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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Indledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virkningsmekanisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virkningsmekanisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Virkningsmekanisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virkningsmekanisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemisk_opbygning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemisk_opbygning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kemisk opbygning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemisk_opbygning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anvendelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anvendelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anvendelse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anvendelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penicilliner_i_klinisk_brug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penicilliner_i_klinisk_brug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Penicilliner i klinisk brug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penicilliner_i_klinisk_brug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penicillinresistens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penicillinresistens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Penicillinresistens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penicillinresistens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bivirkninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bivirkninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bivirkninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bivirkninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosyntese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosyntese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Biosyntese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosyntese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penicillin_og_patentrettigheder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penicillin_og_patentrettigheder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Penicillin og patentrettigheder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penicillin_og_patentrettigheder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Referencer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penicillin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 108 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisillien" title="Penisillien – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Penisillien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline" title="Penicilline – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Penicilline" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%94%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B2%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95" title="ፔኒሲሊን – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፔኒሲሊን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بنسلين – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنسلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بينسيلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بينسيلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="পেনিচিলিন – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পেনিচিলিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisillin" title="Penisillin – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Penisillin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنی‌سیلین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پنی‌سیلین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Пеніцылін – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пеніцылін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Пэніцылін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэніцылін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пеницилин – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пеницилин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="পেনিসিলিন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেনিসিলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicil%C2%B7lina" title="Penicil·lina – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Penicil·lina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پێنیسیلین – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێنیسیلین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline" title="Penicilline – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Penicilline" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Πενικιλίνη – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πενικιλίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilino" title="Penicilino – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Penicilino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitsilliin" title="Penitsilliin – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Penitsilliin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penizilina" title="Penizilina – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Penizilina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنی‌سیلین – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنی‌سیلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilliinit" title="Penisilliinit – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Penisilliinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – færøsk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9nicilline" title="Pénicilline – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pénicilline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitsiliin" title="Penitsiliin – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Penitsiliin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilline" title="Penisilline – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Penisilline" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peinicillin" title="Peinicillin – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peinicillin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%A2ng-m%C3%B4i-su" title="Chhiâng-môi-su – hakka-kinesisk" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhiâng-môi-su" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פניצילין – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פניצילין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पेनिसिलिन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेनिसिलिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պենիցիլիններ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պենիցիլիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Penicillina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilina" title="Penisilina – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Penisilina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilino" title="Penicilino – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Penicilino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensil%C3%ADn" title="Pensilín – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pensilín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penicillina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ペニシリン – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペニシリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პენიცილინი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პენიცილინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пенициллин – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пенициллин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೆನ್ಸಿಲಿನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೆನ್ಸಿಲಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%8B%88%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%B0" title="페니실린 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페니실린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – cornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пенициллиндер – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пенициллиндер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillinum" title="Penicillinum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Penicillinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillien" title="Penicillien – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Penicillien" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisil%C3%ADni" title="Penisilíni – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Penisilíni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ເປນີຊີລິນ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເປນີຊີລິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilinas" title="Penicilinas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Penicilinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicil%C4%ABni" title="Penicilīni – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Penicilīni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="പെനിസിലിൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെനിസിലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пенициллин – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пенициллин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पेनिसिलिन – marathisk" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पेनिसिलिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်နီဆီလင် – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်နီဆီလင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline" title="Penicilline – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Penicilline" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Penicillina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੈਨਸਲਿਨ – punjabisk" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਨਸਲਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicyliny" title="Penicyliny – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Penicyliny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنسلین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنسلین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پنسلين – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پنسلين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin%C4%83" title="Penicilină – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Penicilină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пенициллины – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенициллины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пеницилин – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пеницилин" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicil%C3%ADn" title="Penicilín – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Penicilín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilini" title="Penicilini – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Penicilini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benseliin" title="Benseliin – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Benseliin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пеницилин – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пеницилин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9nisilin" title="Pénisilin – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pénisilin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilini" title="Penisilini – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Penisilini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin-ni-si-lin" title="Pin-ni-si-lin – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Pin-ni-si-lin" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பெனிசிலின் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெனிசிலின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="పెన్సిలిన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెన్సిలిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เพนิซิลลิน – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพนิซิลลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пенициллин – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пенициллин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пеніциліни – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пеніциліни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنسلین – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنسلین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitsillin" title="Penitsillin – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Penitsillin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0" title="青霉素 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="青霉素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פעניצילין – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעניצילין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinghmoizsoq" title="Cinghmoizsoq – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cinghmoizsoq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0" title="青霉素 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="青霉素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E6%9E%97" title="盤尼西林 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盤尼西林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12190#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penicillin"><span>Læs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigér</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger 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id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Værktøjer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere muligheder" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penicillin"><span>Læs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigér</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kildekode</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=history"><span>Se historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Hvad_linker_hertil/Penicillin" title="Liste med alle sider som henviser hertil [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Hvad henviser hertil</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Relaterede_%C3%A6ndringer/Penicillin" rel="nofollow" title="Seneste ændringer af sider som denne side henviser til [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Beslægtede ændringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=da&campaign=dk" title="Upload filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Specialsider" title="Liste over alle specialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&oldid=11600236" title="Permanent link til denne version af denne side"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=info" title="Yderligere oplysninger om denne side"><span>Sideinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Citer&page=Penicillin&id=11600236&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om, hvordan man kan citere denne side"><span>Referer til denne side</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPenicillin"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPenicillin"><span>Download QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Organisation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Organisation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Organisation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt_Wikipedia"><span>Kontakt Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikimedia-Danmark" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://dk.wikimedia.org/wiki/"><span>Wikimedia Danmark</span></a></li><li id="n-GLAM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM"><span>GLAM</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Udskriv/eksportér </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Bog&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Penicillin"><span>Lav en bog</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:DownloadAsPdf&page=Penicillin&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&printable=yes" title="Printervenlig udgave af denne side [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Udskriftsvenlig udgave</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> I andre projekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penicillin_antibiotics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12190" title="Link til tilknyttet emne i Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Udseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Udseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/19px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/29px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/38px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <i>Denne artikel bør gennemlæses af en person med fagkendskab for at sikre den faglige korrekthed.</i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:PenicillinPSAedit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PenicillinPSAedit.jpg/220px-PenicillinPSAedit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PenicillinPSAedit.jpg/330px-PenicillinPSAedit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/PenicillinPSAedit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Penicillin blev masseproduceret i 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Penicilliner</b> er en gruppe <a href="/wiki/Antibiotikum" title="Antibiotikum">antibiotika</a> udledt fra <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillium (ikke skrevet endnu)">Penicillium</a></i> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6ksvampe" title="Sæksvampe">sæksvampe</a>. Penicilliner er historisk vigtige, da de var de første lægemidler, som effektivt kunne behandle en række alvorlige infektionssygdomme som <a href="/wiki/Tuberkulose" title="Tuberkulose">tuberkulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syfilis" title="Syfilis">syfilis</a> og <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylococcus">stafylokokinfektioner</a>. Penicilliner er hyppigt anvendt i dag, så mange <a href="/wiki/Bakterie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterie">bakterier</a> er blevet <a href="/wiki/Resistens" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistens">resistente</a> overfor ældre penicilliner. Alle penicilliner er <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-lactamantibiotika" title="Β-lactamantibiotika">β-lactamantibiotika</a>, og opdagelsen af deres antibakterielle effekt bliver generelt tilskrevet den skotske videnskabsmand <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> i <a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historie"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Faroe_stamp_079_europe_(fleming).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg/220px-Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg/330px-Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Fleming (1881-1955). Den skotske bakteriolog som opdagede penicilliners antibakterielle virkning. Her afbildet på <a href="/wiki/Frim%C3%A6rke" title="Frimærke">frimærke</a> fra <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6r%C3%B8erne" title="Færøerne">Færøerne</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Penicillin blev i 1928 opdaget ved et tilfælde af <a href="/wiki/Bakteriolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteriolog">bakteriologen</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>. Under arbejdet med bakterier på <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Mary%27s_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Mary's Hospital (ikke skrevet endnu)">St. Mary's Hospital</a> i London blev en af hans <a href="/wiki/Petrisk%C3%A5l" title="Petriskål">petriskåle</a> med <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylococcus">stafylokokbakterier</a> kontamineret med svamp. Han observerede, at bakterierne ikke kunne vokse tæt på svampekolonien. Mugsvampen blev senere identificeret til at være <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillium_chrysogenum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillium chrysogenum (ikke skrevet endnu)">Penicillium notatum</a>.</i> </p><p>Han fandt ud af, at den antibakterielle aktivitet var til stede i et filtrat af en suppe, hvor svampen havde vokset og kaldte filtratet penicillin.<sup id="cite_ref-samuelsson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samuelsson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> , Fleming dyrkede svampen og undersøgte filtratets effekt på diverse bakterier. Han fandt ud af, at filtratet havde antibakteriel aktivitet på mange sygdomsfremkaldende <a href="/wiki/Gramfarvning" title="Gramfarvning">Gram-positive</a> bakterier, der giver sygdomme som <a href="/wiki/Skarlagensfeber" title="Skarlagensfeber">skarlagensfeber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungebet%C3%A6ndelse" title="Lungebetændelse">lungebetændelse</a> og <a href="/wiki/Difteri" title="Difteri">difteri</a>. Derimod havde det ikke effekt på <a href="/wiki/Gramfarvning" title="Gramfarvning">Gram-negative</a> bakterier, undtagen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neisseria (ikke skrevet endnu)">Neisseria</a> arter der bl.a. giver <a href="/wiki/Gonorr%C3%A9" title="Gonorré">gonorré</a> og meningitis.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1939, mere end ti år efter Flemings heldige opdagelse, lykkedes det <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Walter_Florey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Walter Florey (ikke skrevet endnu)">Howard Walter Florey</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Boris_Chain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Boris Chain (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ernst Boris Chain</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Universitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Universitet">Oxford Universitet</a> at vise penicillinets potentielle muligheder. Året efter kunne de vise, at penicillin havde en klinisk effekt på infektionssygdom i forsøgsdyr, og det lykkedes holdet at udkrystallisere en brunlig penicillinholdig og yderst potent substans. Mængderne, som de fik isoleret, var dog for små til at kunne anvendes til succesfulde kliniske forsøg på mennesker.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogeneret1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneret1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1941 tog de engelske forskere til <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>, hvor de fik hjælp fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peoria_Lab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peoria Lab (ikke skrevet endnu)">Peoria Lab</a> til at udvikle en metode til fremstilling af store mængder penicillin. De anvendte en anden stamme af <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillium_chrysogenum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillium chrysogenum (ikke skrevet endnu)">Penicillium chrysogenum</a></i>, da denne voksede bedre i de dybe <a href="/wiki/Fermentering" title="Fermentering">fermenteringstanke</a> og derved producerede mere penicillin. I 1943 udførtes de nødvendige kliniske forsøg på mennesker, og produktionen blev hurtigt opskaleret. Det blev således muligt at behandle sårede allierede soldater på <a href="/wiki/D-dag" title="D-dag">D-dag</a> under <a href="/wiki/2._verdenskrig" title="2. verdenskrig">2. verdenskrig</a>. Efter intensiv forskning lykkedes det at isolere og oprense <a href="/wiki/Benzylpenicillin" title="Benzylpenicillin">benzylpenicillin</a>. </p><p>I 1945 blev strukturen af <a href="/wiki/Benzylpenicillin" title="Benzylpenicillin">benzylpenicillin</a> opklaret af <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a> ved hjælp af <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B8ntgenkrystallografi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Røntgenkrystallografi (ikke skrevet endnu)">røntgenkrystallografi</a>. Samme år modtog Fleming, Florey og Chain <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen" title="Nobelprisen">Nobelprisen</a> i medicin og fysiologi. </p><p>I Danmark begyndte <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8vens_Kemiske_Fabrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Løvens Kemiske Fabrik">Løvens kemiske Fabrik</a> en begrænset penicillinproduktion i efteråret 1943, og året efter blev de første danske patienter med succes behandlet på danske hospitaler.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successen blev omtalt i aviserne, og det var et problem, fordi den tyske besættelsesmagt viste interesse for lægemidlet. Derfor havde ejeren af Løvens kemiske Fabrik, <a href="/wiki/Knud_Abildgaard" title="Knud Abildgaard">Knud Abildgaard</a>, besluttet, at produktionsanlægget skulle ødelægges, hvis tyskerne ønskede at overtage det. Det blev heldigvis aldrig nødvendigt.<sup id="cite_ref-autogeneret1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneret1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virkningsmekanisme">Virkningsmekanisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Virkningsmekanisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Virkningsmekanisme"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penicilliner virker ved at hæmme dannelsen af <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">peptidoglycan</a> krydsbindinger i bakteriens <a href="/wiki/Cellev%C3%A6g" title="Cellevæg">cellevæg</a>. Det svækker cellevæggen og forårsager, at bakterien lyserer på grund af osmotisk tryk. Ved at efterligne <a href="/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre">aminosyresekvensen</a> D-alanyl-D-alanin binder <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-lactam" title="Β-lactam">β-lactamringen</a> til enzymet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpeptidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transpeptidase (ikke skrevet endnu)">DD-transpeptidase</a> (også kaldet det penicillinbindende protein eller PBP), som herved ikke kan danne krydsbindingen.<sup id="cite_ref-samuelsson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samuelsson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kemisk_opbygning">Kemisk opbygning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Kemisk opbygning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kemisk opbygning"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Penicillin-core.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Penicillin-core.png/220px-Penicillin-core.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Penicillin-core.png/330px-Penicillin-core.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Penicillin-core.png/440px-Penicillin-core.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Penicilliners grundstruktur, hvor <b>R</b> er en variabel gruppe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fælles for penicilliner er, at de indeholder en syregruppe, som er med til at gøre molekylet <a href="/wiki/Kemisk_polaritet" title="Kemisk polaritet">polært</a>. Derfor trænger penicilliner under normale omstændigheder ikke ind i kroppens <a href="/wiki/Fedtv%C3%A6v" title="Fedtvæv">fedtvæv</a>. </p><p>Herudover indeholder alle penicilliner, ligesom mange andre antibiotika, en <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-lactam" title="Β-lactam">β-lactam</a> ring. Denne ring giver penicilliner deres bakteriedræbende effekt. Desværre gør ringen også penicilliner til en svag struktur, idet <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbonatomer</a> i ringen er placeret i vinkler på 90°, hvilket er langt fra den sædvanlige vinkel mellem carbonatomer på 109,5°. </p><p>Derfor anså man det i mange år for umuligt at fremstille penicillin kunstigt, da det bliver nedbrudt af både <a href="/wiki/Syre" title="Syre">syre</a> og <a href="/wiki/Base_(kemi)" title="Base (kemi)">base</a>. For eksempel kan <a href="/wiki/Benzylpenicillin" title="Benzylpenicillin">benzylpenicillin</a> ikke administreres peroralt, da det nedbrydes af <a href="/wiki/Mavesyre" title="Mavesyre">mavesyren</a>. </p><p>R-gruppen i penicillin grundstrukturen kan udskiftes med andre grupper, hvilket giver de forskellige penicilliner deres forskellige egenskaber. Tilføjes andre grupper opnår penicillinet andre egenskaber, herunder virkning på bakterier, som er resistente overfor visse penicilliner. <a href="/wiki/Phenoxymethylpenicillin" title="Phenoxymethylpenicillin">Phenoxymethylpenicillin</a> har en phenoxymethylgruppe i R positionen. Denne penicillin er modstandsdygtig overfor <a href="/wiki/Mavesyre" title="Mavesyre">mavesyre</a> og kan derfor administreres peroralt. Det har dog en svagere effekt end benzylpenicillin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anvendelse">Anvendelse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Anvendelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Anvendelse"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penicilliner anvendes til behandling af infektioner med bakterier. De klassiske penicilliner har størst virkning på <a href="/wiki/Gramfarvning" title="Gramfarvning">Gram-positive</a> bakterier, men i dag er der udviklet penicilliner med virkning også på <a href="/wiki/Gramfarvning" title="Gramfarvning">Gram-negative</a> bakterier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penicilliner_i_klinisk_brug">Penicilliner i klinisk brug</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Penicilliner i klinisk brug" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Penicilliner i klinisk brug"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penicilliner i klinisk brug i Danmark kan inddeles i følgende grupper:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>De klassiske penicilliner: <a href="/wiki/Benzylpenicillin" title="Benzylpenicillin">Benzylpenicillin</a> (penicillin G) og <a href="/wiki/Phenoxymethylpenicillin" title="Phenoxymethylpenicillin">phenoxymethylpenicillin</a> (penicillin V).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillinase (ikke skrevet endnu)">Penicillinase-stabile</a> penicilliner: <a href="/wiki/Dicloxacillin" title="Dicloxacillin">Dicloxacillin</a> og <a href="/wiki/Flucloxacillin" title="Flucloxacillin">flucloxacillin</a>.</li> <li>Penicilliner med virkning på <a href="/wiki/Gramfarvning" title="Gramfarvning">Gram-negative</a> stave: <a href="/wiki/Ampicillin" title="Ampicillin">Ampicillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoxicillin" title="Amoxicillin">amoxicillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pivmecillinam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pivmecillinam">pivmecillinam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pivampicillin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pivampicillin">pivampicillin</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mecillinam" title="Mecillinam">mecillinam</a>.</li> <li>Penicilliner kombineret med penicillinasehæmmer: <a href="/wiki/Amoxicillin" title="Amoxicillin">Amoxicillin</a> og <a href="/wiki/Piperacillin" title="Piperacillin">piperacillin</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penicillinresistens">Penicillinresistens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Penicillinresistens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Penicillinresistens"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et problem ved hyppig anvendelse af penicillin er risikoen for udvikling af resistens blandt bakterier. <a href="/wiki/Antibiotikaresistens" title="Antibiotikaresistens">Antibiotikaresistens</a> er et generelt og globalt problem, der forårsager mange dødsfald, selv om der bruges store midler på bekæmpelsen. </p><p>Penicillinresistens kan opnås på tre måder. </p> <ul><li>Bakterier kan danne <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzymer</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillinase (ikke skrevet endnu)">penicillinaser</a>), som spalter β-lactamringen i penicillinet og efterlader det i en uvirksom tilstand. Dette kan modvirkes ved at skifte til andre penicilliner, som disse enzymer ikke kan genkende.</li> <li>Bakterier kan også blive resistente ved <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> af <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">generne</a>, der koder for PBP-enzymer, så penicilliners bindingssted ændres, og affiniteten dermed mistes.</li> <li>Ændring i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efflux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efflux (ikke skrevet endnu)">efflux</a>- eller transportmekanismer i bakteriens cellemembran.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bivirkninger">Bivirkninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Bivirkninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bivirkninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almindelige bivirkninger ved penicilliner er allergiske reaktioner og maveproblemer. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superinfektion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superinfektion (ikke skrevet endnu)">Superinfektioner</a>, f.eks. svampeinfektioner, kan forekomme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosyntese">Biosyntese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Biosyntese" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Biosyntese"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-lactamantibiotika" title="Β-lactamantibiotika">β-lactamantibiotika</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penicillin_og_patentrettigheder">Penicillin og patentrettigheder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Penicillin og patentrettigheder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Penicillin og patentrettigheder"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selvom skotten <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Sir Alexander Fleming</a> allerede i 1928 opdagede penicillin, blev der ikke taget <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> på masseproduktionsmetode for fremstilling af penicillin før 1948 af amerikaneren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_J._Moyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew J. Moyer (ikke skrevet endnu)">Andrew J. Moyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dette har medført myter om forholdet mellem essentiel medicin og patentrettigheder.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ifølge Robert Cook-Deegan, direktør for Center for Genome Ethics, Law, and Policy Institute, North Carolina, taler den langsomme patenttagning på penicillin hverken <a href="/wiki/Moral" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral">moralsk</a> for eller imod patentinstituttet, men var blot udtryk for sædvanlig praksis for krigsindustriens vigtige opfindelser.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bl.a. blev en række firmaer tvunget til at arbejde sammen og dele viden med hinanden, og vejen til effektiv <a href="/wiki/Produktion" title="Produktion">produktion</a> var lang og dyr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigér afsnit: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Se også"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-lactamantibiotika" title="Β-lactamantibiotika">β-lactamantibiotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakteriofagterapi" title="Bakteriofagterapi">Bakteriofagterapi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencer">Referencer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigér afsnit: Referencer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Referencer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-samuelsson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-samuelsson_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samuelsson_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuelsson G. (2004) "Drugs of Natural Origin, 5th Edition" Apotekarsocieteten.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diggins, F. <i>The true history of the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming</i> Biomedical Scientist, March 2003, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, London. (Originally published in the Imperial College School of Medicine Gazette)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/Penicillin.htm">The History of Penicillin</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikler_med_d%C3%B8de_eksterne_henvisninger" title="Wikipedia:Artikler med døde eksterne henvisninger">Webside ikke længere tilgængelig</a>)</small>, hentet 2. juni 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogeneret1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogeneret1_4-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogeneret1_4-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://videnskab.dk/krop-sundhed/store-opdagelser-mirakelmidlet-penicillin">Store opdagelser: Mirakelmidlet penicillin, Videnskab.dk</a>, hentet 20. september 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE8325664/1941-operationen-lykkedes-men-den-foerste-patient-doede/">1941: Operationen lykkedes, men den første patient døde. Jyllands-Posten 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicin.dk/(f1ow2l2kzgc0eo55yw3ug1id)/Show.aspx?docid=terapeutiskgruppe_info&name=Penicilliner&GruppeNr=181000">Medicin.dk</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikler_med_d%C3%B8de_eksterne_henvisninger" title="Wikipedia:Artikler med døde eksterne henvisninger">Webside ikke længere tilgængelig</a>)</small> Accessed 2 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/107.html">"Hall of Fame"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709210256/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/107.html">Arkiveret</a> 9. juli 2010 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;<span style="cursor: default; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.84em; color: #555555; position: relative; bottom: 0.08em">(engelsk)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diggy.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/1500/1/WTO,%20TRIPs%20og%20medicin%20til%20den%203.%20verden.pdf">"Medicin og den 3. verden"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305214244/http://diggy.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/1500/1/WTO,%20TRIPs%20og%20medicin%20til%20den%203.%20verden.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 5. marts 2016 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.mises.org/5216/patent-and-penicillin/">"Penicillin og patentrettigheder"</a>;<span style="cursor: default; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.84em; color: #555555; position: relative; bottom: 0.08em">(engelsk)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11759279">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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