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<li id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation and early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Eighties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Eighties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Eighties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Eighties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Nineties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nineties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Nineties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nineties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_UDF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_UDF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>New UDF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_UDF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Democratic Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology,_positions,_platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology,_positions,_platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology, positions, platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology,_positions,_platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Factions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Legislative elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>European elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Union for French Democracy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الاتحاد من أجل الديمقراطية الفرنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد من أجل الديمقراطية الفرنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unvaniezh_evit_an_Demokratelezh_C%27hall" title="Unvaniezh evit an Demokratelezh C'hall – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unvaniezh evit an Demokratelezh C'hall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_per_a_la_Democr%C3%A0cia_Francesa" title="Unió per a la Democràcia Francesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió per a la Democràcia Francesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unie_pro_francouzskou_demokracii" title="Unie pro francouzskou demokracii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Unie pro francouzskou demokracii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_pour_la_d%C3%A9mocratie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Union pour la démocratie française – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Union pour la démocratie française" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_pour_la_d%C3%A9mocratie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Union pour la démocratie française – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Union pour la démocratie française" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chendus_Prantsuse_Demokraatia_eest" title="Ühendus Prantsuse Demokraatia eest – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ühendus Prantsuse Demokraatia eest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_para_la_Democracia_Francesa" title="Unión para la Democracia Francesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión para la Democracia Francesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_pour_la_D%C3%A9mocratie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Union pour la Démocratie Française – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Union pour la Démocratie Française" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziako_Demokraziaren_Aldeko_Batasuna" title="Frantziako Demokraziaren Aldeko Batasuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziako Demokraziaren Aldeko Batasuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_pour_la_d%C3%A9mocratie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Union pour la démocratie française – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union pour la démocratie française" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9" title="프랑스 민주연합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스 민주연합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_per_la_Democrazia_Francese" title="Unione per la Democrazia Francese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione per la Democrazia Francese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الاتحاد علشان الديمقراطيه الفرنساويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاتحاد علشان الديمقراطيه الفرنساويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_pour_la_d%C3%A9mocratie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Union pour la démocratie française – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Union pour la démocratie française" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88" title="フランス民主連合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス民主連合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_pour_la_D%C3%A9mocratie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Union pour la Démocratie Française – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Union pour la Démocratie Française" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_per_la_Democracia_Francesa" title="Union per la Democracia Francesa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Union per la Democracia Francesa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unia_na_rzecz_Demokracji_Francuskiej" title="Unia na rzecz Demokracji Francuskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unia na rzecz Demokracji Francuskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_pela_Democracia_Francesa" title="União pela Democracia Francesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União pela Democracia Francesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E" title="Союз за французскую демократию – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Союз за французскую демократию" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Union for French Democracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskan_demokratian_unioni" title="Ranskan demokratian unioni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskan demokratian unioni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionen_f%C3%B6r_fransk_demokrati" title="Unionen för fransk demokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Unionen för fransk demokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C4%B1z_Demokrasisi_i%C3%A7in_Birlik" title="Fransız Demokrasisi için Birlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransız Demokrasisi için Birlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Союз за французьку демократію – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Союз за французьку демократію" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="法国民主联盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法国民主联盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #EF5327; border-bottom:2px solid #EF5327; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Union for French Democracy</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Union pour la démocratie française</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_for_French_Democracy_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Union_for_French_Democracy_logo.png/180px-Union_for_French_Democracy_logo.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Union_for_French_Democracy_logo.png/270px-Union_for_French_Democracy_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Union_for_French_Democracy_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="293" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">UDF</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1 February 1978<span class="noprint">; 46 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1978-02-01</span>)</span> (alliance)</li><li>1998<span class="noprint">; 26 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998</span>)</span> (unified party)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">30 November 2007<span class="noprint">; 16 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">2007-11-30</span>)</span> (<i>de facto</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Force_(France)" title="Democratic Force (France)">Democratic Force</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republican_and_Liberal_Pole" title="Independent Republican and Liberal Pole">Independent Republican and Liberal Pole</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">Democratic Movement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">UDF 133 bis, rue de l'Université 75007 Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (1994–2004)<sup id="cite_ref-JansenHecke2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JansenHecke2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2004–07)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">European Parliament group</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_Group" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group">LDR</a> (1979–94)</li><li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">EPP-ED</a> (1994–2004)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group">ALDE</a> (2004–07)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3B4793; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a> (official) (1978–2004)</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00CCCC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a> (customary) (1978–2004)</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EF5327; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a> (2004–2007)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040725134713/http://udf.org:80/">www.udf.org</a></span> (inactive)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #EF5327;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Union for French Democracy</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Union pour la démocratie française</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ynjɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>puʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>la<span class="wrap"> </span>demɔkʁasi<span class="wrap"> </span>fʁɑ̃sɛz]</a></span>, <b>UDF</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">political party in France</a>. The UDF was founded in 1978 as an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">electoral alliance</a> to support President <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> in order to counterbalance the <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a> preponderance over the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">political right</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. This name was chosen due to the title of Giscard d'Estaing's 1976 book, <i>Démocratie française</i>. </p><p>The founding parties of the UDF were Giscard's <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">Republican Party</a> (PR), the <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Social_Democrats" title="Centre of Social Democrats">Centre of Social Democrats</a> (CDS), the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Party</a> (Rad.), the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(France)" title="Social Democratic Party (France)">Social Democratic Party</a> (PSD) and the <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_and_Realities_Clubs" title="Perspectives and Realities Clubs">Perspectives and Realities Clubs</a> (CPR). The UDF was most frequently a junior partner in coalitions with the Gaullist <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (RPR) and its successor party, the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (UMP). Prior to its dissolution, the UDF became a single entity, due to the defection of Republicans, Radicals and most Christian Democrats to the UMP and the merger of the other centrist components. The UDF effectively ceased to exist by the end of 2007, and its membership and assets were transferred to its successor party, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">Democratic Movement</a> (MoDem). The UDF's final leader was <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a>, who transferred his leadership to MoDem. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Union for French Democracy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_years">Foundation and early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation and early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a>. Two years later, his <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a> prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, resigned and created the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (RPR) in order to restore the Gaullist domination over the republican institutions. Formally, this party stood in the right-wing parliamentary majority, but it criticised with virulence the policies of the executive duo composed of President Giscard d'Estaing and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a>. </p><p>During campaigning for the <a href="/wiki/1978_French_legislative_election" title="1978 French legislative election">1978 legislative election</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Verdun-sur-le-Doubs" title="Verdun-sur-le-Doubs">Verdun-sur-le-Doubs</a> speech, President Giscard d'Estaing noted that the political leanings of the French people were divided among four groups: the Communists (<a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a>), the Socialists (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>), the Neo-Gaullists (<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>) and his own followers. He therefore sought to formally organise a political grouping which would represent the position of his followers. Consequently, the UDF confederation was born. </p><p>Contrary to the Neo-Gaullists, the Giscardian UDF advocated less <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a> by the state, the <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralisation</a> in aid of the local authorities, and a strong commitment towards the building of a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">federal Europe</a>. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">René Rémond</a>, the UDF descended from the <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orleanist</a> tradition of the right, whereas the RPR was a reincarnation of the <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartist</a> tradition, which promotes national independence by virtue of a strong state. </p><p>After the right (the RPR and UDF) won the <a href="/wiki/1978_French_legislative_election" title="1978 French legislative election">1978 legislative election</a> and the subsequent focus of both groups towards the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 presidential campaign</a>, the relations between the two parties of the parliamentary majority deteriorated. Indeed, RPR leader Jacques Chirac criticized the market-oriented and <a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">pro-European</a> policy of the executive duo. During the <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1979 European Parliament election in France">1979 European electoral campaign</a>, Chirac published the <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cochin" title="Call of Cochin">Call of Cochin</a> where the UDF was accused of being "the foreign party". As the UDF list, led by <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a>, obtained a very good result compared with RPR's score, the quarrels between the two parties and the rivalry between Giscard d'Estaing and Chirac contributed, in 1981, to the defeat of the incumbent UDF president who ran for a second term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Eighties">The Eighties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Eighties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the election of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> as president, the two centre-right parliamentary parties reconciled. Gradually, the RPR abandoned Gaullist doctrine and joined the market-oriented and pro-European positions of the UDF. Although, they presented a common list at the <a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1984 European Parliament election in France">1984 European Parliament election</a>, their leaders Chirac and Barre competed for the leadership of the French centre-right. Focused on winning the <a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election" title="1986 French legislative election">1986 legislative election</a>, Chirac, unlike Barre, accepted the principle of "<a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a>" with President Mitterrand. Furthermore, some UDF politicians (notably from the Republican Party) covertly supported Chirac. Consequently, he became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a>, from 1986 to 1988, and the UDF played a supporting role in his cabinet and in the parliamentary majority. </p><p>Barre was a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988 presidential election</a>, yet, despite his popularity, he was not supported by all UDF personalities. Giscard d'Estaing himself refused to choose clearly and publicly between his two former Prime Ministers. Eliminated in the first round, Barre called on his supporters to vote for Chirac in the second round, but despite this, Chirac was defeated by Mitterrand. After the re-election of Mitterrand, some UDF members participated as ministers in the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> cabinets of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a>. Others created a new parliamentary group, the <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist Union">Centrist Union</a>, which occasionally voted with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> or with the RPR. </p><p>For Giscard d'Estaing, Barre's failure to strengthen the UDF, allowed him retake the leadership of the UDF. However, his authority, and that of the other right-wing leaders (Chirac, Barre etc.) was contested by a new generation of politicians called the "renovation men", who accused the old guard leadership of bearing responsibility for the electoral defeats of the right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nineties">The Nineties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Nineties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, the dismissal of Rocard caused the departure of the centrist ministers from the government. All of the UDF and the RPR were allied in opposition to the Socialist power which was weakened by the economic crisis, scandals, and internal quarrels. The RPR/UDF coalition named "<a href="/wiki/Union_for_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for France">Union for France</a>" comfortably won the <a href="/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election" title="1993 French legislative election">1993 legislative election</a> and obtained a massive majority in the National Assembly. The new Neo-Gaullist Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Balladur" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Balladur">Edouard Balladur</a> nominated a large number of UDF members to his cabinet: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9otard" title="François Léotard">François Léotard</a> (PR) became minister of Defense, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Longuet" title="Gérard Longuet">Gérard Longuet</a> (PR) of Industry, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9haignerie" title="Pierre Méhaignerie">Pierre Méhaignerie</a> (CDS) of Justice, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> (CDS) of Education, <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a> (PR) of Health and Social Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Alain Madelin</a> (PR) of Commerce, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bosson" title="Bernard Bosson">Bernard Bosson</a> (CDS) of Transport, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Puech" title="Jean Puech">Jean Puech</a> (CDS) of Agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rossinot" title="André Rossinot">André Rossinot</a> (Rad) of Civil Service and <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_de_Charette" title="Hervé de Charette">Hervé de Charette</a> (CPR) of Housing. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995 presidential campaign</a> the different components of the UDF were unable to agree on a common candidacy and consequently they divided between the two RPR candidates. Most UDF members supported <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Balladur" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Balladur">Edouard Balladur</a>, whereas a minority endorsed <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> had proposed. Supporters of Giscard formed the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Party_for_French_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Party for French Democracy">Popular Party for French Democracy</a> (PPDF), that succeeded to the <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_and_Realities_Clubs" title="Perspectives and Realities Clubs">Perspectives and Realities Clubs</a>, while the CDS merged with the PSD into <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Force_(France)" title="Democratic Force (France)">Democratic Force</a> (FD). In 1996 a former <i>balladurien</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9otard" title="François Léotard">François Léotard</a>, was elected president of the UDF by defeating <a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Alain Madelin</a>. </p><p>After Chirac's election as president of France, some UDF ministers were dismissed as a result of their support for Balladur. Nevertheless, in <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a>'s cabinet, the UDF was given several ministries including Foreign Affairs with <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_de_Charette" title="Hervé de Charette">Hervé de Charette</a> (PPDF), Defense with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Millon" title="Charles Millon">Charles Millon</a> (PR), Economy and Finances with Alain Madelin (PR), Industry with <a href="/wiki/Yves_Galland" title="Yves Galland">Yves Galland</a> (Rad), Education with François Bayrou (CDS/FD), Commerce with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</a> (PR), Labour with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barrot" title="Jacques Barrot">Jacques Barrot</a> (CDS/FD), Agriculture with <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Vasseur" title="Philippe Vasseur">Philippe Vasseur</a> (CDS/FD), Culture with <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Philippe Douste-Blazy</a> (CDS/FD), Economic Development with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Arthuis" title="Jean Arthuis">Jean Arthuis</a> (PR) and Reform and Decentralization with <a href="/wiki/Claude_Goasguen" title="Claude Goasguen">Claude Goasguen</a> (PR). </p><p>After the right-wing defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1997_French_legislative_election" title="1997 French legislative election">1997 legislative election</a>, the UDF faced a major crisis. While the centrist components had merged into FD led by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a>, the liberal-conservatives tried to overcome the <i>chiraquiens</i>/<i>balladuriens</i> fracture. The PR was joined by some politicians from the PPDF, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Raffarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Pierre Raffarin">Jean Pierre Raffarin</a> (a former Republican) and was renamed <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democracy_(France)" title="Liberal Democracy (France)">Liberal Democracy</a> (DL). DL soon began to reassert its autonomy within the alliance and finally broke ranks with the UDF in 1998. The event which triggered the split was the election of UDF politicians at the head of four regional councils, who won with support from the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a>. DL refused to condemn the arrangement, whilst the centrists did. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_UDF">New UDF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New UDF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This led to a re-organisation of UDF into the New UDF (<i>Nouvelle UDF</i>). The new alliance was launched as a single party with the merger of FD and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Independent_and_Liberal_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Independent and Liberal Pole">Republican Independent and Liberal Pole</a> (PRIL, formed in 1998 by those DL members who refused to leave UDF). The Radicals and the PPDF remained as autonomous entities within the new party. </p><p>The former leader of Democratic Force, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> became the natural leader of the New UDF. He conceived of it as the embryo of a future centrist party which would include politicians from both the left and right. Bayrou ran for president in the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002 presidential election</a>, but some UDF leaders supported Chirac. Chirac won reelection comfortably, with Bayrou being eliminated after the first round, having gained only 6.8% of the vote. Bayrou subsequently refused Chirac's invitation to his group, to join the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">catch-all</a> party, the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (UMP) for the oncoming <a href="/wiki/2002_French_legislative_election" title="2002 French legislative election">June 2002 parliamentary elections</a>. Other UDF members, led by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Philippe Douste-Blazy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barrot" title="Jacques Barrot">Jacques Barrot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9haignerie" title="Pierre Méhaignerie">Pierre Méhaignerie</a>, joined the UMP, leaving Bayrou somewhat isolated. </p><p>Post-election, the UDF joined the victorious centre-right grouping as a partner in the cabinet of prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</a>. Despite this, the UDF sometimes criticised the policies of the French government, although it did not wish to quit the majority coalition and enter the opposition, which was made up mostly of centre-left and left-wing parties. Subsequently, the UDF quit the cabinet (except for <a href="/wiki/Gilles_de_Robien" title="Gilles de Robien">Gilles de Robien</a>), after a cabinet reshuffle on 31 March 2004, but still decided to remain in the parliamentary majority coalition. </p><p>In 2004, the party, along with Italy's <a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a>, was one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a>, intended to be home to all those Christian democrats and centrists who were disillusioned with the new course of the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>, which had welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> and later the UMP. With the exit of the most conservative, Christian-democratic and conservative-liberal components of the UDF in 1998 and 2002, the UDF was now more of a centrist party with socially liberal tendencies. </p><p>There developed a split among UDF elected officials, between those such as Gilles de Robien and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Christophe_Baguet" title="Pierre-Christophe Baguet">Pierre-Christophe Baguet</a>, who favored closer ties with the UMP, and those such as François Bayrou who advocate independent centrist policies, while others such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dionis_du_S%C3%A9jour" title="Jean Dionis du Séjour">Jean Dionis du Séjour</a> tried steering for a middle course.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most likely reason for many of the UDF's elected officials favouring close ties with the UMP was that most of the UDF's elected positions are obtained through cooperative alliances with UMP. However, the party's base overwhelmingly favored independence. At the congress of Lyon, on 28–29 January 2006, 91% of the members voted to retain the independence of the UDF from the UMP and transform it into an independent centrist party. This outcome meant that the orientation of the evolving UDF would be that of a <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social-liberal</a> party aiming for a balance between <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social-democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Movement">Democratic Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Democratic Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 May 2006, François Bayrou and his 10 other UDF deputies voted for the motion of censure brought by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist</a> deputies calling for the resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a>'s government, following the <a href="/wiki/Clearstream_affair" title="Clearstream affair">Clearstream affair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This motion had no chance of being passed, given that UMP had an absolute majority in the Assembly. Following this event, France's television authority then classified Bayrou and the other UDF deputies who had voted for the motion as being in the opposition for time allocation purposes; however, after Bayrou protested, he was classified as neither <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">opposition</a>. </p><p>On 25 April 2007, François Bayrou announced that he would be submitting a plan to a vote by UDF members to create a new <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">Democratic Movement</a>, which was finally launched on 10 May. However, most of the UDF's deputies protested and formed the <a href="/wiki/New_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Centre">New Centre</a> (to support <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>). In the subsequent legislative elections held in June, the MoDem won only 3 seats (but 7.6% of the vote) whilst its New Centre rivals won 22 seats (but only 2.4%). </p><p>On 30 November 2007, the UDF effectively ceased to exist, and was fully integrated within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">Democratic Movement</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology,_positions,_platform"><span id="Ideology.2C_positions.2C_platform"></span>Ideology, positions, platform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ideology, positions, platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UDF was a party of the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Winter2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidVarouxakis2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidVarouxakis2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shields2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it considered itself <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Safran2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safran2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadly, the UDF was a <a href="/wiki/Catch-all_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch-all party">big tent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tagesspiegel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tagesspiegel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing together <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">radicals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sauger2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauger2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-<a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a> conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main ideological trends in the party were <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarksWilson1999_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarksWilson1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tagesspiegel_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tagesspiegel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hubé2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubé2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexandre1997_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexandre1997-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative liberalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Slomp2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slomp2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cole_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">pro-European</a> party,<sup id="cite_ref-Hubé2013_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubé2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the UDF's most marked political trait was support for <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, up to the point of turning the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> into a federal <a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a>. In that respect, UDF was the likely target of Chirac's <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cochin" title="Call of Cochin">Call of Cochin</a> (1978), in which he denounced the pro-European policies of "the party of the foreigners". </p><p>Until 2002, the UDF spanned a somewhat wide ideological spectrum on the centre-right. A <a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> characterisation of UDF's membership is that it was the union of everybody on the right that was neither <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> nor a Chirac supporter. However, the UDF suffered for its lack of cohesion, in contrast to the RPR. The economic policies proposed by UDF's leaders ranged from favouring left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> to favouring <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> liberalism. Such divergences led the laissez-faire advocates of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democracy_(France)" title="Liberal Democracy (France)">Liberal Democracy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Alain Madelin</a>, to split out of UDF on 16 May 1998. This departure followed the elections of UDF politicians for the presidents of 4 regional councils with the votes of <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">FN</a> elects. Indeed, the Liberals refused to condemn these alliances. </p><p>Similarly, the social policies ranged from the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> of the likes of <a href="/wiki/Christine_Boutin" title="Christine Boutin">Christine Boutin</a>, famously opposed to <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a> for <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuals</a>, to more <a href="/wiki/Social_progressivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progressivism">socially progressive</a> policies. Boutin was excluded from the UDF because of her strong <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a>; in March 2001 she formed the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Party (France)">Forum of Social Republicans</a>, which is now affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007 presidential electoral campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> presented himself as a centrist and a social-liberal,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (he even opened the door to gay adoptions<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) proclaiming that if elected, he would "govern beyond the left-right divide".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won 18.6% of the vote, but this was not enough for him to reach the second round. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factions">Factions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Factions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Bayrouistes</b>, those who wanted the UDF to be independent from UMP: <a href="/wiki/Marielle_de_Sarnez" title="Marielle de Sarnez">Marielle de Sarnez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Bourlanges" title="Jean-Louis Bourlanges">Jean-Louis Bourlanges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Cornillet" title="Thierry Cornillet">Thierry Cornillet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Artigues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilles Artigues (page does not exist)">Gilles Artigues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bosson" title="Bernard Bosson">Bernard Bosson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Comparini" title="Anne-Marie Comparini">Anne-Marie Comparini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Courson" title="Charles de Courson">Charles de Courson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Lagarde" title="Jean-Christophe Lagarde">Jean-Christophe Lagarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lassalle" title="Jean Lassalle">Jean Lassalle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Leroy" title="Maurice Leroy">Maurice Leroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Morin" title="Hervé Morin">Hervé Morin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Salles" title="Rudy Salles">Rudy Salles</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Vignoble" title="Gérard Vignoble">Gérard Vignoble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Perruchot" title="Nicolas Perruchot">Nicolas Perruchot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Pr%C3%A9el" title="Jean-Luc Préel">Jean-Luc Préel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rochebloine" title="François Rochebloine">François Rochebloine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sauvadet" title="François Sauvadet">François Sauvadet</a></li> <li><b>Society in Movement</b>, those who wanted close ties with UMP: <a href="/wiki/Gilles_de_Robien" title="Gilles de Robien">Gilles de Robien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Jard%C3%A9" title="Olivier Jardé">Olivier Jardé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Abelin" title="Jean-Pierre Abelin">Jean-Pierre Abelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Christophe_Baguet" title="Pierre-Christophe Baguet">Pierre-Christophe Baguet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dionis_du_S%C3%A9jour" title="Jean Dionis du Séjour">Jean Dionis du Séjour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hillmeyer" title="Francis Hillmeyer">Francis Hillmeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Hunault" title="Michel Hunault">Michel Hunault</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Demilly" title="Stéphane Demilly">Stéphane Demilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvan_Lachaud" title="Yvan Lachaud">Yvan Lachaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Santini" title="André Santini">André Santini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Vercamer" title="Francis Vercamer">Francis Vercamer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Leteurtre" title="Claude Leteurtre">Claude Leteurtre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Thomas" title="Rodolphe Thomas">Rodolphe Thomas</a></li></ul> <p>On 10 May 2007, when Bayrou launched his new <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">Democratic Movement</a>, only six deputies out of 29 (Pierre-Cristophe Baguet is not counted as he was expelled from the party on 10 October 2006) followed him (Gilles Artigues, Anne-Marie Comparini, Jean-Christophe Lagarde, Jean Lassalle, Gérard Vignoble and he himself<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The others, comprising the members of Society in Movement and also Hervé Morin, Jean-Louis Bourlanges and other Bayrou's supporters until then, joined the presidential majority coalition in support of the new President <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> and formed a new "centrist pole" within it, the <a href="/wiki/New_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Centre">New Centre</a> led by Hervé Morin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th>Ideology </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Leader </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0751C1"> </td> <td style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">Republican</a> (1978-1998) </td> <td style="width:250px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Soisson" title="Jean-Pierre Soisson">Jean-Pierre Soisson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Blanc" title="Jacques Blanc">Jacques Blanc</a><br /><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Longuet" title="Gérard Longuet">Gérard Longuet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9otard" title="François Léotard">François Léotard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FA1E2A"> </td> <td style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(France)" title="Social Democratic Party (France)">PSD</a> (1978-1995) </td> <td style="width:250px"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a> </td> <td style="width:150px">Max Lejeune <br /><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Santini" title="André Santini">André Santini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0046A8"> </td> <td style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Social_Democrats" title="Centre of Social Democrats">CDS</a> (1978-1995) </td> <td style="width:250px"><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lecanuet" title="Jean Lecanuet">Jean Lecanuet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0B0FF"> </td> <td style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical</a> (1978-2002) </td> <td style="width:250px"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Servan-Schreiber" title="Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber">Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber</a><br />Didier Bariani<br /><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rossinot" title="André Rossinot">André Rossinot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yves_Galland" title="Yves Galland">Yves Galland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Cornillet" title="Thierry Cornillet">Thierry Cornillet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Loos" title="François Loos">François Loos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#294190"> </td> <td style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convention_(France)" title="Democratic Convention (France)">PPDF</a> (1995-2002) </td> <td style="width:250px"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_de_Charette" title="Hervé de Charette">Hervé de Charette</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#003366"> </td> <td style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Force_(France)" title="Democratic Force (France)">Democratic Force</a> (1995-1998) </td> <td style="width:250px"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6F97CF"> </td> <td style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democracy_(France)" title="Liberal Democracy (France)">Liberal Democracy</a> (1997-1998) </td> <td style="width:250px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Alain Madelin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#646D91"> </td> <td style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republican_and_Liberal_Pole" title="Independent Republican and Liberal Pole">PRIL</a> (1997-1998) </td> <td style="width:250px"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a> </td> <td style="width:150px"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9otard" title="François Léotard">François Léotard</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lecanuet" title="Jean Lecanuet">Jean Lecanuet</a> (1978–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> (1988–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9otard" title="François Léotard">François Léotard</a> (1996–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> (1998–2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th rowspan="2">Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th> <th rowspan="2">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> </td> <td>8,222,432 </td> <td>28.32% </td> <td>14,642,306 </td> <td>48.24% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a> </td> <td>5,031,849 </td> <td>16.55% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> </td> <td>1,949,170 </td> <td>6.84% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_elections">Legislative elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legislative elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th rowspan="2">Leader </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th> <th rowspan="2">Seats in the<br /> <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number of votes </th> <th>Percentage of votes </th> <th>Number of votes </th> <th>Percentage of votes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1978_French_legislative_election" title="1978 French legislative election">1978</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lecanuet" title="Jean Lecanuet">Jean Lecanuet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Social_Democrats" title="Centre of Social Democrats">CDS</a>) </td> <td>6,128,849 </td> <td>21.45 </td> <td>5,907,603 </td> <td>23.18 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">121 / 488</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>Part of "Presidential Majority" (with <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1981_French_legislative_election" title="1981 French legislative election">1981</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin" title="Jean-Claude Gaudin">Jean-Claude Gaudin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">PR</a>) </td> <td>4,827,437 </td> <td>19.20 </td> <td>3,489,363 </td> <td>18.68 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">62 / 491</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>Part of "Union for a New Majority" (with <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election" title="1986 French legislative election">1986</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin" title="Jean-Claude Gaudin">Jean-Claude Gaudin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">PR</a>) </td> <td><span class="nowrap">6,008,612 (RPR-UDF joint lists)</span><br /><span class="nowrap">2,330,167 (separate UDF lists)</span> </td> <td>21.44<br />8.31 </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">127 / 573</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 22%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>Part of "RPR-UDF Union" </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1988_French_legislative_election" title="1988 French legislative election">1988</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin" title="Jean-Claude Gaudin">Jean-Claude Gaudin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">PR</a>) </td> <td>4,519,459 </td> <td>18.50 </td> <td>4,299,370 </td> <td>21.18 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">129 / 575</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 22%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>Part of "Union of Rally and Centre" (with <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election" title="1993 French legislative election">1993</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">PR</a>) </td> <td>4,731,013 </td> <td>18.71 </td> <td>5,178,039 </td> <td>26.14 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">207 / 577</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>Part of "Union for France" (with <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1997_French_legislative_election" title="1997 French legislative election">1997</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9otard" title="François Léotard">François Léotard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">PR</a>) </td> <td>3,617,440 </td> <td>14.22 </td> <td>5,284,203 </td> <td>20.07 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">112 / 577</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>Part of "Presidential Majority" (with <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_French_legislative_election" title="2002 French legislative election">2002</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> </td> <td>1,226,462 </td> <td>4.86 </td> <td>832,785 </td> <td>3.92 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">29 / 577</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>Part of "Presidential Majority" (with <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_elections">European elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: European elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th>Leader </th> <th># of overall votes </th> <th>% of overall vote </th> <th># of overall seats won </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Group</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1979 European Parliament election in France">1979</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a> </td> <td>5,588,851 </td> <td>27.61 (#<b>1</b>) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">25 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group)">LD</a> (17); <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party (European Parliament group)">EPP</a> (8) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1984 European Parliament election in France">1984</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a> </td> <td>8,683,596 (UDF-RPR joint lists) </td> <td>43.03 (#<b>1</b>; UDF+RPR) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">22 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group)">LDR</a> (12); <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party (European Parliament group)">EPP</a> (9); <a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Democratic Alliance">EDA</a> (1) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1989 European Parliament election in France">1989</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">PR</a>) </td> <td>5,242,038 (UDF-RPR joint lists) </td> <td>28.88 (#<b>1</b>; UDF+RPR) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group)">LDR</a> (11); <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party (European Parliament group)">EPP</a> (1) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1994 European Parliament election in France">1994</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Baudis" title="Dominique Baudis">Dominique Baudis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Social_Democrats" title="Centre of Social Democrats">CDS</a>) </td> <td>4,985,574 (UDF-RPR joint lists) </td> <td>25.58 (#<b>1</b>; UDF+RPR) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 87</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 16%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party (European Parliament group)">EPP</a> (13); <a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group)">ELDR</a> (1) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1999 European Parliament election in France">1999</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> </td> <td>1,638,680 </td> <td>9.28 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">9 / 87</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party (European Parliament group)">EPP-ED</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2004 European Parliament election in France">2004</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> </td> <td>2,053,446 </td> <td>11.96 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">11 / 78</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group">ALDE</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMassart2004" class="citation book cs1">Massart, Alexis (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). <i>The Impossible Resurrection: Christian Democracy in France</i>. Leuven University Press. pp. 197–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5867-377-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-5867-377-4"><bdi>90-5867-377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impossible+Resurrection%3A+Christian+Democracy+in+France&rft.pages=197-215&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-5867-377-4&rft.aulast=Massart&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MoDem assumed UDF's political activity on 1 December 2007 and the latter is no longer active, but its brand remains in the electoral register and the party has not been legally dissolved.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JansenHecke2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JansenHecke2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_JansenSteven_Van_Hecke2011" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Jansen; Steven Van Hecke (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXEA8XGdEb8C&pg=PA51"><i>At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19414-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19414-6"><bdi>978-3-642-19414-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Europe%27s+Service%3A+The+Origins+and+Evolution+of+the+European+People%27s+Party&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-642-19414-6&rft.au=Thomas+Jansen&rft.au=Steven+Van+Hecke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXEA8XGdEb8C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordsieck-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordsieck2007" class="citation web cs1">Nordsieck, Wolfram (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428022524/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/france.html">"France"</a>. <i>Parties and Elections in Europe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parties-and-elections.de/france.html">the original</a> on 28 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.atitle=France&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nordsieck&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parties-and-elections.de%2Ffrance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://francepolitique.free.fr/PUDF4.htm">France politique - courants UDF</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/scrutins/jo0978.asp">ANALYSE DU SCRUTIN N° 978 - Séance du 16 mai 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Bayrou enterre l'UDF et célèbre la naissance du MoDem, <i>Le Monde</i>, 1 December 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winter2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winter2008_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronwyn_Winter2008" class="citation book cs1">Bronwyn Winter (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hijabrepublicunc0000wint"><i>Hijab & the Republic: Uncovering the French Headscarf Debate</i></a></span>. Syracuse University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hijabrepublicunc0000wint/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3174-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3174-3"><bdi>978-0-8156-3174-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hijab+%26+the+Republic%3A+Uncovering+the+French+Headscarf+Debate&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3174-3&rft.au=Bronwyn+Winter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhijabrepublicunc0000wint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidVarouxakis2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DavidVarouxakis2014_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth_DavidGeorgios_VarouxakisDavid_Howarth2014" class="citation book cs1">Howarth David; Georgios Varouxakis; David Howarth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DDYiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71"><i>Contemporary France: An Introduction to French Politics and Society</i></a>. Routledge. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-1887-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-1887-2"><bdi>978-1-4441-1887-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+France%3A+An+Introduction+to+French+Politics+and+Society&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4441-1887-2&rft.au=Howarth+David&rft.au=Georgios+Varouxakis&rft.au=David+Howarth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDDYiAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shields2007-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shields2007_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Shields2007" class="citation book cs1">James Shields (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eGJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA141"><i>The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen</i></a>. Routledge. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-86111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-86111-8"><bdi>978-1-134-86111-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+France%3A+From+P%C3%A9tain+to+Le+Pen&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-86111-8&rft.au=James+Shields&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7eGJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Safran2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Safran2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Safran2015" class="citation book cs1">William Safran (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdqoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>The French Polity</i></a>. Routledge. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34337-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34337-0"><bdi>978-1-317-34337-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Polity&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-34337-0&rft.au=William+Safran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdqoCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tagesspiegel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tagesspiegel_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tagesspiegel_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2020" class="citation web cs1">Meier, Albrecht (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/frankreichs-dammbruch-a-la-thuringen-liegt-zwei-jahrzehnte-zuruck-4142134.html">"Rechtsextremismus in Europa: Frankreichs Dammbruch à la Thüringen liegt zwei Jahrzehnte zurück"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tagesspiegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagesspiegel">Tagesspiegel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tagesspiegel&rft.atitle=Rechtsextremismus+in+Europa%3A+Frankreichs+Dammbruch+%C3%A0+la+Th%C3%BCringen+liegt+zwei+Jahrzehnte+zur%C3%BCck&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Ffrankreichs-dammbruch-a-la-thuringen-liegt-zwei-jahrzehnte-zuruck-4142134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sauger2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sauger2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas_Sauger2003" class="citation book cs1">Nicolas Sauger (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ojgq8HABUC&pg=PA107">"The UDF in the 1990s: the break-up of a political confederation"</a>. In Jocelyn Evans (ed.). <i>The French Party System</i>. Manchester University Press. pp. 107–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6120-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-6120-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+UDF+in+the+1990s%3A+the+break-up+of+a+political+confederation&rft.btitle=The+French+Party+System&rft.pages=107-&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6120-2&rft.au=Nicolas+Sauger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_ojgq8HABUC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell2002-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell2002_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._Bell2002" class="citation book cs1">David S. Bell (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2lIt4ssdQMC&pg=PA79"><i>French Politics Today</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5876-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5876-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-5876-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Politics+Today&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5876-9&rft.au=David+S.+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2lIt4ssdQMC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassart2004" class="citation book cs1">Massart, Alexis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ6x8zmRAaEC&pg=PA197">"The Impossible Resurrection: Christian Democracy in France"</a>. In Van Hecke, Steven (ed.). <i>Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>. pp. 197–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058673770" title="Special:BookSources/9789058673770"><bdi>9789058673770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Impossible+Resurrection%3A+Christian+Democracy+in+France&rft.btitle=Christian+Democratic+Parties+in+Europe+Since+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=197-&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789058673770&rft.aulast=Massart&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJ6x8zmRAaEC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStartin2005" class="citation cs2">Startin, Nick (2005), "Maastricht, Amsterdam and beyond: The troubled evolution of the French right", <i>French Relations with the European Union</i>, Routledge, p. 64</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Relations+with+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=Maastricht%2C+Amsterdam+and+beyond%3A+The+troubled+evolution+of+the+French+right&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Startin&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarksWilson1999-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarksWilson1999_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_MarksCarole_Wilson1999" class="citation book cs1">Gary Marks; Carole Wilson (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GgvLEFPY8l4C&pg=PA126">"National Parties and the Contestation of Europe"</a>. In Thomas F. Banchoff; Mitchell P. Smith (eds.). <i>Legitimacy and the European Union</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18188-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18188-4"><bdi>978-0-415-18188-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Parties+and+the+Contestation+of+Europe&rft.btitle=Legitimacy+and+the+European+Union&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18188-4&rft.au=Gary+Marks&rft.au=Carole+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGgvLEFPY8l4C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubé2013-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubé2013_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubé2013_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolasw_Hubé2013" class="citation book cs1">Nicolasw Hubé (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lpKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">"France"</a>. In Nicolò Conti (ed.). <i>Party Attitudes Towards the EU in the Member States: Parties for Europe, Parties Against Europe</i>. Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93656-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93656-5"><bdi>978-1-317-93656-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France&rft.btitle=Party+Attitudes+Towards+the+EU+in+the+Member+States%3A+Parties+for+Europe%2C+Parties+Against+Europe&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-93656-5&rft.au=Nicolasw+Hub%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lpKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexandre1997-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexandre1997_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnes_AlexandreXavier_Jardin1997" class="citation book cs1">Agnes Alexandre; Xavier Jardin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeqNAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA198">"From the Europe of Nations to the European Nation? Attitudes of French Gaullist and Centrist Parliamentarians"</a>. In David Denver; Justin Fisher; Steve Ludlam; Charles Pattie (eds.). <i>British Elections and Parties Review</i>. Routledge. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-25578-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-25578-7"><bdi>978-1-135-25578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Europe+of+Nations+to+the+European+Nation%3F+Attitudes+of+French+Gaullist+and+Centrist+Parliamentarians&rft.btitle=British+Elections+and+Parties+Review&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-135-25578-7&rft.au=Agnes+Alexandre&rft.au=Xavier+Jardin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaeqNAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slomp2011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slomp2011_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Slomp2011" class="citation book cs1">Hans Slomp (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&pg=PA385"><i>Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39181-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39181-1"><bdi>978-0-313-39181-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+a+Political+Profile%3A+An+American+Companion+to+European+Politics&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39181-1&rft.au=Hans+Slomp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1uzkNq8xfIC%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoachim_SchildHenrik_Uterwedde2006" class="citation book cs1">Joachim Schild; Henrik Uterwedde (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7n1a3TD6Uv0C"><i>Frankreich: Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft</i></a>. Springer-Verlag. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783531150765" title="Special:BookSources/9783531150765"><bdi>9783531150765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankreich%3A+Politik%2C+Wirtschaft%2C+Gesellschaft&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783531150765&rft.au=Joachim+Schild&rft.au=Henrik+Uterwedde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7n1a3TD6Uv0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlistair_Cole2003" class="citation book cs1">Alistair Cole (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ojgq8HABUC&pg=PA12">"Stress, strain and stability in the French party system"</a>. In Jocelyn Evans (ed.). <i>The French Party System</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6120-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-6120-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stress%2C+strain+and+stability+in+the+French+party+system&rft.btitle=The+French+Party+System&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6120-2&rft.au=Alistair+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_ojgq8HABUC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=8780184">The third man</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, 1 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interview with Bayrou, <i><a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></i>, 16 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8853752">Jacques Chirac's poisoned legacy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, 16 March 2007, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre-Christophe Baguet was expelled from the UDF on 10 October 2006 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archquo.nouvelobs.com/cgi/articles?ad=politique/20061010.OBS5189.html">Le député Baguet exclu du groupe UDF</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france-politique.fr/union-pour-la-democratie-francaise.htm">"Union pour la Démocratie Française UDF"</a>. <i>france-politique.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=france-politique.fr&rft.atitle=Union+pour+la+D%C3%A9mocratie+Fran%C3%A7aise+UDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france-politique.fr%2Funion-pour-la-democratie-francaise.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+for+French+Democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_French_Democracy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040725134713/http://udf.org//">Official web site (Redirects to Democratic Movement's official 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">Lutte Ouvrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Anticapitalist_Party" title="New Anticapitalist Party">New Anticapitalist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">Left</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_Insoumise" title="La France Insoumise">La France Insoumise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ecologists_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ecologists (political party)">The Ecologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">Democratic Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Right</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizons_(political_party)" title="Horizons (political party)">Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_and_Independents" title="Union of Democrats and Independents">Union of Democrats and Independents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">Far-right</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity%E2%80%93Freedoms" title="Identity–Freedoms">Identity–Freedoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_left" title="Miscellaneous left">Miscellaneous left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_centre" title="Miscellaneous centre">Miscellaneous centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_right" title="Miscellaneous right">Miscellaneous right</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Centrist_and_Christian_democratic_parties_in_France_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_centrist_and_Christian_democratic_parties" title="Template:French 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href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(France)" title="Popular Democratic Party (France)">Popular Democratic Party</a> (1924–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a> (1944–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Socialist_Union_of_the_Resistance" title="Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance">Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance</a> (1945–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Centre_(France)" title="Democratic Centre (France)">Democratic Centre</a> (1966–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre,_Democracy_and_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre, Democracy and Progress">Centre, Democracy and Progress</a> (1969–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(France)" title="Social Democratic Party (France)">Social Democratic Party</a> (1973–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Social_Democrats" title="Centre of Social Democrats">Centre of Social Democrats</a> (1976–95)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Union for French Democracy</a> (1978–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">Democratic Movement</a> (2007–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Alliance_for_Democracy_in_Europe" title="Civic Alliance for Democracy in Europe">Civic Alliance for Democracy in Europe</a> (2007–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Centre">New Centre</a> (2007–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Alliance" title="Centrist Alliance">Centrist Alliance</a> (2009–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_and_Independents" title="Union of Democrats and Independents">Union of Democrats and Independents</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_European_Force" title="Democratic European Force">Democratic European Force</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)">Renaissance</a> (2016–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Progress" title="Territories of Progress">Territories of Progress</a> (2020–2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">List of political parties in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827415#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000009723994X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143800186">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85354491">United 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