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Use the checkbox to select a topic to filter your search. </div> <div id="advBrowseTopics" class="col-md-12"> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="avs-help avs-divider"> <a class="avs-help-link" data-action='slide-toggle' data-target='#avsHint2' href="#" title="Help Link">?</a> <div id="avsHint2" class="avs-help-message"> <strong>About Optics & Photonics Topics</strong> <br>Optica Publishing Group developed the Optics and Photonics Topics to help organize its diverse content more accurately by topic area. This topic browser contains over 2400 terms and is organized in a three-level hierarchy. <a href="/thesaurus/default.cfm" target="_blank">Read more.</a> <br><br>Topics can be refined further in the search results. The Topic facet will reveal the high-level topics associated with the articles returned in the search results. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top opg-search-only"> <div class="col-sm-2" style="font-weight:bold;">SPECIAL COLLECTIONS</div> <div class="col-sm-5 input-collapse"> <input id="specialcollections_ee" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="ee"/> <label class="avs-inline-label-left" for="specialcollections_ee">Energy and Environmental Optics Express</label><br/> <input id="specialcollections_el" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="elnotes"/> <label class="avs-inline-label-left" for="specialcollections_el">Application Notes (formerly E&L Notes)</label><br/> <input id="specialcollections_mem" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="memorandum" /> <label for="specialcollections_mem" class="avs-inline-label-left">Memoranda</label><br /> <input id="specialcollections_op" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="opinion" /> <label for="specialcollections_op" class="avs-inline-label-left">Opinions</label> </div> <div class="col-sm-5 input-collapse"> <input id="specialcollections_rev" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="review-article" /> <label for="specialcollections_rev" class="avs-inline-label-left">Reviews</label><br /> <input id="specialcollections_spt" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="spotlight"/> <label class="avs-inline-label-left" for="specialcollections_spt">Spotlight on Optics</label><br/> <input id="specialcollections_tut" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="tutorial"/> <label class="avs-inline-label-left" for="specialcollections_tut">Tutorials</label><br/> <input id="specialcollections_ret" name="specialcollections" type="checkbox" value="retrospective"/> <label class="avs-inline-label-left" for="specialcollections_tut">Retrospectives</label> </div> </div> <div class="row space-top opg-search-only"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="avs-help avs-divider"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"><a id="clearFilters" href="#" class="btn btn-default purple-border">Clear my choices above</a></div> <div class="col-sm-6"><a id="cmdSearch" href="#" class="btn btn-primary pull-right"><strong class="fi-magnifying-glass"></strong>  Search</a></div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="origsearchstr" id="origsearchstr" value=""/> <input type="hidden" name="facetsearchstr" id="facetsearchstr" value=""/> <input type="hidden" name="facetavoidstr" id="facetavoidstr" value=""/> </form> </div> <div class="site-nav-container col-lg-8 col-md-12"> <nav class="primary-site-nav collapse navbar-collapse" id="osaGlobalNav" aria-label="Osa Global Navigation"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-main d-sm-flex flex-sm-row" id="first-nav"> <li class="primary-site-nav__dropdown"> <a href="/about.cfm" class="dropdown-toggle hidden-xs navbar-main-header" id="select_journals">Journals </a> <a href="/about.cfm" class="dropdown-toggle visible-xs navbar-main-header" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-target="select_journals--mobile__menu" id="select_journals--mobile">Journals <span class="caret" style="color:#9475ff"></span></a> <div class="visible-xs"> <div id="select_journals--mobile__menu" class="dropdown-menu dropdown-one-col"> <ul> <li><a href="/aop">Advances in Optics and Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/ao">Applied Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/as">Applied Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/boe">Biomedical Optics Express</a></li> <li><a href="/col">Chinese Optics Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/copp">Current Optics and Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/jlt">Journal of Lightwave Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/jnirs">Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/jot">Journal of Optical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/jocn">Journal of Optical Communications and Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/josaa">Journal of the Optical Society of America A</a></li> <li><a href="/josab">Journal of the Optical Society of America B</a></li> <li><a href="/optica">Optica</a></li> <li><a href="/opticaq">Optica Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/ome">Optical Materials Express</a></li> <li><a href="/optcon">Optics Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/oe">Optics Express</a></li> <li><a href="/ol">Optics Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/prj">Photonics Research</a></li> <li class="nav-link-heading"><span class="nav-link-heading-txt">Legacy Journals</span></li> <li><a href="/jdt">Journal of Display Technology (2005-2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/josk">Journal of the Optical Society of Korea (1997-2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/jon">Journal of Optical Networking (2002-2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/josa">Journal of the Optical Society of America (1917-1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/on">Optics News (1975-1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/osac">OSA Continuum (2018-2021)</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-two-col-lg dropdown-wide"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul> <li><a 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href="<%= htmlUri %>" target="_blank">HTML</a> | </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-element-visible">display:inline</script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-element-hidden">display:none</script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-element-nbsp"> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet"> <h5 class="bg1"> <span class="float_l"> <input type="checkbox" name="chkAllFacet-<%= name %>"> <%= facetName %> </input> </span> <%= moreLink %> <a id="sortby-<%= name %>" class="sidebar_more white" href="#">Sort</a> </h5> <ul id="facet-values-<%= name %>"> <%= facetValues %> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="facet-publications"> <ul class="sf-list"> <li class="sf-list_list-item"><input id="publicationsAll" class="sf-select-all sf-list_input" type="checkbox" checked="checked" disabled="disabled"/> <label class="sf-list_label" for="publicationsAll">All</label></li> <li class="sf-list_list-item"><input id="facet-publications-journals" class="sf-list_input" type="checkbox" name="publications"/> <label class="sf-list_label" for="facet-publications-journals">Journals <span class="facet-count">(<%= totalJournals %>)</span></label></li> <li class="sf-list_list-item"><input id="facet-publications-proceedings" class="sf-list_input" type="checkbox" name="proceedings"/> <label class="sf-list_label" for="facet-publications-proceedings">Conferences <span class="facet-count">(<%= totalProceedings %>)</span></label></li> <li class="sf-list_list-item"><input id="facet-publications-reports" class="sf-list_input" type="checkbox" name="reports"/> <label class="sf-list_label" for="facet-publications-reports">Industry Reports <span class="facet-count">(<%= totalReports %>)</span></label></li> </ul> </div> <div class="sf-module sf-journals"> <div class="row2"> <p id="facet-journal-show" class="sf-group-title collapsed" style="text-transform: none !important;">Journals</p> <div id="sortJournal" class="sf-sort"></div> </div> <div id="facet-journal-values"> </div> </div> <div class="sf-module sf-proceedings"> <div class="row2"> <p id="facet-proceeding-show" class="sf-group-title collapsed" style="text-transform: none !important;">Conferences</p> <div id="sortProceeding" class="sf-sort"></div> </div> <div id="facet-proceeding-values"></div> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-basics"> <ul class="sf-list"> <li class="sf-select-all"><input id="<%= allId %>" type="checkbox" checked="checked" disabled="disabled"/> <label for="<%= allId %>">All</label></li> <%= values %> <li class="sf-expanded"> <a href="#" id="more-<%= allId %>" class="search-panel_more-link" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#modal-<%= allId %>">more <%=name%> »</a> <div class="modal full fade" id="modal-<%= allId %>"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content search"> <div class="row mbottom-20"> <div class="col-md-4"> <h3 class="modal-header search"><%= modalTitle %></h3> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-2"> <input id="input-<%= allId%>" type="text" class="form-control selectized" placeholder="(type names or look up list)" tabindex="-1" aria-label="type names or look up list"></input> <div class="selectize-control form-control multi"></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal_option-container mbottom-20 scrollable" id="moreUl-<%=allId%>"> </div> <hr> <div class="d-flex"> <a href="#" id="apply-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-primary mr-1" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Apply Filters</a> <a href="#" id="cancel-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-default" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-terms"> <ul class="sf-list"> <li class="sf-select-all"> <input id="<%= allId %>" type="checkbox" checked="checked" disabled="disabled"/> <label for="<%= allId %>">Remove all topic filters</label> </li> <%= values %> <li class="sf-expanded"> <a href="#" id="more-<%= allId %>" class="search-panel_more-link hidden-xs" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#modal-<%= allId %>">include more topics »</a> <div class="modal full fade" id="modal-<%= allId %>"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content search"> <div class="row mbottom-20"> <div class="col-md-4"> <h3 class="modal-header search">Optics & Photonics Topics</h3> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-2"> <input id="input-<%= allId%>" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Search for a specific topic" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Search for a specific topic"></input> </div> </div> <div class="row mbottom-20"> <div class="col-md-12"> <strong>Browse the topics:</strong> Click the <svg class="selection-list_arrow"><use xlink:href="#right-arrow" /></svg> to reveal subtopics. Use the checkbox to select a topic to filter your search. </div> </div> <div class="modal_option-container mbottom-20 scrollable" id="moreUl-<%=allId%>"> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <strong>Selected Topics</strong> </div> </div> <div id="moreSelectedList"></div> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-12"> </div></div> <div class="d-flex"> <a href="#" id="apply-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-primary mr-1" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Add Selected Topic Filters</a> <a href="#" id="cancel-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-default" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-journal-proceedings"> <ul class="sf-list"> <li class="sf-select-all"><input id="<%= allId %>" type="checkbox" checked> <label for="<%= allId %>">All</label></li> <%= values %> <li class="sf-expanded"> <a href="#" id="more-<%= allId %>" class="search-panel_more-link" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#modal-<%= allId %>" class="sf-expanded-toggle">more <%=name%> »</a> <div class="modal full fade" id="modal-<%= allId %>"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content search"> <div class="row mbottom-20"> <div class="col-md-4"> <h3 class="modal-header search"><%= modalTitle%></h3> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-2"> <input id="input-<%= allId%>" type="text" class="form-control selectized" placeholder="(type names or look up list)" tabindex="-1" aria-label="type names or look up list"></input> <div class="selectize-control form-control multi"></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal_option-container mbottom-20 scrollable" id="moreUl-<%=allId%>"> </div> <hr> <div class="d-flex"> <a href="#" id="apply-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-primary mr-1" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Apply Filters</a> <a href="#" id="cancel-<%= allId %>" class="btn btn-default" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-content"> <ul class="sf-list"> <%= values %> </ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="facet-more-new-content"> <div class="more-columns_container"> <div class="more-columns_column"><ul class="selection-list"><%= val1%></ul></div> <div class="more-columns_column"><ul class="selection-list"><%= val2%></ul></div> <div class="more-columns_column"><ul class="selection-list"><%= val3%></ul></div> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="facet-more-terms-div"> <div class="more-columns_container"> <div class="more-columns_column" id="<%= name%>-col1"><%= val%></div> <div class="more-columns_column" id="<%= name%>-col2"></div> <div class="more-columns_column" id="<%= name%>-col3"></div> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="facet-more-terms-list"> <ul class="selection-list"><%= val%></ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-more"> <a id="more-<%= name %>" href="#" class="sidebar_more white">More</a> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-detail"> <a href="#" id="details-link-<%= id %>" class="sidebar_more black">details</a> <ul id="details-container-<%= id %>" class="list-unstyled" style="display:none;" data-value="<%= valName %>"></ul> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-value"> <li class="sf-list_list-item <%= rowclass %>" style="<%= display %>"> <input type="checkbox" class="sf-list_input <%= boxstyle %>" name="chkFacet-<%= name %>" value="<%= code %>" aria-label="<%= dataValue %>" data-value="<%= dataValue %>" id="<%= id %>" <%= checked %> acronym="<%= acronym %>" /> <% if (hasCloseButton === true) { %> <div <% if (isbold != '') { %> class="sf-list_label sf-authors-bold" <% } else { %> class="sf-list_label" style="margin-bottom:5px"<% } %>><%= valName %><span class="facet-count"><%= valCount %></span> <span class="fal fa-times-circle facet-value_toggle purple-color"></span></div> <%= detail%> <% } else { %> <label <%= title%> for="<%= id %>" <% if (isbold != '') { %> class="sf-list_label sf-authors-bold" <% } else { %> class="sf-list_label" <% } %>><%= valName %> <span class="facet-count"><%= valCount %></span></label> <%= detail%> <% } %> </li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="more-term-facet-value"> <li class="selection-list_list-item" style="<%= display %>"> <input id="<%= labelid %>" class="selection-list_checkbox" type="checkbox" name="<%= name %>" data-value="<%= dataValue %>" <%= checked %> <%= boxstyle %>/><div class="selection-list_link" name="text-<%= name %>" data-value="<%= dataValue %>" <%= clazz %>><label for="<%= labelid %>" style="font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0px;"><%= valName %><% if (valCount != "") { %> <span class="more-facet-count"><%= valCount %></span><% } %></label></div><% if (isx === true) { %><a href="#" aria-label="selection expander" class="selection-list_expander <%= inputname%>-expandin"><svg class="selection-list_arrow"><use xlink:href="#right-arrow" /></svg></a><% } %> </li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="more-term-selected"> <div class="selected-facet" data-topic="<%= finalTopic %>"> <%= val %> <a href="#" name="selected-x" aria-label="<%= dataValue %>" data-value="<%= dataValue %>" count="<%= cnt %>" class="selected-facet_close" ><span class="fal fa-times-circle purple-color"></span></a> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-class"> class="" </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-style-normal"> style="font-weight:normal" </script> <script type="text/template" id="search-result-facet-sort-popup"> <p> <input type="radio" id='<%= name %>:item-order:ascending' name="facetSortBy" value='<%= name %>:item-order:ascending' > <label for='<%= name %>:item-order:ascending'><%= label %> ascending</label><br> <input type="radio" id='<%= name %>:item-order:descending' name="facetSortBy" value='<%= name %>:item-order:descending' > <label for='<%= name %>:item-order:descending'><%= label %> descending</label><br> <input type="radio" id='<%= name %>:frequency-order:ascending' name="facetSortBy" value='<%= name %>:frequency-order:ascending' > <label for='<%= name %>:frequency-order:ascending'>Frequency ascending</label><br> <input type="radio" id='<%= name %>:frequency-order:descending' name="facetSortBy" value='<%= name %>:frequency-order:descending'> <label for='<%= name %>:frequency-order:descending'>Frequency descending</label> </p> </script> <script type="text/template" id="filter-selected"> <li class="label filter-tag filter-tag--<%= filterType %>"> <%= filterValue %> <a class="inline-dismiss"><span name="filterSelected" id="<%= filterId %>" class="fal fa-times purple-color" data-value="<%= filterValue %>"></span></a></li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="filter-search"> <li class="filter-search label filter-tag filter-tag--<%= filterType %>"> <%= filterLabel %> <a class="inline-dismiss"><span name="filterSelected" id="<%= filterId %>" class="fal fa-times purple-color" data-value="<%= filterValue %>"></span></a></li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="publication-sort-template"> <button class="sf-sort-toggle"><i class="fas fa-sort"></i><span class="sr-only">sort</span></button> <div class="sf-sort-popup"> <ul> <li class="active"><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:frequency-order:descending">Article Count</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:item-order:ascending">Alphabetical A>Z</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:item-order:descending">Alphabetical Z>A</a></li> </ul> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="author-topic-sort-template"> <button class="sf-sort-toggle"><i class="fas fa-sort"></i><span class="sr-only">sort</span></button> <div class="sf-sort-popup"> <ul> <li class="active"><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:frequency-order:descending">Article Count</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:item-order:ascending">Alphabetical A>Z</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-<%= type%>" data-value="<%= type%>:item-order:descending">Alphabetical Z>A</a></li> </ul> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="year-sort-template"> <button class="sf-sort-toggle"><i class="fas fa-sort"></i><span class="sr-only">sort</span></button> <div class="sf-sort-popup"> <ul> <li class="active"><a href="#" name="sort-year" data-value="year:item-order:descending">Newest date first</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-year" data-value="year:item-order:ascending">Oldest date first</a></li> <li><a href="#" name="sort-year" data-value="year:frequency-order:descending">Article Count</a></li> </ul> </div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="more-pop-up-template"> <%= values%> </script> <script type="text/template" id="loading-gif-template"> <li><img style="position:center; display:none;" src="../images/ajax-loader.gif"/></li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="all-plus-separator-template"> <li class="sf-select-all"><input id="<%= allId %>" type="checkbox" > <label for="<%= allId %>">All</label></li> </script> <script type="text/template" id="more-topic-column-header"> <div class="selection-list_header"><%= name %></div> </script> <script type="text/template" id="loader"> <div class="progress"> <div class="progress-bar progress-bar-striped active" role="progress-bar" id="progress-<%= allId %>"></div> </div> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { $.get('/checkjs.cfm?s=ABMAJDN'); populateRecentPages(); $("img").removeClass("lazyimg").unveil(100); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaAcct = "UA-1200622-15"; function downloadJSAtOnload() { var element = document.createElement("script"); element.src = "/js/loadJS.js"; document.body.appendChild(element); } if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load", downloadJSAtOnload, false); else if (window.attachEvent) 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