Keith L. Black, M.D. - Academy of Achievement

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Black, M.D. - Academy of Achievement</title>  <meta name="description" content="From a segregated elementary school in Alabama, Keith Black emerged as an award-winning scientific prodigy, practicing transplant surgery on laboratory animals and publishing his first scientific paper while still in his teens. In medical school, he discovered his life's passion, the human brain. Although it is famously regarded as the most difficult specialty in medicine, Keith Black has excelled in brain surgery, not only through his fantastic dexterity, but through a series of visionary discoveries that have revolutionized the treatment of brain cancer. Among other innovations, he identified the compound that enables chemotherapeutic drugs to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and pioneered a vaccine-like treatment to mobilize the body's immune response against cancers of the brain. In little more than 20 years, Keith Black has performed over 5,000 brain tumor operations, extracting cancers so inaccessible that other surgeons had dismissed them as inoperable. Patients from all over the world come to Dr. Black's facility at Cedars-Sinai, to be treated by the man they regard as a miracle worker."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/keith-l-black/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Keith L. Black, M.D. - Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">From a segregated elementary school in Alabama, Keith Black emerged as an award-winning scientific prodigy, practicing transplant surgery on laboratory animals and publishing his first scientific paper while still in his teens. In medical school, he discovered his life's passion, the human brain.</p> <p class="inputText">Although it is famously regarded as the most difficult specialty in medicine, Keith Black has excelled in brain surgery, not only through his fantastic dexterity, but through a series of visionary discoveries that have revolutionized the treatment of brain cancer. Among other innovations, he identified the compound that enables chemotherapeutic drugs to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and pioneered a vaccine-like treatment to mobilize the body's immune response against cancers of the brain.</p> <p class="inputText">In little more than 20 years, Keith Black has performed over 5,000 brain tumor operations, extracting cancers so inaccessible that other surgeons had dismissed them as inoperable. Patients from all over the world come to Dr. Black's facility at Cedars-Sinai, to be treated by the man they regard as a miracle worker.</p>"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/keith-l-black/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/black-Feature-Image.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2800"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">From a segregated elementary school in Alabama, Keith Black emerged as an award-winning scientific prodigy, practicing transplant surgery on laboratory animals and publishing his first scientific paper while still in his teens. In medical school, he discovered his life's passion, the human brain.</p> <p class="inputText">Although it is famously regarded as the most difficult specialty in medicine, Keith Black has excelled in brain surgery, not only through his fantastic dexterity, but through a series of visionary discoveries that have revolutionized the treatment of brain cancer. Among other innovations, he identified the compound that enables chemotherapeutic drugs to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and pioneered a vaccine-like treatment to mobilize the body's immune response against cancers of the brain.</p> <p class="inputText">In little more than 20 years, Keith Black has performed over 5,000 brain tumor operations, extracting cancers so inaccessible that other surgeons had dismissed them as inoperable. Patients from all over the world come to Dr. Black's facility at Cedars-Sinai, to be treated by the man they regard as a miracle worker.</p>"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Keith L. 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/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/black-Feature-Image.jpg [(max-width:992px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/black-Feature-Image-1400x560.jpg"></div> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <figcaption class="feature-area__text ratio-container__text container"> <div class="feature-area__text-inner text-white"> <h2 class="serif-8 feature-area__text-subhead back"><a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever">All achievers</a></h2> <h1 class="serif-1 entry-title feature-area__text-headline">Keith L. Black, M.D.</h1> <h5 class="sans-6 feature-area__blurb">Pioneering Neurosurgeon</h5> </div> </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </header> </div>  <nav class="in-page-nav row fixedsticky"> <ul class="nav text-xs-center clearfix" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link active" data-toggle="tab" href="#biography" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#profile" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Profile">Profile</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#interview" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Interview">Interview</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#gallery" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Gallery">Gallery</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <article class="post-1997 achiever type-achiever status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry careers-surgeon-medical-doctor"> <div class="entry-content container clearfix">  <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane fade in active" id="biography" role="tabpanel"> <section class="achiever--biography"> <div class="row"> <header class="editorial-article__header col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 text-xs-center"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> <h3 class="serif-3 quote-marks">One of the true gifts that one can have is to find out what it is that they truly love to do.</h3> </header> </div> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar clearfix"> <h2 class="serif-3 p-b-1">Brain Tumor Warrior</h2> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> September 13, 1957 </dd> </div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p class="inputtextfirst">Keith Black was born in Tuskegee, Alabama. Shortly thereafter his family moved to Auburn, Alabama, where his mother, Lillian, was a schoolteacher, and his father, Robert, was the principal of Boykin Street Elementary School. Though the Supreme Court had declared school segregation unconstitutional years before Keith Black was born, the state government of Alabama continued to mandate separate schools for black and white children. Robert did his best to circumvent the enforced segregation by employing an integrated faculty in his school, and encouraged his sons to swim in the “whites only” swimming pool. From an early age, Keith Black was fascinated by biology, and taught himself to dissect frogs. Encouraging his son’s interest, Robert bought a cow’s heart for his son to dissect.</p> <figure id="attachment_16339" style="width: 991px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-16339 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-Boykin-St.-Elementary.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-16339 size-full lazyload" alt="Keith Black, age nine, in his school picture from Boykin Street Elementary School in Auburn, Alabama, where his father was principal. (Courtesy of Dr. Keith Black)" width="991" height="1311" data-sizes="(max-width: 991px) 100vw, 991px" data-srcset="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-Boykin-St.-Elementary.jpg 991w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-Boykin-St.-Elementary-287x380.jpg 287w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-Boykin-St.-Elementary-574x760.jpg 574w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-Boykin-St.-Elementary.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Keith Black, age nine, in his school picture from Boykin Street Elementary School in Auburn, Alabama, where his father was principal. Keith Black was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, on September 13, 1957. The younger of two sons born to Robert and Lillian Black, he developed a passion for science at an early age. (Courtesy of Dr. Keith Black)</figcaption></figure> <p class="inputtext">When Keith was ten, Robert Black moved his family to Cleveland, Ohio, seeking superior educational opportunities for his two sons. As a teenager, Keith joined an apprentice program at Case Western Reserve University to learn basic laboratory skills. While still in high school, he took a part-time job at Cleveland’s St. Luke’s Hospital. As an assistant to Frederick Cross and Richard Jones, inventors of the Cross-Jones artificial heart valve, he learned to perform transplant surgeries and heart valve replacements on laboratory dogs. In the course of his work in the Cross-Jones laboratory, he observed damaged red blood cells in patients with heart valve replacements. These observations formed the basis of Black’s first scientific paper, published at age 17. The paper also won him the national Westinghouse Science Talent Search competition. After graduating from Shaker Heights High School, he was admitted to the University of Michigan Medical School’s accelerated program, allowing him to complete an undergraduate degree and medical school in only six years.</p> <p class="inputtext">At the beginning of his medical studies, he became fascinated by the workings of the brain. In addition to studying the anatomy of the brain, he pursued studies in chemistry, physiology, psychology, philosophy, religion and mysticism, in an attempt to grasp the mechanism of human consciousness. In the end, this multidisciplinary exploration led him back to an intensified study of the physical structure of the brain. For his medical specialty, he chose to pursue one of the most notoriously difficult areas of medicine, neurosurgery. A newly minted doctor at age 24, Black remained at the University of Michigan to complete an arduous internship and neurosurgical residency. In 1987, he joined the medical school of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) as an assistant professor of neurosurgery.</p> <figure id="attachment_16340" style="width: 1012px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-16340 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-family.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-16340 size-full lazyload" alt="Keith Black (left) with his brother, Robert Jr. (seated); his father ,Robert Black Sr.; and his mother, Lillian. (Courtesy of Dr. Keith Black)" width="1012" height="1338" data-sizes="(max-width: 1012px) 100vw, 1012px" data-srcset="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-family.jpg 1012w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-family-287x380.jpg 287w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-family-575x760.jpg 575w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-family.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">1965: Keith Black (left) with brother Robert Jr., father Robert Black Sr., and mother Lillian in Auburn, Alabama.</figcaption></figure> <p class="inputtext">Of all the challenges facing the neurosurgeon, the most difficult involve the removal of tumors from the brain: cut too much and the brain is permanently damaged; cut too little and the cancer will probably recur. Over the next decade, Keith Black attacked the problem from every possible angle, perfecting his dexterity as a surgeon while exploring breakthroughs in basic science to devise new strategies for combating brain cancer.</p> <p class="inputtext">Chemotherapies that proved successful in treating other cancers were largely ineffective in cases of brain cancer. The brain is protected by a dense mesh of capillaries, the so-called “blood-brain barrier” — that diverts and dilutes most medications before they can enter the brain. Since medical school, Black had been fascinated by leukotrienes, naturally occurring compounds that enable swelling around traumatic injuries. Among other properties, leukotrienes cause the capillaries to leak. Black conjectured that similar substances, applied to the blood-brain barrier, could permit therapeutic chemicals to enter the brain. Unfortunately, leukotrienes affect the capillaries of healthy brain tissue as well as those of tumors, exposing the brain to the toxic effects of the chemicals. Undaunted, Dr. Black continued his search for a compound that would facilitate effective chemotherapy for brain cancer.</p> <figure id="attachment_37036" style="width: 2233px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-37036 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-Black-Keith-at-podium-at-1999-Summit.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-37036 lazyload" alt="" width="2233" height="3300" data-sizes="(max-width: 2233px) 100vw, 2233px" data-srcset="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-Black-Keith-at-podium-at-1999-Summit.jpg 2233w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-Black-Keith-at-podium-at-1999-Summit-257x380.jpg 257w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-Black-Keith-at-podium-at-1999-Summit-514x760.jpg 514w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-Black-Keith-at-podium-at-1999-Summit.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Guest of honor Dr. Keith Black addressing Academy delegates at the 1999 Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies.</figcaption></figure> <p class="inputtext">At last, Black identified a naturally occurring peptide called bradykinin. Unlike the leukotrienes, bradykinin only affects the blood vessels of cancerous tissue, allowing therapeutic chemicals to attack brain tumors without affecting the healthy tissue of the brain. In 1994, Dr. Black patented a novel therapy, employing RMP-7, a synthetic version of bradykinin. That same year, Dr. Black was appointed to an endowed professorship at UCLA, and named to head the school’s Comprehensive Brain Tumor Program, where he expanded his search for new cancer therapies.</p> <figure id="attachment_16338" style="width: 380px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="size-medium wp-image-16338 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/20150809-we-have-a-dream-keith-black-md-1200x732-380x232.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-medium wp-image-16338 lazyload" alt="Neurosurgeon Keith L. Black, M.D., has led pioneering advances in the understanding and surgical treatment of brain cancers and complex neurological conditions. Under his direction, scientists at the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute are currently pursuing a breakthrough study of Alzheimer’s disease focused on early detection using a simple eye exam." width="380" height="232" data-sizes="(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px" data-srcset="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/20150809-we-have-a-dream-keith-black-md-1200x732-380x232.jpg 380w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/20150809-we-have-a-dream-keith-black-md-1200x732-760x464.jpg 760w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/20150809-we-have-a-dream-keith-black-md-1200x732.jpg 1200w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/20150809-we-have-a-dream-keith-black-md-1200x732-380x232.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Neurosurgeon Dr. Keith L. Black, has led pioneering advances in the understanding and surgical treatment of brain cancers and complex neurological conditions. Scientists at the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute are currently pursuing a breakthrough study of Alzheimer’s disease focused on early detection using a simple eye exam. (Getty)</figcaption></figure> <p class="inputtext">After ten years at UCLA, Dr. Black moved to the neighboring Cedars-Sinai Medical Center to lead the newly formed Maxine Dunitz Neurological Institute. While running the Neurological Institute at Cedars-Sinai, Dr. Black also served for five years on the faculty of the University of California Irvine School of Medicine. By this time, his work had drawn national attention. He was profiled on the public television series <i>The New Explorers</i>, the magazine <i>Esquire</i> included him on its list of “The 21 Most Important People of the 21st Century,” and <i>TIME</i> magazine featured him on the cover of a 1997 special edition, “Heroes of Medicine.”</p> <figure id="attachment_16792" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-16792 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300206.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-16792 size-full lazyload" alt="Brain Trust member Pauletta Washington and Dr. Keith Black, Head of the Neurosurgery Department at the Cedars-Sinai Hospital, attend a launch party for his book <em>Brain Surgeon</em> on April 29, 2009 in Los Angeles, California. (Photo by Vince Bucci/Getty Images)" width="2280" height="1642" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300206.jpg 2280w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300206-380x274.jpg 380w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300206-760x547.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300206.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Brain Trust member Pauletta Washington and Dr. Keith L. Black, M.D., Head of the Neurosurgery Department at the Cedars-Sinai Hospital, attend a launch party for his book <em>Brain Surgeon</em> on April 29, 2009, Los Angeles, California.</figcaption></figure> <p class="inputtext">At Cedars-Sinai, Dr. Black’s search for new therapies produced a second major discovery. Previous research had revealed that many cancers are effectively blocked by the human immune system, but that certain brain cancers produce a substance that renders them invisible to the body’s natural defenses. This substance, known as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), became the next target of Dr. Black’s attention. He devised a novel therapeutic approach in which cancer cells are harvested from the individual patient, cultured, and genetically altered to remove their capacity for producing TGF-beta. Reintroduced into the patient’s system, they stimulate the body’s natural immune defenses. The immune system responds immediately to the re-engineered cancer cells, and continues attacking whatever cancer cells surgery or other therapies may have missed.</p> <figure id="attachment_16342" style="width: 319px" class="wp-caption alignright"><noscript><img class="wp-image-16342 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Keith-L-Black-Scrubs-Photo-Credit-Mark-Harmel.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-16342 size-full lazyload" alt="Dr. Keith Black, Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery and Director of the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. (Photo by Mark Harmel)" width="319" height="480" data-sizes="(max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px" data-srcset="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Keith-L-Black-Scrubs-Photo-Credit-Mark-Harmel.jpg 319w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Keith-L-Black-Scrubs-Photo-Credit-Mark-Harmel-253x380.jpg 253w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Keith-L-Black-Scrubs-Photo-Credit-Mark-Harmel.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Dr. Keith Black, Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery and Director of the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. (Photo by Mark Harmel)</figcaption></figure> <p class="inputtext">Dr. Black has continued his exploration of the body’s natural capacity to defend itself against cancer, extracting a patient’s white blood cells and training them in the test tube to search out and destroy cancer cells. In laboratory rats, this process successfully eliminated glioblastomas, among the most pernicious brain tumors. Of the handful of surgeons who specialize in brain tumor surgery in the United States, few perform more than 100 surgeries over the course of a year; Keith Black typically performs more than twice that number in a given year. In the first two decades of his career he performed well over 5,000 such operations. In many cases, Dr. Black has saved the lives of patients with brain tumors that other surgeons believed were inoperable. He has pioneered a new surgical approach to clival chordae, a deadly cancer that occurs at the base of the skull. Previously, surgeons could only reach these tumors by slicing though the brain, causing irreversible damage. Black pioneered a method of reaching the skull base through the nasal passage, extracting the cancerous tissue without touching the brain at all.</p> <figure id="attachment_16343" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-16343 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-black_047_FULL_RESOLUTION.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-16343 size-full lazyload" alt="Dr. Keith L. Black, M.D., Chairman of the Neurosurgery Department and Director of the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, 2013. (Kareem Assassa)" width="2280" height="3426" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-black_047_FULL_RESOLUTION.jpg 2280w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-black_047_FULL_RESOLUTION-253x380.jpg 253w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-black_047_FULL_RESOLUTION-506x760.jpg 506w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-black_047_FULL_RESOLUTION.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Dr. Keith L. Black, Chairman of the Neurosurgery Department and Director of the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, 2013. (Photo courtesy of Keith L. Black, M.D.)</figcaption></figure> <p class="inputtext">In 2007, Dr. Black opened a new brain tumor research center at Cedars-Sinai, named for the late Johnnie L. Cochran, Jr. The renowned defense attorney was a former patient of Dr. Black’s and a longtime supporter of the center’s fundraising efforts. At the Cochran Center, he continues to develop new approaches to the treatment of brain cancer. He has explored new uses of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, including three-dimensional and real-time imaging processes that enable the surgeon to identify and protect “eloquent” brain tissue — responsible for thought, movement or speech — during surgery. He has also made use of precisely targeted microwave radiation to kill cancer cells, a computer-driven technology that may someday be performed remotely, without requiring the physical presence of the surgeon in the operating room.</p> <p class="inputtext">Keith Black makes his home in Los Angeles, with his wife, Carol, who is also a distinguished physician. They have two children. Away from the laboratory and the operating room, Dr. Black shows a pronounced taste for outdoor adventure. He enjoys mountain climbing, whitewater rafting and skydiving. He has trekked through the Himalayas, rafted Africa’s Zambezi River and climbed Mt. Kilimanjaro. His autobiography, <i>Brain Surgeon</i>, was published in 2009.</p> </body></html> <div class="clearfix"> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="profile" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <header class="editorial-article__header"> <figure class="text-xs-center"> <img class="inductee-badge" src="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/inducted-badge@2x.png" alt="Inducted Badge" width="120" height="120"/> <figcaption class="serif-3 text-brand-primary"> Inducted in 1999 </figcaption> </figure> </header> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <dl class="clearfix m-b-0"> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Career</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> <div><a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/#filter=.surgeon-medical-doctor">Surgeon/Medical Doctor</a></div> </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> September 13, 1957 </dd> </div> </dl> </aside> <article class="col-md-8 editorial-article clearfix"> <p class="inputTextFirst">From a segregated elementary school in Alabama, Keith Black emerged as an award-winning scientific prodigy, practicing transplant surgery on laboratory animals and publishing his first scientific paper while still in his teens. In medical school, he discovered his life’s passion, the human brain.</p> <p class="inputText">Although it is famously regarded as the most difficult specialty in medicine, Keith Black has excelled in brain surgery, not only through his fantastic dexterity, but through a series of visionary discoveries that have revolutionized the treatment of brain cancer. Among other innovations, he identified the compound that enables chemotherapeutic drugs to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and pioneered a vaccine-like treatment to mobilize the body’s immune response against cancers of the brain.</p> <p class="inputText">In little more than 20 years, Keith Black has performed over 5,000 brain tumor operations, extracting cancers so inaccessible that other surgeons had dismissed them as inoperable. Patients from all over the world come to Dr. Black’s facility at Cedars-Sinai, to be treated by the man they regard as a miracle worker.</p> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="interview" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <div class="col-md-12 interview-feature-video"> <figure> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/0k1k02OTmWk?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=2405&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_24_12_15.Still009-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_24_12_15.Still009-760x428.jpg"></div> <div class="video-tag sans-4"> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> <div class="video-tag__text">Watch full interview</div> </div> </div> </figure> </div> <header class="col-md-12 text-xs-center m-b-2"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> </header> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <h2 class="serif-3 achiever--biography-subtitle">Brain Tumor Warrior</h2> <div class="sans-2">San Antonio, Texas</div> <div class="sans-2">May 4, 2001</div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8">   <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p class="inputtextfirst"><b>In your life, you’ve combined a career as a brain surgeon, surely the most difficult specialty in medicine, with a career as a research scientist. What drew you to such difficult choices? What drives you?</b></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/LBERiwxOg2s?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=100&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_06_55_12.Still002-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_06_55_12.Still002-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/perseverance/">Perseverance</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">Keith Black: There is, I think, an innate drive in humankind to create, to develop something new, to build on what we already know as a body of knowledge. The second is that there is something very spiritual. There is something very special about healing, about helping someone in need that’s sick and trying to make them whole, to help their families. That’s what’s special about being a physician. And what’s special about being a physician scientist is that you take that to one additional level, and that we know now that there are some diseases that we cannot cure, so we’re limited. We know that we can only go so far with current technology to help our patients and help our families. So when we run up against our limitation, the drive in the researcher in me is to say, “We can do better. The next patient that I see is not going to die from this cancer. We’re going to have them live a longer and better life.” And that’s the drive, to find the technologies to cure the diseases that are killing my patients.</p> <p></p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>What gives you your greatest sense of satisfaction?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: In terms of work, I would have to say there are three or four global things that I really enjoy. Two are in work. And in terms of the work…</p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/4xJlQh3evWE?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=117&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_10_40_24.Still005-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_10_40_24.Still005-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">There is an immediate gratification that you get when a patient comes to you with a very complex brain tumor, and you can go and you can remove that brain tumor successfully, restore function in that patient, and have them go home in two or three days. I mean, you have given that patient and their family something, and that makes you feel good. And again, I may allow myself to enjoy that for a few minutes, but then you realize you have four other patients. You need to go and do exactly the same thing for the next day. So you never allow yourself to become cocky or conceited — “Look how great I am!” — but that’s sort of an immediate gratification. There is a different gratification that comes in research and science, and it’s longer term. It’s the thrill of the discovery. “Wow! We figured out how this works, now that we have been working on it for five years,” and that’s it. That’s how it comes together. That feeling can last for a longer time. It takes a longer time to get to, but you can feel good about that for six months or a year, because the discoveries are longer in between. So those are really sort of the two drives. And then if you can convert that discovery towards a better treatment for your patients… for example, we’re now working on developing what we call a “vaccine for brain cancer” that we’ve taken into clinical trial, and translating that for better care for patients with a disease that we do not have a cure for at this time.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>So in terms of professional gratification, those are the two things. Family, in terms of sort of enjoying your kids, there’s nothing like it. And then there’s a fourth for me, which I think is just the sense of adventure with life. Being on the top of Mt. Kilimanjaro and watching the sun rise, or white water rafting down the Zambezi. Those kinds of experiences are just fantastic.</p> <figure id="attachment_16341" style="width: 956px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-16341 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-School-Days.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-16341 size-full lazyload" alt="Keith Black was a precocious student, fascinated by all things biological. (Courtesy of Dr. Keith Black)" width="956" height="1407" data-sizes="(max-width: 956px) 100vw, 956px" data-srcset="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-School-Days.jpg 956w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-School-Days-258x380.jpg 258w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-School-Days-516x760.jpg 516w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-School-Days.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Keith Black was a precocious young scholar, fascinated by all things biological. (Courtesy of Dr. Keith Black)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>When did you know you wanted to be a brain surgeon?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I think it was after my first course in neuroanatomy.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/zBK_lK-ZnjI?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_12_45_20.Still006-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_12_45_20.Still006-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">I went into an accelerated program, out of high school, at the University of Michigan, where they took 50 students, and we were admitted to both the medical school and undergrad out of high school, and you got your M.D. degree in six years, in addition to your undergrad degree. In the first year there I had an opportunity to take a course in neuroanatomy, and I knew right away. As soon as I looked and started studying the anatomy of the human brain, I realized how incredibly fascinating the human brain is, and that that’s what I wanted to study. That’s what I wanted to do.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p class="inputtext"><b>How did you manage to qualify for that kind of program in Michigan? What did you have to do to be one of the 50?</b></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/diBa-Bg1ydc?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=63&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_10_11_22.Still004-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_10_11_22.Still004-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/preparation/">Preparation</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">Keith Black: In addition to just having the grades and the test scores, I had demonstrated an aptitude really for research and science early on. When I was with my father one summer at the University of Pennsylvania, I would hang around the research labs at the University of Pennsylvania, which led me ultimately to try to seek out a position in a research lab when I went back to Cleveland, which I actually had an opportunity to start in the tenth grade. So I was doing research at one of the hospitals — St. Luke’s Hospital in Cleveland — in tenth and eleventh grade, and essentially spent half of my twelfth grade year doing research in a surgical research lab, and published my first paper when I was 17 years old. So you know, I had demonstrated really a focus on science and research, which I think made me competitive for the program.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Did you feel that you were different from other kids? Did it affect your social life, or the way you interacted with your classmates?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: No. I was happy. I was social. I was popular. I liked girls. I liked sports. I had a lot of friends. Actually, I became more focused when I was in the ninth grades — in the seventh and eighth grade, my focus was really having a great time on the weekends and doing sports — and I knew that I wanted to be competitive so I became more disciplined. I would get home and study, and try to spend more time with my friends on the weekends. I didn’t consider myself to be not well-rounded and well-balanced. I had a good time.</p> <p><strong>Didn’t you win a Westinghouse Prize?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: Yes. It was actually for my research that I was doing in the tenth and eleventh grade.</p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/n8iWpdaFr94?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=75&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_32_25_00.Still010-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_32_25_00.Still010-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">I was working in the lab of a heart surgeon who had developed his own artificial heart valve, and I had a concept that the heart valve might be damaging red blood cells, so I asked to do a research project using a scanning electron microscope at the time. When I was trying to basically learn the technique, I took some blood from the heart-lung bypass machine from patients undergoing heart-lung bypass, and when I incubated the red blood cells overnight, I noticed that a certain percentage of these cells change from their normal discoid shape to one that resembled a porcupine, called an econocyte. What I did was to describe the discocyte-econocyte transformation in patients undergoing heart-lung bypass, as an index of sublethal red blood cell damage. The importance being that the blood cells could not parachute through the small capillaries. Normally a capillary is about five microns, and the blood cell is seven, and it has to parachute through. The econocytes get stuck and can cause blockage in those capillaries.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>You were doing this at the age of 17?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: Yes.</p> <p><strong>What was it like getting through college, both bachelor’s degree and medical school, in six years?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: When I got into the six-year medical program I was actually scared. I said, “I’m not a genius. All these kids coming into class are going to be geniuses. I’m going to get blown away. This isn’t going to be a lot of fun at all.” But I remember the first class that we had, it was sort of an accelerated chemistry class, especially for our group, and it was essentially inorganic chemistry. Basically moles and molecules.</p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/ni7Xuyh4vSI?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=85&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_04_57_10.Still001-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_04_57_10.Still001-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">We had a professor who had both a Ph.D. in chemistry and biology at the age of 23. I remember studying with my classmates for the first quiz that he had and, you know, you were all in the same dorm, and you go to their room and ask a question about this problem, and they said, “Oh yeah, on page 45. There’s this equation like this on page 45.” Oh my goodness, this isn’t going to be good! And I walked into the quiz and we looked at it. And the quiz was, “If you have two organisms — organism A and organism B — and organism A utilizes carbohydrate as its main energy source, and organism B utilizes protein, and you put them both in a capsule with two liters of oxygen and you shoot them off the moon, which one is going to run out of oxygen first?” And I said, “Well, this doesn’t have anything to do with what we were studying.” And then I realized what it was. It’s a conceptual problem. You take what you had learned, and you apply it, and then you figure out — you convert the moles to oxygen and so forth, and figure out how many moles can be converted to carbon dioxide. But the people that had memorized all the equations had a very difficult time. Conceptually, I was very good, so I figured it out very quick and wrote it down and walked out after about 15 minutes, and everybody thought I was a genius.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>I found it very easy, because they wanted you to conceptualize, and to think, and not just to memorize. I had a good time. I enjoyed it. I could get done what I needed to do. I actually started doing research, because I had additional spare time, and I also had time during those years to learn to fly. I got my pilot’s license and traveled around and did a lot of scuba diving and so forth. So I had a great time.</p> <figure id="attachment_16793" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-16793 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300227.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-16793 size-full lazyload" alt="Actor Sidney Poitier and Dr. Keith Black, Head of the Neurosurgery Department at Cedars-Sinai Hospital, pose at a launch party for Black's book "Brain Surgeon" on April 29, 2009 in Los Angeles, California. (Photo by Vince Bucci/Getty Images)" width="2280" height="1505" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300227.jpg 2280w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300227-380x251.jpg 380w, /web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300227-760x502.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300227.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Actor Sidney Poitier and Dr. Keith Black, Head of the Neurosurgery Department at Cedars-Sinai Hospital, pose at a launch party for Black’s book <em>Brain Surgeon</em> on April 29, 2009 in Los Angeles, California. (Vince Bucci/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>Spare time? You were going to class during the day, and we’ve read that you used to work in the research lab from 11:00 at night to 3:00 or 4:00 in the morning!</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: Right.</p> <p><strong>What kind of life was that? How did you manage that?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: It’s play.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224075717if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/q0ZbkKzhUEc?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=50&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_20_14_26.Still008-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Black-Keith-2001-MasterEdit.00_20_14_26.Still008-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">In medical school, you’re required to memorize a body of facts. You go to gross anatomy, and you learn what muscles attach where and what goes where. You memorize it. When you go into the research lab you’re creating new knowledge, and it was play for me. It was like doing art, or writing poetry, or painting on a canvas. So it wasn’t work. When I was in the research lab from 2:00 to 4:00 o’clock in the morning, it wasn’t work for me. It was play. It’s what I enjoyed doing. Now for someone that didn’t like research it would be really hard work, but for someone who enjoyed it, it was fun.</p> </div> </div>     <aside class="collapse" id="full-interview">    <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Was that an important early lesson, that memorization isn’t enough? That you have to be creative. You have to be imaginative.</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I think it depends on what you want to do. If you are an infrastructure person, and if what is required of you is to just sort of give back the facts, then it may not be important to be creative. You certainly don’t have to be creative to be a good doctor. In fact, you don’t necessarily want a doctor that’s sort of creating as he goes. You want a doctor who is going to sort of follow the cookbook. There’s a big difference between being a doctor and being a scientist, but being a good scientist is all about creativity. I mean it’s all about creating what we don’t know, so that the creative aspect of it really becomes critical. But in addition to being creative — I mean it’s not enough to be creative. You have to sort of be creative, and you have to figure out how you’re going to prove what your creative concept is, which is different from an artist. An artist can just paint and say, “Here, go out and interpret it.” A scientist has to create and then prove that his concepts are correct, and have the discipline to do that. And then, after he proves his concepts are correct, he then has to go out and communicate to the rest of the world what he has proven, because if he keeps it to himself then it’s not a discovery.</p> <p><strong>Let’s talk about your early years. Where did you grow up? Was that in Cleveland, Ohio or Alabama, or both?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: Both. In the early years, Alabama; later years, Cleveland. I was born in Tuskegee. I grew up in Auburn, Alabama until I was ten and my family moved to Cleveland. So I spent essentially from ten years until 17, when I went to college, in Cleveland.</p> <p><strong>What was it like for you as a young boy growing up in Alabama?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: Growing up in the South, for an African American it has some advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages was that you had a lot of role models. You had black teachers, black principals, black doctors, black lawyers. I mean you saw people like yourself in roles of leadership within your community, because your community was isolated. In the fifth grade we integrated the school system, and I actually only spent a year in the fifth grade in an integrated setting at the time. My family was very active in the South. My father had done his graduate training in education at the University of Pennsylvania, went back to Auburn, Alabama as principal of the all-black elementary school there, and was very active in integrating the staff, teaching French to the students in the fourth grade. The black school, you know, having the best library even though we had, you know, not the best books at the time in the school system. And also, instilling in his students a sense of civil disobedience to speak out against injustice. So it was an interesting time. Sort of the best of times and the worst of times, in that there were some advantages and that you did have a very supportive community, but you were not a part of the larger community. You were isolated from the larger community and some larger opportunities.</p> <p><strong>How would you describe yourself as a kid? What kind of kid were you?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I was happy. I was happy and I was inquisitive. As early as I can remember, I always had a sense of fascination with biology — anything related to biology. Even though it’s not politically correct to say now, when I was eight years old one of the things I would enjoy doing was to go out with my BB gun with my friends and shoot birds to get them back to the house to operate on them. To save them, to get the BB out, you know, to do the surgery to remove the BB. And, you know, dissected frogs. My father actually saw me dissect a frog heart, and observed my sense of curiosity with science, and then went out and got me a chicken heart and I dissected that. And then he went to the slaughterhouse and got me a larger cow heart — which was really incredible, because here is this big, huge heart with all these different chambers — and allowed me to dissect that. It really instilled a sense of curiosity in me, but my love was always science and always biology, and I had a sense of fascination with that.</p> <p><strong>How do you explain that? Kids get fascinated by a lot of things, but rarely do you hear about someone that young doing the kinds of things you did with respect to science and biology.</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I think I was lucky. I think one of the true gifts that one can have is to find out what it is that they truly love to do. For some people it’s playing the piano. For others it might be swimming, or some sort of athletic event. To me it was science, and I happened to get lucky enough to find my love for science, which I still love. What that allows me to do essentially is — as a scientist and as a neurosurgeon — I don’t work when I go to work. I mean it’s what I love to do. If I didn’t get paid for what I wanted to do, I would want to pay to do it. So one is very blessed to find what it is that they love to do. The other thing that it does, it allows you to really devote the focus, the hours, the intensity into whatever it is, to become very good at it. Whatever you do, you’re going to have to spend a lot of time perfecting your craft, perfecting your art. So if I’m up late working on a research project, or working to save a patient’s life, it’s not work for me. It’s what I enjoy doing, and it’s not difficult to do if you’re having fun.</p> <p><strong>When you were growing up, was there any event, or a teacher or role model that influenced you or inspired you to do what you ended up doing?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I wouldn’t say it was one event. I had a very supportive family. I consider my father to be the ultimate educator. So even though there was never any pressure — you know, “You got to bring home this grade…” or “You have to go do this.” He was sort of the invisible hand. He would observe what one loved to do and he would cultivate that. He was a teacher.</p> <p>My brother is very different from me. My brother is in an entirely different field. He’s pursuing business. We were both sort of cultivated and challenged in the environment. I grew up in an intellectually challenging environment, in that when we sat down for dinner at the table, it was always some sort of intellectual debate with my father, at a very young age. You would come in and say, “The sky is blue.” He would say, “No, it’s not blue.” You would sit there for 30 minutes trying to convince him that the sky was blue.</p> <p><strong>Were there any books you read in childhood that were particularly important to you?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: Some of the books that I really enjoyed were books by some of the African American authors. You know, (James) Baldwin, <em>Go Tell it on the Mountain</em>. It sort of gave a sense of warmth and understanding of one’s own environment in some of those books. There was never any book, except for one, related to medicine. I remember reading <em>The Making of a Surgeon</em> when I was in probably about the sixth or seventh grade. And that was a book that kind of got me focused, I think, on the career path. And I remember, one thing in there I still remember is that you can always tell you’ve really arrived as a surgeon when the nurses in the hospital ask you to be their physician.</p> <p><strong>Any there are particular teachers that you remember?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: There were a few teachers along the way, but it was a combination. It was more of a mosaic, rather than one teacher that really stood out.</p> <p><strong>There are many young, talented, smart people who do not achieve. How do you explain the fact that you were able to do what others were not?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I think it’s a combination of luck, discipline, the right nurturing and the right environment. Luck, in the sense in that I found what I love to do. Had I been directed to a different career I might not be as successful. If Michael Jordan was playing baseball, he might not be Michael Jordan as we know him. I think one of the most important things is to find what you love to do, and if you’re lucky enough that what you love to do is also what you have a talent at doing, that’s a real plus. And then, having the right nurturing, and having the drive. You have to have the drive. It’s not good enough just to say, “Oh, I’m really good at this.” You have to work at it. You have to develop your craft, to develop your art, and to perfect it.</p> <p><strong>You spoke of your initial reaction showing up at the University of Michigan, being scared. Do you ever have doubts, fear of failure?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: Not anymore. You know, you’ve sort of been through it all in terms of a career. I’ve done almost 4,000 operations for brain tumors. I’m thinking of what’s going to happen ten or 12 steps before. I’m anticipating what’s going to happen in the operation, and I’m comfortable with where we are. I have an intensive drive to find a cure, but I know that we can only do the best that we can do. I think there are other things I have more of a fear about, trying to be the man that my father was in terms of being a good father, really providing the inspiration, nurture, and foundation to my kids that he provided to his.</p> <p><strong>How do you find time to do all that? To be the doctor, the scientist, the father and the husband?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: You just try to be very disciplined in your schedule and get lucky enough to have a wonderful wife and an incredible mother for your kids.</p> <p><strong>In most careers there are setbacks and disappointments. Have you had those?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: There’s certainly been ups and downs. I think one of the hopes that we all have is that the world will recognize us for what our talents are, and you work hard and you do a good job and that’s it. Unfortunately, as we all know, there’s politics. There are people with different political agendas that are not necessarily motivated by the same moral sort of drives that you might have. I mean, people do things not necessarily for the best interest of patients, or for humanity. They may do it for the best interest of themselves, so we have to deal with those political obstacles, which can divert a lot of time and energy. That can be annoying sometimes, because as you say, it’s hard enough trying to find a cure for cancer, and have to step back and say, “Wait a minute. What is this political agenda here?” And have to be wise enough to circumnavigate those to achieve your objective.</p> <p><strong>What about criticism, controversy? How do you deal with that?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I think that’s good. I think that it keeps one in check. I think one should be their worst critic, and when criticism comes from the outside, I think it makes one tougher in a way. As they say, a strong wind makes for a strong tree.</p> <p><strong>Did you learn that from your father?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I did.</p> <p><strong>We have talked about dealing with failure and criticism. What about success? How do you handle success? Can that be a problem? </strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I think you never read your news stories. I’ve had a fair amount — for a physician scientist — of media exposure, and one of the things I tend to do is to ignore it, and to essentially stay focused on the ball, to stay focused on what the objective is, and to not let that become part of what you are, because it’s not really who you are. I mean, who you are is what you do and what your work is. I think the notoriety is important, because it shows other people the path, but besides that, what’s really important is what you do.</p> <p><strong>How did it feel when you were named one of <em>TIME</em> magazine’s “Heroes of Medicine?”</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: It felt great. You say, “Wow! I’m on the cover of <em>TIME</em> magazine!” And what you do is sit back and take a few days and just enjoy it and celebrate it, and then you say, “You know what? I’ve got to get back to work.”</p> <p><strong>What do you know now about achievement that you didn’t know when you were younger, or when you were starting out?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: Not much. I think that it’s important to just follow a couple of principles: Doing what you love to do, being in the right environment, making the right environment for yourself.</p> <p>If you want to do something, one of the smartest things that you can do is go find someone that’s done it and to try to get them to show you how they did it, to show you where the potholes are. What are the right steps to get there? If you want to be an NBA basketball star, go try to find people that are stars, and to try to get them to become your mentors. If you want to become a brain surgeon, go find a brain surgeon or brain surgeons, and to try to have them be your mentor. And not just in terms of where to go to school, but what are the things that are really tough that you have to overcome, and how did you overcome it. Just having the drive and the discipline and the focus to not take no for an answer.</p> <p>When you run up against an obstacle, to do what I call the principle of tai chi. You know, karate takes a force and it opposes with a force, but in most obstacles that you run up against, you’re outgunned and you’re outnumbered, so you’re not going to overcome it with force. One of the smartest things that you can do is to take that force and turn it back against itself, which is what tai chi does. And to enjoy what you do, because if you’re not having fun at it you’re going to get tired real quick. But if you do what you enjoy, and if you’re disciplined, if you find mentors, if you use your head when you come up against an obstacle, and find a way to overcome that obstacle and to keep moving forward — or to move around and move forward — you’ll get to where you want to go.</p> <p><strong>What do you say to a young person who asks you what you had to overcome and how you did it?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: Well, if a person asks me that, they’re probably not going to get a lot of information, because it’s not something I could really say in five or ten minutes. One of the great mentors that I had was a doctor by the name of O.T. Randall, when I was a medical student at the University of Michigan. He was a professor in cardiology, and I was working in his research lab. But the best time with him was not designing the research project, but it was at the end of the day, when we would sit in the lab and listen to some John Coltrane or Miles Davis, and he would tell me about the obstacles that he had just faced in, for example, getting promoted from assistant professor to associate professor with tenure, or the politics in doing that, and the strategy that he used to sort of overcome that, and I would listen. And then I realized, ten years later, when I was facing the same obstacles, that I would use some of his same strategies that I was listening to him talk about ten years ago. That’s what being a mentor is all about. It’s sort of building up that repertoire, so that when you have to use it five years or ten years later, you have it sort of in that background.</p> <p><strong>What haven’t you done that you would like to do?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: That’s a long list. Find a cure for brain cancer. I would love to do that. I would love to develop two great kids, a daughter and a son, who are doing something that they love to do and are happy and successful doing it. One of my interests now is actually getting to move into the whole field of developing a biotechnology company, which is something that I haven’t done before. I’ve been professor, I’ve been teacher, I’ve been surgeon, I’ve been researcher. But moving into the realm of business now, taking the technology and creating a business enterprise from it is a new venture for me, because the skill set becomes very different and it’s a new challenge.</p> <p>I think essentially the real economic boom in the next five or ten years is in the area of biotechnology. I think it’s going to be unlike anything that we’ve ever seen before, and the major breakthroughs are going to be with biotechnology firms, simply from an economic standpoint. If you’re working as a researcher in a research lab, you’re lucky if you get a grant for a half-million dollars to a million dollars a year. It takes $100 million to get one compound from the lab into clinical practice. So as a researcher relying on grants, you would never have the resources that you’d need to rapidly accelerate your discoveries into clinical treatments. The only way to do it is with dollars from the private enterprise sector. So one of the things that we’re looking at doing now, is to build a biotechnology company where we would have the resources to take the technologies from the bench to the bedside.</p> <p><strong>Looking ahead into the 21st century, how do you see our priorities as a nation? Do we have our priorities straight?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I think that it really becomes a national question. I don’t think that any one individual has the answer in terms of whether we have our national priorities straight, because we are a collection of about 300 million individuals. What are the priorities of those 300 million individuals that make them unique from China, or from Italy, for example?</p> <p>I would like to see us, though, in a real sense, take some of the money that we spend on the military. I think the concept of war is obsolete. I mean war is not going to be waged with guns. It’s going to be waged on the economic business front. And to convert some of those dollars, number one, into saving our environment, to figuring out how we’re going to cut down on the greenhouse effect and global warming, and not pollute our oceans. You know, nothing matters if we cannot inhabit this planet. To really begin to make health care a national priority, because we have an opportunity now unlike anything that we’ve ever had in history. The national budget spends about $2.8 billion a year on cancer research. You take a couple of B-2 bombers, and you can double the national cancer budget, for example, which is killing half a million people a year. So you could save a million lives — one million lives — by accelerating and finding a cure for cancer by two years. I mean, we are concerned because we lost 30,000 people in Vietnam, for example. I think it’s 60,000. But the numbers are staggering in comparison. I think, you know, the billions of dollars we spent landing an astronaut on the moon that really had no real scientific objective, because we wanted to beat the Russians, and Kennedy said in ’62, “We’re going to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade,” really is sort of a sibling rivalry between two countries. If we had that same sense of urgency about finding a cure for cancer, or Alzheimer’s disease, or neurological disorders, spinal cord injury, head injury, the results would be staggering, and the impact on humanity — in comparison to a couple of moon rocks in the National Space Museum, to saving millions of lives — would be incomparable.</p> <p><strong>There’s another question we like to ask our honorees. If you had to choose one or two books to read to your grandchildren, what would they be?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: That’s a tough one. One book that I would read to them is <em>The Art of War</em>, because it teaches certain lessons in life that they can apply throughout their life, in terms of overcoming obstacles — and learning how to deal with confrontations in a strategic way — that are placed in front of them, and it would probably give them a better chance of success.</p> <p><strong>There’s a program at Stanford where faculty and students get together, and the students ask the faculty members this question: What’s important to you and why?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I think that what’s ultimately important to me is growth, and I would have to say the most important thing is spiritual growth. I think that we’re given so many years to inhabit this planet, whether it’s 20 or 40 or 60 or 80 years in which we can learn something. Now I have to believe that, or else why are we here? So we have an opportunity to come to a place to experience a lot of things during the time that we have, and hopefully to grow and to learn something from that experience, and to leave it a better place than I think we found it, and for us to leave as better individuals than what we were when we first arrived. And ultimately, what it really ends up being in the end is spiritual growth. It’s not about money. It’s not about fame, and the only thing that we can really hope for — because there is no safety in the end, we never know when the end is up for us — but the only thing that we can hope for is that our soul and our spirit is in order, and that we’ve grown, and that we’ve helped people along the way.</p> <p><strong>This our last question. What does the American Dream mean to you?</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: I think that the American Dream is an evolving concept, because it has never been entirely true, particularly for minority groups. I mean the concept that there is equal opportunity never really meant equal opportunity for everybody. And it still doesn’t mean equal opportunity today. If you’re an African American child in South Central L.A., in a school without the sort of capabilities as a student in Beverly Hills who is going to a private institution, even though you may have the same intellectual capability, you do not have the same opportunity. I think, in an idealized fashion, what the American Dream means is that there’s equal opportunity for every American. We’re a long ways from achieving that dream, and I think as a society I would have to say the American Dream is an evolving concept. The American Dream should really be, “How do we, actually, as a nation, get to the concept where the American Dream is a reality?”</p> <p><strong>Thank you. That was great.</strong></p> <p>Keith Black: Thank you.</p> <p><strong>It was a privilege.</strong></p> </div>  </aside>  <div class="read-more__toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#full-interview"><a href="#" class="sans-4 btn">Read full interview</a></div> </article> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="gallery" role="tabpanel"> <section class="isotope-wrapper">  <header class="toolbar toolbar--gallery bg-white clearfix"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="serif-4">Keith L. Black, M.D. Gallery</div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 text-md-right isotope-toolbar"> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline m-b-0 text-brand-primary sans-4"> <li class="list-inline-item" data-filter=".photo"><i class="icon-icon_camera"></i>10 photos</li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="isotope-gallery isotope-box single-achiever__gallery clearfix"> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.501976284585" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-black_047_FULL_RESOLUTION.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Keith L. Black, M.D., Chairman of the Neurosurgery Department and Director of the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, 2013. (Kareem Assassa)" data-image-copyright="wp-black_047_FULL_RESOLUTION" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-black_047_FULL_RESOLUTION-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/07/wp-black_047_FULL_RESOLUTION-506x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.5047021943574" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Keith-L-Black-Scrubs-Photo-Credit-Mark-Harmel.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Keith Black, Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery and Director of the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. (Photo by Mark Harmel)" data-image-copyright="Keith L Black - Scrubs - Photo Credit Mark Harmel" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Keith-L-Black-Scrubs-Photo-Credit-Mark-Harmel-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Keith-L-Black-Scrubs-Photo-Credit-Mark-Harmel.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4728682170543" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-School-Days.jpg" data-image-caption="Keith Black was a precocious student, fascinated by all things biological. (Courtesy of Dr. Keith Black)" data-image-copyright="KB School Days" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-School-Days-258x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-School-Days-516x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3217391304348" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-family.jpg" data-image-caption="Keith Black (left) with his brother, Robert Jr. (seated); his father ,Robert Black Sr.; and his mother, Lillian. (Courtesy of Dr. Keith Black)" data-image-copyright="KB family" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-family-287x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-family-575x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3240418118467" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-Boykin-St.-Elementary.jpg" data-image-caption="Keith Black, age nine, in his school picture from Boykin Street Elementary School in Auburn, Alabama, where his father was principal. (Courtesy of Dr. Keith Black)" data-image-copyright="KB Boykin St. Elementary" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-Boykin-St.-Elementary-287x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/07/KB-Boykin-St.-Elementary-574x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.61052631578947" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/20150809-we-have-a-dream-keith-black-md-1200x732.jpg" data-image-caption="Neurosurgeon Keith L. Black, M.D., has led pioneering advances in the understanding and surgical treatment of brain cancers and complex neurological conditions. Under his direction, scientists at the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute are currently pursuing a breakthrough study of Alzheimer’s disease focused on early detection using a simple eye exam." data-image-copyright="20150809-we-have-a-dream-keith-black-md-1200x732" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/20150809-we-have-a-dream-keith-black-md-1200x732-380x232.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/07/20150809-we-have-a-dream-keith-black-md-1200x732-760x464.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4990138067061" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/A3I1451.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Keith Black, pioneering neurosurgeon. (Courtesy of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center)" data-image-copyright="_A3I1451" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/A3I1451-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/07/A3I1451-507x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.71973684210526" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300206.jpg" data-image-caption="Brain trust member Pauletta Washington and Dr. Keith Black, Head of the Neurosurgery Department at Cedars-Sinai Hospital, attend a launch party for his book "Brain Surgeon" on April 29, 2009 in Los Angeles, California. (Photo by Vince Bucci/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Dr. Keith Black Book Release Party" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300206-380x274.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300206-760x547.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66052631578947" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300227.jpg" data-image-caption="Actor Sidney Poitier and Dr. Keith Black, Head of the Neurosurgery Department at Cedars-Sinai Hospital, pose at a launch party for Black's book "Brain Surgeon" on April 29, 2009 in Los Angeles, California. (Photo by Vince Bucci/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Dr. Keith Black Book Release Party" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300227-380x251.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-black-keith-GettyImages-86300227-760x502.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4785992217899" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-Black-Keith-at-podium-at-1999-Summit.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Keith Black addressing delegates and members at the 1999 Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies." data-image-copyright="wp-Black, Keith at podium at 1999 Summit" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-Black-Keith-at-podium-at-1999-Summit-257x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wp-Black-Keith-at-podium-at-1999-Summit-514x760.jpg"></div>  </figure>    </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <footer class="editorial-article__footer col-md-8 col-md-offset-4"> <div class="editorial-article__next-link sans-3"> <a href="#"><strong>What's next:</strong> <span class="editorial-article__next-link-title">profile</span></a> </div> <ul class="social list-unstyled list-inline ssk-group m-b-0"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-facebook" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Facebook"><i class="icon-icon_facebook-circle"></i></a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-twitter" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Twitter"><i class="icon-icon_twitter-circle"></i></a></li>  <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-email" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever via Email"><i class="icon-icon_email-circle"></i></a></li> </ul> <time class="editorial-article__last-updated sans-6">This page last revised on June 13, 2018</time> <div class="sans-4"><a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/how-to-cite" target="_blank">How to cite this page</a></div> </footer> </div> <div class="container interview-related-achievers"> <hr class="m-t-3 m-b-3"/> <footer class="clearfix small-blocks text-xs-center"> <h3 class="m-b-3 serif-3">If you are inspired by this achiever’s story, you might also enjoy:</h3> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever sports illness-or-disability athletic ambitious " data-year-inducted="1976" data-achiever-name="Albright"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tenley-albright-m-d/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/alb0-006a-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/alb0-006a-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Tenley Albright, M.D.</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1976</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever science-exploration public-service difficulty-with-school ambitious spiritual-religious poverty " data-year-inducted="1995" data-achiever-name="Carson"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/benjamin-s-carson/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/car1-030-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/car1-030-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Benjamin S. 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Cooley, M.D.</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Pioneer of Heart Transplants</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1968</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever science-exploration small-town-rural-upbringing analytical resourceful work-in-medicine " data-year-inducted="1967" data-achiever-name="DeBakey"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/michael-e-debakey-m-d/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/debakey-001a-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/05/debakey-001a-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Michael E. DeBakey, M.D.</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Father of Modern Cardiovascular Surgery</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1967</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever science-exploration experienced-war-firsthand curious resourceful help-mankind pioneer teach-others work-in-medicine " data-year-inducted="1971" data-achiever-name="Kolff"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/kolff-013a-1-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/kolff-013a-1-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D.</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Father of Artificial Organs</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1971</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </article> <div class="modal image-modal fade" id="imageModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="imageModal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="close-container"> <div class="close icon-icon_x" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></div> </div> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <figure class="image-modal__container"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <img class="image-modal__image" src="/web/20190224075717im_/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/keith-l-black/" alt=""/>  <figcaption class="p-t-2 container"> <div class="image-modal__caption sans-2 text-white"></div>  </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="content-info main-footer bg-black"> <div class="container"> <div class="find-achiever" id="find-achiever-list"> <div class="form-group"> <input id="find-achiever-input" class="search js-focus" placeholder="Search for an achiever"/> <i class="icon-icon_chevron-down"></i> </div> <ul class="find-achiever-list list m-b-0 list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/hank-aaron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Hank Aaron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/kareem-abdul-jabbar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kareem Abdul-Jabbar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lynsey-addario/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lynsey Addario</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-albee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward Albee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tenley-albright-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tenley Albright, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/svetlana-alexievich/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Svetlana Alexievich</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/julie-andrews/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Julie Andrews</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/maya-angelou/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Angelou</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-d-ballard-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert D. 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Elion, M.Sc.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/larry-j-ellison/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry J. Ellison</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nora-ephron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nora Ephron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/julius-erving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Julius Erving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tony-fadell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tony Fadell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-farmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Farmer, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzanne-farrell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzanne Farrell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-s-fauci-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-field/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally Field</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Norman Foster</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/aretha-franklin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Aretha Franklin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/milton-friedman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Milton Friedman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-fuentes/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Fuentes</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/athol-fugard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Athol Fugard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernest-j-gaines/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernest J. Gaines</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/william-h-gates-iii/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William H. Gates III</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leymah Gbowee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-gehry/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank O. Gehry</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/murray-gell-mann-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-ghosn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Ghosn</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/vince-gill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Vince Gill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louise Glück</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/whoopi-goldberg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Whoopi Goldberg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jane-goodall/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Jane Goodall</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/doris-kearns-goodwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mikhail-s-gorbachev/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mikhail S. Gorbachev</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nadine-gordimer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nadine Gordimer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-jay-gould/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carol-greider-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol Greider, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-grisham/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Grisham</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-john-gurdon/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir John Gurdon</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dorothy-hamill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dorothy Hamill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/demis-hassabis-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Demis Hassabis, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lauryn-hill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lauryn Hill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-edmund-hillary/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Edmund Hillary</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/reid-hoffman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reid Hoffman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/khaled-hosseini/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Khaled Hosseini, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ron-howard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Howard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-hume/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Hume</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louis-ignarro-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louis Ignarro, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/daniel-inouye/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Daniel K. Inouye</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeremy-irons/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeremy Irons</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-irving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Irving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/kazuo-ishiguro/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kazuo Ishiguro</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-peter-jackson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Peter Jackson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/donald-c-johanson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Donald C. Johanson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Philip C. Johnson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/chuck-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Chuck Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-earl-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Earl Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/quincy-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Quincy Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/beverly-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Beverly Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dereck-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dereck Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Kagame</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/thomas-keller-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Thomas Keller</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony M. Kennedy</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carole-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carole King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/b-b-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">B.B. King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Coretta Scott King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wendy-kopp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wendy Kopp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-r-kravis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry R. Kravis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nicholas-d-kristof/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nicholas D. Kristof</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mike-krzyzewski/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mike Krzyzewski</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ray-kurzwell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Kurzweil</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/eric-lander-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-s-langer-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert S. Langer, Sc.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-leakey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard E. Leakey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Lederman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-lefkowitz-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Congressman John R. Lewis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/maya-lin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Lin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-lucas/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George Lucas</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/norman-mailer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Norman Mailer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peyton-manning/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peyton Manning</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wynton-marsalis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wynton Marsalis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-c-mather-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John C. Mather, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-mathis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Mathis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernst-mayr-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernst Mayr, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willie-mays/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willie Mays</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-mccourt/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank McCourt</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-mccullough/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David McCullough</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/audra-mcdonald/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Audra McDonald</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-william-h-mcraven/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral William H. McRaven, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/w-s-merwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">W. S. Merwin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/reinhold-messner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reinhold Messner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-a-michener/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James A. Michener</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/marvin-minsky-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Marvin Minsky, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mario J. Molina, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/n-scott-momaday-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">N. Scott Momaday, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/story-musgrave/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Story Musgrave, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ralph-nader/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ralph Nader</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peggy-noonan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peggy Noonan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jessye-norman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jessye Norman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tommy-norris/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Thomas R. Norris, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/joyce-carol-oates/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joyce Carol Oates</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pierre-omidyar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pierre Omidyar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/arnold-palmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Arnold Palmer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-panetta/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Panetta</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rosa Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzan-lori-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzan-Lori Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/linus-pauling/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linus C. Pauling, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shimon Peres</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/itzhak-perlman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Itzhak Perlman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-david-petraeus/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General David H. Petraeus, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sidney-poitier/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sidney Poitier</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Colin L. Powell, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/harold-prince/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Harold Prince</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/venki-ramakrishnan-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Venki Ramakrishnan, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-martin-rees/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Martin Rees</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lloyd Richards</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-ride-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally K. Ride, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonny-rollins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonny Rollins</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-romero/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony Romero</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-rosenquist/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Rosenquist</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pete-rozelle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pete Rozelle</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/bill-russell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bill Russell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/albie-sachs/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Albie Sachs</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/oliver-sacks-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oliver Sacks, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jonas Salk, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-sanger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick Sanger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-b-schaller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George B. Schaller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/barry-scheck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Barry Scheck</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-evans-schultes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-h-norman-schwarzkopf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-schwarzman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen A. Schwarzman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/glenn-t-seaborg-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Glenn T. Seaborg, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/neil-sheehan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Neil Sheehan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-alan-shepard-jr/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-slim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Slim Helú</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-w-smith/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick W. Smith</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-sondheim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Sondheim</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonia-sotomayor/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonia Sotomayor</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wole-soyinka/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wole Soyinka</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/esperanza-spalding/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Esperanza Spalding</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/martha-stewart/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Martha Stewart</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-james-b-stockdale/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral James B. Stockdale, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/hilary-swank/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Hilary Swank</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/amy-tan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Amy Tan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dame-kiri-te-kanawa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Kiri Te Kanawa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-teller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward Teller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/twyla-tharp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Twyla Tharp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wayne-thiebaud/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wayne Thiebaud</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lt-michael-e-thornton-usn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Michael E. Thornton, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/clyde-tombaugh/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Clyde Tombaugh</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/charles-h-townes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Charles H. Townes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-trimble/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Trimble</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ted-turner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert Edward (Ted) Turner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/desmond-tutu/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Archbishop Desmond Tutu</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-updike/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Updike</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/gore-vidal/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Gore Vidal</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/antonio-villaraigosa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Antonio Villaraigosa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lech-walesa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lech Walesa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/herschel-walker/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Herschel Walker</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-d-watson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James D. Watson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/andrew-weil-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Andrew Weil, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leslie-h-wexner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leslie H. Wexner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elie-wiesel/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Elie Wiesel</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-o-wilson-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward O. Wilson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/oprah-winfrey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oprah Winfrey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tom-wolfe/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tom Wolfe</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-wooden/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Wooden</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/bob-woodward/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bob Woodward</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shinya-yamanaka-m-d-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shinya Yamanaka, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-chuck-yeager/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Chuck Yeager, USAF</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190224075717/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/andrew-young/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Andrew J. 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