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id="toc-Ferber_and_her_novel_Show_Boat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adapting_Ferber's_novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adapting_Ferber's_novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Adapting Ferber's novel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adapting_Ferber's_novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Synopsis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Musical numbers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Musical_numbers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Musical numbers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Musical_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_revisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_revisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 History of revisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_revisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters_and_notable_casts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters_and_notable_casts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Characters and notable casts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characters_and_notable_casts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_1927_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_1927_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Original 1927 production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_1927_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_Robeson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_Robeson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Paul Robeson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_Robeson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 North American revivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toronto_(1993,_later_Broadway)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toronto_(1993,_later_Broadway)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Toronto (1993, later Broadway) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toronto_(1993,_later_Broadway)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 London productions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Adaptations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adaptations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert_hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Concert hall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Selected recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Racial issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Racial_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Racial issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Racial_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Integration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_stereotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_stereotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Language and stereotypes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_stereotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_word_"nigger"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_word_"nigger""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 The word "nigger" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_word_"nigger"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African-American_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 African-American English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revisions_and_cancellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisions_and_cancellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Revisions and cancellations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revisions_and_cancellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 1993 revival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References and Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References and Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Show Boat</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Show Boat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat_(com%C3%A9die_musicale)" title="Show Boat (comédie musicale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Show Boat (comédie musicale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%BC%EB%B3%B4%ED%8A%B8_(%EB%AE%A4%EC%A7%80%EC%BB%AC)" title="쇼보트 (뮤지컬) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇼보트 (뮤지컬)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Show Boat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Show Boat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat_(musical)" title="Show Boat (musical) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Show Boat (musical)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ספינת השעשועים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספינת השעשועים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88_(%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB)" title="ショウボート (ミュージカル) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ショウボート (ミュージカル)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat_(musikal)" title="Show Boat (musikal) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Show Boat (musikal)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Show Boat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Show Boat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat">current revision</a>.<div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 17:40, 9 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:4meter4" class="mw-userlink" title="User:4meter4" data-mw-revid="1256380089"><bdi>4meter4</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:4meter4" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:4meter4">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/4meter4" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/4meter4">contribs</a>) (<a href="#Adapting_Ferber's_novel">→<bdi dir="ltr">Adapting Ferber's novel</bdi></a>: add)</div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Show_Boat&diff=prev&oldid=1256380089" title="Show Boat">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Show_Boat&direction=prev&oldid=1256380089" title="Show Boat">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Show_Boat&diff=cur&oldid=1256380089" title="Show Boat">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Show_Boat&direction=next&oldid=1256380089" title="Show Boat">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Show_Boat&diff=next&oldid=1256380089" title="Show Boat">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1927 musical by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Show Boat (disambiguation)">Show Boat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Show Boat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Show_Boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Show_Boat.jpg/220px-Show_Boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Show_Boat.jpg/330px-Show_Boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Show_Boat.jpg/440px-Show_Boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="1775" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Original 1927 sheet music for Ol' Man River, from Show Boat</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Music</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kern" title="Jerome Kern">Jerome Kern</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lyrics</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Book_(musical_theatre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book (musical theatre)">Book</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Oscar Hammerstein II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basis</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(novel)" title="Show Boat (novel)">Show Boat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data">December 27, 1927: <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1927)" title="Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)">Ziegfeld Theatre</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Productions</th><td class="infobox-data">1927 <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> 1928 <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> 1932 Broadway <a href="/wiki/Revival_(theatre)" title="Revival (theatre)">revival</a> 1946 Broadway revival 1966 <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center" title="Lincoln Center">Lincoln Center</a> revival 1971 West End revival 1983 Broadway revival 1994 Broadway revival 1998 West End revival 2016 West End revival</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival_of_a_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical">Tony Award for Best Revival</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Musical_Revival" title="Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival">Olivier Award for Best Revival</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Show Boat is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical</a> with music by <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kern" title="Jerome Kern">Jerome Kern</a> and book and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a>. It is based on <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a>'s best-selling 1926 <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(novel)" title="Show Boat (novel)">novel of the same name</a>. The musical follows the lives of the performers, stagehands and dock workers on the Cotton Blossom, a <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> <a href="/wiki/Showboat" title="Showboat">show boat</a>, over 40 years from 1887 to 1927. Its themes include racial prejudice and tragic, enduring love. The musical contributed such classic songs as "<a href="/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River" title="Ol' Man River">Ol' Man River</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Make_Believe_(Jerome_Kern_song)" title="Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)">Make Believe</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Lovin%27_Dat_Man" title="Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man">Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man</a>". The musical was first produced in 1927 by <a href="/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Florenz Ziegfeld">Florenz Ziegfeld</a>. The premiere of Show Boat on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> was an important event in the history of American musical theatre. It "was a radical departure in musical storytelling, marrying spectacle with seriousness", compared with the trivial and unrealistic <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a>, light <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_musical_comedy" title="Edwardian musical comedy">musical comedies</a> and "Follies"-type musical <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revues</a> that defined Broadway in the 1890s and early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Lahr-1">[1]</a> According to The Complete Book of Light Opera:<blockquote>Here we come to a completely new genre – the musical play as distinguished from musical comedy. Now … the play was the thing, and everything else was subservient to that play. Now … came complete integration of song, humor and production numbers into a single and inextricable artistic entity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubbock1962Chapter,_"American_Musical_Theatre:_An_Introduction"-2">[2]</a></blockquote> The quality of Show Boat was recognized immediately by critics, and it is frequently revived. Awards did not exist for Broadway shows in 1927, when the show premiered, or in 1932 when its first revival was staged. Late 20th-century revivals of Show Boat have won both the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival_of_a_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical">Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical</a> (1995) and the <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Musical_Revival" title="Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival">Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival</a> (1991).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaden201116-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferber_and_her_novel_Show_Boat">Ferber and her novel Show Boat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(novel)" title="Show Boat (novel)">Show Boat (novel)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Show_Boat,_Woman%27s_Home_Companion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Show_Boat%2C_Woman%27s_Home_Companion.png/220px-Show_Boat%2C_Woman%27s_Home_Companion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Show_Boat%2C_Woman%27s_Home_Companion.png/330px-Show_Boat%2C_Woman%27s_Home_Companion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Show_Boat%2C_Woman%27s_Home_Companion.png/440px-Show_Boat%2C_Woman%27s_Home_Companion.png 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of the May 1926 issue of Woman's Home Companion.</figcaption></figure> In April 1926, <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a>'s fifth novel, <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(novel)" title="Show Boat (novel)">Show Boat</a>, began publication in a <a href="/wiki/Serialized_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Serialized novel">serialized version</a> in the magazine <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Home_Companion" title="Woman's Home Companion">Woman's Home Companion</a> (WHC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2019113-4">[4]</a> The complete book was released in August 1926 by <a href="/wiki/Doubleday,_Page_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubleday, Page and Company">Doubleday, Page and Company</a> before the magazine series finished the following September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock199722-5">[5]</a> The work was unusual content for a women's magazine of the period, with its inclusion of taboo subjects like infidelity, desertion, single motherhood, prostitution, gambling, and <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2019105,_108-6">[6]</a> It was well received by both the public and the critics from the beginning, and the author received offers for film adaptations immediately after the first two installments of the novel were published in WHC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreuger197712-7">[7]</a> It became a best-selling novel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201341-8">[8]</a> Show Boat tells the tale of Magnolia, the daughter of the owners of the <a href="/wiki/Showboat" title="Showboat">showboat</a> Cotton Blossom, Captain Andy Hawks and his wife, Parthy. Musically gifted as a child, she learns from the ship's performers and from the Cotton Blossom's black cook Queenie and her husband, the dock worker Jo.<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> Despite her mother's opposition, Magnolia becomes a leading actress and singer on the boat's stage. She falls in love with her co-star, gambler Gaylord Ravena; they marry and have a child. Ravenal's gambling, philandering with prostitutes, and ill health lead him to abandon his family. Magnolia manages to move on and thrive because of her prodigious singing talent; she is described as a white woman gifted with the singing voice of a black vocalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker20131–24-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2019107–110-11">[10]</a> Musicologist <a href="/wiki/Todd_Decker" title="Todd Decker">Todd Decker</a> stated, <blockquote>"Magnolia's embrace of show business as a means to survive as a single mother is directly linked to Ferber's use of black music to characterize her heroine. Magnolia's black voice thus proves a defining aspect of Ferber's main character and a central pillar of the novel's structure and larger themes. Magnolia's story and the plot of Show Boat alike trace the course of American life across the divide separating the nineteenth century from the twentieth, an epochal shift felt with particular power in the 1920s when the effects of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and a series of overlapping transformations in daily life were altering the fabric of the nation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201317-12">[11]</a></blockquote> Ferber's novel was inspired by a conversation she had with the producer <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Ames" title="Winthrop Ames">Winthrop Ames</a> in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201313-13">[12]</a> Ames, to whom Ferber dedicated her novel,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1999370-14">[13]</a> was producing Ferber's play <a href="/wiki/Minick" title="Minick">Minick</a>, which was preparing for its Broadway debut; its <a href="/wiki/Tryout_(theatre)" title="Tryout (theatre)">tryout performances</a> were not going well. Following a difficult day, Ames joked that they should all join a <a href="/wiki/Showboat" title="Showboat">showboat</a> if the play flopped. Ferber had never heard of a showboat, and her curiosity began her fascination with 19th century showboats on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201313-13">[12]</a> She began months of research in August 1924,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudley2010124-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201313-13">[12]</a> and during the following winter she became an expert on the types of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a> ships active on the Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2005136-16">[15]</a> She boarded the <a href="/wiki/James_Adams_Floating_Theatre" title="James Adams Floating Theatre">James Adams Floating Palace Theatre</a> in April 1925,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201313-13">[12]</a> boarding in North Carolina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudley2010124-15">[14]</a> and spent five days on the ship while it traversed the <a href="/wiki/Pamlico_River" title="Pamlico River">Pamlico River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsterVermeil2008Chapter,_"Kern:_Show_Boat_Mississippi"-17">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShowBoat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ShowBoat.JPG/170px-ShowBoat.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ShowBoat.JPG/255px-ShowBoat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ShowBoat.JPG/340px-ShowBoat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the novel</figcaption></figure> Ferber described the voyage as resulting in a "treasure trove of show-boat material, human, touching, true".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetellier20151066-18">[17]</a> Onboard, she attended rehearsals and took on jobs from selling and taking tickets to performing small walk-on roles. She also spoke with audience members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2005136-16">[15]</a> The ship's captain, Charles Hunter, and his wife, actress Beulah Hunter, hosted the trip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudley2010124-15">[14]</a> Much of the world of the novel was based on stories told to Ferber by Charles Hunter. One, involving a family of showboat performers with mixed-race children, were the basis for the novel's subplot of the characters Julie and Steve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201313–14-19">[18]</a> Julie, a mixed-race woman <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">passing</a> as white, and her white husband Steve broke <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> laws of the era by marrying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker2013248-20">[19]</a> This subplot took on a prominent role in the musical adaption by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kern" title="Jerome Kern">Jerome Kern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201316-21">[20]</a> Magnolia was a typical heroine of a novel by Ferber, who tended to base her female leads on her herself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2005136-16">[15]</a> As with Ferber's four earlier novels, Magnolia is a confident woman who, with pluck and determination, succeeds in business without the help of a man. While the character marries, it is a failed marriage, and she rises above the weaknesses of her romantic partner who leaves her through tragic circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201314–16-22">[21]</a> Magnolia's domineering mother Parthy was based on Ferber's own mother, Julia Ferber, and Parthy and Captain Andy's marriage was modeled on her own parents' marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2005136-16">[15]</a> Show Boat departed from Ferber's earlier novels and short stories in that it was not set in an all-white mid-western town. Her decision to set the novel on a Mississippi River boat traveling south caused her to engage with race for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201314-23">[22]</a> While the central characters in Ferber's novel are predominantly white, the inclusion of secondary characters like Julie, Jo, Queenie and various unnamed black characters, provide a view of a multiracial world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker20131–23-24">[23]</a> The novel often presents black figures in relation to music;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201323-25">[24]</a> frequent references to <a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">spirituals</a> and other forms of music associated with <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> provide background for Magnolia's musical journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker20131–23-24">[23]</a> This choice reflected the increasing popularity in the 1920s of black singers performing spirituals on the concert stage in America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201319–20-26">[25]</a> Influenced by the writings of ethnomusicologist <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Curtis" title="Natalie Curtis">Natalie Curtis</a>, Ferber uses the theme of African-American music as a means of criticizing the state of contemporary white American theatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201322–24-27">[26]</a> At the end of the novel, Magnolia watches her daughter Kim study to become a singer and actress; only to have the life and soul of her talents driven out of her by the white music and theatre education system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201324-28">[27]</a> Ferber implies that music from black culture is more authentic, intuitive, and superior in quality than white musical culture that is restrained by education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201322–24-27">[26]</a> Decker wrote: "In Show Boat, Ferber used a racial argument about the sources of musical inspiration and authentic voice to support her thesis about the source of inspired versus uninspired acting in the almost entirely white realm of Broadway theater."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201324-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adapting_Ferber's_novel">Adapting Ferber's novel</h3></div> Ferber's Show Boat was an unlikely candidate for a musical adaptation of the 1920s with its central heroine standing in stark contrast to the typical vision of womanhood portrayed in other Broadway musicals of the period. Magnolia's unhappy marriage, her independence, and her grit in surviving as a single mother after she is abandoned by a morally flawed husband ran counter to the stereotypical narrative of the Broadway musical which tended to cast women as helpless victims that need rescuing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2019105–106-29">[28]</a> Rather than ending with a happy marriage to her male rescuer as was typical in 1920s musicals, Ferber's novel depicts her heroine's marriage as the source of her problems and suffering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2019109-30">[29]</a> Yet, the novel's recurring music theme made it a natural fit for a musical adaption, which is likely what made the work attractive to Kern and Hammerstein.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201325-31">[30]</a> Having recently written the hit musical <a href="/wiki/Sunny_(musical)" title="Sunny (musical)">Sunny</a> (1925) in collaboration with Hammerstein, Kern was in pursuit of a new narrative for the pair to adapt to the Broadway stage. By the autumn of 1926 he had read approximately half of Ferber's novel and was determined to make it the subject of his next musical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock199721–22-32">[31]</a> He approached Hammerstein with the project, and the pair began working on the show's material before obtaining permission from Ferber to use her work or having a producer attached to the project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenrick2010202-33">[32]</a> In order to obtain the rights to adapt the novel, Kern arranged an introduction to Ferber in October 1926 through their mutual friend, the critic <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Woollcott" title="Alexander Woollcott">Alexander Woollcott</a>, during the intermission of Kern's most recent musical <a href="/wiki/Criss_Cross_(musical)" title="Criss Cross (musical)">Criss Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser2006151-34">[33]</a> Ferber was at first shocked that anyone would want to adapt Show Boat as a musical. After being assured by Kern that he did not want to adapt it as the typical frivolous "girlie" show of the 1920s, she granted him and his collaborator, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a>, the rights to set her novel to music. After composing most of the first-act songs, Kern and Hammerstein auditioned their material for producer <a href="/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Florenz Ziegfeld">Florenz Ziegfeld</a>, thinking that he was the person to create the elaborate production they felt necessary for Ferber's sprawling work. Ziegfeld was impressed with the show and agreed to produce it, writing the next day, "This is the best musical comedy I have ever been fortunate to get a hold of; I am thrilled to produce it, this show is the opportunity of my life..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantorMaslon2004112–19-35">[34]</a> Show Boat, with its serious and dramatic nature, was considered an unusual choice for Ziegfeld, who was best known for <a href="/wiki/Revues" class="mw-redirect" title="Revues">revues</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies" title="Ziegfeld Follies">Ziegfeld Follies</a>. Though Ziegfeld anticipated opening his <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1927)" title="Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)">new theatre</a> on Sixth Avenue with Show Boat, the epic nature of the work required an unusually long gestation period and extensive changes during out-of-town tryouts. Impatient with Kern and Hammerstein and worried about the serious tone of the musical (he strongly disliked the songs <a href="/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River" title="Ol' Man River">Ol' Man River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mis%27ry%27s_Comin%27_Aroun" title="Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun">Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun</a>), Ziegfeld decided to open <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1927)" title="Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)">his theatre</a> in February 1927 with <a href="/wiki/Rio_Rita_(musical)" title="Rio Rita (musical)">Rio Rita</a>, a musical by Kern's collaborator <a href="/wiki/Guy_Bolton" title="Guy Bolton">Guy Bolton</a>. When Rio Rita proved to be a success, Show Boat's <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> opening was delayed until Rita could be moved to another theatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomVlastnik2004290–293-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2></div> Note: Although the basic plot of Show Boat has always remained the same, over the years revisions and alterations were made by the creators, and over time by subsequent producers and directors. Some of these revisions were for length and some for convenience, as when a different actor played a certain role and was unable to perform a specialty piece written for the role's creator. Some have been made to reflect contemporary sensitivities toward race, gender and other social issues. <dl><dt>Act I</dt></dl> In 1887, the show boat Cotton Blossom arrives at the river dock in <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era (United States)">Reconstruction era</a> had ended a decade earlier, and white-dominated Southern legislatures have imposed <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> rules. The boat's owner, Cap'n Andy Hawks, introduces his actors to the crowd on the levee. A fistfight breaks out between Steve Baker, the leading man of the troupe, and Pete, a rough <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> who had been making passes at Steve's wife, the leading lady <a href="/wiki/Julie_Dozier" title="Julie Dozier">Julie La Verne</a>. Steve knocks Pete down, and Pete swears revenge, suggesting he knows a dark secret about Julie. Cap'n Andy pretends to the shocked crowd that the fight was a preview of one of the melodramas to be performed. The troupe exits with the showboat band, and the crowd follows. A handsome riverboat gambler, <a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Ravenal" title="Gaylord Ravenal">Gaylord Ravenal</a>, appears on the levee and is taken with eighteen-year-old Magnolia ("Nolie") Hawks, an aspiring performer and the daughter of Cap'n Andy and his wife Parthenia Ann ("Parthy"). Magnolia is likewise smitten with Ravenal ("<a href="/wiki/Make_Believe_(Jerome_Kern_song)" title="Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)">Make Believe</a>"). She seeks advice from Joe, a black dock worker aboard the boat, who has returned from buying flour for his wife Queenie, the ship's cook. He replies that he has "seen a lot like [Ravenal] on the river." As Magnolia goes inside the boat to tell her friend Julie about the handsome stranger, Joe mutters that she ought to ask the river for advice. He and the other dock workers reflect on the wisdom and indifference of "<a href="/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River" title="Ol' Man River">Ol' Man River</a>", who does not seem to care what the world's troubles are, but "jes' keeps rollin' along". Magnolia finds Julie inside and announces that she is in love. Julie cautions her that this stranger could be just a "no-account river feller". Magnolia says that if she found out he was "no-account", she would stop loving him. Julie warns her that it is not that easy to stop loving someone, explaining that she will always love Steve and singing a few lines of "<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Lovin%27_Dat_Man" title="Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man">Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man</a>". Queenie overhears – she is surprised that Julie knows that song as she has only heard "colored folks" sing it. Magnolia remarks that Julie sings it all the time, and when Queenie asks if she can sing the entire song, Julie obliges. During the rehearsal for that evening, Julie and Steve learn that the town sheriff is coming to arrest them. Steve takes out a large pocket knife and makes a cut on the back of her hand, sucking the blood and swallowing it. Pete returns with the sheriff, who insists the show cannot proceed because Julie is a <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> who has been <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">passing</a> as white and local law prohibits <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">mixed marriages</a>. Julie admits that her mother was black, but Steve tells the sheriff that he also has <a href="/wiki/One-drop_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="One-drop theory">"black blood"</a> in him, so their marriage is legal in Mississippi. The troupe backs him up, boosted by the ship's <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">pilot</a> Windy McClain, a longtime friend of the sheriff. The couple have escaped the charge of miscegenation, but they still have to leave the show boat; identified as black, they can no longer perform for the segregated white audience. Cap'n Andy fires Pete, but in spite of his sympathy for Julie and Steve, he cannot violate the law for them. Ravenal returns and asks for passage on the boat. Andy hires him as the new leading man and assigns his daughter Magnolia as the new leading lady, over her mother's objections. As Magnolia and Ravenal begin to rehearse their roles and in the process, kiss for the first time (infuriating Parthy), Joe reprises the last few lines of "Ol' Man River". Weeks later, Magnolia and Ravenal have been a hit with the crowds and have fallen in love. As the levee workers hum "Ol' Man River" in the background, he proposes to Magnolia, and she accepts. The couple joyously sings "<a href="/wiki/You_Are_Love" title="You Are Love">You Are Love</a>". They make plans to marry the next day while Parthy, who disapproves, is out of town. Parthy has discovered that Ravenal once killed a man and arrives with the sheriff to interrupt the wedding festivities. The group learns that Ravenal was acquitted of murder. Cap'n Andy calls Parthy "narrow-minded" and defends Ravenal by announcing that he also once killed a man. Parthy faints, but the ceremony proceeds. <dl><dt>Act II</dt></dl> Six years have passed, and it is 1893. Ravenal and Magnolia have moved to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, where they make a precarious living from Ravenal's gambling. At first they are rich and enjoying the good life ("Why Do I Love You?") By 1903, they have a daughter, Kim, and after years of varying income, they are broke and rent a room in a boarding house. Depressed over his inability to support his family, Ravenal abandons Magnolia and Kim, but first visits his daughter at the convent where she goes to school to say goodbye before leaving her forever ("Make Believe" (reprise)). Frank and Ellie, two former actors from the showboat, learn that Magnolia is living in the rooms they want to rent. The old friends seek a singing job for Magnolia at the Trocadero, the club where they are doing a New Year's show. Julie is working there. She has fallen into drinking after being abandoned by Steve. At a rehearsal, she tries out the new song "<a href="/wiki/Bill_(Show_Boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (Show Boat)">Bill</a>". She appears to be thinking of Steve and sings it with great emotion. From her dressing room, she hears Magnolia singing "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" for her audition, the song which Julie taught her years ago. Julie secretly quits her job so that Magnolia can fill it, without learning of her sacrifice. On New Year's Eve, Andy and Parthy go to Chicago for a surprise visit to their daughter Magnolia. Andy goes to the Trocadero without his wife, and sees Magnolia overcome with emotion and nearly booed off stage. Andy rallies the crowd by starting a sing-along of the standard, "<a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(song)" title="After the Ball (song)">After the Ball</a>". Magnolia becomes a great musical star. More than 20 years pass, and it is 1927. An aged Joe on the Cotton Blossom sings a reprise of "Ol' Man River". Cap'n Andy has a chance meeting with Ravenal and arranges his reunion with Magnolia. Andy knows that Magnolia is retiring and returning to the Cotton Blossom with Kim, who has become a Broadway star. Kim gives her admirers a taste of her performing abilities by singing an updated, <a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston</a> version of "Why Do I Love You?" Ravenal sings a reprise of "You Are Love" to the offstage Magnolia. Although he is uncertain about asking her to take him back, Magnolia, who has never stopped loving him, greets him warmly and does. As the happy couple walks up the boat's gangplank, Joe and the cast sing the last verse of "Ol' Man River". <dl><dt>Plot variants in 1951 film</dt></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1951_film)" title="Show Boat (1951 film)">1951 MGM film</a> changed the final scenes of the story, as well as many small details. It reconciles Ravenal and Magnolia a few years after they separate, rather than 23 years later. When Ravenal leaves Magnolia in Chicago, he does not know that she is pregnant. Through a chance meeting with Julie, he learns that Magnolia and his daughter are living on the Cotton Blossom. He goes to where the boat is docked and sees Kim playing. He talks to her and breaks down in tears. Magnolia sends Kim aboard. She and Ravenal embrace, and she leads him onto the show boat. Parthy is as happy as Captain Andy to see the reunion. Joe and the chorus sing "Ol' Man River", and the paddlewheel starts turning in tempo with the music, as the ship heads down river. Julie watches from a distance and blows them a gentle kiss as the Cotton Blossom recedes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_numbers">Musical numbers</h2></div> The musical numbers in the original production were as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2019430-431-37">[36]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Act 1</dt></dl> <ul><li>"Cotton Blossom" – Stevedores and Townspeople</li> <li>"Where's the Mate for Me?" – Ravenal</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_Believe_(Jerome_Kern_song)" title="Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)">Make Believe</a>" – Ravenal and Magnolia</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River" title="Ol' Man River">Ol' Man River</a>" – Joe and Stevedores</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Lovin%27_Dat_Man" title="Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man">Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man</a>" – Julie, Queenie, Joe, Magnolia and Ensemble</li> <li>"Life Upon the Wicked Stage" – Ellie and Townswomen</li> <li>"Till Good Luck Comes My Way" – Ravenal, Pete, Frank and Townsmen</li> <li>"Ol' Man River" (reprise) – Joe</li> <li>"I Might Fall Back on You" – Ellie, Frank and Girls</li> <li>"C'mon Folks (Queenie's Ballyhoo)" – Queenie, Stevedores and Gals</li> <li>"Olio Dance" – (instrumental)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Are_Love" title="You Are Love">You Are Love</a>" – Ravenal and Magnolia</li> <li>Act I "Finale (Wedding Scene)" – Magnolia, Ravenal, Cap'n Andy and Chorus</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Act 2</dt></dl> <ul><li>"At the Fair" – Sightseers, Barkers, and Dandies</li> <li>"Dandies on Parade" – City Folk</li> <li>"Why Do I Love You?" – Magnolia, Ravenal, Cap'n Andy, Parthy Ann Hawks and Company</li> <li>"In Dahomey" – <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Singers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee Singers">Jubilee Singers</a> and Dahomey Dancers</li> <li>"Nuns' Processional" – Nuns</li> <li>"Make Believe" (reprise) – Ravenal</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bill_(Show_Boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (Show Boat)">Bill</a>" (lyrics by <a href="/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse" title="P. G. Wodehouse">P. G. Wodehouse</a>, revised by Hammerstein) – Julie</li> <li>"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" (reprise) – Magnolia</li> <li>"Goodbye, My Lady Love" (music and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Howard" title="Joseph E. Howard">Joseph E. Howard</a>) – Frank and Ellie</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(song)" title="After the Ball (song)">After the Ball</a>" (from <a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_Chinatown" title="A Trip to Chinatown">A Trip to Chinatown</a>; music and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Harris" title="Charles K. Harris">Charles K. Harris</a>) – Magnolia and Ensemble</li> <li>"Ol' Man River" (reprise) – Joe</li> <li>"Hey, Feller" – Jubilee Singers and Queenie</li> <li>"You Are Love" (reprise) – Ravenal</li> <li>"Why Do I Love You?" (reprise) – Kim and Flappers</li> <li>"Finale Ultimo (Ol' Man River)" – Joe and Chorus</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_revisions">History of revisions</h3></div> The original production ran four-and-a-half hours during tryouts but was trimmed to just over three by the time it got to Broadway. During previews, four songs, "<a href="/wiki/Mis%27ry%27s_Comin%27_Aroun" title="Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun">Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun</a>", "I Would Like to Play a Lover's Part", "Let's Start the New Year" and "It's Getting Hotter in the North", were cut from the show. The song "Be Happy, Too" was cut after the Washington, D.C., tryout. "Let's Start the New Year" was performed in the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse" title="Paper Mill Playhouse">Paper Mill Playhouse</a> production.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Two songs, "Till Good Luck Comes My Way" (sung by Ravenal) and "Hey Feller!" (sung by Queenie), were written mainly to cover scenery changes. They were discarded beginning with the 1946 revival, although "Till Good Luck" was included in the 1994 Prince revival. The comedy song, "I Might Fall Back on You," was also cut beginning in 1946. It was restored in the 1951 film version and several stage productions since the 1980s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The score also includes four songs not written for Show Boat: "<a href="/wiki/Bill_(Show_Boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (Show Boat)">Bill</a>" was originally written by Kern and <a href="/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse" title="P. G. Wodehouse">P. G. Wodehouse</a> in 1917 and was reworked by Hammerstein for Show Boat. Two other songs not by Kern and Hammerstein, "Goodbye, My Lady Love" by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Howard" title="Joseph E. Howard">Joseph E. Howard</a> and "<a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(song)" title="After the Ball (song)">After the Ball</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Harris" title="Charles K. Harris">Charles K. Harris</a>, were included by the authors for historical atmosphere and are included in revivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraziano2017129-38">[37]</a> The New Year's Eve scene features an instrumental version of "<a href="/wiki/There%27ll_Be_a_Hot_Time_in_the_Old_Town_Tonight" title="There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight">There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight</a>". Some of the following numbers have been cut or revised in subsequent productions, as noted below (the songs "Ol' Man River", "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man", and "<a href="/wiki/Bill_(Show_Boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (Show Boat)">Bill</a>" have been included in every stage and film production of Show Boat[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]): <ul><li>Overture – The original overture, used in all stage productions up to 1946 is based chiefly on the deleted song "<a href="/wiki/Mis%27ry%27s_Comin%27_Aroun" title="Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun">Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun</a>", as Kern wanted to save this song in some form. The song was restored in the Prince 1994 revival of the show. The overture also contains fragments of "Ol' Man River", "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man", and a faster arrangement of "Why Do I Love You?" The overtures for the 1946 revival and the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center" title="Lincoln Center">Lincoln Center</a> revival consist of medleys of songs from the show. All three overtures were arranged by the show's orchestrator, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a>, who orchestrated most of Kern's later shows.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Cotton Blossom" – This number is included in all the stage productions, and shorter versions were used in the 1936 and 1951 film versions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Where's the Mate for Me?" – Included in all stage versions, partially sung in the 1936 film version, and sung complete in the 1951 film version.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_Believe_(Jerome_Kern_song)" title="Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)">Make Believe</a>" – Included in all stage versions, and in the 1936 and 1951 film versions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Life Upon the Wicked Stage" – Included in all stage versions and the 1951 film version but heard in the 1936 film only in the orchestral score.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Till Good Luck Comes My Way" – Cut from the 1946 revival but reinstated in the 1971 London revival. It is performed instrumentally in the 1936 film.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"I Might Fall Back on You" – Usually cut from 1946 until reinstated in 1966. Included in the 1951 film.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"C'mon Folks (Queenie's Ballyhoo)" – While included in all of the Broadway productions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2019430-431-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2018201-202-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2015312-313-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2016a171–172-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2016a171–172-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2016b171–172-42">[41]</a> it was cut from the original <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> production after <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Hunter" title="Alberta Hunter">Alberta Hunter</a>'s show-stopping performance of the song caused jealousy among her co-stars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker2013129-43">[42]</a> It was sung in the prologue to the 1929 film version,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrios199590-44">[43]</a> and performed instrumentally in the 1951 film.</li> <li>"Olio Dance" – Usually cut, as it was composed to cover a change of scenery; this orchestral piece partially uses the melody of "I Might Fall Back on You".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The 1936 film substituted "Gallivantin' Around", performed as an <a href="/wiki/Olio_(musical_number)" title="Olio (musical number)">olio</a> by <a href="/wiki/Irene_Dunne" title="Irene Dunne">Irene Dunne</a> (as Magnolia) in blackface.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some modern productions move the song "I Might Fall Back on You" to this spot.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"You Are Love" – Included in all stage productions, and shorter versions were used in both the 1936 and the 1951 films.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Act I Finale" – This was shortened in the 1936 film. Its midsection, banjo-dominant, buck-and-wing dance theme became a repeating motif in the 1951 film, played onstage during the backstage miscegenation scene, and later as a soft-shoe dance for Cap'n Andy and granddaughter Kim.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"At the Chicago World's Fair" – Used in all stage productions except for the Prince 1994 revival; an instrumental version was performed in the 1936 film.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Why Do I Love You?" – Used in all stage versions, the song was originally written as a duet for Magnolia and Ravenal but was re-shaped as a solo for Parthy in the 1994 Broadway revival.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A reprise of the song sung by the adult Kim in act 2 has often been omitted or replaced subsequent to the original Broadway production. Songs used as replacements include "Dance Away the Night" and "Nobody Else But Me".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock1997W37-W41-45">[44]</a> "Why Do I Love You?" was sung during the exit music to the 1929 film;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMordden201534-46">[45]</a> it was performed only as background music for the 1936 film<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock202332-47">[46]</a> and was sung in the 1951 film version.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_Dahomey#Song_from_Show_Boat" title="In Dahomey">In Dahomey</a>" – Cut from the score after the 1946 Broadway production and never revived as it is viewed as racially offensive and unnecessary to the plot. Sung at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago World's Fair</a> by a group of supposedly African natives who chant in a supposed African language before switching to English.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Goodbye, My Lady Love" – Used only in American productions and the 1936 film.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(song)" title="After the Ball (song)">After the Ball</a>" – Included in all stage productions and in both the 1936 and 1951 films.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Hey, Feller" – Used in the 1927 and 1932 Broadway productions but cut from the 1928 London production and the 1946 Broadway revival<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock1997W37-W41-45">[44]</a> and the Prince in the 1994 revival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2015176–177-48">[47]</a> The song was sung in the prologue to the 1929 film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrios199590-44">[43]</a> Used as background score in the 1951 film during the opening post-credits scene.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> Additional numbers sometimes included in films and revivals: <ul><li>"Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun" was published in the complete vocal score; fragments of it are heard in the score, notably in the original overture and the miscegenation scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock199722–24-49">[48]</a> It was included in the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> revival.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Let's Start the New Year" – Included in the 1989 Paper Mill Playhouse production.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Dance Away the Night" was written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1928 West End production.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"I Have the Room Above Her" was written by Kern and Hammerstein for Ravenal and Magnolia in the 1936 film. It was included in the 1994 Broadway revival.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Gallivantin' Around" was written by Kern and Hammerstein for Magnolia for the 1936 film.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Ah Still Suits Me" was written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1936 film, sung by Joe and Queenie (Paul Robeson and <a href="/wiki/Hattie_McDaniel" title="Hattie McDaniel">Hattie McDaniel</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Included in the 1989 Paper Mill Playhouse production.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-50">[49]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nobody_Else_but_Me" title="Nobody Else but Me">Nobody Else but Me</a>" was written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1946 Broadway revival. This was the last song Kern ever wrote; he died shortly before the revival opened.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In the 1971 London revival, the song was sung by Julie, in a new scene written for that production.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is was frequently heard in revivals until about the 1980s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>"Dandies on Parade" is a dance number arranged for the 1994 Broadway production by David Krane, largely from Kern's music.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters_and_notable_casts">Characters and notable casts</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Character </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Original Broadway <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2019430-431-37">[36]</a> </th> <th>Original West End <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWearing2014590-52">[51]</a> </th> <th>1932 Broadway <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2018201-202-39">[38]</a> </th> <th>1946 Broadway <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2015312-313-40">[39]</a> </th> <th>1971 West End <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreuger1977205-53">[52]</a> </th> <th>1983 Broadway <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2016a171–172-41">[40]</a> </th> <th>1994 Broadway <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2016b171–172-42">[41]</a> </th> <th>1998 West End <a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> </th> <th>2016 West End<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> </th> <th>Other notable performers in long-running, major market productions </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cap'n Andy Hawks </td> <td>owner & captain of the Cotton Blossom show boat; Parthy Ann's husband & Magnolia's father </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Winninger" title="Charles Winninger">Charles Winninger</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke" title="Cedric Hardwicke">Cedric Hardwicke</a> </td> <td>Charles Winninger </td> <td>Ralph Dumke </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Derek_Royle" title="Derek Royle">Derek Royle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_O%27Connor" title="Donald O'Connor">Donald O'Connor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_McMartin" title="John McMartin">John McMartin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Grizzard" title="George Grizzard">George Grizzard</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sinclair_(actor)" title="Malcolm Sinclair (actor)">Malcolm Sinclair</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Wayne" title="David Wayne">David Wayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Bracken" title="Eddie Bracken">Eddie Bracken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morse" title="Robert Morse">Robert Morse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnolia Hawks </td> <td>daughter of Parthy and Cap'n Andy; Kim's mother; marries Gaylord Ravenal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norma_Terris" title="Norma Terris">Norma Terris</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edith_Day" title="Edith Day">Edith Day</a> </td> <td>Norma Terris </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jan_Clayton" title="Jan Clayton">Jan Clayton</a> </td> <td>Lorna Dallas </td> <td>Sheryl Woods </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Luker" title="Rebecca Luker">Rebecca Luker</a> </td> <td>Teri Hansen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gina_Beck" title="Gina Beck">Gina Beck</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_Dunne" title="Irene Dunne">Irene Dunne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cook" title="Barbara Cook">Barbara Cook</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gaylord Ravenal </td> <td>handsome river-boat gambler; Kim's father; marries Magnolia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Howard_Marsh" title="Howard Marsh">Howard Marsh</a> </td> <td>Howett Worster </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dennis_King_(actor)" title="Dennis King (actor)">Dennis King</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fredericks" title="Charles Fredericks">Charles Fredericks</a> </td> <td>Andre Jobin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Raines" title="Ron Raines">Ron Raines</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jacoby" title="Mark Jacoby">Mark Jacoby</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Panaro" title="Hugh Panaro">Hugh Panaro</a> </td> <td>Chris Peluso </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Gray_(actor)" title="Kevin Gray (actor)">Kevin Gray</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Julie_Dozier" title="Julie Dozier">Julie La Verne</a> </td> <td>leading lady of the troupe; Steve's wife </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helen_Morgan_(singer)" title="Helen Morgan (singer)">Helen Morgan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Burke" title="Marie Burke">Marie Burke</a> </td> <td>Helen Morgan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carol_Bruce" title="Carol Bruce">Carol Bruce</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleo_Laine" title="Cleo Laine">Cleo Laine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lonette_McKee" title="Lonette McKee">Lonette McKee</a> </td> <td>Lonette McKee </td> <td>Terry Burrell </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Trehearn" title="Rebecca Trehearn">Rebecca Trehearn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constance_Towers" title="Constance Towers">Constance Towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valarie_Pettiford" title="Valarie Pettiford">Valarie Pettiford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steve Baker </td> <td>leading man of the Cotton Blossom; protective husband of Julie </td> <td>Charles Ellis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colin_Clive" title="Colin Clive">Colin Clive</a> </td> <td>Charles Ellis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Allen_(actor)" title="Robert Allen (actor)">Robert Allen</a> </td> <td>John Larson </td> <td>Wayne Turnage </td> <td>Doug LaBrecque </td> <td>Rob Lorey </td> <td>Leo Roberts </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parthenia Ann "Parthy" Hawks </td> <td>stern wife of Cap'n Andy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edna_May_Oliver" title="Edna May Oliver">Edna May Oliver</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viola_Compton" title="Viola Compton">Viola Compton</a> </td> <td>Edna May Oliver </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Owen" title="Ethel Owen">Ethel Owen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Hackney" title="Pearl Hackney">Pearl Hackney</a> </td> <td>Avril Gentles </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Stritch" title="Elaine Stritch">Elaine Stritch</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carole_Shelley" title="Carole Shelley">Carole Shelley</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Briers" title="Lucy Briers">Lucy Briers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(actress)" title="Margaret Hamilton (actress)">Margaret Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloris_Leachman" title="Cloris Leachman">Cloris Leachman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Morrow" title="Karen Morrow">Karen Morrow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pete </td> <td>tough engineer of the Cotton Blossom; tries to flirt with Julie </td> <td>Bert Chapman </td> <td>Fred Hearne </td> <td>James Swift </td> <td>Seldon Bennett </td> <td>Brian Gidley </td> <td>Glenn Martin </td> <td>David Bryant </td> <td>David Dollase </td> <td>Ryan Pidgen </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joe </td> <td>dock worker on the boat; Queenie's husband </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bledsoe" title="Jules Bledsoe">Jules Bledsoe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a> </td> <td>Paul Robeson </td> <td>Kenneth Spencer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carey_(baritone)" title="Thomas Carey (baritone)">Thomas Carey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hubbard" title="Bruce Hubbard">Bruce Hubbard</a> </td> <td>Michel Bell </td> <td>Michel Bell </td> <td>Emmanuel Kojo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donnie_Ray_Albert" title="Donnie Ray Albert">Donnie Ray Albert</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queenie </td> <td>cook on the Cotton Blossom; Joe's wife </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tess_Gardella" title="Tess Gardella">Tess Gardella</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Hunter" title="Alberta Hunter">Alberta Hunter</a> </td> <td>Tess Gardella </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helen_Dowdy" title="Helen Dowdy">Helen Dowdy</a> </td> <td>Ena Cabayo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karla_Burns" title="Karla Burns">Karla Burns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gretha_Boston" title="Gretha Boston">Gretha Boston</a> </td> <td>Gretha Boston </td> <td>Sandra Marvin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hattie_McDaniel" title="Hattie McDaniel">Hattie McDaniel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frank Schultz </td> <td>performer on the boat who plays villain characters; Ellie's husband </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sammy_White_(actor)" title="Sammy White (actor)">Sammy White</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Sarony" title="Leslie Sarony">Leslie Sarony</a> </td> <td>Sammy White </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Ebsen" title="Buddy Ebsen">Buddy Ebsen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nelson" title="Kenneth Nelson">Kenneth Nelson</a> </td> <td>Paul Keith </td> <td>Joel Blum </td> <td>Joel Blum </td> <td>Danny Collins </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ellie </td> <td>singer and dancer in an act with husband Frank </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eva_Puck" title="Eva Puck">Eva Puck</a> </td> <td>Dorothy Lena </td> <td>Eva Puck </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Collette_Lyons" title="Collette Lyons">Collette Lyons</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hunt" title="Jan Hunt">Jan Hunt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paige_O%27Hara" title="Paige O'Hara">Paige O'Hara</a> </td> <td>Dorothy Stanley </td> <td>Clare Leach </td> <td>Alex Young </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kim </td> <td>daughter of Magnolia and Ravenal </td> <td>Norma Terris </td> <td>Helen Moore </td> <td>Evelyn Eaton </td> <td>Alyce Mace (Young Kim) / Jan Clayton (older Kim) </td> <td>Yvonne Peters </td> <td>Tracy Paul (Young Kim) / Karen Culliver (older Kim) </td> <td>Larissa Auble (Young Kim) / Tammy Amerson (older Kim) </td> <td>Laura Schutter </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christina_Bennington" title="Christina Bennington">Christina Bennington</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windy McClain </td> <td>pilot of the Cotton Blossom </td> <td>A. Alan Campbell </td> <td>Jack Martin </td> <td>A. Alan Campbell </td> <td>Scott Moore </td> <td>Len Maley </td> <td>Richard Dix </td> <td>Ralph Williams </td> <td>Vince Metcalfe </td> <td>Adam Dutton </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_history">Production history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_1927_production">Original 1927 production</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Show-Boat-1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Show-Boat-1928.jpg/300px-Show-Boat-1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Show-Boat-1928.jpg/450px-Show-Boat-1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Show-Boat-1928.jpg/600px-Show-Boat-1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the original Broadway production</figcaption></figure> Ziegfeld <a href="/wiki/Preview_(theatre)" title="Preview (theatre)">previewed</a> the show in a pre-Broadway tour from November 15 to December 19, 1927. The locations included the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="National Theatre (Washington, D.C.)">National Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Enterprise_Tower#Nixon_Theater" title="Regional Enterprise Tower">Nixon Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Theatre_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Ohio Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)">Ohio Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Erlanger_Theatre" title="Erlanger Theatre">Erlanger Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vancheri-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreuger1977226–227-57">[56]</a> The show opened on Broadway at the <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1927)" title="Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)">Ziegfeld Theatre</a> on December 27, 1927. The critics were immediately enthusiastic, and the show was a great popular success, running a year and a half, for a total of 572 performances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2019430-58">[57]</a> The production's direction was credited to Zeke Colvan at the time it premiered, but Oscar Hammerstein II, who remained uncredited, was also responsible for much of the show's staging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2019430-431-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[b]</a> Choreography for the show was by Sammy Lee. The original cast included <a href="/wiki/Norma_Terris" title="Norma Terris">Norma Terris</a> as Magnolia Hawks and her daughter Kim (as an adult), <a href="/wiki/Howard_Marsh" title="Howard Marsh">Howard Marsh</a> as Gaylord Ravenal, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Morgan_(singer)" title="Helen Morgan (singer)">Helen Morgan</a> as Julie LaVerne, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bledsoe" title="Jules Bledsoe">Jules Bledsoe</a> as Joe, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Winninger" title="Charles Winninger">Charles Winninger</a> as Cap'n Andy Hawks, <a href="/wiki/Edna_May_Oliver" title="Edna May Oliver">Edna May Oliver</a> as Parthy Hawks, <a href="/wiki/Sammy_White_(actor)" title="Sammy White (actor)">Sammy White</a> as Frank Schultz, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Puck" title="Eva Puck">Eva Puck</a> as Ellie May Chipley, and <a href="/wiki/Tess_Gardella" title="Tess Gardella">Tess Gardella</a> as Queenie. The orchestrator was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a>, and the conductor was <a href="/wiki/Victor_Baravalle" title="Victor Baravalle">Victor Baravalle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">scenic design</a> for the original production was by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Urban" title="Joseph Urban">Joseph Urban</a>, who had worked with Ziegfeld for many years in his <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies" title="Ziegfeld Follies">Follies</a> and had designed the elaborate new Ziegfeld Theatre itself. Costumes were designed by John Harkrider.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2019430-431-37">[36]</a> In his opening night review for the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> called the book's adaptation "intelligently made", and the production one of "unimpeachable skill and taste". He termed Terris "a revelation"; Winninger "extraordinarily persuasive and convincing"; and Bledsoe's singing "remarkably effective".<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_Robeson">Paul Robeson</h3></div> The character Joe, the <a href="/wiki/Stevedore" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevedore">stevedore</a> who sings "Ol' Man River", was expanded from the novel and written specifically by Kern and Hammerstein for <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, already a noted actor and singer. Although he is the actor most identified with the role and the song, he was unavailable for the original production due to its opening delay. Jules Bledsoe premiered the part. Robeson played Joe in four notable productions of Show Boat: the 1928 London premiere production, the 1932 Broadway revival, the 1936 film version and a 1940 stage revival in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. Reviewing the 1932 Broadway revival, the critic <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> described Robeson's performance: "Mr. Robeson has a touch of genius. It is not merely his voice, which is one of the richest organs on the stage. It is his understanding that gives 'Old Man River' an epic lift. When he sings ... you realize that Jerome Kern's spiritual has reached its final expression."<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_revivals">North American revivals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Show_Boat_(1936_Film)_Opening_Title.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Show_Boat_%281936_Film%29_Opening_Title.jpg/260px-Show_Boat_%281936_Film%29_Opening_Title.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/Show_Boat_%281936_Film%29_Opening_Title.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Opening title from the 1936 film version</figcaption></figure> After closing at the Ziegfeld Theatre in 1929, the original production toured extensively. The national company is notable for including <a href="/wiki/Irene_Dunne" title="Irene Dunne">Irene Dunne</a> as Magnolia. <a href="/wiki/Hattie_McDaniel" title="Hattie McDaniel">Hattie McDaniel</a> played Queenie in a 1933 West Coast production, joined by tenor <a href="/wiki/Allan_Jones_(actor)" title="Allan Jones (actor)">Allan Jones</a> as Ravenal.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Show Boat was <a href="/wiki/Revival_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revival (play)">revived</a> by Ziegfeld on Broadway in 1932 at the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Carroll_Theatre" title="Earl Carroll Theatre">Casino Theatre</a> with most of the original cast, but with Paul Robeson as Joe and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_King_(actor)" title="Dennis King (actor)">Dennis King</a> as Ravenal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2018201–202-63">[61]</a> In 1946, a major new Broadway revival was produced by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II at the show's original home, the Ziegfeld Theatre. The 1946 revival featured a revised score and new song by Kern and Hammerstein, and a new overture and orchestrations by Robert Russell Bennett. The show was directed by Hammerstein and <a href="/wiki/Hassard_Short" title="Hassard Short">Hassard Short</a> and featured <a href="/wiki/Jan_Clayton" title="Jan Clayton">Jan Clayton</a> (Magnolia), Charles Fredricks (Ravenal), <a href="/wiki/Carol_Bruce" title="Carol Bruce">Carol Bruce</a> (Julie), <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Spencer_(singer)" title="Kenneth Spencer (singer)">Kenneth Spencer</a> (Joe), <a href="/wiki/Helen_Dowdy" title="Helen Dowdy">Helen Dowdy</a> (Queenie), and <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Ebsen" title="Buddy Ebsen">Buddy Ebsen</a> (Frank). Kern died just weeks before the January 5, 1946 opening, making it the last show he worked on. The production ran for 418 performances and then toured extensively. Its cost was reportedly $300,000, and a month before the Broadway closing, it was reported as still $130,000 from breaking even.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Additional New York revivals were produced in 1948 and 1954 at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">New York City Center</a> with the 1948 production starred <a href="/wiki/Billy_House" title="Billy House">Billy House</a> as Cap'n Andy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2015448-65">[63]</a> The 1954 production was mounted by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Opera" title="New York City Opera">New York City Opera</a> with <a href="/wiki/Burl_Ives" title="Burl Ives">Burl Ives</a> (Cap'n Andy), <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Hurley" title="Laurel Hurley">Laurel Hurley</a> (Magnolia), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rounseville" title="Robert Rounseville">Robert Rounseville</a> (Ravenal), <a href="/wiki/Helena_Bliss" title="Helena Bliss">Helena Bliss</a> (Julie), <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Gateson" title="Marjorie Gateson">Marjorie Gateson</a> (Parthy), Boris Aplon (Pete), <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Winters" title="Lawrence Winters">Lawrence Winters</a> (Joe), and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Phillips_(soprano)" title="Helen Phillips (soprano)">Helen Phillips</a> (Queenie) <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2014167–168-66">[64]</a> The Music Theatre of Lincoln Center company produced Show Boat in 1966 at the <a href="/wiki/David_H._Koch_Theater" title="David H. Koch Theater">New York State Theater</a> in a new production. It starred <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cook" title="Barbara Cook">Barbara Cook</a> (Magnolia), <a href="/wiki/Constance_Towers" title="Constance Towers">Constance Towers</a> (Julie), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglass" title="Stephen Douglass">Stephen Douglass</a> (Ravenal), <a href="/wiki/David_Wayne" title="David Wayne">David Wayne</a> (Cap'n Andy), <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(actress)" title="Margaret Hamilton (actress)">Margaret Hamilton</a> (Parthy) and <a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a> (Joe).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock1997310-67">[65]</a> It was produced by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a>, and Robert Russell Bennett once again provided a new overture and revised orchestrations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreuger1977201-68">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a> staged a revival of Show Boat that premiered at <a href="/wiki/Jones_Hall" title="Jones Hall">Jones Hall</a> in Houston in June 1982 and then toured to the <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Chandler_Pavilion" title="Dorothy Chandler Pavilion">Dorothy Chandler Pavilion</a> in Los Angeles, the <a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(San_Francisco)" title="Orpheum Theatre (San Francisco)">Orpheum Theatre</a> in San Francisco, the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a> in Washington D.C., and finally to the <a href="/wiki/Gershwin_Theatre" title="Gershwin Theatre">Gershwin Theatre</a> on Broadway in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-Recycle-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker2013Chapter,_"Queenie’s_Laugh,_1966–1998"-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The production also toured overseas to the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Opera_House" title="Cairo Opera House">Cairo Opera House</a> in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker2013Chapter,_"Queenie’s_Laugh,_1966–1998"-70">[68]</a> The show was produced by Robert A. Buckley and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Urbanski" title="Douglas Urbanski">Douglas Urbanski</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> portrayed Cap'n Andy for portions of the tour, but <a href="/wiki/Donald_O%27Connor" title="Donald O'Connor">Donald O'Connor</a> took over the role on Broadway. <a href="/wiki/Lonette_McKee" title="Lonette McKee">Lonette McKee</a> (Julie) and <a href="/wiki/Karla_Burns" title="Karla Burns">Karla Burns</a> (Queenie), and director <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kahn_(theatre_director)" title="Michael Kahn (theatre director)">Michael Kahn</a> all received Tony Award nominations for their work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow1987257-72">[70]</a> Other cast members included <a href="/wiki/Ron_Raines" title="Ron Raines">Ron Raines</a> (Gaylord Ravenal), Sheryl Woods (Magnolia), Avril Gentles (Parthy), <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hubbard" title="Bruce Hubbard">Bruce Hubbard</a> (Joe), and <a href="/wiki/Paige_O%27Hara" title="Paige O'Hara">Paige O'Hara</a> (Ellie).<a href="#cite_note-Recycle-69">[67]</a> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse" title="Paper Mill Playhouse">Paper Mill Playhouse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Millburn,_New_Jersey" title="Millburn, New Jersey">Millburn, New Jersey</a>, mounted a production which was noted for its intention to restore the show in accordance with the creators' original intentions. The production restored part of the original 1927 overture and one number discarded from the show after the Broadway opening, as well as the song Ah Still Suits Me, written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1936 film version. It was directed by Robert Johanson and starred <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Bracken" title="Eddie Bracken">Eddie Bracken</a> as Cap'n Andy. The Paper Mill production was preserved on videotape and broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toronto_(1993,_later_Broadway)">Toronto (1993, later Broadway)</h3></div> Livent Inc. produced Show Boat in Toronto in 1993, starring <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Luker" title="Rebecca Luker">Rebecca Luker</a> as Magnolia, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Jacoby" title="Mark Jacoby">Mark Jacoby</a> as Ravenal, <a href="/wiki/Lonette_McKee" title="Lonette McKee">Lonette McKee</a> as Julie, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morse" title="Robert Morse">Robert Morse</a> as Cap'n Andy, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Stritch" title="Elaine Stritch">Elaine Stritch</a> as Parthy, Michel Bell as Joe and Gretha Boston as Queenie. Co-produced and directed by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> and choreographed by Susan Stroman, closing in June 1995.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A Broadway production opened at the <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gershwin Theatre">George Gershwin Theatre</a> on October 2, 1994, and continued for 947 performances making it Broadway's longest-running Show Boat to date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz2016b171–172-42">[41]</a> It starred most of the Toronto cast, but with <a href="/wiki/John_McMartin" title="John McMartin">John McMartin</a> as Cap'n Andy. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morse" title="Robert Morse">Robert Morse</a> remained in the Toronto cast and was joined by <a href="/wiki/Cloris_Leachman" title="Cloris Leachman">Cloris Leachman</a> as Parthy, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Cohenour" title="Patti Cohenour">Patti Cohenour</a> as Magnolia, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Panaro" title="Hugh Panaro">Hugh Panaro</a> as Ravenal, and <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Pettiford" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerie Pettiford">Valerie Pettiford</a> as Julie. The production departed from previous iterations by tightening the book, dropping or adding songs used in or cut from various productions, and highlighting its racial elements. Prince transformed "Why Do I Love You?" from a duet between Magnolia and Ravenal to a lullaby sung by Parthy to Magnolia's baby girl, and then reprised as an up-tempo production number finale. The love duet for Magnolia and Ravenal, "I Have the Room Above Her", written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1936 film, was added to the production. Two new mime and dance "Montages" in Act 2 depicted the passage of time through changing styles of dance and music.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The production went on tour, playing at the Kennedy Center, and it was staged in London (1998) and Melbourne, Australia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_productions">London productions</h3></div> The original London <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> production of Show Boat opened May 3, 1928, at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a> and featured among the cast, <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke" title="Cedric Hardwicke">Cedric Hardwicke</a> as Capt. Andy, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Day" title="Edith Day">Edith Day</a> as Magnolia, Paul Robeson as Joe, and <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Hunter" title="Alberta Hunter">Alberta Hunter</a> as Queenie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWearing2014590-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Mercer" title="Mabel Mercer">Mabel Mercer</a>, later famed as a cabaret singer, was in the chorus. Other West End presentations include a 1971 production at the <a href="/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre" title="Adelphi Theatre">Adelphi Theatre</a>, which ran for 909 performances. <a href="/wiki/Derek_Royle" title="Derek Royle">Derek Royle</a> was Cap'n Andy, <a href="/wiki/Cleo_Laine" title="Cleo Laine">Cleo Laine</a> was Julie, and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Hackney" title="Pearl Hackney">Pearl Hackney</a> played Parthy Ann.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreuger1977226–227-57">[56]</a> The Hal Prince production ran at the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Theatre" title="Prince Edward Theatre">Prince Edward Theatre</a> in 1998,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker2013215-74">[72]</a> and was nominated for the Olivier Award, Outstanding Musical Production (1999).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetellier20151068-75">[73]</a> Other notable revivals in England have included the joint <a href="/wiki/Opera_North" title="Opera North">Opera North</a>/<a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> production of 1989,<a href="#cite_note-Vancheri-56">[55]</a> which ran at the <a href="/wiki/London_Palladium" title="London Palladium">London Palladium</a> in 1990, and the 2006 production directed by <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Zambello" title="Francesca Zambello">Francesca Zambello</a>, presented by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gubbay" title="Raymond Gubbay">Raymond Gubbay</a> at London's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>. It was the first fully staged musical production in the history of that venue.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Karla Burns, who had appeared as Queenie in the 1983 Broadway revival, reprised the role for the Opera North and RSC production, becoming the first black performer to win the <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence Olivier Award">Laurence Olivier Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker2013Chapter,_"Queenie’s_Laugh,_1966–1998"-70">[68]</a> A production was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crucible_Theatre" title="Crucible Theatre">Crucible Theatre</a> to London's <a href="/wiki/New_London_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New London Theatre">New London Theatre</a> with previews beginning on April 9, 2016, and an official opening on April 25, 2016. It was directed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Evans_(actor)" title="Daniel Evans (actor)">Daniel Evans</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Goodspeed_Musicals" title="Goodspeed Musicals">Goodspeed Musicals</a> version of the show. The cast included <a href="/wiki/Gina_Beck" title="Gina Beck">Gina Beck</a> as Magnolia, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Briers" title="Lucy Briers">Lucy Briers</a> as Parthy Ann and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sinclair_(actor)" title="Malcolm Sinclair (actor)">Malcolm Sinclair</a> as Cap'n Andy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Despite very favorable reviews, the show closed at the end of August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3></div> Show Boat has been adapted for film three times, and for television once. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Show_boat.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Show_boat.jpeg/220px-Show_boat.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/21/Show_boat.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>French poster from the 1951 MGM film version of "Show Boat"</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1929 <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1929_film)" title="Show Boat (1929 film)">Show Boat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a>. Released in silent and partial sound versions. Not a film version of the musical; its plot is based on the original Edna Ferber novel. Immediately after the silent film was completed, a prologue with some music from the show was filmed and added to a part-talkie version of the same film, which was released with two sound sequences.</li> <li>1936 <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1936_film)" title="Show Boat (1936 film)">Show Boat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a>. Directed by <a href="/wiki/James_Whale" title="James Whale">James Whale</a>. A mostly faithful film version of the show, featuring four members of the original Broadway cast, as well as <a href="/wiki/Irene_Dunne" title="Irene Dunne">Irene Dunne</a>, who had appeared in the national tour. Other cast members from stage productions included Jones as Ravenal, McDaniel as Queenie, Robeson as Joe, Winninger as Cap'n Andy, Morgan as Julie and White as Frank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker2013257-80">[78]</a> Screenplay by Oscar Hammerstein II; music arrangements by Robert Russell Bennett; music direction and conducting by Victor Baraville.</li> <li>1946 <a href="/wiki/Till_the_Clouds_Roll_By" title="Till the Clouds Roll By">Till the Clouds Roll By</a>. <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a>. In this fictionalized film biography of composer Jerome Kern (played by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walker_(actor,_born_1918)" title="Robert Walker (actor, born 1918)">Robert Walker</a>), Show Boat's 1927 opening night on Broadway is depicted in a lavishly staged fifteen-minute medley of six of the show's songs. The number features <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Grayson" title="Kathryn Grayson">Kathryn Grayson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Martin_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Martin (entertainer)">Tony Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Brien" title="Virginia O'Brien">Virginia O'Brien</a>, Caleb Peterson, and <a href="/wiki/William_Halligan_(actor)" title="William Halligan (actor)">William Halligan</a> as, respectively, Magnolia, Ravenal, Julie, Ellie, Joe, and Cap'n Andy.</li> <li>1951 <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1951_film)" title="Show Boat (1951 film)">Show Boat</a>. <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a>. Somewhat revised Technicolor film version. Follows the basic storyline and contains many songs from the show but makes many changes in the details of plot and character. The most financially successful and frequently revived of the three film versions.</li> <li>1989 A live performance by the <a href="/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse" title="Paper Mill Playhouse">Paper Mill Playhouse</a> was videotaped for television and shown on <a href="/wiki/Great_Performances" title="Great Performances">Great Performances</a> on <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. It contains more of the songs (and fewer cuts) than any of the film versions. It includes the choral number "Let's Start the New Year", which was dropped from the show before its Broadway opening, and "Ah Still Suits Me", a song written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1936 film version of the show.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-50">[49]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3></div> Show Boat was adapted for <a href="/wiki/Live_radio" title="Live radio">live radio</a> at least seven times. Due to network censorship rules, many of the radio productions eliminated the miscegenation aspect of the plot. Notable exceptions were the 1940 Cavalcade of America broadcast and the 1952 <a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre" title="Lux Radio Theatre">Lux Radio Theatre</a> broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreuger1977234-81">[79]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Playhouse_(radio_series)" title="The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)">The Campbell Playhouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a>, March 31, 1939). Directed and introduced by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>. This was a non-musical version of the story that was based more closely on Ferber's novel than on the musical. From the original stage cast Helen Morgan repeated her portrayal of Julie, here singing one song not from the musical. Welles portrayed Cap'n Andy, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sullavan" title="Margaret Sullavan">Margaret Sullavan</a> was Magnolia, and author Edna Ferber made her acting debut as Parthy. This version made Julie into an illegal alien who must be deported.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_America" title="Cavalcade of America">Cavalcade of America</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Radio">NBC Radio</a>, May 28, 1940). A half-hour dramatization with Jeanette Nolan, John McIntire, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead" title="Agnes Moorehead">Agnes Moorehead</a> and the Ken Christy Chorus. Although brief, it was remarkably faithful to the original show.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre" title="Lux Radio Theatre">Lux Radio Theatre</a> (CBS, June 1940). Introduced and produced by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a>, it featured <a href="/wiki/Irene_Dunne" title="Irene Dunne">Irene Dunne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Jones_(actor)" title="Allan Jones (actor)">Allan Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Winninger" title="Charles Winninger">Charles Winninger</a>, all of whom were in the 1936 film version. In this condensed version some songs from the show were sung, but Julie was played by a non-singing Gloria Holden. This version made the biracial Julie a single woman. Only a few lines of Ol' Man River were heard, sung by a chorus. While supposedly based on the 1936 film, this production used the ending of the original show, which the film did not use.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Radio Hall of Fame (1944). This production featured Kathryn Grayson, playing Magnolia for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreuger1977226–227-57">[56]</a> Also in the cast were Allan Jones as Ravenal, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Forrest" title="Helen Forrest">Helen Forrest</a> as Julie, Charles Winninger as Cap'n Andy, Ernest Whitman as Joe, and <a href="/wiki/Elvia_Allman" title="Elvia Allman">Elvia Allman</a> as Parthy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Railroad_Hour" title="The Railroad Hour">The Railroad Hour</a> (<a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Radio" title="ABC News Radio">ABC Radio</a>, 1950). Condensed to a half-hour, this version featured singers <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Kirsten" title="Dorothy Kirsten">Dorothy Kirsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_MacRae" title="Gordon MacRae">Gordon MacRae</a>, and Lucille Norman. "Ol' Man River" was sung by MacRae instead of by an African-American singer. Explanation of Julie and Steve's departure went completely unmentioned in this version.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre" title="Lux Radio Theatre">Lux Radio Theatre</a> (CBS, February 11, 1952). A radio version of the 1951 <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a> film featuring <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Grayson" title="Kathryn Grayson">Kathryn Grayson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Keel" title="Howard Keel">Howard Keel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a> from the film's cast. <a href="/wiki/Jay_C._Flippen" title="Jay C. Flippen">Jay C. Flippen</a> portrayed Cap'n Andy. This version was extremely faithful to the 1951 film adaptation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreuger1977234-81">[79]</a></li> <li>In 2011, a two-part version was broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> in the Classic Serial spot. Solely based on the novel by <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a>, it was dramatized by Moya O'Shea, and was produced and directed by Tracey Neale. It starred <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Spiro" title="Samantha Spiro">Samantha Spiro</a> as Magnolia, Ryan McCluskey as Ravenal, <a href="/wiki/Nonso_Anozie" title="Nonso Anozie">Nonso Anozie</a> as Joe, <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Ifeachor" title="Tracy Ifeachor">Tracy Ifeachor</a> as Queenie, Laurel Lefkow as Parthy, Morgan Deare as Cap'n Andy and <a href="/wiki/Lysette_Anthony" title="Lysette Anthony">Lysette Anthony</a> as Kim. Original music was by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Brand" title="Neil Brand">Neil Brand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></li> <li>On June 16, 2012, a revival of the musical by <a href="/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago" title="Lyric Opera of Chicago">Lyric Opera of Chicago</a> was broadcast by <a href="/wiki/WFMT" title="WFMT">WFMT</a>-Radio of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> This production of Show Boat reinstated the songs Mis'ry's Comin' Round, Till Good Luck Comes My Way and Hey, Feller! It marked the first time a virtually complete version of Show Boat had ever been broadcast on radio.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concert_hall">Concert hall</h3></div> <ul><li>On December 29, 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a>, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Artur_Rodzi%C5%84ski" title="Artur Rodziński">Artur Rodziński</a>, premiered and recorded the orchestral work Show Boat: A Scenario for Orchestra which was crafted by Kern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg2000182,_661-84">[82]</a> A 22-minute orchestral work weaving together themes from the show,<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> it was later recorded by <a href="/wiki/John_Mauceri" title="John Mauceri">John Mauceri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl_Orchestra" title="Hollywood Bowl Orchestra">Hollywood Bowl Orchestra</a> on the 1996 album The Hollywood Bowl on Broadway.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_recordings">Selected recordings</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Show_Boat" title="Special:EditPage/Show Boat">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TillCloudsRollBy01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/TillCloudsRollBy01.jpg/250px-TillCloudsRollBy01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/TillCloudsRollBy01.jpg/375px-TillCloudsRollBy01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/TillCloudsRollBy01.jpg/500px-TillCloudsRollBy01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> as Julie LaVerne in a scene from Show Boat in <a href="/wiki/Till_the_Clouds_Roll_By" title="Till the Clouds Roll By">Till the Clouds Roll By</a> (1946)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1928 – original <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> cast album, with the show's original orchestrations. This was released in England on 78 rpm records years before being sold in the United States. As the U.S. had not yet begun making <a href="/wiki/Original_cast_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Original cast album">original cast albums</a> of Broadway shows, the 1927 Broadway cast as a whole was never recorded performing the songs, although Jules Bledsoe, Helen Morgan, and Tess Gardella did record individual numbers from it. The cast on the 1928 London album included <a href="/wiki/Edith_Day" title="Edith Day">Edith Day</a>, Howett Worster, Marie Burke and <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Hunter" title="Alberta Hunter">Alberta Hunter</a>. Due to contractual restrictions, cast member <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a> was replaced on the album as Joe by his understudy, baritone Norris Smith. But that same year, Robeson, with the same chorus that accompanied him in the show, did record "Ol' Man River" in its original orchestration. That recording was later released separately. His rendition appears on the <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a> "Paul Robeson Sings 'Ol' Man River' and Other Favorites".</li> <li>1932 – <a href="/wiki/Studio_recording" title="Studio recording">studio cast recording</a> on 78rpm by <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Records" title="Brunswick Records">Brunswick Records</a>. Later re-released by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> on 78rpm, 33-1/3rpm and briefly on CD. This recording featured Helen Morgan, Paul Robeson, <a href="/wiki/James_Melton" title="James Melton">James Melton</a>, Frank Munn, and Countess Olga Albani, and was issued in conjunction with the 1932 revival of the show, although it was not strictly an "original cast" album of that revival. The orchestra was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Young" title="Victor Young">Victor Young</a>, and the original orchestrations and vocal arrangements were not used.</li> <li>1946 – Broadway revival cast recording. Issued on 78rpm, LP and CD. The 78-RPM and LP versions were issued by Columbia, the CD by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>. This was the first American recording of Show Boat which used the cast, conductor, and orchestrations of a major Broadway revival of the show. (Robert Russell Bennett's orchestrations for this revival thoroughly modified his original 1927 orchestrations.) <a href="/wiki/Jan_Clayton" title="Jan Clayton">Jan Clayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Bruce" title="Carol Bruce">Carol Bruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fredericks" title="Charles Fredericks">Charles Fredericks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Spencer_(singer)" title="Kenneth Spencer (singer)">Kenneth Spencer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collette_Lyons" title="Collette Lyons">Collette Lyons</a> were featured. <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Ebsen" title="Buddy Ebsen">Buddy Ebsen</a> also appeared in the revival, but not on the album. Includes the new song "Nobody Else But Me".</li> <li>1951 – <a href="/wiki/MGM_Records" title="MGM Records">MGM Records</a> <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack_album" title="Soundtrack album">soundtrack album</a>, with cast members of the <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1951_film)" title="Show Boat (1951 film)">1951 film version</a>. The first film soundtrack of Show Boat to be issued on records. Appeared both on 45rpm and 33-1/3rpm, later on CD in a much expanded edition. Actress <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a>, whose singing voice was replaced by Annette Warren's in the film, is heard singing on this album. The expanded version on CD contains both Warren's and Gardner's vocal tracks. This marked the recording debut of William Warfield, who played Joe and sang "Ol' Man River" in the film. Orchestrations were by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Salinger" title="Conrad Salinger">Conrad Salinger</a>, Robert Franklyn, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Courage" title="Alexander Courage">Alexander Courage</a>.</li> <li>1956 – <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a> studio cast album conducted by <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Engel" title="Lehman Engel">Lehman Engel</a>. This album featured more of the score on one LP than had been previously recorded. It featured a white singer, famed American <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrill" title="Robert Merrill">Robert Merrill</a>, as both Joe and Gaylord Ravenal. Other singers included <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Munsel" title="Patrice Munsel">Patrice Munsel</a> as Magnolia and <a href="/wiki/Rise_Stevens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise Stevens">Rise Stevens</a> as Julie. Issued on CD in 2009, but omitting Frank and Ellie's numbers, which had been sung on the LP version by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Pavek" title="Janet Pavek">Janet Pavek</a> and Kevin Scott. The original orchestrations were not used.</li> <li>1958 – RCA Victor studio cast album. The first Show Boat in stereo, this recording starred Howard Keel (singing "Ol' Man River" as well as Gaylord Ravenal's songs), <a href="/wiki/Anne_Jeffreys" title="Anne Jeffreys">Anne Jeffreys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gogi_Grant" title="Gogi Grant">Gogi Grant</a>, and did not use the original orchestrations. It was issued on CD in 2010.</li> <li>1959 – EMI British <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1959_Studio_cast_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Show Boat (1959 Studio cast album)">studio cast album</a>. It featured Marlys Walters as Magnolia, Don McKay as Ravenal, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Bassey" title="Shirley Bassey">Shirley Bassey</a> as Julie, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Bryan" title="Dora Bryan">Dora Bryan</a> as Ellie, and <a href="/wiki/Inia_Te_Wiata" title="Inia Te Wiata">Inia Te Wiata</a> singing "Ol' Man River".</li> <li>1962 – Columbia studio cast album. Starring <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cook" title="Barbara Cook">Barbara Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Raitt" title="John Raitt">John Raitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anita_Darian" title="Anita Darian">Anita Darian</a>, and William Warfield, this was the first "Show Boat" recording issued on CD. Although Robert Russell Bennett was uncredited, this used several of his orchestrations for the 1946 revival of the show, together with some modifications.</li> <li>1966 – Lincoln Center cast album. Issued by RCA Victor, it featured Cook, <a href="/wiki/Constance_Towers" title="Constance Towers">Constance Towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglass" title="Stephen Douglass">Stephen Douglass</a>, and William Warfield. Robert Russell Bennett's orchestrations were modified even further. Also available on CD.</li> <li>1971 – London revival cast album. Jazz singer <a href="/wiki/Cleo_Laine" title="Cleo Laine">Cleo Laine</a>, soprano Lorna Dallas, tenor Andre Jobin, and bass-baritone <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carey_(baritone)" title="Thomas Carey (baritone)">Thomas Carey</a> were the leads. It used completely new orchestrations bearing almost no resemblance to Robert Russell Bennett's. This was the first 2-LP album of Show Boat. It included more of the score than had been previously put on records. Issued later on CD.</li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(John_McGlinn_recording)" class="mw-redirect" title="Show Boat (John McGlinn recording)">complete EMI studio recording</a>. This is a three-CD set which, for the first time, is of the entire score, with the authentic 1927 orchestrations, uncensored lyrics, and vocal arrangements. The cast includes <a href="/wiki/Frederica_von_Stade" title="Frederica von Stade">Frederica von Stade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Hadley" title="Jerry Hadley">Jerry Hadley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Stratas" title="Teresa Stratas">Teresa Stratas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karla_Burns" title="Karla Burns">Karla Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hubbard" title="Bruce Hubbard">Bruce Hubbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Garrison" title="David Garrison">David Garrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paige_O%27Hara" title="Paige O'Hara">Paige O'Hara</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/John_McGlinn" title="John McGlinn">John McGlinn</a>.</li> <li>1993 – Toronto revival cast recording, with the same cast as the 1994 Broadway production.</li></ul> There have been many other studio cast recordings of Show Boat in addition to those mentioned above. The soundtrack of the 1936 film version has appeared on a so-called "bootleg" CD label called Xeno.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_issues">Racial issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integration">Integration</h3></div> Show Boat boldly portrayed racial issues and was the first <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racially integrated</a> musical, in that both black and white performers appeared and sang on stage together. <a href="#cite_note-88">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Florenz_Ziegfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Florenz Ziegfeld">Ziegfeld's</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies" title="Ziegfeld Follies">Follies</a> featured solo <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> performers such as <a href="/wiki/Bert_Williams" title="Bert Williams">Bert Williams</a>, but would not have included a black woman in the chorus.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Show Boat was structured with two choruses – a black chorus and a white chorus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201343-89">[86]</a> Ethnomusicologist Richard Keeling noted that "Hammerstein uses the African-American chorus as essentially a <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">Greek chorus</a>, providing clear commentary on the proceedings, whereas the white choruses sing of the not-quite-real."<a href="#cite_note-Blogger-90">[87]</a> In Show Boat Jerome Kern used the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-two-bar_form" title="Thirty-two-bar form">AABA-chorus form</a> exclusively in songs sung by African-American characters ("Ol' Man River", "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man"), a form that later would be regarded as typical of "white" popular music.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Show Boat was the first Broadway musical to seriously depict an <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a>, as in Ferber's original novel, and to feature a character of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed race">mixed race</a> who was "<a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">passing</a>" for white. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_stereotypes">Language and stereotypes</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_word_"nigger"">The word "nigger"</h4></div> The show has generated controversy for the subject matter of interracial marriage, the historical portrayal of blacks working as laborers and servants in the 19th-century South, and the use of the word <a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">niggers</a> in the lyrics (this is the first word in the opening chorus of the show). Originally the show opened with the black chorus onstage singing: <dl><dd><dl><dd>Niggers all work on the Mississippi,</dd> <dd>Niggers all work while the white folks play.</dd> <dd>Loadin' up boats wid de bales of cotton,</dd> <dd>Gittin' no rest till de Judgment Day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsch2008103-92">[89]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> In subsequent productions, "niggers" has been changed to "colored folk", to "darkies", and in one choice, "Here we all", as in "Here we all work on the Mississippi. Here we all work while the white folks play." In the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center" title="Lincoln Center">Lincoln Center</a> production of the show, produced two years after the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> was passed, this section of the opening chorus was omitted rather than having words changed. The 1971 London revival used "Here we all work on the Mississippi". The 1988 CD for EMI restored the original 1927 lyric, while the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> revival chose "colored folk".<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> The Paper Mill Playhouse production, videotaped and telecast by PBS in 1989, used the word "nigger" when said by an unsympathetic character, but otherwise used the word "Negro". Many critics believe that Kern and Hammerstein wrote the opening chorus to give a sympathetic voice to an oppressed people, and that they intended its use in an ironic way, as it had so often been used in a derogatory way. They wanted to alert the audience to the realities of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>: <blockquote>'Show Boat begins with the singing of that most reprehensible word – nigger – yet this is no <a href="/wiki/Coon_song" title="Coon song">coon song</a>... [it] immediately establishes race as one of the central themes of the play. This is a <a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest song</a>, more ironic than angry perhaps, but a protest nonetheless. In the singers' hands, the word nigger has a sardonic tone... in the very opening, Hammerstein has established the gulf between the races, the privilege accorded the white folks and denied the black, and a flavor of the contempt built into the very language that whites used about African Americans. This is a very effective scene.... These are not <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> roles; they are wise, if uneducated, people capable of seeing and feeling more than some of the white folk around them.<a href="#cite_note-Blogger-90">[87]</a></blockquote> <blockquote>The racial situations in the play provoke thoughts of how hard it must have been to be black in the South. In the dialogue, some of the blacks are called "niggers" by the white characters in the story. (Contrary to what is sometimes thought, black <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> is not depicted in the play; U.S. slavery was abolished by 1865, and the story runs from the 1880s to the late 1920s.) At first, it is shocking to believe they are allowed to use a word that negative at all in a play... But in the context in which it is used, it is appropriate due to the impact it makes. It reinforces how much of a derogatory term "nigger" was then and still is today.<a href="#cite_note-Rosetta-95">[92]</a></blockquote> The word has not been used in any of the film versions of the musical. In the show, the sheriff refers to Steve and Julie as having "nigger blood." In the 1936 and 1951 film versions, this was changed to "Negro blood". Likewise, the unsympathetic Pete calls Queenie a "nigger" in the stage version but refers to her as "colored" in the 1936 film, and does not use either word in the 1951 film. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African-American_English">African-American English</h4></div> Those who consider Show Boat racially insensitive often note that the dialogue and lyrics of the black characters (especially the <a href="/wiki/Stevedore" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevedore">stevedore</a> Joe and his wife Queenie) and choruses use various forms of <a href="/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Vernacular English">African American Vernacular English</a>. An example of this is shown in the following text: <dl><dd><dl><dd>Hey!</dd> <dd>Where yo' think you're goin'?</dd> <dd>Don't yo' know dis show is startin' soon?</dd> <dd>Hey!</dd> <dd>Jes' a few seats left yere!</dd> <dd>It's light inside an' outside dere's no moon</dd> <dd>What fo' you gals dressed up dicty?</dd> <dd>Where's yo' all gwine?</dd> <dd>Tell dose stingy men o' yourn</dd> <dd>To step up here in line!<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsch2008108-96">[93]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> Whether or not such language is an accurate reflection of the vernacular of black people in Mississippi at the time, the effect of its usage has offended some critics, who see it as perpetuating racial stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip199359-97">[94]</a> The character Queenie (who sings the above verses) in the original production was played not by an African American but by the <a href="/wiki/Italian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American">Italian-American</a> actress <a href="/wiki/Tess_Gardella" title="Tess Gardella">Tess Gardella</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> (Gardella was perhaps best known for portraying <a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jemima" title="Aunt Jemima">Aunt Jemima</a> in blackface).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreuger197754-98">[95]</a> Attempts by non-black writers to imitate black language stereotypically in songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River" title="Ol' Man River">Ol' Man River</a>" were alleged to be offensive, a claim that was repeated eight years later by critics of <a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> However, such critics sometimes acknowledged that Hammerstein's intentions were noble, since "'Ol' Man River' was the song in which he first found his lyrical voice, compressing the suffering, resignation, and anger of an entire race into 24 taut lines and doing it so naturally that it's no wonder folks assume the song's a Negro spiritual."<a href="#cite_note-Show_Boat_to_Sondheim-100">[97]</a> The theatre critics and veterans <a href="/wiki/Richard_Eyre" title="Richard Eyre">Richard Eyre</a> and Nicholas Wright believe that Show Boat was revolutionary, not only because it was a radical departure from the previous style of plotless <a href="/wiki/Revues" class="mw-redirect" title="Revues">revues</a>, but because it was a show by non-black writers that portrayed black people sympathetically rather than condescendingly:<blockquote>Instead of a line of chorus girls showing their legs in the opening number singing that they were happy, happy, happy, the curtain rose on black dock-hands lifting bales of cotton and singing about the hardness of their lives. Here was a musical that showed poverty, suffering, bitterness, racial prejudice, a sexual relationship between black and white, a love story which ended unhappily – and of course show business. In "Ol' Man River" the black race was given an <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthem</a> to honor its misery that had the authority of an authentic spiritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyreWright2001165-101">[98]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revisions_and_cancellations">Revisions and cancellations</h3></div> Since the musical's 1927 premiere, Show Boat has both been condemned as a prejudiced show based on racial caricatures and championed as a breakthrough work that opened the door for public discourse in the arts about racism in America. Some productions (including one planned for June 2002 in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>) have been cancelled because of objections.<a href="#cite_note-FOX-102">[99]</a> Such cancellations have been criticized by supporters of <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">the arts</a>. After planned performances in 1999 by an amateur company in <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>, England, where "the show would entail white actors <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">'blacking up'</a>" were "stopped because [they] would be 'distasteful' to ethnic minorities", the critic for a local newspaper declared that the cancellation was "surely taking political correctness too far. … [T]he kind of censorship we've been talking about – for censorship it is – actually militates against a truly integrated society, for it emphasizes differences. It puts a wall around groups within society, dividing people by creating metaphorical ghettos, and prevents mutual understanding".<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> As attitudes toward race relations have changed, producers and directors have altered some content to make the musical more <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">"politically correct"</a>: "Show Boat, more than many musicals, was subject to cuts and revisions within a handful of years after its first performance, all of which altered the dramatic balance of the play."<a href="#cite_note-Blogger-90">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993_revival">1993 revival</h3></div> The 1993 Hal Prince revival, originating in Toronto, was deliberately staged to cast attention on racial disparities; throughout the production, African-American actors constantly cleaned up messes, appeared to move the sets (even when <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a> actually moved them), and performed other menial tasks.<a href="#cite_note-Princereview-104">[101]</a> After a New Year's Eve ball, all the streamers fell on the floor and African Americans immediately began sweeping them away. A montage in the second act showed time passing using the revolving door of the <a href="/wiki/Palmer_House_Hilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmer House Hilton">Palmer House</a> in Chicago, with newspaper headlines being shown in quick succession, and snippets of slow motion to highlight a specific moment, accompanied by brief snippets of Ol' Man River. African-American dancers were seen performing a specific dance, and this would change to a scene showing white dancers performing the same dance. This was meant to illustrate how white performers "appropriated" the music and dancing styles of African Americans. Earlier productions of Show Boat, even the 1927 stage original and the 1936 film version, did not go this far in social commentary.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> During the Toronto production, many black community leaders and their supporters expressed opposition to the show, protesting in front of the theatre, "shouting insults and waving placards reading Show Boat Spreads Lies and Hate and Show Boat = Cultural Genocide".<a href="#cite_note-Time-106">[103]</a> Various theatre critics in New York, however, commented that Prince highlighted racial inequality in his production to show its injustice, as well as to show the historical suffering of blacks. A critic noted that he included "an absolutely beautiful piece of music cut from the original production and from the movie ["Mis'ry's Comin' Round"] ... a haunting gospel melody sung by the black chorus. The addition of this number is so successful because it salutes the dignity and the pure talent of the black workers and allows them to shine for a brief moment on the center stage of the showboat".<a href="#cite_note-Princereview-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3></div> Many commentators, both black and non-black, view the show as an outdated and stereotypical commentary on race relations that portrays blacks in a negative or inferior position. Douglass K. Daniel of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a> has commented that it is a "racially flawed story",<a href="#cite_note-AEJMC-107">[104]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Canadian">African-Canadian</a> writer <a href="/wiki/M._NourbeSe_Philip" title="M. NourbeSe Philip">M. NourbeSe Philip</a> claims: <blockquote>The affront at the heart of Show Boat is still very alive today. It begins with the book and its negative and one-dimensional images of Black people and continues on through the colossal and deliberate omission of the Black experience, including the pain of a people traumatized by <a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">four centuries of attempted genocide</a> and exploitation. Not to mention the appropriation of Black music for the profit of the very people who oppressed Blacks and Africans. All this continues to offend deeply. The ol' man river of racism continues to run through the history of these productions and is very much part of this (Toronto) production. It is part of the overwhelming need of white Americans and white Canadians to convince themselves of our inferiority – that our demands don't represent a challenge to them, their privilege and their superiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip199359-97">[94]</a></blockquote> Supporters of the musical believe that the depictions of racism should be regarded not as stereotyping blacks but rather <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirizing</a> the common national attitudes that both held those stereotypes and reinforced them through discrimination. In the words of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> theatre critic <a href="/wiki/John_Lahr" title="John Lahr">John Lahr</a>:<blockquote>Describing racism doesn't make Show Boat racist. The production is meticulous in honoring the influence of black culture not just in the making of the nation's wealth but, through music, in the making of its modern spirit.<a href="#cite_note-Lahr-1">[1]</a></blockquote> As described by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Bob_Briggs" title="Joe Bob Briggs">Joe Bob Briggs</a>:<blockquote>Those who attempt to understand works like Show Boat and <a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess#Racial_controversy" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a> through the eyes of their creators usually consider that the show "was a statement AGAINST racism. That was the point of Edna Ferber's novel. That was the point of the show. That's how Oscar wrote it...I think this is about as far from racism as you can get."<a href="#cite_note-DriveIn-108">[105]</a></blockquote> According to Rabbi Alan Berg, Kern and Hammerstein's score to Show Boat is "a tremendous expression of the ethics of tolerance and compassion".<a href="#cite_note-Berg-109">[106]</a> As Harold Prince (not Kern, to whom the quote has been mistakenly attributed) states in the production notes to his 1993 production of the show: <blockquote>Throughout pre-production and rehearsal, I was committed to eliminate any inadvertent stereotype in the original material, dialogue which may seem "Uncle Tom" today... However, I was determined not to rewrite history. The fact that during the 45-year period depicted in our musical there were <a href="/wiki/Lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynchings">lynchings</a>, imprisonment, and forced labor of the blacks in the United States is irrefutable. Indeed, the United States still cannot hold its head high with regard to racism.</blockquote> Oscar Hammerstein's commitment to idealizing and encouraging tolerance theatrically started with his libretto to Show Boat. It can be seen in his later works, many of which were set to music by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gomberg-110">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Jones" title="Carmen Jones">Carmen Jones</a> is an attempt to present a modern version of the classic <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">French opera</a> through the experiences of African Americans during <a href="/wiki/African-American_history#World_War_II" title="African-American history">wartime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_(musical)" title="South Pacific (musical)">South Pacific</a> explores <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a> and prejudice. Finally, <a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I" title="The King and I">The King and I</a> deals with different cultures' preconceived notions regarding each other and the possibility for cultural inclusiveness in societies. Regarding the original author of Show Boat, Ann Shapiro states that<blockquote>Edna Ferber was taunted for being <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>; as a young woman eager to launch her career as a journalist, she was told that the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> did not hire women reporters. Despite her experience of antisemitism and sexism, she idealized America, creating in her novels an American myth where strong women and downtrodden men of any race prevail... [Show Boat] create[s] visions of racial harmony... in a fictional world that purported to be America but was more illusion than reality. Characters in Ferber's novels achieve <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> and acceptance that was periodically denied Ferber herself throughout her life.<a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-111">[108]</a></blockquote> Whether or not the show is racist, many contend that productions of it should continue as it serves as a history lesson of American race relations. According to African-American opera singer <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Boykin" title="Phillip Boykin">Phillip Boykin</a>, who played the role of Joe in a 2000 tour,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Whenever a show deals with race issues, it gives the audience sweaty palms. I agree with putting it on the stage and making the audience think about it. We see where we came from so we don't repeat it, though we still have a long way to go. A lot of history would disappear if the show was put away forever. An artist must be true to an era. I'm happy with it.<a href="#cite_note-Tucson-112">[109]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_Notes">References and Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Ferber's novel spells the character's name Jo. The spelling was changed to Joe in the musical adaptation. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Zeke Colvan was officially credited as director of the production, but in his 1977 book Show Boat: The History of a Classic American Musical, musical historian <a href="/wiki/Miles_Kreuger" title="Miles Kreuger">Miles Kreuger</a> says that when he interviewed Oscar Hammerstein II months before the latter's death, the always modest Hammerstein admitted that now that Colvan was dead, he could finally state that it was he (Hammerstein) who had directed the original production of the show, and that Colvan had actually served as stage manager.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Despite its technical correctness, that Show Boat deserves this title has been disputed by some. See note No. 5 and corresponding text.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lahr-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lahr_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lahr_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLahr1993" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lahr" title="John Lahr">Lahr, John</a> (October 27, 1993). "Mississippi Mud". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. pp. 123–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Mississippi+Mud&rft.pages=123-126&rft.date=1993-10-27&rft.aulast=Lahr&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubbock1962Chapter,_"American_Musical_Theatre:_An_Introduction"-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubbock1962Chapter,_"American_Musical_Theatre:_An_Introduction"_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLubbock1962">Lubbock 1962</a>, Chapter, "American Musical Theatre: An Introduction". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaden201116-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaden201116_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaden2011">Naden 2011</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2019113-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2019113_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2019">Wood 2019</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock199722-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlock199722_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlock1997">Block 1997</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2019105,_108-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2019105,_108_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2019">Wood 2019</a>, pp. 105, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreuger197712-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreuger197712_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKreuger1977">Kreuger 1977</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201341-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201341_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker20131–24-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker20131–24_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, pp. 1–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2019107–110-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2019107–110_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2019">Wood 2019</a>, pp. 107–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201317-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201317_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201313-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201313_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201313_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201313_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201313_13-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1999370-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1999370_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1999">Gilbert 1999</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudley2010124-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudley2010124_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudley2010124_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudley2010124_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDudley2010">Dudley 2010</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2005136-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2005136_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2005136_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2005136_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2005136_16-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeade2005">Meade 2005</a>, p. 136. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeade2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsterVermeil2008Chapter,_"Kern:_Show_Boat_Mississippi"-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsterVermeil2008Chapter,_"Kern:_Show_Boat_Mississippi"_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOsterVermeil2008">Oster & Vermeil 2008</a>, Chapter, "Kern: Show Boat Mississippi". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetellier20151066-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetellier20151066_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLetellier2015">Letellier 2015</a>, p. 1066. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201313–14-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201313–14_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker2013248-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker2013248_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201316-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201316_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201314–16-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201314–16_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, pp. 14–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201314-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201314_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker20131–23-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker20131–23_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker20131–23_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, pp. 1–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201323-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201323_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201319–20-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201319–20_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201322–24-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201322–24_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201322–24_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, pp. 22–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201324-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201324_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201324_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2019105–106-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2019105–106_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2019">Wood 2019</a>, pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2019109-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2019109_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2019109">Wood & 2019 109</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWood2019109 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecker201325-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecker201325_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDecker2013">Decker 2013</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock199721–22-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlock199721–22_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlock1997">Block 1997</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenrick2010202-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenrick2010202_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenrick2010">Kenrick 2010</a>, p. 202. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKenrick2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser2006151-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyser2006151_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyser2006">Peyser 2006</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantorMaslon2004112–19-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKantorMaslon2004112–19_35-0">^</a> <a 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The complete lyrics of Oscar Hammerstein II. <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group">Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375413582" title="Special:BookSources/9780375413582"><bdi>9780375413582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+lyrics+of+Oscar+Hammerstein+II&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780375413582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrios1995" class="citation book cs1">Barrios, Richard (1995). A Song in the Dark: The Birth of the Musical Film. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195088113" title="Special:BookSources/9780195088113"><bdi>9780195088113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Song+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Birth+of+the+Musical+Film&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780195088113&rft.aulast=Barrios&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock1997" class="citation book cs1">Block, Geoffrey (1997). Enchanted Evenings: The Broadway Musical from Show Boat to Sondheim. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510791-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510791-8"><bdi>0-19-510791-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enchanted+Evenings%3A+The+Broadway+Musical+from+Show+Boat+to+Sondheim&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-510791-8&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2023" class="citation book cs1">Block, Geoffrey Holden (2023). A Fine Romance: Adapting Broadway to Hollywood in the Studio System Era. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197501733" title="Special:BookSources/9780197501733"><bdi>9780197501733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fine+Romance%3A+Adapting+Broadway+to+Hollywood+in+the+Studio+System+Era&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780197501733&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Holden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomVlastnik2004" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Ken; Vlastnik, Frank (2004). Broadway Musicals: The 101 Greatest Shows of all Time. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57912-390-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57912-390-2"><bdi>1-57912-390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadway+Musicals%3A+The+101+Greatest+Shows+of+all+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Black+Dog+%26+Leventhal+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57912-390-2&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Vlastnik%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietz2019" class="citation book cs1">Dietz, Dan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRmGDwAAQBAJ">The Complete Book of 1920s Broadway Musicals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442245280" title="Special:BookSources/9781442245280"><bdi>9781442245280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+1920s+Broadway+Musicals&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781442245280&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRmGDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietz2018" class="citation book cs1">Dietz, Dan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0hNDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Complete+Book+of+1930s+Broadway+Musicals">The Complete Book of 1930s Broadway Musicals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538102770" title="Special:BookSources/9781538102770"><bdi>9781538102770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+1930s+Broadway+Musicals&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781538102770&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0hNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BComplete%2BBook%2Bof%2B1930s%2BBroadway%2BMusicals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietz2015" class="citation book cs1">Dietz, Dan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRiMBgAAQBAJ">The Complete Book of 1940s Broadway Musicals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442245280" title="Special:BookSources/9781442245280"><bdi>9781442245280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+1940s+Broadway+Musicals&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781442245280&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRiMBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietz2014" class="citation book cs1">Dietz, Dan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Zz_AwAAQBAJ">The Complete Book of 1950s Broadway Musicals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442235052" title="Special:BookSources/9781442235052"><bdi>9781442235052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+1950s+Broadway+Musicals&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781442235052&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Zz_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietz2016a" class="citation book cs1">Dietz, Dan (2016a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ux5UCwAAQBAJ">The Complete Book of 1980s Broadway Musicals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442260924" title="Special:BookSources/9781442260924"><bdi>9781442260924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+1980s+Broadway+Musicals&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781442260924&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dux5UCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietz2016b" class="citation book cs1">Dietz, Dan (2016b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPLaDAAAQBAJ">The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442272149" title="Special:BookSources/9781442272149"><bdi>9781442272149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+1990s+Broadway+Musicals&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781442272149&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPLaDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecker2013" class="citation book cs1">Decker, Todd (2013). Show Boat: Performing Race in an American Musical. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190250539" title="Special:BookSources/9780190250539"><bdi>9780190250539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Show+Boat%3A+Performing+Race+in+an+American+Musical&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780190250539&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudley2010" class="citation book cs1">Dudley, William S. (2010). Maritime Maryland: A History. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801894756" title="Special:BookSources/9780801894756"><bdi>9780801894756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Maryland%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780801894756&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyreWright2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Eyre" title="Richard Eyre">Eyre, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wright_(playwright)" title="Nicholas Wright (playwright)">Wright, Nicholas</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/knopf/authors/eyre/excerpt.html">Changing Stages: A View of British and American Theatre in the Twentieth Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Stages%3A+A+View+of+British+and+American+Theatre+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Eyre&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Wright%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomhouse.com%2Fknopf%2Fauthors%2Feyre%2Fexcerpt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerber1940" class="citation book cs1">Ferber, Edna (1940). A Peculiar Treasure. New York: Garden City Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Peculiar+Treasure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garden+City+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Ferber&rft.aufirst=Edna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerberHirsch2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Ferber, Edna</a>; <a href="/wiki/Foster_Hirsch" title="Foster Hirsch">Hirsch, Foster</a> (2014). "Foreward". Show Boat. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0345805739" title="Special:BookSources/0345805739"><bdi>0345805739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreward&rft.btitle=Show+Boat&rft.pub=Vintage+Books+%2F+Random+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=0345805739&rft.aulast=Ferber&rft.aufirst=Edna&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1999" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Julie Goldsmith (1999). Ferber: Edna Ferber and Her Circle, a Biography. <a href="/wiki/Applause_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Applause Books">Applause Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557833327" title="Special:BookSources/9781557833327"><bdi>9781557833327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferber%3A+Edna+Ferber+and+Her+Circle%2C+a+Biography&rft.pub=Applause+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781557833327&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Julie+Goldsmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrams1999" class="citation book cs1">Grams, Martin (1999). The History of the Cavalcade of America: Sponsored by DuPont. Morris Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7392-0138-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7392-0138-7"><bdi>0-7392-0138-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Cavalcade+of+America%3A+Sponsored+by+DuPont&rft.pub=Morris+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7392-0138-7&rft.aulast=Grams&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraziano2017" class="citation book cs1">Graziano, John (2017). "Images of African Americans: African American Musical Theatre, Show Boat and Porgy and Bess". In Everett, William A.; Laird, Paul R. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to the Musical. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316335468">10.1017/9781316335468</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316335468" title="Special:BookSources/9781316335468"><bdi>9781316335468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Images+of+African+Americans%3A+African+American+Musical+Theatre%2C+Show+Boat+and+Porgy+and+Bess&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Musical&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316335468&rft.isbn=9781316335468&rft.aulast=Graziano&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2020" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Warren (2020). The Great White Way: Race and the Broadway Musical. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781978807112" title="Special:BookSources/9781978807112"><bdi>9781978807112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+White+Way%3A+Race+and+the+Broadway+Musical&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781978807112&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, John Bush (2003). Our Musicals, Ourselves: A Social History of American Musical Theatre. Hanover: <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University_Press" title="Brandeis University Press">Brandeis University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58465-311-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58465-311-6"><bdi>1-58465-311-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Musicals%2C+Ourselves%3A+A+Social+History+of+American+Musical+Theatre&rft.place=Hanover&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58465-311-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=John+Bush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantorMaslon2004" class="citation book cs1">Kantor, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Maslon" title="Laurence Maslon">Maslon, Laurence</a> (2004). Broadway: The American Musical. New York: Bullfinch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-2905-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-2905-2"><bdi>0-8212-2905-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadway%3A+The+American+Musical&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bullfinch+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8212-2905-2&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Maslon%2C+Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKislan1980" class="citation book cs1">Kislan, Richard (1980). The Musical: A Look at the American Musical Theater. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-608547-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-608547-4"><bdi>0-13-608547-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Musical%3A+A+Look+at+the+American+Musical+Theater&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-13-608547-4&rft.aulast=Kislan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp2005" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Raymond (2005). The American Musical and the Formation of National Identity. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691118642" title="Special:BookSources/9780691118642"><bdi>9780691118642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Musical+and+the+Formation+of+National+Identity&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780691118642&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreuger1977" class="citation book cs1">Kreuger, Miles (1977). Showboat: The Story of a Classic American Musical. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-502275-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-502275-0"><bdi>0-19-502275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Showboat%3A+The+Story+of+a+Classic+American+Musical&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-19-502275-0&rft.aulast=Kreuger&rft.aufirst=Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetellier2015" class="citation book cs1">Letellier, Robert Ignatius (2015). Operetta: A Sourcebook, Volume II. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443885089" title="Special:BookSources/9781443885089"><bdi>9781443885089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operetta%3A+A+Sourcebook%2C+Volume+II&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781443885089&rft.aulast=Letellier&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ignatius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2015" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, David H. (2015). Broadway Musicals: A Hundred Year History. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786481149" title="Special:BookSources/9780786481149"><bdi>9780786481149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadway+Musicals%3A+A+Hundred+Year+History&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780786481149&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubbock1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Lubbock" title="Mark Lubbock">Lubbock, Mark</a> (1962). "American Musical Theatre: An Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatrehistory.com/american/musical030.html">The Complete Book of Light Opera</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Appleton-Century-Crofts" title="Appleton-Century-Crofts">Appleton-Century-Crofts</a>. pp. 753–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Musical+Theatre%3A+An+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Light+Opera&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=753-56&rft.pub=Appleton-Century-Crofts&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Lubbock&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatrehistory.com%2Famerican%2Fmusical030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221095758/http://www.theatrehistory.com/american/musical030.html">Archived</a> February 21, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, republished by theatrehistory.com</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordden2015" class="citation book cs1">Mordden, Ethan (2015). The Happiest Corpse I've Ever Seen: The Last Twenty-Five Years of the Broadway Musical. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin's Publishing Group">St. Martin's Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466893443" title="Special:BookSources/9781466893443"><bdi>9781466893443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Happiest+Corpse+I%27ve+Ever+Seen%3A+The+Last+Twenty-Five+Years+of+the+Broadway+Musical&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781466893443&rft.aulast=Mordden&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow1987" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, Lee Alan (1987). The Tony Award Book: Four Decades of Great American Theater. <a href="/wiki/Abbeville_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbeville Press">Abbeville Press</a>. p. 257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tony+Award+Book%3A+Four+Decades+of+Great+American+Theater&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Lee+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaden2011" class="citation book cs1">Naden, Corinne J. (2011). The Golden Age of American Musical Theatre: 1943-1965. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810877344" title="Special:BookSources/9780810877344"><bdi>9780810877344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+American+Musical+Theatre%3A+1943-1965&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780810877344&rft.aulast=Naden&rft.aufirst=Corinne+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsterVermeil2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oster, Louis; Vermeil, Jean (2008). Guide raisonné et déraisonnable de l'opérette et de la comédie musicale (in French). <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782213645254" title="Special:BookSources/9782213645254"><bdi>9782213645254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+raisonn%C3%A9+et+d%C3%A9raisonnable+de+l%27op%C3%A9rette+et+de+la+com%C3%A9die+musicale&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782213645254&rft.aulast=Oster&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Vermeil%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyser2006" class="citation book cs1">Peyser, Joan (2006). The Memory of All that: The Life of George Gershwin. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hal Leonard Corporation">Hal Leonard Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423410256" title="Special:BookSources/9781423410256"><bdi>9781423410256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memory+of+All+that%3A+The+Life+of+George+Gershwin&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781423410256&rft.aulast=Peyser&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._NourbeSe_Philip" title="M. NourbeSe Philip">Philip, M. NourbeSe</a> (1993). Showing Grit: Showboating North of the 44th Parallel (2nd ed.). Toronto: Poui Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Showing+Grit%3A+Showboating+North+of+the+44th+Parallel&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Poui+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Philip&rft.aufirst=M.+NourbeSe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Donald (2000). The Cleveland Orchestra Story: "Second to None". Gray & Comopany Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781886228245" title="Special:BookSources/9781886228245"><bdi>9781886228245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cleveland+Orchestra+Story%3A+%22Second+to+None%22&rft.pub=Gray+%26+Comopany+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781886228245&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWearing2014" class="citation book cs1">Wearing, J. P. (2014). The London Stage 1920-1929: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810893023" title="Special:BookSources/9780810893023"><bdi>9780810893023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Stage+1920-1929%3A+A+Calendar+of+Productions%2C+Performers%2C+and+Personnel&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780810893023&rft.aulast=Wearing&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWlaschin2024" class="citation book cs1">Wlaschin, Ken (2024). "Show Boat". Encyclopedia of American Opera. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476612386" title="Special:BookSources/9781476612386"><bdi>9781476612386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Show+Boat&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Opera&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781476612386&rft.aulast=Wlaschin&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2019" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Bethany (2019). Women Adapting: Bringing Three Serials of the Roaring Twenties to Stage and Screen. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa_Press" title="University of Iowa Press">University of Iowa Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609386498" title="Special:BookSources/9781609386498"><bdi>9781609386498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Adapting%3A+Bringing+Three+Serials+of+the+Roaring+Twenties+to+Stage+and+Screen&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781609386498&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShow+Boat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/7970">Show Boat</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2166879#P1219" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Show_Boat_(Kern,_Jerome)" class="extiw" title="scores:Show Boat (Kern, Jerome)">Show Boat</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Kern_-_Show_Boat_-_Vocal_Score_1928.pdf" title="File:Kern - Show Boat - Vocal Score 1928.pdf">Complete Vocal Score (original version)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Kern_-_Show_Boat_(Vocal_Score,_1946_version).pdf" title="File:Kern - Show Boat (Vocal Score, 1946 version).pdf">Complete Vocal Score (1946 revision)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playbill.com/production/show-boat-city-center-vault-0000013161">Show Boat</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Playbill#Other_media" title="Playbill">Playbill Vault</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2166879#P5833" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/albm32.html">Information about the musical</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/shows/show-boat/">PBS.org info about Show Boat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scena.org/columns/lebrecht/060531-NL-show.html">Scena.org analysis of the show</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223170012/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug97/showboat/sbintro.html">History of the show</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/magazine/19980823show3.asp">Post-Gazette information and timeline for Show Boat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ovrtur.com/show/120925">Information at Ovrtur.com</a></li></ul> Streaming audio <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/otr_campbellplayhouse/CampbellPlayhouse39-03-31Showboat.mp3">Show Boat</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Playhouse_(radio_series)" title="The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)">Campbell Playhouse</a>: March 31, 1939</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/Lux05/Lux_40-06-24_Showboat.mp3">Show Boat</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Lux Radio Theater">Lux Radio Theater</a>: June 24, 1940</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/Radio.Hall.Of.Fame/RHOF_44-12-31_057_Showboat.mp3">Show Boat</a> on Radio Hall of Fame: December 31, 1944</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/TheRailroadHour/RH_50-10-30_ep109-Showboat.mp3">Show Boat</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Railroad_Hour" title="The Railroad Hour">The Railroad Hour</a>: October 30, 1950</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/Lux17/Lux_52-02-11_Show_Boat.mp3">Show Boat</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Lux Radio Theater">Lux Radio Theater</a>: February 11, 1952</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edna_Ferber" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edna_Ferber" title="Template:Edna Ferber"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edna_Ferber" title="Template talk:Edna Ferber"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edna_Ferber" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edna Ferber"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edna_Ferber" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Our Mrs. McChesney (1915)</li> <li>$1200 a Year: A Comedy in Three Acts (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minick" title="Minick">Minick: A Play</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Family_(play)" title="The Royal Family (play)">The Royal Family</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinner_at_Eight_(play)" title="Dinner at Eight (play)">Dinner at Eight</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_Door_(play)" title="Stage Door (play)">Stage Door</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Land_Is_Bright" title="The Land Is Bright">The Land Is Bright</a> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Edna-Ferber-1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Edna-Ferber-1928.jpg/55px-Edna-Ferber-1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Edna-Ferber-1928.jpg/83px-Edna-Ferber-1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Edna-Ferber-1928.jpg/110px-Edna-Ferber-1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="585" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dawn O'Hara, The Girl Who Laughed (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_Plus" title="Personality Plus">Personality Plus</a> (1914)</li> <li>Fanny Herself (1917)</li> <li>The Girls (1921)</li> <li>Gigolo (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(novel)" title="So Big (novel)">So Big</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(novel)" title="Show Boat (novel)">Show Boat</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_(novel)" title="Cimarron (novel)">Cimarron</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Beauty_(Edna_Ferber_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Beauty (Edna Ferber novel)">American Beauty</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It_(novel)" title="Come and Get It (novel)">Come and Get It</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Trunk_(novel)" title="Saratoga Trunk (novel)">Saratoga Trunk</a> (1941)</li> <li>Great Son (1945)</li> <li>Giant (1952)</li> <li>Ice Palace (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Minick" title="Old Man Minick">Old Man Minick</a>" (1922 short story)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Peculiar_Treasure" title="A Peculiar Treasure">A Peculiar Treasure</a> (1939 autobiography)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Old Man Minick"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minick" title="Minick">Minick</a> (1924 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_Home_(1925_film)" title="Welcome Home (1925 film)">Welcome Home</a> (1925 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Expert_(1932_film)" title="The Expert (1932 film)">The Expert</a> (1932 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Place_to_Go_(1939_film)" title="No Place to Go (1939 film)">No Place to Go</a> (1939 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gigolo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigolo_(1926_film)" title="Gigolo (1926 film)">Gigolo</a> (1926 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">So Big</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(1924_film)" title="So Big (1924 film)">So Big</a> (1924 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Big!_(1932_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="So Big! (1932 film)">So Big</a> (1932 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(1953_film)" title="So Big (1953 film)">So Big</a> (1953 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Show Boat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Show Boat</a> (1927 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1929_film)" title="Show Boat (1929 film)">Show Boat</a> (1929 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1936_film)" title="Show Boat (1936 film)">Show Boat</a> (1936 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1951_film)" title="Show Boat (1951 film)">Show Boat</a> (1951 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Royal Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Family_of_Broadway" title="The Royal Family of Broadway">The Royal Family of Broadway</a> (1930 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cimarron</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_(1931_film)" title="Cimarron (1931 film)">Cimarron</a> (1931 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_(1960_film)" title="Cimarron (1960 film)">Cimarron</a> (1960 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dinner at Eight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinner_at_Eight_(1933_film)" title="Dinner at Eight (1933 film)">Dinner at Eight</a> (1933 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage Door</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_Door" title="Stage Door">Stage Door</a> (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Come and Get It</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_Get_It_(1936_film)" title="Come and Get It (1936 film)">Come and Get It</a> (1936 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saratoga Trunk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Trunk" title="Saratoga Trunk">Saratoga Trunk</a> (1945 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_(musical)" title="Saratoga (musical)">Saratoga</a> (1959 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Giant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_(1956_film)" title="Giant (1956 film)">Giant</a> (1956 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_(musical)" title="Giant (musical)">Giant</a> (2009 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Fox" title="Janet Fox">Janet Fox</a> (niece)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edna_Ferber&#039;s_Show_Boat_(1926)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Show_Boat" title="Template:Show Boat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Show_Boat" title="Template talk:Show Boat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Show_Boat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Show Boat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edna_Ferber&#039;s_Show_Boat_(1926)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(novel)" title="Show Boat (novel)">Show Boat</a> (1926)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Dozier" title="Julie Dozier">Julie Dozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Ravenal" title="Gaylord Ravenal">Gaylord Ravenal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1929_film)" title="Show Boat (1929 film)">Show Boat</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1936_film)" title="Show Boat (1936 film)">Show Boat</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1951_film)" title="Show Boat (1951 film)">Show Boat</a> (1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_Believe_(Jerome_Kern_song)" title="Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)">Make Believe</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River" title="Ol' Man River">Ol' Man River</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Lovin%27_Dat_Man" title="Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man">Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bill_(song)" title="Bill (song)">Bill</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(song)" title="After the Ball (song)">After the Ball</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Show Boat</a> (1927, musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1959_cast_album)" title="Show Boat (1959 cast album)">Show Boat</a> (1959 cast album)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn_and_Friends_Play_Show_Boat" title="André Previn and Friends Play Show Boat">André Previn and Friends Play Show Boat</a> (1995 instrumental jazz album)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Show_Boat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Show_Boat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Show Boat</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Musical" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #D7F1D7;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DramaDesk_Musical" title="Template:DramaDesk Musical"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DramaDesk_Musical" title="Template talk:DramaDesk Musical"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DramaDesk_Musical" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DramaDesk Musical"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Musical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Musical" title="Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical">Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D7F1D7;;width:1%">1975–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz" title="The Wiz">The Wiz</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Chorus_Line" title="A Chorus Line">A Chorus Line</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_(musical)" title="Annie (musical)">Annie</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Misbehavin%27_(musical)" title="Ain't Misbehavin' (musical)">Ain't Misbehavin'</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street" title="Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street">Sweeney Todd</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evita_(musical)" title="Evita (musical)">Evita</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance">The Pirates of Penzance</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_(musical)" title="Nine (musical)">Nine</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(musical)" title="Little Shop of Horrors (musical)">Little Shop of Horrors</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_in_the_Park_with_George" title="Sunday in the Park with George">Sunday in the Park with George</a> (1984)</li> <li>(no award) (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood_(musical)" title="The Mystery of Edwin Drood (musical)">The Mystery of Edwin Drood</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)" title="Les Misérables (musical)">Les Miserables</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Woods" title="Into the Woods">Into the Woods</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins%27_Broadway" title="Jerome Robbins' Broadway">Jerome Robbins' Broadway</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Angels_(musical)" title="City of Angels (musical)">City of Angels</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden_(musical)" title="The Secret Garden (musical)"> The Secret Garden</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_for_You_(musical)" title="Crazy for You (musical)">Crazy for You</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_the_Spider_Woman_(musical)" title="Kiss of the Spider Woman (musical)">Kiss of the Spider Woman</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(musical)" title="Passion (musical)"> Passion </a> (1994)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Show Boat</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_(musical)" title="Rent (musical)">Rent</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_(musical)" title="The Life (musical)">The Life</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime_(musical)" title="Ragtime (musical)">Ragtime</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_(musical)" title="Parade (musical)">Parade</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_(musical)" title="Contact (musical)">Contact</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D7F1D7;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Producers_(musical)" title="The Producers (musical)">The Producers</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie_(musical)" title="Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)">Thoroughly Modern Millie</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairspray_(musical)" title="Hairspray (musical)">Hairspray</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_(musical)" title="Wicked (musical)">Wicked</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drowsy_Chaperone" title="The Drowsy Chaperone">The Drowsy Chaperone</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Awakening_(musical)" title="Spring Awakening (musical)">Spring Awakening</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_Strange" title="Passing Strange">Passing Strange</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Elliot_the_Musical" title="Billy Elliot the Musical">Billy Elliot the Musical</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_(musical)" title="Memphis (musical)">Memphis</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mormon_(musical)" title="The Book of Mormon (musical)">The Book of Mormon</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Once_(musical)" title="Once (musical)">Once</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_the_Musical" title="Matilda the Musical">Matilda the Musical</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Gentleman%27s_Guide_to_Love_and_Murder" title="A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder">A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuffle_Along,_or,_the_Making_of_the_Musical_Sensation_of_1921_and_All_That_Followed" title="Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed">Shuffle Along</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_from_Away" title="Come from Away">Come from Away</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_(musical)" title="SpongeBob SquarePants (musical)">SpongeBob SquarePants</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prom_(musical)" title="The Prom (musical)">The Prom</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Strange_Loop" title="A Strange Loop">A Strange Loop</a> (2020)</li> <li>No Award (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Akimbo_(musical)" title="Kimberly Akimbo (musical)">Kimberly Akimbo</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot_(musical)" title="Some Like It Hot (musical)">Some Like It Hot</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Outlaw_(musical)" title="Dead Outlaw (musical)">Dead Outlaw</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Musical_Revival" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #E0E0E0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OlivierAward_MusicalRevival" title="Template:OlivierAward MusicalRevival"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OlivierAward_MusicalRevival" title="Template talk:OlivierAward MusicalRevival"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OlivierAward_MusicalRevival" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OlivierAward MusicalRevival"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Musical_Revival" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Musical_Revival" title="Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival">Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Show Boat</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boys_from_Syracuse" title="The Boys from Syracuse">The Boys from Syracuse</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(musical)" title="Carousel (musical)">Carousel</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street" title="Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street">Sweeney Todd</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Loves_Me" title="She Loves Me">She Loves Me</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Who%27s_Tommy" title="The Who's Tommy">The Who's Tommy</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(musical)" title="Chicago (musical)">Chicago</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain_(musical)" title="Singin' in the Rain (musical)">Singin' in the Rain</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady" title="My Fair Lady">My Fair Lady</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anything_Goes" title="Anything Goes">Anything Goes</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Overtures" title="Pacific Overtures">Pacific Overtures</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(musical)" title="Grand Hotel (musical)">Grand Hotel</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls" title="Guys and Dolls">Guys and Dolls</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_in_the_Park_with_George" title="Sunday in the Park with George">Sunday in the Park with George</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute_(musical)" title="The Magic Flute (musical)">The Magic Flute</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(musical)" title="La Cage aux Folles (musical)">La Cage aux Folles</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)" title="Hello, Dolly! (musical)">Hello, Dolly!</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Woods" title="Into the Woods">Into the Woods</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_for_You_(musical)" title="Crazy for You (musical)">Crazy for You</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street" title="Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street">Sweeney Todd</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrily_We_Roll_Along_(musical)" title="Merrily We Roll Along (musical)">Merrily We Roll Along</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Angels_(musical)" title="City of Angels (musical)">City of Angels</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_(musical)" title="Gypsy (musical)">Gypsy</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar" title="Jesus Christ Superstar">Jesus Christ Superstar</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follies" title="Follies">Follies</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_(musical)" title="Company (musical)">Company</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof" title="Fiddler on the Roof">Fiddler on the Roof</a> (2020)</li> <li>No Ceremony (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)" title="Cabaret (musical)">Cabaret</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard_(musical)" title="Sunset Boulevard (musical)">Sunset Boulevard</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival_of_a_Musical" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TonyAward_MusicalRevival" title="Template:TonyAward MusicalRevival"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TonyAward_MusicalRevival" title="Template talk:TonyAward MusicalRevival"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TonyAward_MusicalRevival" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TonyAward MusicalRevival"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival_of_a_Musical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival_of_a_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical">Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(musical)" title="Carousel (musical)">Carousel</a> (1994)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Show Boat</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I" title="The King and I">The King and I</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(musical)" title="Chicago (musical)">Chicago</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)" title="Cabaret (musical)">Cabaret</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Get_Your_Gun_(musical)" title="Annie Get Your Gun (musical)">Annie Get Your Gun</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_Me,_Kate" title="Kiss Me, Kate">Kiss Me, Kate</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(musical)" title="42nd Street (musical)">42nd Street</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Woods" title="Into the Woods">Into the Woods</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_(musical)" title="Nine (musical)">Nine</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassins_(musical)" title="Assassins (musical)">Assassins</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(musical)" title="La Cage aux Folles (musical)">La Cage aux Folles</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pajama_Game" title="The Pajama Game">The Pajama Game</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_(musical)" title="Company (musical)">Company</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_(musical)" title="South Pacific (musical)">South Pacific</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_(musical)" title="Hair (musical)">Hair</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(musical)" title="La Cage aux Folles (musical)">La Cage aux Folles</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anything_Goes" title="Anything Goes">Anything Goes</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pippin_(musical)" title="Pippin (musical)">Pippin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_and_the_Angry_Inch_(musical)" title="Hedwig and the Angry Inch (musical)">Hedwig and the Angry Inch</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I" title="The King and I">The King and I</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple_(musical)" title="The Color Purple (musical)">The Color Purple</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)" title="Hello, Dolly! (musical)">Hello, Dolly!</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Once_on_This_Island" title="Once on This Island">Once on This Island</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a> (2019)</li> <li>No Award (2020/21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_(musical)" title="Company (musical)">Company</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_(musical)" title="Parade (musical)">Parade</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrily_We_Roll_Along_(musical)" title="Merrily We Roll Along (musical)">Merrily We Roll Along</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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