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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Identifier name character encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifier_name_character_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Compression scheme</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a compression scheme. For the similarly named transponder code in aeronautics, see <a href="/wiki/Squawk_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Squawk code">Squawk code</a>.</div> <p> <b>SQUOZE</b> (abbreviated as <b>SQZ</b>) is a memory-efficient representation of a combined <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relocation_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relocation (computer science)">relocatable</a> <a href="/wiki/Object_file" title="Object file">object</a> program file with a <a href="/wiki/Symbol_table" title="Symbol table">symbol table</a> on <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a> which was introduced in 1958 with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SCAT_assembler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCAT assembler (page does not exist)">SCAT assembler</a><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1961_SOS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1961_SOS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salomon_1993_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salomon_1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/SHARE_Operating_System" title="SHARE Operating System">SHARE Operating System</a> (SOS) for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_709" title="IBM 709">IBM 709</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacob_2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacob_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A program in this format was called a <i>SQUOZE <a href="/wiki/Card_deck_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Card deck (computing)">deck</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boehm-Steel_1958_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boehm-Steel_1958-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boehm-Steel_1959_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boehm-Steel_1959-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shell_1959_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shell_1959-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used on later machines including the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090" title="IBM 7090">IBM 7090</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_7094" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 7094">7094</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SQUOZE_deck">SQUOZE deck</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQUOZE&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: SQUOZE deck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SQUOZE&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A SQUOZE deck contains an encoded binary form of the original assembly language code; SQUOZE decks are converted to absolute machine code and stored in memory by a loader program.<sup id="cite_ref-7090genInfo_1959_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7090genInfo_1959-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PORTHOS_1964_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PORTHOS_1964-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SOS_Reference_1961_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOS_Reference_1961-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifier_name_character_encoding">Identifier name character encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQUOZE&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identifier name character encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i>SQUOZE encoding</i>, identifiers in the symbol table were represented in a 50-character <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_(formal_languages)" title="Alphabet (formal languages)">alphabet</a>, allowing a 36-bit <a href="/wiki/Machine_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine word">machine word</a> to represent six <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric">alphanumeric</a> characters plus two flag bits, thus saving two bits per six characters,<sup id="cite_ref-Boehm-Steel_1959_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boehm-Steel_1959-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1961_SOS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1961_SOS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the six bits normally allocated for each character could store up to 64 states rather than only the 50 states needed to represent the 50 letters of the alphabet, and 50<sup>6</sup> < 2<sup>34</sup>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>SQUOZE character codes<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1961_SOS_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1961_SOS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccffff" colspan="3">Most<br />significant<br />digits </th> <th colspan="8">Least significant digits </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Dec </th> <th>+0 </th> <th>+1 </th> <th>+2 </th> <th>+3 </th> <th>+4 </th> <th>+5 </th> <th>+6 </th> <th>+7 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>0 </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>7 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">Dec</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">Oct</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">Bin</a> </th> <th width="10%">000 </th> <th width="10%">001 </th> <th width="10%">010 </th> <th width="10%">011 </th> <th width="10%">100 </th> <th width="10%">101 </th> <th width="10%">110 </th> <th width="10%">111 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffff">+0 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">0 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">000 </th> <td style="background:white">space</td> <td style="background:#eeeeff">0</td> <td style="background:#eeeeff">1</td> <td style="background:#eeeeff">2</td> <td style="background:#eeeeff">3</td> <td style="background:#eeeeff">4</td> <td style="background:#eeeeff">5</td> <td style="background:#eeeeff">6 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffff">+8 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">1 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">001 </th> <td style="background:#eeeeff">7</td> <td style="background:#eeeeff">8</td> <td style="background:#eeeeff">9</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">A</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">B</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">C</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">D</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">E </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffff">+16 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">2 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">010 </th> <td style="background:#eeffee">F</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">G</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">H</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">I</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">J</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">K</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">L</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">M </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffff">+24 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">3 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">011 </th> <td style="background:#eeffee">N</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">O</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">P</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">Q</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">R</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">S</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">T</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">U </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffff">+32 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">4 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">100 </th> <td style="background:#eeffee">V</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">W</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">X</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">Y</td> <td style="background:#eeffee">Z</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">= #</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">/ %</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">) ⌑ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffff">+40 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">5 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">101 </th> <td style="background:#ffeeee">+ &</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">-</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">- @</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">+ &</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">-</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">*</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">/</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">$ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccffff">+48 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">6 </th> <th style="background:#ccffff">110 </th> <td style="background:#ffeeee">,</td> <td style="background:#ffeeee">.</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; background:lightgray" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; background:lightgray" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; background:lightgray" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; background:lightgray" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; background:lightgray" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; background:lightgray" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Using base 50 already saves a single bit every three characters, so it was used in two three-character chunks. The manual<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_1961_SOS_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_1961_SOS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a formula for encoding six characters ABCDEF: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (A*50^{2}+B*50+C)*2^{17}+(D*50^{2}+E*50+F)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>∗</mo> <msup> <mn>50</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>∗</mo> <mn>50</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∗</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>17</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>∗</mo> <msup> <mn>50</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>∗</mo> <mn>50</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (A*50^{2}+B*50+C)*2^{17}+(D*50^{2}+E*50+F)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b32d280bf79bcf677bb269a1e56cdf879e5bc082" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:53.955ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (A*50^{2}+B*50+C)*2^{17}+(D*50^{2}+E*50+F)}" /></span> </p><p>For example "SQUOZE", normally 36 bits: <code>35 33 37 31 44 17</code><sub>(base 8)</sub> would be encoded in two 17-bit pieces to fit in the 34 bits as <code>( 0o220231 << 17 ) | 0o175473 == 0o110114575473</code>. </p><p>A simpler example of the same logic would be how a three-digit <a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">BCD number</a> would take up 12 bits, such as 987: <code>9 8 7</code><sub>(base 16)</sub> <code>1001 1000 0111</code><sub>(base 2)</sub>, but any such value could be stored in 10 bits directly, saving two bits, such as 987: <code>3db</code><sub>(base 16)</sub> <code>11 1101 1011</code><sub>(base 2)</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQUOZE&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Squoze" is a facetious <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> of the verb 'to squeeze'.<sup id="cite_ref-Boehm-Steel_1958_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boehm-Steel_1958-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boehm-Steel_1959_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boehm-Steel_1959-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name SQUOZE was later borrowed for similar character encoding schemes used on <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> machines;<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they had a 40-character alphabet (50 in <a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">octal</a>) and were called <a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">DEC RADIX 50</a> and <a href="/wiki/DEC_MOD40" class="mw-redirect" title="DEC MOD40">MOD40</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DEC_1971_PAL-11R_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEC_1971_PAL-11R-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but sometimes nicknamed <a href="/wiki/DEC_Squoze" class="mw-redirect" title="DEC Squoze">DEC Squoze</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQUOZE&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packed_BCD" class="mw-redirect" title="Packed BCD">Packed BCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertz_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertz encoding">Hertz encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen%E2%80%93Ho_encoding" title="Chen–Ho encoding">Chen–Ho encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densely_packed_decimal" title="Densely packed decimal">Densely packed decimal</a> (DPD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCD_(character_encoding)" title="BCD (character encoding)">BCD (character encoding)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_50_(numeral_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Base 50 (numeral system)">Base 50 (numeral system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Base conversion">Base conversion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQUOZE&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IBM_1961_SOS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBM_1961_SOS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBM_1961_SOS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBM_1961_SOS_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBM_1961_SOS_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSHARE_709_System_Committee1961" class="citation book cs1">SHARE 709 System Committee, ed. (June 1961) [1959]. "Section 02: SCAT Language; Appendix 1: Table of Permissible Characters; Appendix 3: SQUOZE Deck Format - Chapter 8: Dictionary". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/share/SOS_Reference_Manual_Jun61.pdf"><i>SOS Reference Manual - SHARE System for the IBM 709</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York, USA: SOS Group, <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Machines_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines Corporation">International Business Machines Corporation</a>. pp. 02.00.01 – 02.00.11, 12.03.08.01 – 12.03.08.02, 12.01.00.01. X28-1213. Distribution No. 1–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618175636/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/share/SOS_Reference_Manual_Jun61.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-18</span></span>. pp. 12.03.08.01 – 12.03.08.02: <q>[…] Bit Positions Used […] Bit 0 […] Bit 1 […] Bits 2–35 […] <a href="/wiki/Base_50_(numeral_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Base 50 (numeral system)">Base 50</a> representation of the symbol with heading character. […] The base 50 representation of a symbol is obtained as follows: […] a. If the symbol has fewer than five characters, it is headed (by blank if it is in an unheaded region). […] b. The symbol with it[s] heading character is left-justified and any unused low-order positions are filled with blanks. […] c. Each character in the symbol is replaced by it[s] base 50 equivalent. […] d. The result is then converted by the following: if the symbol, after each character is rep[l]aced by its base 50 equivalent, is ABCDEF, its base 50 representation is (A*50<sup>2</sup>+B*50+C)*2<sup>17</sup>+(D*50<sup>2</sup>+E*50+F). […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+02%3A+SCAT+Language%3B+Appendix+1%3A+Table+of+Permissible+Characters%3B+Appendix+3%3A+SQUOZE+Deck+Format+-+Chapter+8%3A+Dictionary&rft.btitle=SOS+Reference+Manual+-+SHARE+System+for+the+IBM+709&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=02.00.01+-+02.00.11%2C+12.03.08.01+-+12.03.08.02%2C+12.01.00.01&rft.pub=SOS+Group%2C+International+Business+Machines+Corporation&rft.date=1961-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2Fshare%2FSOS_Reference_Manual_Jun61.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_ibmshareSO61_18030152">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/bitsavers_ibmshareSO61_18030152/SOS_Reference_Manual_Jun61.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salomon_1993-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salomon_1993_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Salomon, David (February 1993) [1992]. Written at California State University, Northridge, California, USA. Chivers, Ian D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidsalomon.name/assem.advertis/asl.pdf"><i>Assemblers and Loaders</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ellis Horwood Series In Computers And Their Applications (1 ed.). Chicester, West Sussex, UK: <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Horwood_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellis Horwood Limited">Ellis Horwood Limited</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster_International_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon & Schuster International Group">Simon & Schuster International Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-052564-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-052564-2"><bdi>0-13-052564-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323010358/http://www.davidsalomon.name/assem.advertis/asl.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assemblers+and+Loaders&rft.place=Chicester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.series=Ellis+Horwood+Series+In+Computers+And+Their+Applications&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Ellis+Horwood+Limited+%2F+Simon+%26+Schuster+International+Group&rft.date=1993-02&rft.isbn=0-13-052564-2&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidsalomon.name%2Fassem.advertis%2Fasl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span> (xiv+294+4 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacob_2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacob_2008_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobNgWangRodrigez2008" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Bruce; Ng, Spencer W.; Wang, David T.; Rodrigez, Samuel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrP3aWed-esC&pg=PA147">"Part I Chapter 3.1.3 On-Line Locality Optimizations: Dynamic Compression of Instructions and Data"</a>. <i>Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk</i>. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Architecture and Design. <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers" title="Morgan Kaufmann Publishers">Morgan Kaufmann Publishers</a> / Elsevier. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-379751-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-379751-3"><bdi>978-0-12-379751-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I+Chapter+3.1.3+On-Line+Locality+Optimizations%3A+Dynamic+Compression+of+Instructions+and+Data&rft.btitle=Memory+Systems%3A+Cache%2C+DRAM%2C+Disk&rft.series=The+Morgan+Kaufmann+Series+in+Computer+Architecture+and+Design&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers+%2F+Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-12-379751-3&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Ng%2C+Spencer+W.&rft.au=Wang%2C+David+T.&rft.au=Rodrigez%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrP3aWed-esC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span> (900 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2018_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2018_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_W._Jones" title="Douglas W. Jones">Jones, Douglas W.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/opsys/notes/07.shtml">"Lecture 7, Object Codes, Loaders and Linkers - Final steps on the road to machine code"</a>. <i>Operating Systems, Spring 2018</i>. Part of the CS:3620 Operating Systems Collection. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Iowa">The University of Iowa</a>, Department of Computer Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606164231/http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/opsys/notes/07.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Operating+Systems%2C+Spring+2018&rft.atitle=Lecture+7%2C+Object+Codes%2C+Loaders+and+Linkers+-+Final+steps+on+the+road+to+machine+code&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.divms.uiowa.edu%2F~jones%2Fopsys%2Fnotes%2F07.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boehm-Steel_1958-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boehm-Steel_1958_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boehm-Steel_1958_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoehmSteel,_Jr.1958" class="citation conference cs1">Boehm, Elaine M.; Steel, Jr., Thomas B. (June 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/610937.610953"><i>Machine Implementation of Symbolic Programming - Summary of a Paper to be Presented at the Summer 1958 Meeting of the ACM</i></a>. ACM '58: Preprints of papers presented at the 13th national meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery. pp. <span class="nowrap">17-1 –</span> <span class="nowrap">17-3</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F610937.610953">10.1145/610937.610953</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606075930/https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/610937.610953">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Machine+Implementation+of+Symbolic+Programming+-+Summary+of+a+Paper+to+be+Presented+at+the+Summer+1958+Meeting+of+the+ACM&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-1+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-3%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1958-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F610937.610953&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Elaine+M.&rft.au=Steel%2C+Jr.%2C+Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1145%2F610937.610953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span> (3 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boehm-Steel_1959-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boehm-Steel_1959_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boehm-Steel_1959_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boehm-Steel_1959_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoehmSteel,_Jr.1959" class="citation journal cs1">Boehm, Elaine M.; Steel, Jr., Thomas B. (April 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F320964.320968">"The SHARE 709 System: Machine Implementation of Symbolic Programming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_ACM" title="Journal of the ACM">Journal of the ACM</a></i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">134–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F320964.320968">10.1145/320964.320968</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16545134">16545134</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">137–</span>138: <q>[…] There is an interesting feature related to the encoding of symbols for inclusion in the dictionary. In the usual mode of expression, symbols may be constructed from a set of 50 characters. If encoding were character by character, six bits would be required for the representation of each such character. As a symbol may contain as many as six characters, a total of 36 bits would be required for the representation of each symbol. This might seem convenient, as the length of a 709 word is exactly 36 bits, but a moment's consideration shows that it is unfortunate as it would be desirable to have a bit or two available in the same word as the symbol representation, giving a clue to the nature of the symbol. These flagging bits can be obtained. Let each character possible represent a digit in a number system having a <a href="/wiki/Base_50_(numeral_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Base 50 (numeral system)">base of fifty</a>. Now six character symbols may be read as natural numbers in a base fifty system. If these numbers are converted to the usual base two system, only 34 bits are required for the maximum number and a gain of two flag bits has been made. This has the incidental feature of decreasing the requisite number of bits for representing the entire code, but conversion time would outweigh the saving by a significant margin were it not for the peculiar length of the 709 word. Here is a clear illustration of the critical effect the precise specifications of the machine concerned hold over the details of an encoding schema. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+SHARE+709+System%3A+Machine+Implementation+of+Symbolic+Programming&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1959-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F320964.320968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16545134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Elaine+M.&rft.au=Steel%2C+Jr.%2C+Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F320964.320968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span> (7 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shell_1959-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shell_1959_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShell1959" class="citation journal cs1">Shell, Donald L. (April 1959) [October 1958]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F320964.320966">"The SHARE 709 System: A Cooperative Effort"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_ACM" title="Journal of the ACM">Journal of the ACM</a></i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F320964.320966">10.1145/320964.320966</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16476514">16476514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+SHARE+709+System%3A+A+Cooperative+Effort&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1959-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F320964.320966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16476514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shell&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F320964.320966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span> (5 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7090genInfo_1959-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7090genInfo_1959_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7090/G22-6505-2_7090genInfo.pdf">"IBM 7090 Data Porcessing System General Information"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM. 1959. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13. G22-6505-.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+7090+Data+Porcessing+System+General+Information&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F7090%2FG22-6505-2_7090genInfo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PORTHOS_1964-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PORTHOS_1964_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanSnyder1964" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, John Robert; Snyder, James N. (1964-04-15). "3.3.2.1 SCAT". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4834584.pdf"><i>The PORTHOS Executive System for the IBM 7094 - User's Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>, Graduate College Digital Computer Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607163131/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4834584.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-07</span></span>. <q>[…] SCAT is a two part assembler which in brief operates as follows: Programs written symbolically as one order per card are ingested during the first phase by the "compiler" which scans the program for symbols and outputs a condensed deck of cards (SQUOZE deck) containing tables of these symbols and the program condensed and efficiently coded. During the second phase this SQUOZE deck is ingested by the "modify and load" program which converts the object program to binary machine language which by option can either be loaded ready to run or output on absolute binary cards (23 orders per card) for loading and running at a later time. The "lister" can produce a printed version of the program at either of these stages. Symbolic corrections to a program can be inserted into the second phase along with the SQUOZE deck. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.3.2.1+SCAT&rft.btitle=The+PORTHOS+Executive+System+for+the+IBM+7094+-+User%27s+Manual&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois%2C+Graduate+College+Digital+Computer+Laboratory&rft.date=1964-04-15&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rft.au=Snyder%2C+James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F4834584.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOS_Reference_1961-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOS_Reference_1961_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/share/SOS_Reference_Manual_Jun61.pdf"><i>SOS Reference Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. November 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOS+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1959-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2Fshare%2FSOS_Reference_Manual_Jun61.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEC_1971_PAL-11R-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEC_1971_PAL-11R_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"8.10 .RAD50". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_decpdp11do11RAssemblerProgrammersManualMay71_2572677"><i>PAL-11R Assembler - Programmer's Manual - Program Assembly Language and Relocatable Assembler for the Disk Operating System</i></a> (2nd revised printing ed.). Maynard, Massachusetts, USA: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>. May 1971 [February 1971]. p. 8-8. DEC-11-ASDB-D<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-18</span></span>. p. 8-8: <q>[…] <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> systems programs often handle symbols in a specially coded form called <a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">RADIX 50</a> (this form is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/DEC_MOD40" class="mw-redirect" title="DEC MOD40">MOD40</a>). This form allows 3 characters to be packed into 16 bits […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.10+.RAD50&rft.btitle=PAL-11R+Assembler+-+Programmer%27s+Manual+-+Program+Assembly+Language+and+Relocatable+Assembler+for+the+Disk+Operating+System&rft.place=Maynard%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pages=8-8&rft.edition=2nd+revised+printing&rft.pub=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.date=1971-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_decpdp11do11RAssemblerProgrammersManualMay71_2572677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_decpdp11do11RAssemblerProgrammersManualMay71_2572677">[3]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQUOZE&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Al (2016-11-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hackaday.com/2016/11/22/squoze-your-data/">"Squoze your data"</a>. <i>Hackaday</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606101541/https://hackaday.com/2016/11/22/squoze-your-data/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hackaday&rft.atitle=Squoze+your+data&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhackaday.com%2F2016%2F11%2F22%2Fsquoze-your-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQUOZE" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SQUOZE&oldid=1238130903">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SQUOZE&oldid=1238130903</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executable_file_formats" title="Category:Executable file formats">Executable file formats</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_location_test" title="Category:CS1 location test">CS1 location test</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_list-defined_references_from_December_2021" title="Category:Use list-defined references from December 2021">Use list-defined references from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from July 2024">Articles to be expanded from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 August 2024, at 08:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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