58.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uv.es/uvweb/college/en/university/us/history-1285853103887.html">"History of the UV"</a>. <i>www.uv.es</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uv.es&rft.atitle=History+of+the+UV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uv.es%2Fuvweb%2Fcollege%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Fus%2Fhistory-1285853103887.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valencia.edu/~cultura/e/edificilanau02fundacioing.htm">"La Nau Building – Foundation of the <i>Estudi General</i>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Nau+Building+%E2%80%93+Foundation+of+the+Estudi+General&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valencia.edu%2F~cultura%2Fe%2Fedificilanau02fundacioing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2002">Carroll (2002)</a>, pp. 363–364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic: <i>Carmina selecta</i>, Praha 1996, p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallett1981">Mallett (1981)</a>, p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallett1981">Mallett (1981)</a>, passim <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/alexander-lee/were-borgias-really-so-bad">"Lee, Alexander. "Were the Borgias Really So Bad?", <i>History Today</i>, 1 October 2013"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lee%2C+Alexander.+%22Were+the+Borgias+Really+So+Bad%3F%22%2C+History+Today%2C+1+October+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Falexander-lee%2Fwere-borgias-really-so-bad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallett1981">Mallett (1981)</a>, p. 9</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Bédoyère1958" class="citation book cs1">de la Bédoyère, Michael (1958). <i>The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope</i>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meddlesome+Friar+and+the+Wayward+Pope&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=de+la+B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBertelli2001" class="citation book cs1">Bertelli, Sergio (2001). <i>The King's Body: Sacred Rituals of Power in Medieval and Early Modern Europe</i>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02102-7"><bdi>978-0-271-02102-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Body%3A+Sacred+Rituals+of+Power+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02102-7&rft.aulast=Bertelli&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(author)" title="James Carroll (author)">Carroll, James</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Constantine%27s_Sword" title="Constantine's Sword"><i>Constantine's Sword</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-77927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-77927-9"><bdi>978-0-395-77927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%27s+Sword&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-395-77927-9&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne1996" class="citation book cs1">Cawthorne, Nigel (1996). <i>Sex Lives of the Popes</i>. Prion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Lives+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=Prion&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHibbert2008" class="citation book cs1">Hibbert, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borgiastheirenem00hibb"><i>The Borgias and Their Enemies</i></a>. Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-101033-2"><bdi>978-0-15-101033-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Borgias+and+Their+Enemies&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-15-101033-2&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborgiastheirenem00hibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinnich2010" class="citation book cs1">Minnich, Nelson H. (2010). "The Catholic Church and the pastoral care of black Africans in Renaissance Italy". In Earle, T. F.; Lowe, K. J. P. (eds.). <i>Black Africans in Renaissance Europe</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">280–</span>300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17660-6"><bdi>978-0-521-17660-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Church+and+the+pastoral+care+of+black+Africans+in+Renaissance+Italy&rft.btitle=Black+Africans+in+Renaissance+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-17660-6&rft.aulast=Minnich&rft.aufirst=Nelson+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallett1981" class="citation book cs1">Mallett, M. (1981) [1969]. <i>The Borgias</i> (Granada ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Borgias&rft.edition=Granada&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2013" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, G. J. (2013). <i>The Borgias: the Hidden History</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-52693-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-52693-9"><bdi>978-0-345-52693-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Borgias%3A+the+Hidden+History&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-345-52693-9&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoel2006" class="citation book cs1">Noel, Gerard (2006). <i>The Renaissance Popes</i>. Robinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-343-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-343-7"><bdi>978-1-84529-343-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+Popes&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84529-343-7&rft.aulast=Noel&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorwich2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (2011). <i>Absolute Monarchs: a History of the Papacy</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6715-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6715-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-6715-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolute+Monarchs%3A+a+History+of+the+Papacy&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6715-2&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReston2006" class="citation book cs1">Reston, James (2006). <i>Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors</i>. New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3191-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-3191-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogs+of+God%3A+Columbus%2C+the+Inquisition%2C+and+the+Defeat+of+the+Moors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3191-7&rft.aulast=Reston&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRivera1992" class="citation book cs1">Rivera, Luis N. (1992). <i>A Violent Evangelism: the Political and Religious Conquest of the Americas</i>. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25367-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25367-7"><bdi>978-0-664-25367-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Violent+Evangelism%3A+the+Political+and+Religious+Conquest+of+the+Americas&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pub=Westminster%2FJohn+Knox+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25367-7&rft.aulast=Rivera&rft.aufirst=Luis+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Rossa1989" class="citation book cs1">de Rossa, Peter (1989). <i>Vicars of Christ: the Dark Side of the Papacy</i>. Corgi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vicars+of+Christ%3A+the+Dark+Side+of+the+Papacy&rft.pub=Corgi&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=de+Rossa&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStogre1992" class="citation book cs1">Stogre, Michael (1992). <i>That the world may believe: the development of Papal social thought on aboriginal rights</i>. Médiaspaul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89039-549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89039-549-7"><bdi>978-2-89039-549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+the+world+may+believe%3A+the+development+of+Papal+social+thought+on+aboriginal+rights&rft.pub=M%C3%A9diaspaul&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-89039-549-7&rft.aulast=Stogre&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThornberry2002" class="citation book cs1">Thornberry, Patrick (2002). <i>Indigenous peoples and human rights</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3794-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3794-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-3794-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+peoples+and+human+rights&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3794-8&rft.aulast=Thornberry&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1984" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marchoffollyfrom00tuch"><i>The March of Folly</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52777-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52777-2"><bdi>978-0-394-52777-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+March+of+Folly&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52777-2&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarchoffollyfrom00tuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVillari1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Villari, Luigi (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alexander (popes)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alexander_(popes)">"Alexander (popes)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+%28popes%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Villari&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George L. (2004). <i>Papal Genealogy: the Families and Descendants of the Popes</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2071-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-2071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papal+Genealogy%3A+the+Families+and+Descendants+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2071-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Batllori, Miguel, S.J. "The Papal Division of the World and its Consequences" in <i>First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old</i>. Edited by Fredi Chiappelli. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1976, pp. 211–220.</li> <li>Burchard, John. <i>Diaries 1483–1492</i> (translation: A.H. Matthew, London, 1910)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/election-alexandervi.htm">Burkle-Young, Francis A., "The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)", in Miranda, Salvador. <i>Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Eamon Duffy</a>, <i>Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes</i> (Yale Nota Bene, 2002)</li> <li><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 11th edition.</li> <li><i>The Historical Encyclopedia of World slavery</i>, Editor Junius P. Rodriguez, ABC-CLIO, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-885-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-885-7">978-0-87436-885-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoughlin1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Loughlin, James Francis (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Alexander VI"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Alexander_VI">"Pope Alexander VI" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Alexander+VI&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Loughlin&rft.aufirst=James+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pastor, Ludwig von (1902). <i>The History of the Popes, from the close of the Middle Ages</i>, third edition, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesf05past">Volume V</a> Saint Louis: B. Herder 1902.</li> <li>Pastor, Ludwig von. <i>The History of the Popes, from the close of the Middle Ages</i>, second edition, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesf06past">Volume VI</a> Saint Louis: B. Herder 1902.</li> <li>Weckman-Muñoz, Luis. "The Alexandrine Bulls of 1493" in <i>First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old</i>. Edited by Fredi Chiappelli. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1976, pp. 201–210.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/diarioborjaborgia/Home">Diario Borja Borgia</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenrbown.net/1494-1.htm/">1494: How a Family Feud in Medieval Spain Divided the world in Half</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904094630/http://www.stephenrbown.net/1494-1.htm/">Archived</a> 4 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/jstor-25006264" class="extiw" title="iarchive:jstor-25006264">Thirty-Two Years with Alexander VI</a>, <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>, vol. 8, no. 1, April 1922, pp. 55–58.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25006264">Thirty-Two Years with Alexander VI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMaOfNRCq2sC&q=%22In+a+note+on+Alexander+VI+appended+to+my+translation%22">The Catholic Historical Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oliver-rost.homepage.t-online.de/HistoriaGenealogica.txt">Grandes de España, tomo cuarto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401085740/http://www.oliver-rost.homepage.t-online.de/HistoriaGenealogica.txt">Archived</a> 1 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramhg.es/images/stories/pdf/boletin/boletin-075.pdf">Una rama subsistente del linaje Borja en América española, por Jaime de Salazar y Acha, Académico de Número de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120412191117/http://www.ramhg.es/images/stories/pdf/boletin/boletin-075.pdf">Archived</a> 12 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramhg.es/index.php/boletin/boletin">Boletín de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Alexander_VI&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_Alexander_VI" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oliver-rost.homepage.t-online.de/HistoriaGenealogica.txt">Francisco Fernández de Bethencourt – Historia Genealógica y Heráldica Española, Casa Real y</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401085740/http://www.oliver-rost.homepage.t-online.de/HistoriaGenealogica.txt">Archived</a> 1 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118501844">Literature by and about Pope Alexander VI</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdeborjar.html">"bishop/bdeborjar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org" title="Catholic-Hierarchy.org">Catholic-Hierarchy.org</a></i>. David M. Cheney.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic-Hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=bishop%2Fbdeborjar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fbishop%2Fbdeborjar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Alexander+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienA/Alexander_VI.html">Alexander VI.</a>" in the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96kumenisches_Heiligenlexikon" title="Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon">Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118065020/http://grandesp.org.uk/historia/gzas/gandia.htm">Duque de Gandía</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 18 January 2012) <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/17122">Works by Pope Alexander VI</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Pope </b><br />11 August 1492 – 18 August 1503 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church735" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church1469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General125" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)108" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108316#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3991" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108316#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3991" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108316#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121179247">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2501524">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18548/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCVkJhrBBDYgDwhvrrMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alexander VI., Papst"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118501844">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50058829">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12105735d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12105735d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alexander VI <papa>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV238325">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an53004652">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20030324002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX882833">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1311686">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071445757">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97043983">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000390914">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=162110">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz28d252gkp89r">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810530401505606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810630678405606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/24575">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007257508005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521555206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15072479?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500356916">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1533205">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ALESSANDRO VI, papa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pope Alexander VI","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope_Alexander_VI","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q108316","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q108316","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-17T07:45:26Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T18:53:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c4\/Portrait_of_Pope_Alexander_VI_Borgia_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg","headline":"pope of the Catholic Church 1492\u20131503 from the Borgia family"}</script> </body> </html>