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</a> <ul id="toc-Golden_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Flow </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flow-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Flow subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhyme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhyme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Rhyme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhyme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Rhythm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groove_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groove_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Groove classes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groove_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rap_notation_and_flow_diagrams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rap_notation_and_flow_diagrams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Rap notation and flow diagrams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rap_notation_and_flow_diagrams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Performance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Performance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emcees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emcees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Emcees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emcees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_rappers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_rappers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Female rappers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_rappers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subject_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Subject matter </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subject_matter-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subject matter subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subject_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Literary technique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diction_and_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diction_and_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Diction and dialect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diction_and_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freestyle_and_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freestyle_and_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Freestyle and battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freestyle_and_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Derivatives and influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivatives_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rapping</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" > 95 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kletsrym" title="Kletsrym – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kletsrym" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="راب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D6%83" title="Ռափ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռափ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="ৰেপাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰেপাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep" title="Rep – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rep" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="رپ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رپ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8D%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="র‍্যাপিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="র‍্যাপিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BF" title="Рэп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BF" title="Рэп – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Рап – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рап" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapejar" title="Rapejar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rapejar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapio" title="Rapio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rapio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="راپ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="راپ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1ppa" title="Ráppa – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ráppa" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4pp" title="Räpp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Räpp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CF%80_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ραπ μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραπ μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapear" title="Rapear – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rapear" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repo" title="Repo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Repo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="رپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rapping" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_(muzykstyl)" title="Rap (muzykstyl) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rap (muzykstyl)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%A9_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85)" title="랩 (음악) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랩 (음악)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D6%83" title="Ռեփ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեփ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AA" title="रैप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रैप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapp" title="Rapp – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rapp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rapping" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="ראפינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ראפינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurap" title="Kurap – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kurap" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recitatio_rapiana" title="Recitatio rapiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Recitatio rapiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reps" title="Reps – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Reps" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repas" title="Repas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Repas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Рап – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рап" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="راب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="رپ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رپ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_(muziekstijl)" title="Rap (muziekstijl) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rap (muziekstijl)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%97" title="ラップ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラップ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rapping" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rapping" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep" title="Rep – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rep" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੈਪ ਗਾਇਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੈਪ ਗਾਇਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BF" title="Рэп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рэп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_rap" title="Musica rap – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Musica rap" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapmusik" title="Rapmusik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Rapmusik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repi" title="Repi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Repi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rapping" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep_(hudba)" title="Rep (hudba) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rep (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="ڕاپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Реповање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Реповање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4pp%C3%A4ys" title="Räppäys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Räppäys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="சொல்லிசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொல்லிசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BF" title="Рэп – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рэп" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9B" title="แร็ป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แร็ป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BF" title="Рэп – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рэп" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_yapmak" title="Rap yapmak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rap yapmak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Реп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%BE" title="رەپ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رەپ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9zega_rap" title="Mùzega rap – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mùzega rap" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappigne" title="Rappigne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rappigne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%B4%E5%94%B1" title="说唱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="说唱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ראפ מוזיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראפ מוזיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep" title="Rep – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rep" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A5%92%E8%88%8C" title="饒舌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="饒舌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6010#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rap_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rap (disambiguation)">Rap (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about rapping as a technique or activity. For more information on the music genre, see <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_cent_en_concierto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/50_cent_en_concierto.jpg/220px-50_cent_en_concierto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/50_cent_en_concierto.jpg/330px-50_cent_en_concierto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/50_cent_en_concierto.jpg/440px-50_cent_en_concierto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>American rapper <a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a> (Curtis Jackson) sporting a <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop (culture)">hip-hop</a> look at <a href="/wiki/Warfield_Theatre" title="Warfield Theatre">Warfield Theatre</a>, San Francisco, June 3, 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eminem-01-mika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eminem-01-mika.jpg/220px-Eminem-01-mika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eminem-01-mika.jpg/330px-Eminem-01-mika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eminem-01-mika.jpg/440px-Eminem-01-mika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>American rapper <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich, Germany</a>, 1999</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm/220px--King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="94" data-durationhint="204" data-mwtitle="King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_(Official_Video).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_(Official_Video).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm/King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm/King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm/King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="108" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm/King_Kapisi_-_Raise_Up_%28Official_Video%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="182" /></video><figcaption>New Zealand rapper <a href="/wiki/King_Kapisi" title="King Kapisi">King Kapisi</a> (Bill Urale) made a basketball-themed music video for his 2005 single "Raise Up".</figcaption></figure> Rapping (also rhyming, flowing, spitting,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> emceeing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009xii-2">[2]</a> or MCing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009xii-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200981-3">[3]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Artistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic">artistic</a> form of vocal delivery and <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotive</a> expression that incorporates "<a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmic</a> speech, and [commonly] street <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> It is usually performed over a backing <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> accompaniment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> The components of rap include "content" (what is being said, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a>), "flow" (<a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a>), and "delivery" (<a href="/wiki/Cadence_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadence (music)">cadence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">tone</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009x-5">[5]</a> Rap differs from <a href="/wiki/Spoken-word_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoken-word poetry">spoken-word poetry</a> in that it is usually performed off-time to musical accompaniment.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It also differs from <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a>, which varies in <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and does <a href="/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music" title="Non-lexical vocables in music">not always include words</a>. Because they do not rely on pitch inflection, some rap artists may play with timbre or other vocal qualities. Rap is a primary ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop music</a>, and so commonly associated with the genre that it is sometimes called "rap music". Precursors to modern rap music include the West African <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a> tradition,<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> certain vocal styles of <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a><a href="#cite_note-tony-8">[8]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-digitopia-9">[9]</a> an African-American insult game called <a href="/wiki/Dozens_(game)" title="Dozens (game)">playing the dozens</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">Battle rap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diss_(music)" title="Diss (music)">Diss</a>),<a href="#cite_note-usso.uk-10">[10]</a> and 1960s African-American poetry.<a href="#cite_note-ny-ali-11">[11]</a> Stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop (culture)">hip-hop cultural movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rap_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap music">rap music</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, in the early 1970s and became part of popular music later that decade.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Rapping developed from the announcements made over the microphone at parties by <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies" title="Master of ceremonies">MCs</a>, evolving into more complex lyrical performances.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Rap is usually delivered over a <a href="/wiki/Beats_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beats (music)">beat</a>, typically provided by a <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turntablist" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntablist">turntablist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Beatboxer" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatboxer">beatboxer</a> when performing live. Much less commonly a rapper can decide to perform <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a>, meaning without accompaniment of any sort. When a rap or <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a> artist is creating a song, "track", or record, done primarily in a production studio, most frequently a <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">producer</a> provides the beat(s) for the MC to <a href="/wiki/Flow_(rapping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow (rapping)">flow</a> over. Stylistically, rap occupies a gray area between speech, prose, poetry, and <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The word, which predates the musical form, originally meant "to lightly strike",<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and is now used to describe quick speech or repartee.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The word has been used in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> since the 16th century. In the 1960s the word became a slang term meaning "to converse" in <a href="/wiki/African_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American English">African American vernacular</a>, and very soon after that came to denote the musical style.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The word "rap" is so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. Rap music has played a significant role in expressing social and political issues, addressing topics such as racism, poverty, and political oppression.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> By the 21st century, rap had become a global phenomenon, influencing music, fashion, and culture worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_poetry" title="History of poetry">History of poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican music">Jamaican music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talking_blues" title="Talking blues">Talking blues</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h3></div> The English verb rap has various meanings; these include "to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow",<a href="#cite_note-dictionary.reference.com-20">[20]</a> as well "to utter sharply or vigorously: to rap out a command".<a href="#cite_note-dictionary.reference.com-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</a> gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning "to utter (esp. an oath) sharply, vigorously, or suddenly".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Wentworth and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Berg_Flexner" title="Stuart Berg Flexner">Flexner</a>'s Dictionary of American Slang gives the meaning "to speak to, recognize, or acknowledge acquaintance with someone", dated 1932,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and a later meaning of "to converse, esp. in an open and frank manner".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> It is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of <a href="/wiki/Repartee" class="mw-redirect" title="Repartee">repartee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> A rapper refers to a performer who "raps". By the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to <a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a>, rap was a slang term referring to an oration or speech, such as was common among the "hip" crowd in the protest movements, but it did not come to be associated with a musical style for another decade.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1970 on <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a>' album <a href="/wiki/...To_Be_Continued_(Isaac_Hayes_album)" title="...To Be Continued (Isaac Hayes album)">...To Be Continued</a> with the track name "Monologue: Ike's Rap I".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Hayes' "husky-voiced sexy spoken 'raps' became key components in his signature sound".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Del_the_Funky_Homosapien" title="Del the Funky Homosapien">Del the Funky Homosapien</a> similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a stylistic manner in the early 1970s: "I was born in '72 ... back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—you're trying to convince somebody. That's what rapping is, it's in the way you talk."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Rap is sometimes said to be an acronym for 'Rhythm And Poetry', though this is not the origin of the word<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and so may be a <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots_and_origin">Roots and origin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_jugband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Memphis_jugband.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Jug_Band" title="Memphis Jug Band">Memphis Jug Band</a>, an early blues group, whose lyrical content and rhythmic singing predated rapping</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Hill_Louis_-_Gotta_Let_You_Go.ogg" title="File:Joe Hill Louis - Gotta Let You Go.ogg">Gotta Let You Go</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Joe_Hill_Louis_-_Gotta_Let_You_Go.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a5/Joe_Hill_Louis_-_Gotta_Let_You_Go.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/a/a5/Joe_Hill_Louis_-_Gotta_Let_You_Go.ogg/Joe_Hill_Louis_-_Gotta_Let_You_Go.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_Louis" title="Joe Hill Louis">Joe Hill Louis</a>'s song "Gotta Let You Go" is an early example of rapping in <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Similarities to rapping can be observed in West African chanting folk traditions. Centuries before <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop music">hip-hop music</a> existed, the <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a> of West Africans were delivering stories <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmically</a>, over <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> and sparse instrumentation. Such resemblances have been noted by many modern artists, modern day "griots", <a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a> artists, mainstream news sources, and academics.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Rap lyrics and music are part of the "Black rhetorical continuum", continuing past traditions of expanding upon them through "creative use of language and rhetorical styles and strategies".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_blues" title="Origins of the blues">rooted</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Work_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Work songs">work songs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spirituals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, was first played by black Americans around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>. This way of preaching, unique to African-Americans, called the <a href="/wiki/Black_sermonic_tradition" title="Black sermonic tradition">Black sermonic tradition</a> influenced singers and musicians such as 1940s African-American gospel group <a href="/wiki/The_Jubalaires" title="The Jubalaires">The Jubalaires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The Jubalaire's songs "The Preacher and the Bear" (1941) and "Noah" (1946) are precursors to the genre of rap music. The Jubalaires and other African-American singing groups during the blues, jazz, and gospel era are examples of the origins and development of rap music.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Grammy-winning blues musician/historian <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wald" title="Elijah Wald">Elijah Wald</a> and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-r12-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Wald went so far as to call <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> "the living blues".<a href="#cite_note-r12-44">[44]</a> A notable recorded example of rapping in blues was the 1950 song "Gotta Let You Go" by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_Louis" title="Joe Hill Louis">Joe Hill Louis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tony-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a>, which developed from the blues and other African-American and European musical traditions and originated around the beginning of the 20th century, has also influenced hip hop and has been cited as a precursor of hip hop. Not just jazz music and lyrics but also <a href="/wiki/Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">jazz poetry</a>. According to John Sobol, the jazz musician and poet who wrote Digitopia Blues, rap "bears a striking resemblance to the evolution of jazz both stylistically and formally".<a href="#cite_note-digitopia-9">[9]</a> Boxer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> anticipated elements of rap, often using <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme schemes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a> poetry, both for when he was <a href="/wiki/Trash_talk" title="Trash talk">trash talking</a> in boxing and as <a href="/wiki/Political_poetry" title="Political poetry">political poetry</a> for his activism outside of boxing, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Poets" title="The Last Poets">The Last Poets</a> in 1968, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron" title="Gil Scott-Heron">Gil Scott-Heron</a> in 1970, and the emergence of rap music in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-ny-ali-11">[11]</a> An editor of the newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Fayetteville_Observer" title="The Fayetteville Observer">The Fayetteville Observer</a> interviewed Bill Curtis of the disco-funk music group the <a href="/wiki/Fatback_Band" title="Fatback Band">Fatback Band</a> in 2020. Curtis noted that when he moved to the Bronx in the 1970s he heard people rapping over scratched records throughout the neighborhoods and radio DJs were rapping before the genre was released on retail recordings. The Fatback Band released the first rap recording, "<a href="/wiki/King_Tim_III_(Personality_Jock)" title="King Tim III (Personality Jock)">King Tim III (Personality Jock)</a>", a few weeks before the <a href="/wiki/The_Sugarhill_Gang" title="The Sugarhill Gang">Sugarhill Gang</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In another interview Curtis said: "There was rapping in the Bronx and the cats there had been doing it for a while...Fatback certainly didn't invent rap or anything. I was just interested in it and I guess years later we were the first to record it. At the time you could already see cats rapping everywhere in the streets and doing stuff."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> With the decline of <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> in the early 1980s rap became a new form of expression. Rap arose from musical experimentation with rhyming, rhythmic speech. Rap was a departure from disco. Sherley Anne Williams refers to the development of rap as "anti-Disco" in style and means of reproduction. The early productions of Rap after Disco sought a more simplified manner of producing the tracks they were to sing over. Williams explains how Rap composers and DJ's opposed the heavily orchestrated and ritzy multi-tracks of Disco for "break beats" which were created from compiling different records from numerous genres and did not require the equipment from professional <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studios</a>. Professional studios were not necessary therefore opening the production of rap to the youth who as Williams explains felt "locked out" because of the capital needed to produce Disco records.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> More directly related to the African-American community were items like schoolyard chants and taunts, <a href="/wiki/Clapping_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapping games">clapping games</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Skipping-rope_rhyme" title="Skipping-rope rhyme">jump-rope rhymes</a>, some with unwritten folk histories going back hundreds of years across many nationalities. Sometimes these items contain racially offensive lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-rap">Proto-rap</h3></div> In his narration between the tracks on <a href="/wiki/George_Russell_(composer)" title="George Russell (composer)">George Russell</a>'s 1958 jazz album <a href="/wiki/New_York,_N.Y._(album)" title="New York, N.Y. (album)">New York, N.Y.</a>, the singer <a href="/wiki/Jon_Hendricks" title="Jon Hendricks">Jon Hendricks</a> recorded something close to modern rap, since it all rhymed and was delivered in a hip, rhythm-conscious manner. Art forms such as spoken word jazz poetry and comedy records had an influence on the first rappers.<a href="#cite_note-thafoundation.com-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coke_La_Rock" title="Coke La Rock">Coke La Rock</a>, often credited as hip-hop's first MC<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> cites the <a href="/wiki/Last_Poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Poets">Last Poets</a> among his influences, as well as comedians such as <a href="/wiki/Wild_Man_Steve" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild Man Steve">Wild Man Steve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thafoundation.com-54">[54]</a> Comedian <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ray_Moore" title="Rudy Ray Moore">Rudy Ray Moore</a> released under the counter albums in the 1960s and 1970s such as This Pussy Belongs to Me (1970), which contained "raunchy, sexually explicit rhymes that often had to do with pimps, prostitutes, players, and hustlers",<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and which later led to him being called "The Godfather of Rap".<a href="#cite_note-chicago-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron" title="Gil Scott-Heron">Gil Scott-Heron</a>, a jazz poet/musician, has been cited as an influence on rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Chuck_D" title="Chuck D">Chuck D</a> and <a href="/wiki/KRS-One" title="KRS-One">KRS-One</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Scott-Heron himself was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Van_Peebles" title="Melvin Van Peebles">Melvin Van Peebles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> whose first album was 1968's <a href="/wiki/Brer_Soul" title="Brer Soul">Brer Soul</a>. Van Peebles describes his vocal style as "the old Southern style", which was influenced by singers he had heard growing up in South <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VanPeebles-61">[61]</a> Van Peebles also said that he was influenced by older forms of <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a>: "... people like <a href="/wiki/Blind_Lemon_Jefferson" title="Blind Lemon Jefferson">Blind Lemon Jefferson</a> and the field hollers. I was also influenced by spoken word song styles from Germany that I encountered when I lived in France."<a href="#cite_note-George-62">[62]</a> During the mid-20th century, the musical culture of the Caribbean was constantly influenced by the concurrent changes in <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">American music</a>. As early as 1956,<a href="#cite_note-:1-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey#Dancehall/reggae_deejays" title="Disc jockey">deejays</a> were <a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">toasting</a> over <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dubbed</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a> beats. It was called "rap", expanding the word's earlier meaning in the African-American community—"to discuss or debate informally."<a href="#cite_note-r0-64">[64]</a> The early rapping of hip-hop developed out of <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies" title="Master of ceremonies">master of ceremonies</a>' announcements made over the microphone at parties, and later into more complex raps.<a href="#cite_note-Charlie_Ahearn_2002-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Caz" title="Grandmaster Caz">Grandmaster Caz</a> stated: "The microphone was just used for making announcements, like when the next party was gonna be, or people's moms would come to the party looking for them, and you have to announce it on the mic. Different DJs started embellishing what they were saying. I would make an announcement this way, and somebody would hear that and they add a little bit to it. I'd hear it again and take it a little step further 'til it turned from lines to sentences to paragraphs to verses to rhymes."<a href="#cite_note-Charlie_Ahearn_2002-65">[65]</a> One of the first rappers at the beginning of the hip hop period, at the end of the 1970s, was also hip hop's first <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a>. Herc, a Jamaican immigrant, started delivering simple raps at his parties, which some claim were inspired by the Jamaican tradition of <a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">toasting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-daveyd1-66">[66]</a> However, Kool Herc himself denies this link (in the 1984 book Hip Hop), saying, "Jamaican toasting? Naw, naw. No connection there. I couldn't play reggae in the Bronx. People wouldn't accept it. The inspiration for rap is <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> and the album <a href="/wiki/Hustlers_Convention_(Lightnin%27_Rod_album)" title="Hustlers Convention (Lightnin' Rod album)">Hustler's Convention</a>".<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Herc also suggests he was too young while in Jamaica to get into sound system parties: "I couldn't get in. Couldn't get in. I was ten, eleven years old,"<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and that while in Jamaica, he was listening to James Brown: "I was listening to American music in Jamaica and my favorite artist was James Brown. That's who inspired me. A lot of the records I played were by James Brown."<a href="#cite_note-daveyd1-66">[66]</a> However, in terms of what was identified in the 2010s as "rap", the source came from Manhattan. Pete DJ Jones said the first person he heard rap was <a href="/wiki/DJ_Hollywood" title="DJ Hollywood">DJ Hollywood</a>, a Harlem (not Bronx) native<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> who was the house DJ at the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a>. Kurtis Blow also said the first person he heard rhyme was DJ Hollywood.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In a 2014 interview, Hollywood said: "I used to like the way <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Crocker" title="Frankie Crocker">Frankie Crocker</a> would ride a track, but he wasn't syncopated to the track though. I liked [WWRL DJ] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hank_Spann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hank Spann (page does not exist)">Hank Spann</a> too, but he wasn't on the one. Guys back then weren't concerned with being musical. I wanted to flow with the record". And in 1975, he ushered in what became known as the "hip hop" style by rhyming syncopated to the beat of an existing record uninterruptedly for nearly a minute. He adapted the lyrics of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a>' "Good Love 6-9969" and rhymed it to the breakdown part of "Love Is the Message".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> His partner Kevin Smith, better known as <a href="/wiki/Lovebug_Starski" title="Lovebug Starski">Lovebug Starski</a>, took this new style and introduced it to the Bronx hip hop set that until then was composed of DJing and <a href="/wiki/B-boying" class="mw-redirect" title="B-boying">b-boying</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">beatboxing</a>), with traditional "shout out" style rapping. The style that Hollywood created and his partner introduced to the hip hop set quickly became the standard. Before that time, most MC rhymes, based on radio DJs, consisted of short patters that were disconnected thematically; they were separate unto themselves. But by using song lyrics, Hollywood gave his rhyme an inherent flow and theme. This was quickly noticed, and the style spread. By the end of the 1970s, artists such as <a href="/wiki/Kurtis_Blow" title="Kurtis Blow">Kurtis Blow</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sugarhill_Gang" title="The Sugarhill Gang">the Sugarhill Gang</a> were starting to receive radio airplay and make an impact far outside of New York City, on a national scale. <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a>'s 1981 single, "<a href="/wiki/Rapture_(Blondie_song)" title="Rapture (Blondie song)">Rapture</a>", was one of the first songs featuring rap to top the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a> chart. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old-school_hip_hop">Old-school hip hop</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school hip hop</a></div> Old school rap (1979–84)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> was "easily identified by its relatively simple raps"<a href="#cite_note-allmusic.com-73">[73]</a> according to <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>, "the emphasis was not on lyrical technique, but simply on good times",<a href="#cite_note-allmusic.com-73">[73]</a> one notable exception being <a href="/wiki/Melle_Mel" title="Melle Mel">Melle Mel</a>, who set the way for future rappers through his socio-political content and creative wordplay.<a href="#cite_note-allmusic.com-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age">Golden age</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age hip hop">Golden age hip hop</a></div> Golden age hip hop (the mid-1980s to early '90s)<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-74">[74]</a> was the time period where hip-hop lyricism went through its most drastic transformation – writer William Jelani Cobb says "in these golden years, a critical mass of mic prodigies were literally creating themselves and their art form at the same time"<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and Allmusic writes, "rhymers like <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (group)">PE</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chuck_D" title="Chuck D">Chuck D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane" title="Big Daddy Kane">Big Daddy Kane</a>, <a href="/wiki/KRS-One" title="KRS-One">KRS-One</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rakim" title="Rakim">Rakim</a> basically invented the complex wordplay and lyrical kung-fu of later hip-hop".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-76">[76]</a> The golden age is considered to have ended around 1993–94, marking the end of rap lyricism's most innovative period.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flow">Flow</h2></div> "Flow" is defined as "the rhythms and rhymes"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003inside_cover,_10,_17-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrims200148–49-79">[79]</a> of a hip-hop song's lyrics and how they interact – the book <a href="/wiki/How_to_Rap" title="How to Rap">How to Rap</a> breaks flow down into rhyme, <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme schemes</a>, and rhythm (also known as <a href="/wiki/Cadence_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadence (music)">cadence</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200963-130-80">[80]</a> 'Flow' is also sometimes used to refer to elements of the delivery (<a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">volume</a>) as well,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrims200144-81">[81]</a> though often a distinction is made between the flow and the delivery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003inside_cover,_10,_17-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009-77">[77]</a> Staying on the beat is central to rap's flow<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200963–79-82">[82]</a> – many <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Ceremonies#Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Ceremonies">MCs</a> note the importance of staying on-beat in How to Rap including <a href="/wiki/Sean_Price" title="Sean Price">Sean Price</a>, Mighty Casey, <a href="/wiki/Zion_I" title="Zion I">Zion I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Paz" title="Vinnie Paz">Vinnie Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fredro_Starr" title="Fredro Starr">Fredro Starr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Del_the_Funky_Homosapien" title="Del the Funky Homosapien">Del the Funky Homosapien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tech_N9ne" title="Tech N9ne">Tech N9ne</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_Under_the_Stairs" title="People Under the Stairs">People Under the Stairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twista" title="Twista">Twista</a>, <a href="/wiki/B-Real" title="B-Real">B-Real</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr_Lif" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Lif">Mr Lif</a>, <a href="/wiki/2Mex" title="2Mex">2Mex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cage_(rapper)" title="Cage (rapper)">Cage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200963–79-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Ceremonies#Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Ceremonies">MCs</a> stay on beat by stressing syllables in time to the four beats of the musical backdrop.<a href="#cite_note-Attridge,_Derek_2002,_p._90-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200971–72-84">[84]</a> Poetry scholar <a href="/wiki/Derek_Attridge" title="Derek Attridge">Derek Attridge</a> describes how this works in his book Poetic Rhythm – "rap lyrics are written to be performed to an accompaniment that emphasizes the metrical structure of the verse".<a href="#cite_note-Attridge,_Derek_2002,_p._90-83">[83]</a> He says rap lyrics are made up of, "lines with four stressed beats, separated by other syllables that may vary in number and may include other stressed syllables. The strong beat of the accompaniment coincides with the stressed beats of the verse, and the rapper organizes the rhythms of the intervening syllables to provide variety and surprise".<a href="#cite_note-Attridge,_Derek_2002,_p._90-83">[83]</a> The same technique is also noted in the book How to Rap, where diagrams are used to show how the lyrics line up with the beat – "stressing a syllable on each of the four beats gives the lyrics the same underlying rhythmic pulse as the music and keeps them in rhythm ... other syllables in the song may still be stressed, but the ones that fall in time with the four beats of a bar are the only ones that need to be emphasized in order to keep the lyrics in time with the music".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200972-85">[85]</a> In rap terminology, 16-bars is the amount of time that rappers are generally given to perform a <a href="/wiki/Guest_appearance" title="Guest appearance">guest</a> verse on another artist's song; one bar is typically equal to four beats of music.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> Old school flows were relatively basic and used only few syllables per bar, simple rhythmic patterns, and basic rhyming techniques and rhyme schemes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrims200144-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Melle Mel is cited as an MC who epitomizes the old school flow – <a href="/wiki/Kool_Moe_Dee" title="Kool Moe Dee">Kool Moe Dee</a> says, "from 1970 to 1978 we rhymed one way [then] Melle Mel, in 1978, gave us the new cadence we would use from 1978 to 1986".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003325-88">[88]</a> He's the first emcee to explode in a new rhyme cadence, and change the way every emcee rhymed forever. Rakim, <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">The Notorious B.I.G.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a> have flipped the flow, but Melle Mel's downbeat on the two, four, kick to snare cadence is still the rhyme foundation all emcees are building on".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003334-89">[89]</a> Artists and critics often credit <a href="/wiki/Rakim" title="Rakim">Rakim</a> with creating the overall shift from the more simplistic old school flows to more complex flows near the beginning of hip hop's <a href="/wiki/New_school_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="New school hip hop">new school</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003224-90">[90]</a> – Kool Moe Dee says, "any emcee that came after 1986 had to study Rakim just to know what to be able to do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003324-91">[91]</a> Rakim, in 1986, gave us flow and that was the rhyme style from 1986 to 1994.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003325-88">[88]</a> From that point on, anybody emceeing was forced to focus on their flow".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003326-92">[92]</a> Kool Moe Dee explains that before Rakim, the term 'flow' was not widely used – "Rakim is basically the inventor of flow. We were not even using the word flow until Rakim came along. It was called rhyming, it was called cadence, but it wasn't called flow. Rakim created flow!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003328-93">[93]</a> He adds that while Rakim upgraded and popularized the focus on flow, "he didn't invent the word".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003324-91">[91]</a> Kool Moe Dee states that Biggie introduced a newer flow which "dominated from 1994 to 2002",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003325-88">[88]</a> and also says that <a href="/wiki/Method_Man" title="Method Man">Method Man</a> was "one of the emcees from the early to mid-'90s that ushered in the era of flow ... Rakim invented it, Big Daddy Kane, KRS-One, and <a href="/wiki/Kool_G_Rap" title="Kool G Rap">Kool G Rap</a> expanded it, but Biggie and Method Man made flow the single most important aspect of an emcee's game".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003206-94">[94]</a> He also cites <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mack" title="Craig Mack">Craig Mack</a> as an artist who contributed to developing flow in the '90s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee200339-95">[95]</a> Music scholar Adam Krims says, "the flow of MCs is one of the profoundest changes that separates out new-sounding from older-sounding music ... it is widely recognized and remarked that rhythmic styles of many commercially successful MCs since roughly the beginning of the 1990s have progressively become faster and more 'complex'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrims200144-81">[81]</a> He cites "members of the <a href="/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan" title="Wu-Tang Clan">Wu-Tang Clan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nas" title="Nas">Nas</a>, <a href="/wiki/AZ_(rapper)" title="AZ (rapper)">AZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Pun" title="Big Pun">Big Pun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ras_Kass" title="Ras Kass">Ras Kass</a>, just to name a few"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrims200149-96">[96]</a> as artists who exemplify this progression. Kool Moe Dee adds, "in 2002 Eminem created the song that got the first Oscar in Hip-Hop history <a href="/wiki/Lose_Yourself#Legacy" title="Lose Yourself">[Lose Yourself]</a> ... and I would have to say that his flow is the most dominant right now (2003)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003325-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles">Styles</h3></div> There are many different styles of flow, with different terminology used by different people – <a href="/wiki/Stic.man" title="Stic.man">stic.man</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dead_Prez" title="Dead Prez">Dead Prez</a> uses the following terms – <ul><li>"The Chant", which he says is used by <a href="/wiki/Lil_Jon" title="Lil Jon">Lil Jon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Project_Pat" title="Project Pat">Project Pat</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEstic.man200563-97">[97]</a></li> <li>"The Syncopated Bounce", used by Twista and <a href="/wiki/Bone_Thugs-n-Harmony" title="Bone Thugs-n-Harmony">Bone Thugs-n-Harmony</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEstic.man200563-97">[97]</a></li> <li>"Straight Forward", used by <a href="/wiki/Scarface_(rapper)" title="Scarface (rapper)">Scarface</a>, <a href="/wiki/2Pac" class="mw-redirect" title="2Pac">2Pac</a>, Melle Mel, KRS-One circa <a href="/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions" title="Boogie Down Productions">Boogie Down Productions</a> era, <a href="/wiki/Too_Short" title="Too Short">Too Short</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_Cube" title="Ice Cube">Ice Cube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEstic.man200563–64-98">[98]</a></li> <li>"The Rubik's Cube", used by Nas, <a href="/wiki/Black_Thought" title="Black Thought">Black Thought</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Roots" title="The Roots">The Roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_(rapper)" title="Common (rapper)">Common</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurupt" title="Kurupt">Kurupt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEstic.man200564-99">[99]</a></li> <li>"2-5-Flow", a <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">pun</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes">calling code</a> "+254", used by <a href="/wiki/Camp_Mulla" title="Camp Mulla">Camp Mulla</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li></ul> Alternatively, music scholar Adam Krims uses the following terms – <ul><li>"sung rhythmic style", used by <a href="/wiki/Too_Short" title="Too Short">Too Short</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five" title="Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five">Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrims200150-101">[101]</a></li> <li>"percussion-effusive style", used by <a href="/wiki/B-Real" title="B-Real">B-Real</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hill" title="Cypress Hill">Cypress Hill</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrims200151-102">[102]</a></li> <li>"speech-effusive style", used by Big Pun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrims200151-102">[102]</a></li> <li>"offbeat style", used by <a href="/wiki/E-40" title="E-40">E-40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outkast" title="Outkast">Outkast</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhyme">Rhyme</h3></div> MCs use many different rhyming techniques, including complex rhyme schemes, as Adam Krims points out – "the complexity ... involves multiple rhymes in the same rhyme complex (i.e. section with consistently rhyming words), <a href="/wiki/Internal_rhyme" title="Internal rhyme">internal rhymes</a>, [and] offbeat rhymes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrims200149-96">[96]</a> There is also widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Multisyllabic_rhymes" title="Multisyllabic rhymes">multisyllabic rhymes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It has been noted that rap's use of rhyme is some of the most advanced in all forms of poetry – music scholar Adam Bradley notes, "rap rhymes so much and with such variety that it is now the largest and richest contemporary archive of rhymed words. It has done more than any other art form in recent history to expand rhyme's formal range and expressive possibilities".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In the book How to Rap, <a href="/wiki/Masta_Ace" title="Masta Ace">Masta Ace</a> explains how Rakim and Big Daddy Kane caused a shift in the way MCs rhymed: "Up until Rakim, everybody who you heard rhyme, the last word in the sentence was the rhyming [word], the connection word. Then Rakim showed us that you could put rhymes within a rhyme ... now here comes Big Daddy Kane — instead of going three words, he's going multiple".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009105-105">[105]</a> How to Rap explains that "rhyme is often thought to be the most important factor in rap writing ... rhyme is what gives rap lyrics their musicality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009xii-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhythm">Rhythm</h3></div> Many of the rhythmic techniques used in rapping come from percussive techniques and many rappers compare themselves to <a href="/wiki/Percussionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussionist">percussionists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> How to Rap 2 identifies all the rhythmic techniques used in rapping such as <a href="/wiki/Triplet_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triplet (music)">triplets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flam_(drum_rudiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flam (drum rudiment)">flams</a>, <a href="/wiki/16th_note" class="mw-redirect" title="16th note">16th notes</a>, <a href="/wiki/32nd_note" class="mw-redirect" title="32nd note">32nd notes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a>, extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Rest_(music)" title="Rest (music)">rests</a>, and rhythmic techniques unique to rapping such as West Coast "lazy tails", coined by <a href="/wiki/Shock_G" title="Shock G">Shock G</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Rapping has also been done in various <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signatures</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/3/4_time" class="mw-redirect" title="3/4 time">3/4 time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards,_Paul_2013_p_2-108">[108]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_music" title="2000s in music">2000s</a>, rapping has evolved into a style of rap that spills over the boundaries of the beat, closely resembling spoken English.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Rappers like <a href="/wiki/MF_Doom" title="MF Doom">MF Doom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a> have exhibited this style, and since then, rapping has been difficult to notate.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The American hip-hop group <a href="/wiki/Crime_Mob" title="Crime Mob">Crime Mob</a> exhibited a new rap flow in songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Knuck_If_You_Buck" title="Knuck If You Buck">Knuck If You Buck</a>", heavily dependent on triplets. Rappers including <a href="/wiki/Drake_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drake (rapper)">Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Ross" title="Rick Ross">Rick Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Jeezy" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Jeezy">Young Jeezy</a> and more have included this influence in their music. In 2014, an American hip-hop collective from <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migos" title="Migos">Migos</a>, popularized this flow, and is commonly referred to as the "Migos Flow" (a term that is contentious within the hip-hop community).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groove_classes">Groove classes</h3></div> Mitchell Ohriner in "Flow: The Rhythmic Voice in Rap Music" describes seven "groove classes" consisting of archetypal sixteen-step accent patterns generated by grouping notes in clusters of two and/or three.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> These groove classes are further distinguished from one another as "duple" and "nonduple". Groove classes without internal repetition can occur in any of sixteen rhythmic rotations, whereas groove classes with internal repetition have fewer meaningful rotations. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Groove class </th> <th>Duple or nonduple? </th> <th>Internal repetition? </th></tr> <tr> <td>2222_2222 </td> <td>duple </td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>332_332 </td> <td>nonduple </td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>332_2222 </td> <td>nonduple </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>323_2222 </td> <td>nonduple </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>333322 </td> <td>nonduple </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>333232 </td> <td>nonduple </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>3223222 </td> <td>nonduple </td> <td>no </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rap_notation_and_flow_diagrams">Rap notation and flow diagrams</h3></div> The standard form of rap notation is the flow diagram, where rappers line-up their lyrics underneath "beat numbers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200967-113">[113]</a> Different rappers have slightly different forms of flow diagram that they use: <a href="/wiki/Del_the_Funky_Homosapien" title="Del the Funky Homosapien">Del the Funky Homosapien</a> says, "I'm just writing out the rhythm of the flow, basically. Even if it's just slashes to represent the beats, that's enough to give me a visual path.",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200968-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Paz" title="Vinnie Paz">Vinnie Paz</a> states, "I've created my own sort of writing technique, like little marks and asterisks to show like a pause or emphasis on words in certain places.",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200967-113">[113]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aesop_Rock" title="Aesop Rock">Aesop Rock</a> says, "I have a system of maybe 10 little symbols that I use on paper that tell me to do something when I'm recording."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200967-113">[113]</a> Hip-hop scholars also make use of the same flow diagrams: the books How to Rap and How to Rap 2 use the diagrams to explain rap's triplets, flams, rests, rhyme schemes, runs of rhyme, and breaking rhyme patterns, among other techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards,_Paul_2013_p_2-108">[108]</a> Similar systems are used by PhD <a href="/wiki/Musicologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologists">musicologists</a> Adam Krims in his book Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrims200159–60-115">[115]</a> and Kyle Adams in his academic work on flow.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Because rap revolves around a strong 4/4 beat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200969-117">[117]</a> with certain syllables said in time to the beat, all the notational systems have a similar structure: they all have the same 4 beat numbers at the top of the diagram, so that syllables can be written in-line with the beat numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200969-117">[117]</a> This allows devices such as rests, "lazy tails", flams, and other rhythmic techniques to be shown, as well as illustrating where different rhyming words fall in relation to the music.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards,_Paul_2013_p_2-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Megaphone_State_at_Sello_library,_Finland_2011_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Megaphone_State_at_Sello_library%2C_Finland_2011_2.jpg/220px-The_Megaphone_State_at_Sello_library%2C_Finland_2011_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Megaphone_State_at_Sello_library%2C_Finland_2011_2.jpg/330px-The_Megaphone_State_at_Sello_library%2C_Finland_2011_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Megaphone_State_at_Sello_library%2C_Finland_2011_2.jpg/440px-The_Megaphone_State_at_Sello_library%2C_Finland_2011_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Ekow, part of The Megaphone State rap duo, performing at the <a href="/wiki/Sello_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Sello Library">Sello Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a>, Finland, in 2011</figcaption></figure> To successfully deliver a rap, a rapper must also develop vocal presence, <a href="/wiki/Enunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enunciation">enunciation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocal_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal technique">breath control</a>. Vocal presence is the distinctiveness of a rapper's voice on record. Enunciation is essential to a flowing rap; some rappers choose also to exaggerate it for comic and artistic effect. Breath control, taking in air without interrupting one's delivery, is an important skill for a rapper to master, and a must for any MC. An MC with poor breath control cannot deliver difficult verses without making unintentional pauses. Raps are sometimes delivered with melody. West Coast rapper <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lover" title="Egyptian Lover">Egyptian Lover</a> was the first notable MC to deliver "sing-raps".<a href="#cite_note-r10-118">[118]</a> Popular rappers such as <a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ja_Rule" title="Ja Rule">Ja Rule</a> add a slight melody to their otherwise purely percussive raps whereas some rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Cee-Lo_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Cee-Lo Green">Cee-Lo Green</a> are able to <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonize</a> their raps with the beat. The Midwestern group <a href="/wiki/Bone_Thugs-n-Harmony" title="Bone Thugs-n-Harmony">Bone Thugs-n-Harmony</a> was one of the first groups to achieve nationwide recognition for using the fast-paced, melodic and harmonic raps that are also practiced by <a href="/wiki/Do_or_Die_(group)" title="Do or Die (group)">Do or Die</a>, another Midwestern group. Another rapper that harmonized his rhymes was <a href="/wiki/Nate_Dogg" title="Nate Dogg">Nate Dogg</a>, a rapper part of the group 213. Rakim experimented not only with following the beat, but also with complementing the song's melody with his own voice, making his flow sound like that of an instrument (a saxophone in particular).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The ability to rap quickly and clearly is sometimes regarded as an important sign of skill. In certain <a href="/wiki/List_of_genres_of_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="List of genres of hip hop">hip-hop subgenres</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">chopped and screwed</a>, slow-paced rapping is often considered optimal. The current record for fastest rapper is held by Spanish rapper Domingo Edjang Moreno, known by his alias Chojin, who rapped 921 syllables in one minute on December 23, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emcees">Emcees</h3></div> In the late 1970s, the term emcee, MC or M.C., derived from "<a href="/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies" title="Master of ceremonies">master of ceremonies</a>",<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> became an alternative title for a rapper, and for their role within hip-hop music and culture. An MC uses rhyming verses, pre-written or ad lib ('<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">freestyled</a>'), to introduce the DJ with whom they work, to keep the crowd entertained or to glorify themselves. As hip hop progressed, the title MC acquired <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronyms</a> such as 'mike chanter'<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> 'microphone controller', 'microphone checker', 'music commentator', and one who 'moves the crowd'. Some use this word interchangeably with the term rapper, while for others the term denotes a superior level of skill and connection to the wider culture. MC can often be used as a term of distinction; referring to an artist with good performance skills.<a href="#cite_note-autogeneratedxii-123">[123]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Kool_G_Rap" title="Kool G Rap">Kool G Rap</a> notes, "masters of ceremony, where the word 'M.C.' comes from, means just keeping the party alive" <a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">[sic]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Many people in hip hop including DJ Premier and KRS-One feel that James Brown was the first MC. James Brown had the lyrics, moves, and soul that greatly influenced a lot of rappers in hip hop, and arguably even started the first MC rhyme.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> For some rappers, there was a distinction to the term, such as for <a href="/wiki/MC_Hammer" title="MC Hammer">MC Hammer</a> who acquired the nickname "MC" for being a "Master of Ceremonies" which he used when he began performing at various clubs while on the road with the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Athletics" title="Oakland Athletics">Oakland As</a> and eventually in the military (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> It was within the lyrics of a rap song called "<a href="/wiki/MC_Hammer#Music_and_entertainment_career" title="MC Hammer">This Wall</a>" that Hammer first identified himself as M.C. Hammer and later marketed it on his debut album <a href="/wiki/Feel_My_Power" title="Feel My Power">Feel My Power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The term MC has also been used in the genre of <a href="/wiki/Grime_music" title="Grime music">grime music</a> to refer to a rapid style of rapping. Grime artist <a href="/wiki/Jme_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jme (musician)">JME</a> released an album titled Grime MC in 2019 which peaked at 29 on the <a href="/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart" title="UK Albums Chart">UK Albums Chart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Uncertainty over the <a href="/wiki/Acronym_and_initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronym and initialism">acronym</a>'s expansion may be considered evidence for its ubiquity: the full term "Master of Ceremonies" is very rarely used in the hip-hop scene. This confusion prompted the hip-hop group <a href="/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest" title="A Tribe Called Quest">A Tribe Called Quest</a> to include this statement in the liner notes to their 1993 album <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Marauders" title="Midnight Marauders">Midnight Marauders</a>: <blockquote> The use of the term MC when referring to a rhyming wordsmith originates from the dance halls of Jamaica. At each event, there would be a master of ceremonies who would introduce the different musical acts and would say a toast in style of a rhyme, directed at the audience and to the performers. He would also make announcements such as the schedule of other events or advertisements from local sponsors. The term MC continued to be used by the children of women who moved to New York City to work as maids in the 1970s. These MCs eventually created a new style of music called hip-hop based on the rhyming they used to do in Jamaica and the breakbeats used in records. MC has also recently been accepted to refer to all who engineer music.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_rappers">Female rappers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicki_Minaj_VMAs_2018_(portrait_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nicki_Minaj_VMAs_2018_%28portrait_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nicki_Minaj_VMAs_2018_%28portrait_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nicki_Minaj_VMAs_2018_%28portrait_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nicki_Minaj_VMAs_2018_%28portrait_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nicki_Minaj_VMAs_2018_%28portrait_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nicki_Minaj_VMAs_2018_%28portrait_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicki_Minaj" title="Nicki Minaj">Nicki Minaj</a>, a female rapper, is sometimes regarded as the “<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Queen of Rap</a>”.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> Although the majority of rappers are male, there have been a number of female rap stars, including <a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/MC_Lyte" title="MC Lyte">MC Lyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Grae" title="Jean Grae">Jean Grae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil%27_Kim" title="Lil' Kim">Lil' Kim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missy_Elliott" title="Missy Elliott">Missy Elliott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Latifah" title="Queen Latifah">Queen Latifah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Da_Brat" title="Da Brat">Da Brat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trina_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trina (rapper)">Trina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion" title="Megan Thee Stallion">Megan Thee Stallion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicki_Minaj" title="Nicki Minaj">Nicki Minaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardi_B" title="Cardi B">Cardi B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khia" title="Khia">Khia</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.I.A._(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="M.I.A. (artist)">M.I.A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/CL_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="CL (singer)">CL</a> from <a href="/wiki/2NE1" title="2NE1">2NE1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(rapper)" title="Foxy Brown (rapper)">Foxy Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Azalea" title="Iggy Azalea">Iggy Azalea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eve_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eve (entertainer)">Eve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Lopes" title="Lisa Lopes">Lisa Lopes</a> from <a href="/wiki/TLC_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="TLC (band)">TLC</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subject_matter">Subject matter</h2></div> "Party rhymes", meant to excite the crowd at a party, were nearly the exclusive focus of old school hip hop, and they remain a staple of hip-hop music to this day. In addition to party raps, rappers also tend to make references to love and sex. Love raps were first popularized by <a href="/wiki/Spoonie_Gee" title="Spoonie Gee">Spoonie Gee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Treacherous_Three" title="Treacherous Three">Treacherous Three</a>, and later, in the golden age of hip hop, Big Daddy Kane, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_D" title="Heavy D">Heavy D</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a> would continue this tradition. Hip-hop artists such as KRS-One, <a href="/wiki/Hopsin" title="Hopsin">Hopsin</a>, Public Enemy, <a href="/wiki/Lupe_Fiasco" title="Lupe Fiasco">Lupe Fiasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mos_Def" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos Def">Mos Def</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talib_Kweli" title="Talib Kweli">Talib Kweli</a>, Jay-Z, Nas, <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">The Notorious B.I.G.</a> (Biggie), and <a href="/wiki/Dead_prez" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead prez">dead prez</a> are known for their sociopolitical subject matter. Their West Coast counterparts include <a href="/wiki/The_Coup" title="The Coup">The Coup</a>, Paris, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Franti" title="Michael Franti">Michael Franti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a> was also known for rapping about social issues such as <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>. Other rappers take a less critical approach to urbanity, sometimes even embracing such aspects as crime. <a href="/wiki/Schoolly_D" title="Schoolly D">Schoolly D</a> was the first notable MC to rap about crime.<a href="#cite_note-r10-118">[118]</a> Early on KRS-One was accused of celebrating crime and a hedonistic lifestyle, but after the death of his DJ, <a href="/wiki/Scott_La_Rock" title="Scott La Rock">Scott La Rock</a>, KRS-One went on to speak out against violence in hip hop and has spent the majority of his career condemning violence and writing on issues of race and class. <a href="/wiki/Ice-T" title="Ice-T">Ice-T</a> was one of the first rappers to call himself a "playa" and discuss guns on record, but his theme tune to the 1988 film <a href="/wiki/Colors_(film)" title="Colors (film)">Colors</a> contained warnings against joining gangs. <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a>, made popular largely because of <a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a>, brought rapping about crime and the gangster lifestyle into the musical mainstream. Materialism has also been a popular topic in hip-hop since at least the early 1990s, with rappers boasting about their own wealth and possessions, and name-dropping specific brands: liquor brands <a href="/wiki/Cristal_(champagne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristal (champagne)">Cristal</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Martin" title="Rémy Martin">Rémy Martin</a>, car manufacturers <a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> and clothing brands <a href="/wiki/Gucci" title="Gucci">Gucci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a> have all been popular subjects for rappers. Various politicians, journalists, and religious leaders have accused rappers of fostering a culture of violence and hedonism among hip-hop listeners through their lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-criticism1-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-criticism2-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-criticism3-135">[135]</a> However, there are also rappers whose messages may not be in line with these views, for example <a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian hip hop">Christian hip hop</a>. Others have praised the "political critique, innuendo and sarcasm" of hip-hop music.<a href="#cite_note-Sampling-136">[136]</a> In contrast to the more hedonistic approach of gangsta rappers, some rappers have a spiritual or religious focus. Christian rap is currently the most commercially successful form of religious rap. With Christian rappers like <a href="/wiki/Lecrae" title="Lecrae">Lecrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thi%27sl" title="Thi'sl">Thi'sl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hostyle_Gospel" title="Hostyle Gospel">Hostyle Gospel</a> winning national awards and making regular appearances on television, Christian hip hop seem to have found its way in the hip-hop family.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Aside from <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_of_Gods_and_Earths" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation of Gods and Earths">Five Percent Nation</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Esotericist" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericist">esotericist</a> religious/spiritual group, has been represented more than any religious group in popular hip hop. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Rakim" title="Rakim">Rakim</a>, the members of the Wu-Tang Clan, <a href="/wiki/Brand_Nubian" title="Brand Nubian">Brand Nubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-Clan" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Clan">X-Clan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Busta_Rhymes" title="Busta Rhymes">Busta Rhymes</a> have had success in spreading the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> of the Five Percenters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_technique">Literary technique</h3></div> Rappers use the <a href="/wiki/Literary_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary technique">literary techniques</a> of <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a>, and forms of wordplay that are found in classical poetry. <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">Similes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> are used extensively in rap lyrics; rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Fabolous" title="Fabolous">Fabolous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Banks" title="Lloyd Banks">Lloyd Banks</a> have written entire songs in which every line contains similes, whereas MCs like Rakim, <a href="/wiki/GZA" title="GZA">GZA</a>, and Jay-Z are known for the metaphorical content of their raps. Rappers such as Lupe Fiasco are known for the complexity of their songs that contain metaphors within <a href="/wiki/Extended_metaphor" title="Extended metaphor">extended metaphors</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diction_and_dialect">Diction and dialect</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapping&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rapping##" title="Talk:Rapping">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapping&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rapping%22">"Rapping"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rapping%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rapping%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rapping%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rapping%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rapping%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2016)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Many hip-hop listeners believe that a rapper's lyrics are enhanced by a complex vocabulary. Kool Moe Dee claims that he appealed to older audiences by using a complex vocabulary in his raps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKool_Moe_Dee2003224-90">[90]</a> Rap is famous, however, for having its own vocabulary—from international hip-hop slang to regional slang. Some artists, like the Wu-Tang Clan, develop an entire lexicon among their clique. <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> has always had a significant effect on hip-hop slang and vice versa. Certain regions have introduced their unique regional slang to hip-hop culture, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Bay Area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mac_Dre" title="Mac Dre">Mac Dre</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-40" title="E-40">E-40</a>), <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chamillionaire" title="Chamillionaire">Chamillionaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wall" title="Paul Wall">Paul Wall</a>), <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ludacris" title="Ludacris">Ludacris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Jon" title="Lil Jon">Lil Jon</a>, <a href="/wiki/T.I." title="T.I.">T.I.</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cunninlynguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunninlynguists">Cunninlynguists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nappy_Roots" title="Nappy Roots">Nappy Roots</a>). <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_of_Gods_and_Earths" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation of Gods and Earths">The Nation of Gods and Earths</a>, aka The Five Percenters, has influenced mainstream hip-hop slang with the introduction of phrases such as "word is bond" that have since lost much of their original spiritual meaning. Preference toward one or the other has much to do with the individual; GZA, for example, prides himself on being very visual and metaphorical but also succinct, whereas underground rapper <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dumile" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Dumile">MF DOOM</a> is known for heaping similes upon similes. In still another variation, 2Pac was known for saying exactly what he meant, literally and clearly. Rap music's development into <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> began in the 1990s. The 1990s marked the beginning of an era of popular culture guided by the musical influences of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a> and rap itself, moving away from the influences of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-139">[139]</a> As rap continued to develop and further disseminate, it went on to influence clothing brands, movies, sports, and dancing through popular culture. As rap has developed to become more of a presence in popular culture, it has focused itself on a particular demographic, adolescent and young adults.<a href="#cite_note-:4-140">[140]</a> As such, it has had a significant impact on the modern vernacular of this portion of the population, which has diffused throughout society. The effects of rap music on modern vernacular can be explored through the study of <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols, or the study of language as a system.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> French literary theorist <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> furthers this study with this own theory of myth.<a href="#cite_note-:12-142">[142]</a> He maintains that the first order of signification is language and that the second is "myth", arguing that a word has both its literal meaning, and its mythical meaning, which is heavily dependent on socio-cultural context.<a href="#cite_note-:12-142">[142]</a> To illustrate, Barthes uses the example of a rat: it has a literal meaning (a physical, objective description) and it has a greater socio-cultural understanding.<a href="#cite_note-:12-142">[142]</a> This contextual meaning is subjective and is dynamic within society. Through Barthes' semiotic theory of language and myth, it can be shown that rap music has culturally influenced the language of its listeners, as they influence the connotative message to words that already exist. As more people listen to rap, the words that are used in the lyrics become culturally bound to the song, and then are disseminated through the conversations that people have using these words. Most often, the terms that rappers use are pre-established words that have been prescribed new meaning through their music, that are eventually disseminated through social spheres.<a href="#cite_note-:22-143">[143]</a> This newly contextualized word is called a neosemanticism. Neosemanticisms are forgotten words that are often brought forward from subcultures that attract the attention of members of the reigning culture of their time, then they are brought forward by the influential voices in society – in this case, these figures are rappers.<a href="#cite_note-:22-143">[143]</a> To illustrate, the acronym <a href="/wiki/YOLO_(aphorism)" title="YOLO (aphorism)">YOLO</a> was popularized by rapper, actor and RnB singer <a href="/wiki/Drake_(musician)" title="Drake (musician)">Drake</a> in 2012 when he featured it in his own song, <a href="/wiki/The_Motto_(Drake_song)" title="The Motto (Drake song)">The Motto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-144">[144]</a> That year the term YOLO was so popular that it was printed on t-shirts, became a trending hashtag on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, and was even considered as the inspiration for several tattoos.<a href="#cite_note-:32-144">[144]</a> However, although the rapper may have come up with the acronym, the motto itself was in no way first established by Drake. Similar messages can be seen in many well-known sayings, or as early as 1896, in the English translation of La Comédie Humaine, by <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> where one of his free-spirited characters tells another, "You Only Live Once!".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Another example of a neosemanticism is the word "broccoli". Rapper <a href="/wiki/E-40" title="E-40">E-40</a> initially uses the word "broccoli" to refer to marijuana, on his hit track Broccoli in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-:5-146">[146]</a> In contemporary society, artists <a href="/wiki/DRAM_(musician)" title="DRAM (musician)">D.R.A.M.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lil_Yachty" title="Lil Yachty">Lil Yachty</a> are often accredited for this slang on for <a href="/wiki/Broccoli_(song)" title="Broccoli (song)">their hit song</a>, also titled Broccoli.<a href="#cite_note-:5-146">[146]</a> With the rise in technology and mass media, the dissemination of subcultural terms has only become easier. <a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Dick Hebdige</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style" title="Subculture: The Meaning of Style">Subculture: The Meaning of Style</a>, merits that subcultures often use music to vocalize the struggles of their experiences.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> As rap is also the culmination of a prevalent sub-culture in African-American social spheres, often their own personal cultures are disseminated through rap lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-:4-140">[140]</a> It is here that lyrics can be categorized as either historically influenced or (more commonly) considered as slang.<a href="#cite_note-:4-140">[140]</a> Vernon Andrews, the professor of the course American Studies 111: Hip-Hop Culture, suggests that many words, such as "hood", "homie", and "dope", are historically influenced.<a href="#cite_note-:4-140">[140]</a> Most importantly, this also brings forward the anarchistic culture of rap music. Common themes from rap are anti-establishment and instead, promote black excellence and diversity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-140">[140]</a> It is here that rap can be seen to reclaim words, namely, "nigga", a historical term used to subjugate and oppress Black people in America.<a href="#cite_note-:4-140">[140]</a> This word has been reclaimed by Black Americans and is heavily used in rap music. <a href="/wiki/Niggaz_With_Attitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Niggaz With Attitude">Niggaz With Attitude</a> embodies this notion by using it as the first word of their influential rap group name.<a href="#cite_note-:4-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freestyle_and_battle">Freestyle and battle</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rapping##" title="Talk:Rapping">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapping&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rapping%22">"Rapping"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rapping%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rapping%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rapping%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rapping%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rapping%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2016)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxxxymiron_RAW_Berlin_asv2022-04_img03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oxxxymiron_RAW_Berlin_asv2022-04_img03.jpg/220px-Oxxxymiron_RAW_Berlin_asv2022-04_img03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oxxxymiron_RAW_Berlin_asv2022-04_img03.jpg/330px-Oxxxymiron_RAW_Berlin_asv2022-04_img03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oxxxymiron_RAW_Berlin_asv2022-04_img03.jpg/440px-Oxxxymiron_RAW_Berlin_asv2022-04_img03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4374" data-file-height="5832" /></a><figcaption>Russian rapper <a href="/wiki/Oxxxymiron" title="Oxxxymiron">Oxxxymiron</a> is one of the most viewed battle rappers in the world.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></figcaption></figure> There are two kinds of <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">freestyle rap</a>: one is scripted (recitation), but having no particular overriding subject matter, and has yet evolved since the late 2000s to become the most commonly referred to style when the term "freestyle" is being used. Its primary focus has morphed from making up a rap on the spot, to being able to recite memorized or "written" lyrics over an "undisclosed" beat, not revealed until the performance actually begins. A variation is when a DJ or host will use multiple beats and will rotate them dynamically; it is the freestyler's job to keep his or her flow and not appear to trip up when the beat switches. Alternatively, keeping the rhythm or flow going can be substituted by "switching styles". This involves the rapper doing a variation of changing one's voice or tone, and/or the rhythm or flow, and potentially much more. However, this must be done smoothly, else any notoriety or respect gained can very quickly be lost all together. Some rappers have multiple characters, egos, or styles in their repertoire. The second, more difficult and respected style, has adapted the terms "off the dome", or "off (the) top" in addition to relatively less common older references like "spitting", "on the spot" and "unscripted". Often times these terms are followed by "freestyle" e.g. Killer "Off top Freestyle" by (Artist X)! This type of rapping requires the artist to both spit their lyrics over undisclosed and possibly rotating beats, but additionally primarily completely improvise the session's rapped lyrics. Many "off top" rappers inadvertently reuse old lines, or even "cheat" by preparing segments or entire verses in advance. Therefore, "off the dome" freestyles with proven spontaneity are valued above generic, always usable, or rehearsed lines or "bars".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Rappers will often reference places or objects in their immediate setting, or specific (usually demeaning) characteristics of opponents, to prove their authenticity and originality. <a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">Battle rapping</a>, which can be freestyled, is the competition between two or more rappers in front of an audience. The tradition of insulting one's friends or acquaintances in rhyme goes back to <a href="/wiki/The_dozens" class="mw-redirect" title="The dozens">the dozens</a>, and was employed famously by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> in his boxing matches. The winner of a battle is decided by the crowd and/or preselected judges. According to Kool Moe Dee, a successful battle rap focuses on an opponent's weaknesses, rather than one's own strengths. Television shows such as <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>'s DFX and <a href="/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Entertainment Television">BET</a>'s <a href="/wiki/106_and_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="106 and Park">106 and Park</a> host weekly freestyle battles live on the air. Battle rapping gained widespread public recognition outside of the African-American community with rapper Eminem's movie <a href="/wiki/8_Mile_(film)" title="8 Mile (film)">8 Mile</a>. The strongest battle rappers will generally perform their rap fully freestyled. This is the most effective form in a battle as the rapper can comment on the other person, whether it be what they look like, how they talk, or what they wear. It also allows the rapper to reverse a line used to "diss" him or her if they are the second rapper to battle. This is known as a "flip". <a href="/wiki/Jin_The_Emcee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin The Emcee">Jin The Emcee</a> was considered "World Champion" battle rapper in the mid-2000s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives_and_influence">Derivatives and influence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rapping" title="Special:EditPage/Rapping">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (January 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Throughout hip hop's history, new musical styles and genres have developed that contain rapping. Entire genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">rap rock</a> and its derivatives <a href="/wiki/Rapcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapcore">rapcore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">rap metal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">metal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Punk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk music">punk</a> with rapped vocals), or <a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">hip house</a> have resulted from the fusion of rap and other styles. Many popular music genres with a focus on percussion have contained rapping at some point; be it <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> (<a href="/wiki/DJ_Hollywood" title="DJ Hollywood">DJ Hollywood</a>), jazz (<a href="/wiki/Gang_Starr" title="Gang Starr">Gang Starr</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a>), funk (<a href="/wiki/Fatback_Band" title="Fatback Band">Fatback Band</a>), <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">contemporary R&B</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary_J._Blige" title="Mary J. Blige">Mary J. Blige</a>), <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daddy_Yankee" title="Daddy Yankee">Daddy Yankee</a>), or even Japanese dance music (<a href="/wiki/Soul%27d_Out" title="Soul'd Out">Soul'd Out</a>). <a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a> music has begun to focus increasingly on rappers in a new subgenre called <a href="/wiki/Grime_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music)">grime</a> which emerged in London in the early 2000s and was pioneered and popularized by the MC <a href="/wiki/Dizzee_Rascal" title="Dizzee Rascal">Dizzee Rascal</a>. Increased popularity with the music has shown more UK rappers going to America as well as tour there, such as <a href="/wiki/Sway_DaSafo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sway DaSafo">Sway DaSafo</a> possibly signing with <a href="/wiki/Akon" title="Akon">Akon</a>'s label <a href="/wiki/Konvict" class="mw-redirect" title="Konvict">Konvict</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a> is the latest of these spin-offs. It is typified by slowed-down atonal vocals with instrumentals that borrow heavily from the hip-hop scene and lyrics centered on illegal street racing and car culture. Another Oakland, California group, Beltaine's Fire, has recently gained attention for their <a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a> sound which blends hip-hop beats with Celtic melodies. Unlike the majority of hip-hop artists, all their music is performed live without samples, synths, or drum machines, drawing comparisons to The Roots and <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</a>, a widely popular style of music from <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a> has been mixed numerous times with reggae and hip-hop music. The most popular song in this genre in the United States was "<a href="/wiki/Mundian_To_Bach_Ke" title="Mundian To Bach Ke">Mundian to Bach Ke" or "Beware the Boys</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Panjabi_MC" title="Panjabi MC">Panjabi MC</a> and Jay-Z. Although "Mundian To Bach Ke" had been released previously, the mixing with Jay-Z popularized the genre further. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebaean_singing" title="Amoebaean singing">Amoebaean singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyting" title="Flyting">Flyting</a>, contests consisting of the exchange of insults, often in poetry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">Patter song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rapper" title="The Rapper">The Rapper</a>—1970 song addressed to women, warning them about men, rappers, who seduce them with lies, "rapping"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_squat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap squat">Rap squat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuneier,_Kasinitz,_Murphy2014" class="citation book cs1">Duneier, Kasinitz, Murphy (2014). The Urban Ethnography Reader. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974357-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974357-5"><bdi>978-0-19-974357-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Urban+Ethnography+Reader&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974357-5&rft.au=Duneier%2C+Kasinitz%2C+Murphy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009xii-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009xii_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009xii_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009xii_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2009">Edwards 2009</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards200981-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards200981_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2009">Edwards 2009</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynette_Keyes2004" class="citation book cs1">Lynette Keyes, Cheryl (2004). Rap Music and Street Consciousness. University of Illinois Press. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rap+Music+and+Street+Consciousness&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lynette+Keyes&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009x-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2009x_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2009">Edwards 2009</a>, p. x. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolus2012" class="citation book cs1">Golus, Carrie (2012). From Def Jam to Super Rich. Twenty First Century Books. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-8157-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-8157-0"><bdi>978-0-7613-8157-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Def+Jam+to+Super+Rich&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Twenty+First+Century+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7613-8157-0&rft.aulast=Golus&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharry2012" class="citation book cs1">Charry, Eric (2012). Hip Hop Africa: New African Music in a Globalizing World. Indiana University Press. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00575-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00575-5"><bdi>978-0-253-00575-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hip+Hop+Africa%3A+New+African+Music+in+a+Globalizing+World&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00575-5&rft.aulast=Charry&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tony-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tony_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tony_8-1">b</a> Jay Ruttenberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeout.com/newyork/music/the-roots-of-hip-hop-from-church-to-gangsta">"The Roots of Hip Hop: From Church to Gangsta"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709011058/http://www.timeout.com/newyork/music/the-roots-of-hip-hop-from-church-to-gangsta">Archived</a> July 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Time Out New York, December 22, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-digitopia-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digitopia_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-digitopia_9-1">b</a> Sobol, John. (2002). Digitopia Blues. Banff Centre Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920159-89-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920159-89-7">978-0-920159-89-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-usso.uk-10"><a href="#cite_ref-usso.uk_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation web cs1">Smith (October 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usso.uk/2014/10/16/not-just-yo-mama-but-raps-mama-the-dozens-african-american-culture-and-the-origins-of-battle-rap/">"Not just Yo' Mama but Rap's Mama: The Dozens, African American Culture and the Origins of Battle Rap"</a>. U.S. STUDIES ONLINE PGR & ECR NETWORK FOR THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR AMERICAN STUDIES. British Association of American Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304210752/https://usso.uk/2014/10/16/not-just-yo-mama-but-raps-mama-the-dozens-african-american-culture-and-the-origins-of-battle-rap/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+STUDIES+ONLINE+PGR+%26+ECR+NETWORK+FOR+THE+BRITISH+ASSOCIATION+FOR+AMERICAN+STUDIES&rft.atitle=Not+just+Yo%27+Mama+but+Rap%27s+Mama%3A+The+Dozens%2C+African+American+Culture+and+the+Origins+of+Battle+Rap&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft.au=Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusso.uk%2F2014%2F10%2F16%2Fnot-just-yo-mama-but-raps-mama-the-dozens-african-american-culture-and-the-origins-of-battle-rap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ny-ali-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ny-ali_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny-ali_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/09/opinion/muhammad-ali-the-political-poet.html">"Muhammad Ali, the Political Poet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Retrieved February 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Muhammad+Ali%2C+the+Political+Poet&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fmuhammad-ali-the-political-poet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Frank (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhythmbluesraphi00fran/page/63">Rhythm and Blues, Rap, and Hip-Hop (American Popular Music)</a>. Checkmark Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhythmbluesraphi00fran/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7341-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7341-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-7341-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythm+and+Blues%2C+Rap%2C+and+Hip-Hop+%28American+Popular+Music%29&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7341-2&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frhythmbluesraphi00fran%2Fpage%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/rap">"Rap | History, Artists, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 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Anchor Academic Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783954892518" title="Special:BookSources/9783954892518"><bdi>9783954892518</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414175744/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2WQAwAAQBAJ&q=rapping%20can%20be%20characterized%20as%20something%20between%20speech%2C%20prose%2C%20poetry%2C%20and%20song">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42369-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42369-4"><bdi>978-0-521-42369-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504101448/https://books.google.com/books?id=UbALbvMiM6UC&dq=Poetic%20Rhythm:%20An%20Introduction&pg=PR13">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2023. 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Country Fried Soul: Adventures in Dirty South Hip-hop. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hal Leonard Corporation">Hal Leonard Corporation</a>. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-857-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-857-5"><bdi>978-0-87930-857-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Fried+Soul%3A+Adventures+in+Dirty+South+Hip-hop&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-857-5&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/genre/d1">"Allmusic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207023619/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/genre/d1">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2010. 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How to Rap 2, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Edwards, "Gift of Gab" (2013). How to Rap 2, pp. 1–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards,_Paul_2013_p_2-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards,_Paul_2013_p_2_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards,_Paul_2013_p_2_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards,_Paul_2013_p_2_108-2">c</a> Edwards, "Gift of Gab" (2013). How to Rap 2, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson2013" class="citation book cs1">Edmondson, Jacqueline (October 30, 2013). Music in American Life: an encyclopedia of the songs, styles, stars, and stories that shaped our culture. Greenwood. p. 1270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39347-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39347-1"><bdi>978-0-313-39347-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+American+Life%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+the+songs%2C+styles%2C+stars%2C+and+stories+that+shaped+our+culture&rft.pages=1270&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39347-1&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Justin (April 6, 2015). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-067042-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-067042-9"><bdi>978-0-19-067042-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808235058/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAqlDwAAQBAJ&dq=flow+rhythmic+voice+%22groove+classes%22&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q=flow%20rhythmic%20voice%20%22groove%20classes%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2024. 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Music Theory Online. 15 (5). Mtosmt.org. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30535%2Fmto.15.5.1">10.30535/mto.15.5.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014003755/http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.09.15.5/mto.09.15.5.adams.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2014. 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Kurtis Blow Presents: The History Of Rap, Vol. 1: The Genesis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rhino.com/Features/liners/72851lin.html">the original</a> on May 3, 2006. Retrieved May 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kurtis+Blow+Presents%3A+The+History+Of+Rap%2C+Vol.+1%3A+The+Genesis&rft.atitle=Kurtis+Blow+Presents%3A+The+History+of+Rap%2C+Vol.+1%3A+The+Genesis+%28liner+notes%29&rft.aulast=Blow&rft.aufirst=Kurtis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frhino.com%2FFeatures%2Fliners%2F72851lin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maximumfun.org/blog/2006/07/rakim-allah-interview.html">"Rakim Allah Interview – Maximum Fun"</a>. 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Retrieved June 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rakim+Allah+Interview+%E2%80%93+Maximum+Fun&rft.date=2006-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maximumfun.org%2Fblog%2F2006%2F07%2Frakim-allah-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/arts_and_media/music_feats_and_facts/fastest_rap_mc.aspx">"Guinness World Records"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061024041919/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/arts_and_media/music_feats_and_facts/fastest_rap_mc.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Frecords%2Farts_and_media%2Fmusic_feats_and_facts%2Ffastest_rap_mc.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daveyd.com/historyemceegmcaz.html">"The Emcee [MC] Master of Ceremonies to Mic Controller by Grandmaster Caz"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031008184830/http://www.daveyd.com/historyemceegmcaz.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2003. 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Rap Radar. December 3, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227074709/http://rapradar.com/2009/12/03/how-to-rap-kool-g-rap-foreword/">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2012. 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November 14, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115001841/https://www.factmag.com/2019/11/14/jme-grime-mc-tease/">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JME+teases+new+album%2C+Grime+MC%2C+with+YouTube+video&rft.pub=FACT+Magazine&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmag.com%2F2019%2F11%2F14%2Fjme-grime-mc-tease%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiphoparea.com/rap/mcing.html">"Rap: MCing"</a>. Hiphoparea.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210171306/http://www.hiphoparea.com/rap/mcing.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hiphoparea.com&rft.atitle=Rap%3A+MCing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiphoparea.com%2Frap%2Fmcing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Sources for Minaj being cited the "Queen of Rap": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/story/these-are-the-best-nicki-minaj-verses">"GQ Editors Pick the Best Nicki Minaj Verses"</a>. GQ. 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Billboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019181132/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9642448/jesy-nelson-boyz-nicki-minaj-listen/">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2021. 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April 3, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808235100/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-pictures/grammys-2022-red-carpet-1329594/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2022. <q>Fivio Foreign, who just joined Nicki Minaj on 'We Go Up', poses with The Kid Laroi. Yeah, we'll bring up the queen of rap every chance we get.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=BTS%27+%27Fit+Coordination+Breaks+the+Internet%2C+Doja+Looks+Smokin%27%3A+See+All+the+Red+Carpet+Fashion+at+the+2022+Grammys&rft.date=2022-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-pictures%2Fgrammys-2022-red-carpet-1329594%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mic.com/articles/190885/nicki-minaj-queen-rap-of-rap-act-like-it#.Pj6lGHD89">"Nicki Minaj is the queen of rap. 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XXL Mag. December 25, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616062423/https://www.xxlmag.com/xxl-magazine/2012/12/drake-wants-royalties-for-yolo/">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=XXL+Mag&rft.atitle=Drake+Wants+Royalties+for+%22YOLO%22+%E2%80%93+XXL&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xxlmag.com%2Fxxl-magazine%2F2012%2F12%2Fdrake-wants-royalties-for-yolo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/05/24/live-once/">"You Only Live Once – YOLO – Quote Investigator"</a>. quoteinvestigator.com. May 24, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808235104/https://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/05/24/live-once/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved November 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quoteinvestigator.com&rft.atitle=You+Only+Live+Once+%E2%80%93+YOLO+%E2%80%93+Quote+Investigator&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquoteinvestigator.com%2F2012%2F05%2F24%2Flive-once%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/happy-50th-birthday-e-40-the-king-of-slang-news.39583.html">"Happy 50th Birthday, E-40: The King Of Slang"</a>. HotNewHipHop. Retrieved November 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HotNewHipHop&rft.atitle=Happy+50th+Birthday%2C+E-40%3A+The+King+Of+Slang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hotnewhiphop.com%2Fhappy-50th-birthday-e-40-the-king-of-slang-news.39583.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaughey2007" class="citation book cs1">Laughey, Dan (2007). Key Theories in the Media. Open University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-21813-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-21813-4"><bdi>978-0-335-21813-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Theories+in+the+Media&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-335-21813-4&rft.aulast=Laughey&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesource.com/2018/02/11/is-the-worlds-biggest-battle-rapper-now-oxxxymiron-of-russia/">"Is the world's biggest battle rapper now Oxxxymiron of Russia?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Source" title="The Source">The Source</a>. February 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Source&rft.atitle=Is+the+world%27s+biggest+battle+rapper+now+Oxxxymiron+of+Russia%3F&rft.date=2018-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesource.com%2F2018%2F02%2F11%2Fis-the-worlds-biggest-battle-rapper-now-oxxxymiron-of-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Freestyle: The Art of Rhyme (2000) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2009" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Paul (December 2009). <a href="/wiki/How_to_Rap" title="How to Rap">How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC</a>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Kool_G_Rap" title="Kool G Rap">Kool G Rap</a>. Chicago Review Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtorapartscien0000edwa/page/340">340</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-816-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-816-3"><bdi>978-1-55652-816-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Rap%3A+The+Art+%26+Science+of+the+Hip-Hop+MC&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2009-12&rft.isbn=978-1-55652-816-3&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKool_Moe_Dee2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kool_Moe_Dee" title="Kool Moe Dee">Kool Moe Dee</a>; et al. (November 2003). <a href="/wiki/There%27s_A_God_On_The_Mic" class="mw-redirect" title="There's A God On The Mic">There's A God On The Mic: The True 50 Greatest MCs</a>. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781560255338/page/224">224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-533-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-533-8"><bdi>978-1-56025-533-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There%27s+A+God+On+The+Mic%3A+The+True+50+Greatest+MCs&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2003-11&rft.isbn=978-1-56025-533-8&rft.au=Kool+Moe+Dee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFstic.man2005" class="citation book cs1">stic.man (2005). The Art Of Emceeing. Boss Up Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+Of+Emceeing&rft.pub=Boss+Up+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.au=stic.man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrims2001" class="citation book cs1">Krims, Adam (2001). Rap Music And The Poetics Of Identity. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rap+Music+And+The+Poetics+Of+Identity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Krims&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rap" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rap">Rap</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rapping" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/rapping">rapping</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Light1999" class="citation book cs1">Alan Light; et al. (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vibehistoryofhip00ligh/page/432">The Vibe History of Hip Hop</a>. Three Rivers Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vibehistoryofhip00ligh/page/432">432</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80503-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80503-9"><bdi>978-0-609-80503-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vibe+History+of+Hip+Hop&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=1999-10&rft.isbn=978-0-609-80503-9&rft.au=Alan+Light&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvibehistoryofhip00ligh%2Fpage%2F432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_ChangD.J._Kool_Herc2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chang_(journalist)" title="Jeff Chang (journalist)">Jeff Chang</a>; <a href="/wiki/D.J._Kool_Herc" class="mw-redirect" title="D.J. Kool Herc">D.J. Kool Herc</a> (December 2005). <a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_Won%27t_Stop:_A_History_of_the_Hip-Hop_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation">Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation</a>. Picador. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cantstopwontstop00chang/page/560">560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42579-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42579-1"><bdi>978-0-312-42579-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can%27t+Stop+Won%27t+Stop%3A+A+History+of+the+Hip-Hop+Generation&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2005-12&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42579-1&rft.au=Jeff+Chang&rft.au=D.J.+Kool+Herc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacha_Jenkins1999" class="citation book cs1">Sacha Jenkins; et al. (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egotripsbookofra00jenk/page/352">Ego Trip's Book of Rap Lists</a>. St. Martin's Griffin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egotripsbookofra00jenk/page/352">352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24298-5"><bdi>978-0-312-24298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ego+Trip%27s+Book+of+Rap+Lists&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1999-12&rft.isbn=978-0-312-24298-5&rft.au=Sacha+Jenkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegotripsbookofra00jenk%2Fpage%2F352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapping" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hip_hop" title="Template:Hip hop"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hip_hop" title="Template talk:Hip hop"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hip_hop" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hip hop"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hip-hop" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop">Hip-hop</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">DJing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emceeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Emceeing">Emceeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">Battle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" title="Hip-hop dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_activism" title="Hip hop activism">Activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Feminist activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT hip hop">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hip hop festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_theater" title="Hip-hop theater">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hip hop genres">Genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-school_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="New-school hip hop">New school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age hip hop">Golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_underground_scene" title="Bristol underground scene">Bristol underground scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hip hop genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hip hop genres">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative hip hop">Alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_hop" title="Hipster hop">Hipster hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_bap" title="Boom bap">Boom bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_music" title="Bounce music">Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Road_rap" title="UK rap">Road rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipmunk_soul" title="Chipmunk soul">Chipmunk soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(rap)" title="Chopper (rap)">Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_rap" title="Cloud rap">Cloud rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy hip hop">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">Freestyle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">Jerkin'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental hip hop">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Lofi hip hop">Lofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">Mumble rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerdcore" title="Nerdcore">Nerdcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chap_hop" title="Chap hop">Chap hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Political hip hop">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop#Conscious_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Political hip hop">Conscious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rap" title="Progressive rap">Progressive rap</a></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian hip hop">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish hip hop">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground hip hop">Underground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore hip hop">Hardcore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_rap" title="Dirty rap">Dirty rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap#Mafioso_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Mafioso rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis rap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats#Afro_trap" title="Afrobeats">Afro trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Brooklyn drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_club#Jersey_club_rap" title="Jersey club">Jersey drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill#Sample_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Sample drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_drill" title="UK drill">UK drill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Latin trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">Phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_music" title="Plugg music">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(music_genre)" title="Rage (music genre)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_on_Dying#Tread_style" title="Working on Dying">Tread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Trap_scene" title="UK rap">UK trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Fusion_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hip hop genres">Fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Fusion_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hip hop genres">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">Country rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" title="Hip hop soul">Hip hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">Hip house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial hip hop">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rap" title="Pop rap">Pop rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rap" title="Psychedelic rap">Psychedelic rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga#Ragga_and_hip_hop_music" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_opera" title="Rap opera">Rap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal#Trap_metal" title="Rap metal">Trap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Ethnic_fusion_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hip hop genres">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_flava" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongo flava">Bongo flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomba_music" title="Boomba music">Boomba music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">Cumbia rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genge" title="Genge">Genge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_galsen" title="Hip hop galsen">Hip hop galsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipco" title="Hipco">Hipco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">Igbo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_bap" title="Low bap">Low bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">Motswako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_mele_paleoleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na mele paleoleo">Na mele paleoleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican rap">Nuyorican rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo-salsa" title="Songo-salsa">Songo-salsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam_rap" title="Scam rap">Scam rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronda" title="Stronda">Stronda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Pasifika" title="Urban Pasifika">Urban Pasifika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_rap" title="Vigilante rap">Vigilante rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenji_flava" title="Zenji flava">Zenji flava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Derived_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hip hop genres">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_genres" title="List of electronic music genres">Electronic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_breaks" title="Florida breaks">Florida breaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">Ghetto house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">Ghettotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitch hop">Glitch hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_music" title="Grime music">Grime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">Illbient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">Wonky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_reggaeton" title="Alternative reggaeton">Alternative reggaeton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip_hop_by_country" title="Category:Hip hop by country">Regional scenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/African_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="African hip hop">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian hip hop">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan hip hop">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beninese hip hop">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswana hip hop">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambian hip hop">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian hip hop">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivorian hip hop">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan hip hop">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawian hip hop">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian hip hop">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan hip hop">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian hip hop">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian hip hop">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Harcourt hip hop">Port Harcourt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien hip hop">Nigerien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegalese hip hop">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="South African hip hop">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian hip hop">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese hip hop">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian hip hop">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian hip hop">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia#Hip_hop" title="Music of Armenia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani hip hop">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi hip hop">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese hip hop">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese hip hop">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian hip hop">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desi_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Desi hip hop">Desi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian hip hop">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese hip hop">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean hip hop">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian hip hop">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian hip hop">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese hip hop">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani hip hop">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinoy hip hop">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore hip hop">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan hip hop">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese hip hop">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai hip hop">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/European_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="European hip hop">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian hip hop">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian hip hop">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian hip hop">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_and_Herzegovinian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian and Herzegovinian hip hop">Bosnian and Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic hip hop">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish hip hop">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian hip hop">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian hip hop">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech hip hop">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch hip hop">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish hip hop">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="French hip hop">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="German hip hop">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek hip hop">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_tuga" title="Hip hop tuga">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian hip hop">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic hip hop">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish hip hop">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian hip hop">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian hip hop">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin hip hop">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian hip hop">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish hip hop">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian hip hop">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian hip hop">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian hip hop">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak hip hop">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian hip hop">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish hip hop">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish hip hop">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss hip hop">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian hip hop">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern hip hop">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hip hop">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli hip hop">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese hip hop">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian hip hop">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian hip hop">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni hip hop">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:North_American_hip_hop" title="Category:North American hip hop">North American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline">United States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Jersey#Hip-Hop" title="Music of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Hip_hop" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia#Hip_hop,_R&B,_and_Nu_Soul" title="Music of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hip hop in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago hip hop">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Hip_hop" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Cities hip hop">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin hip hop">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Omaha#Hip_hop" title="Music of Omaha">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Hip Hop">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American hip hop">Asian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American hip hop">Native American</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist inline" style="display:block">Outside the US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian hip hop">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban hip hop">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic#Hip_hop" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian hip hop">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican hip hop">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran hip hop">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_hip_hop" title="Category:Oceanian hip hop">Oceanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian hip hop">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand hip hop">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan hip hop">Samoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:South_American_hip_hop" title="Category:South American hip hop">South American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian hip hop">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasília hip hop">Brasília</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile#Hip_hop_and_rap" title="Music of Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia#Colombian_urban_and_hip-hop_music" title="Music of Colombia">Colombian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Record player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_skit" title="Hip hop skit">Hip hop skit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_and_social_injustice" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop and social injustice">Social injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_vixen" title="Video vixen">Video vixen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner_violence_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Partner violence in hip hop">Partner violence in hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_representations_in_hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT representations in hip hop music">LGBT representations in hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Feminist activism in hip hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip_hop" title="Category:Hip hop">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6010#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6010#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6010#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1089951/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4303518-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85111437">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121873463">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121873463">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00935631">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125030&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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